src/HOL/Multivariate_Analysis/Topology_Euclidean_Space.thy

use cbox to relax class constraints

(*  title:      HOL/Library/Topology_Euclidian_Space.thy
    Author:     Amine Chaieb, University of Cambridge
    Author:     Robert Himmelmann, TU Muenchen
    Author:     Brian Huffman, Portland State University
*)

header {* Elementary topology in Euclidean space. *}

theory Topology_Euclidean_Space
imports
  Complex_Main
  "~~/src/HOL/Library/Countable_Set"
  "~~/src/HOL/Library/FuncSet"
  Linear_Algebra
  Norm_Arith
begin

lemma dist_0_norm:
  fixes x :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
  shows "dist 0 x = norm x"
unfolding dist_norm by simp

lemma dist_double: "dist x y < d / 2 \<Longrightarrow> dist x z < d / 2 \<Longrightarrow> dist y z < d"
  using dist_triangle[of y z x] by (simp add: dist_commute)

(* LEGACY *)
lemma lim_subseq: "subseq r \<Longrightarrow> s ----> l \<Longrightarrow> (s \<circ> r) ----> l"
  by (rule LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ)

lemma countable_PiE:
  "finite I \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>i. i \<in> I \<Longrightarrow> countable (F i)) \<Longrightarrow> countable (PiE I F)"
  by (induct I arbitrary: F rule: finite_induct) (auto simp: PiE_insert_eq)

lemma Lim_within_open:
  fixes f :: "'a::topological_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::topological_space"
  shows "a \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> open S \<Longrightarrow> (f ---> l)(at a within S) \<longleftrightarrow> (f ---> l)(at a)"
  by (fact tendsto_within_open)

lemma continuous_on_union:
  "closed s \<Longrightarrow> closed t \<Longrightarrow> continuous_on s f \<Longrightarrow> continuous_on t f \<Longrightarrow> continuous_on (s \<union> t) f"
  by (fact continuous_on_closed_Un)

lemma continuous_on_cases:
  "closed s \<Longrightarrow> closed t \<Longrightarrow> continuous_on s f \<Longrightarrow> continuous_on t g \<Longrightarrow>
    \<forall>x. (x\<in>s \<and> \<not> P x) \<or> (x \<in> t \<and> P x) \<longrightarrow> f x = g x \<Longrightarrow>
    continuous_on (s \<union> t) (\<lambda>x. if P x then f x else g x)"
  by (rule continuous_on_If) auto


subsection {* Topological Basis *}

context topological_space
begin

definition "topological_basis B \<longleftrightarrow>
  (\<forall>b\<in>B. open b) \<and> (\<forall>x. open x \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>B'. B' \<subseteq> B \<and> \<Union>B' = x))"

lemma topological_basis:
  "topological_basis B \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x. open x \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>B'. B' \<subseteq> B \<and> \<Union>B' = x))"
  unfolding topological_basis_def
  apply safe
     apply fastforce
    apply fastforce
   apply (erule_tac x="x" in allE)
   apply simp
   apply (rule_tac x="{x}" in exI)
  apply auto
  done

lemma topological_basis_iff:
  assumes "\<And>B'. B' \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> open B'"
  shows "topological_basis B \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>O'. open O' \<longrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>O'. \<exists>B'\<in>B. x \<in> B' \<and> B' \<subseteq> O'))"
    (is "_ \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
proof safe
  fix O' and x::'a
  assume H: "topological_basis B" "open O'" "x \<in> O'"
  then have "(\<exists>B'\<subseteq>B. \<Union>B' = O')" by (simp add: topological_basis_def)
  then obtain B' where "B' \<subseteq> B" "O' = \<Union>B'" by auto
  then show "\<exists>B'\<in>B. x \<in> B' \<and> B' \<subseteq> O'" using H by auto
next
  assume H: ?rhs
  show "topological_basis B"
    using assms unfolding topological_basis_def
  proof safe
    fix O' :: "'a set"
    assume "open O'"
    with H obtain f where "\<forall>x\<in>O'. f x \<in> B \<and> x \<in> f x \<and> f x \<subseteq> O'"
      by (force intro: bchoice simp: Bex_def)
    then show "\<exists>B'\<subseteq>B. \<Union>B' = O'"
      by (auto intro: exI[where x="{f x |x. x \<in> O'}"])
  qed
qed

lemma topological_basisI:
  assumes "\<And>B'. B' \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> open B'"
    and "\<And>O' x. open O' \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> O' \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>B'\<in>B. x \<in> B' \<and> B' \<subseteq> O'"
  shows "topological_basis B"
  using assms by (subst topological_basis_iff) auto

lemma topological_basisE:
  fixes O'
  assumes "topological_basis B"
    and "open O'"
    and "x \<in> O'"
  obtains B' where "B' \<in> B" "x \<in> B'" "B' \<subseteq> O'"
proof atomize_elim
  from assms have "\<And>B'. B'\<in>B \<Longrightarrow> open B'"
    by (simp add: topological_basis_def)
  with topological_basis_iff assms
  show  "\<exists>B'. B' \<in> B \<and> x \<in> B' \<and> B' \<subseteq> O'"
    using assms by (simp add: Bex_def)
qed

lemma topological_basis_open:
  assumes "topological_basis B"
    and "X \<in> B"
  shows "open X"
  using assms by (simp add: topological_basis_def)

lemma topological_basis_imp_subbasis:
  assumes B: "topological_basis B"
  shows "open = generate_topology B"
proof (intro ext iffI)
  fix S :: "'a set"
  assume "open S"
  with B obtain B' where "B' \<subseteq> B" "S = \<Union>B'"
    unfolding topological_basis_def by blast
  then show "generate_topology B S"
    by (auto intro: generate_topology.intros dest: topological_basis_open)
next
  fix S :: "'a set"
  assume "generate_topology B S"
  then show "open S"
    by induct (auto dest: topological_basis_open[OF B])
qed

lemma basis_dense:
  fixes B :: "'a set set"
    and f :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a"
  assumes "topological_basis B"
    and choosefrom_basis: "\<And>B'. B' \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> f B' \<in> B'"
  shows "\<forall>X. open X \<longrightarrow> X \<noteq> {} \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>B' \<in> B. f B' \<in> X)"
proof (intro allI impI)
  fix X :: "'a set"
  assume "open X" and "X \<noteq> {}"
  from topological_basisE[OF `topological_basis B` `open X` choosefrom_basis[OF `X \<noteq> {}`]]
  obtain B' where "B' \<in> B" "f X \<in> B'" "B' \<subseteq> X" .
  then show "\<exists>B'\<in>B. f B' \<in> X"
    by (auto intro!: choosefrom_basis)
qed

end

lemma topological_basis_prod:
  assumes A: "topological_basis A"
    and B: "topological_basis B"
  shows "topological_basis ((\<lambda>(a, b). a \<times> b) ` (A \<times> B))"
  unfolding topological_basis_def
proof (safe, simp_all del: ex_simps add: subset_image_iff ex_simps(1)[symmetric])
  fix S :: "('a \<times> 'b) set"
  assume "open S"
  then show "\<exists>X\<subseteq>A \<times> B. (\<Union>(a,b)\<in>X. a \<times> b) = S"
  proof (safe intro!: exI[of _ "{x\<in>A \<times> B. fst x \<times> snd x \<subseteq> S}"])
    fix x y
    assume "(x, y) \<in> S"
    from open_prod_elim[OF `open S` this]
    obtain a b where a: "open a""x \<in> a" and b: "open b" "y \<in> b" and "a \<times> b \<subseteq> S"
      by (metis mem_Sigma_iff)
    moreover
    from A a obtain A0 where "A0 \<in> A" "x \<in> A0" "A0 \<subseteq> a"
      by (rule topological_basisE)
    moreover
    from B b obtain B0 where "B0 \<in> B" "y \<in> B0" "B0 \<subseteq> b"
      by (rule topological_basisE)
    ultimately show "(x, y) \<in> (\<Union>(a, b)\<in>{X \<in> A \<times> B. fst X \<times> snd X \<subseteq> S}. a \<times> b)"
      by (intro UN_I[of "(A0, B0)"]) auto
  qed auto
qed (metis A B topological_basis_open open_Times)


subsection {* Countable Basis *}

locale countable_basis =
  fixes B :: "'a::topological_space set set"
  assumes is_basis: "topological_basis B"
    and countable_basis: "countable B"
begin

lemma open_countable_basis_ex:
  assumes "open X"
  shows "\<exists>B' \<subseteq> B. X = Union B'"
  using assms countable_basis is_basis
  unfolding topological_basis_def by blast

lemma open_countable_basisE:
  assumes "open X"
  obtains B' where "B' \<subseteq> B" "X = Union B'"
  using assms open_countable_basis_ex
  by (atomize_elim) simp

lemma countable_dense_exists:
  "\<exists>D::'a set. countable D \<and> (\<forall>X. open X \<longrightarrow> X \<noteq> {} \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>d \<in> D. d \<in> X))"
proof -
  let ?f = "(\<lambda>B'. SOME x. x \<in> B')"
  have "countable (?f ` B)" using countable_basis by simp
  with basis_dense[OF is_basis, of ?f] show ?thesis
    by (intro exI[where x="?f ` B"]) (metis (mono_tags) all_not_in_conv imageI someI)
qed

lemma countable_dense_setE:
  obtains D :: "'a set"
  where "countable D" "\<And>X. open X \<Longrightarrow> X \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>d \<in> D. d \<in> X"
  using countable_dense_exists by blast

end

lemma (in first_countable_topology) first_countable_basisE:
  obtains A where "countable A" "\<And>a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> a" "\<And>a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> open a"
    "\<And>S. open S \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>a\<in>A. a \<subseteq> S)"
  using first_countable_basis[of x]
  apply atomize_elim
  apply (elim exE)
  apply (rule_tac x="range A" in exI)
  apply auto
  done

lemma (in first_countable_topology) first_countable_basis_Int_stableE:
  obtains A where "countable A" "\<And>a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> a" "\<And>a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> open a"
    "\<And>S. open S \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>a\<in>A. a \<subseteq> S)"
    "\<And>a b. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> a \<inter> b \<in> A"
proof atomize_elim
  obtain A' where A':
    "countable A'"
    "\<And>a. a \<in> A' \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> a"
    "\<And>a. a \<in> A' \<Longrightarrow> open a"
    "\<And>S. open S \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>a\<in>A'. a \<subseteq> S"
    by (rule first_countable_basisE) blast
  def A \<equiv> "(\<lambda>N. \<Inter>((\<lambda>n. from_nat_into A' n) ` N)) ` (Collect finite::nat set set)"
  then show "\<exists>A. countable A \<and> (\<forall>a. a \<in> A \<longrightarrow> x \<in> a) \<and> (\<forall>a. a \<in> A \<longrightarrow> open a) \<and>
        (\<forall>S. open S \<longrightarrow> x \<in> S \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>a\<in>A. a \<subseteq> S)) \<and> (\<forall>a b. a \<in> A \<longrightarrow> b \<in> A \<longrightarrow> a \<inter> b \<in> A)"
  proof (safe intro!: exI[where x=A])
    show "countable A"
      unfolding A_def by (intro countable_image countable_Collect_finite)
    fix a
    assume "a \<in> A"
    then show "x \<in> a" "open a"
      using A'(4)[OF open_UNIV] by (auto simp: A_def intro: A' from_nat_into)
  next
    let ?int = "\<lambda>N. \<Inter>(from_nat_into A' ` N)"
    fix a b
    assume "a \<in> A" "b \<in> A"
    then obtain N M where "a = ?int N" "b = ?int M" "finite (N \<union> M)"
      by (auto simp: A_def)
    then show "a \<inter> b \<in> A"
      by (auto simp: A_def intro!: image_eqI[where x="N \<union> M"])
  next
    fix S
    assume "open S" "x \<in> S"
    then obtain a where a: "a\<in>A'" "a \<subseteq> S" using A' by blast
    then show "\<exists>a\<in>A. a \<subseteq> S" using a A'
      by (intro bexI[where x=a]) (auto simp: A_def intro: image_eqI[where x="{to_nat_on A' a}"])
  qed
qed

lemma (in topological_space) first_countableI:
  assumes "countable A"
    and 1: "\<And>a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> a" "\<And>a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> open a"
    and 2: "\<And>S. open S \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>a\<in>A. a \<subseteq> S"
  shows "\<exists>A::nat \<Rightarrow> 'a set. (\<forall>i. x \<in> A i \<and> open (A i)) \<and> (\<forall>S. open S \<and> x \<in> S \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>i. A i \<subseteq> S))"
proof (safe intro!: exI[of _ "from_nat_into A"])
  fix i
  have "A \<noteq> {}" using 2[of UNIV] by auto
  show "x \<in> from_nat_into A i" "open (from_nat_into A i)"
    using range_from_nat_into_subset[OF `A \<noteq> {}`] 1 by auto
next
  fix S
  assume "open S" "x\<in>S" from 2[OF this]
  show "\<exists>i. from_nat_into A i \<subseteq> S"
    using subset_range_from_nat_into[OF `countable A`] by auto
qed

instance prod :: (first_countable_topology, first_countable_topology) first_countable_topology
proof
  fix x :: "'a \<times> 'b"
  obtain A where A:
      "countable A"
      "\<And>a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> fst x \<in> a"
      "\<And>a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> open a"
      "\<And>S. open S \<Longrightarrow> fst x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>a\<in>A. a \<subseteq> S"
    by (rule first_countable_basisE[of "fst x"]) blast
  obtain B where B:
      "countable B"
      "\<And>a. a \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> snd x \<in> a"
      "\<And>a. a \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> open a"
      "\<And>S. open S \<Longrightarrow> snd x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>a\<in>B. a \<subseteq> S"
    by (rule first_countable_basisE[of "snd x"]) blast
  show "\<exists>A::nat \<Rightarrow> ('a \<times> 'b) set.
    (\<forall>i. x \<in> A i \<and> open (A i)) \<and> (\<forall>S. open S \<and> x \<in> S \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>i. A i \<subseteq> S))"
  proof (rule first_countableI[of "(\<lambda>(a, b). a \<times> b) ` (A \<times> B)"], safe)
    fix a b
    assume x: "a \<in> A" "b \<in> B"
    with A(2, 3)[of a] B(2, 3)[of b] show "x \<in> a \<times> b" and "open (a \<times> b)"
      unfolding mem_Times_iff
      by (auto intro: open_Times)
  next
    fix S
    assume "open S" "x \<in> S"
    then obtain a' b' where a'b': "open a'" "open b'" "x \<in> a' \<times> b'" "a' \<times> b' \<subseteq> S"
      by (rule open_prod_elim)
    moreover
    from a'b' A(4)[of a'] B(4)[of b']
    obtain a b where "a \<in> A" "a \<subseteq> a'" "b \<in> B" "b \<subseteq> b'"
      by auto
    ultimately
    show "\<exists>a\<in>(\<lambda>(a, b). a \<times> b) ` (A \<times> B). a \<subseteq> S"
      by (auto intro!: bexI[of _ "a \<times> b"] bexI[of _ a] bexI[of _ b])
  qed (simp add: A B)
qed

class second_countable_topology = topological_space +
  assumes ex_countable_subbasis:
    "\<exists>B::'a::topological_space set set. countable B \<and> open = generate_topology B"
begin

lemma ex_countable_basis: "\<exists>B::'a set set. countable B \<and> topological_basis B"
proof -
  from ex_countable_subbasis obtain B where B: "countable B" "open = generate_topology B"
    by blast
  let ?B = "Inter ` {b. finite b \<and> b \<subseteq> B }"

  show ?thesis
  proof (intro exI conjI)
    show "countable ?B"
      by (intro countable_image countable_Collect_finite_subset B)
    {
      fix S
      assume "open S"
      then have "\<exists>B'\<subseteq>{b. finite b \<and> b \<subseteq> B}. (\<Union>b\<in>B'. \<Inter>b) = S"
        unfolding B
      proof induct
        case UNIV
        show ?case by (intro exI[of _ "{{}}"]) simp
      next
        case (Int a b)
        then obtain x y where x: "a = UNION x Inter" "\<And>i. i \<in> x \<Longrightarrow> finite i \<and> i \<subseteq> B"
          and y: "b = UNION y Inter" "\<And>i. i \<in> y \<Longrightarrow> finite i \<and> i \<subseteq> B"
          by blast
        show ?case
          unfolding x y Int_UN_distrib2
          by (intro exI[of _ "{i \<union> j| i j.  i \<in> x \<and> j \<in> y}"]) (auto dest: x(2) y(2))
      next
        case (UN K)
        then have "\<forall>k\<in>K. \<exists>B'\<subseteq>{b. finite b \<and> b \<subseteq> B}. UNION B' Inter = k" by auto
        then obtain k where
            "\<forall>ka\<in>K. k ka \<subseteq> {b. finite b \<and> b \<subseteq> B} \<and> UNION (k ka) Inter = ka"
          unfolding bchoice_iff ..
        then show "\<exists>B'\<subseteq>{b. finite b \<and> b \<subseteq> B}. UNION B' Inter = \<Union>K"
          by (intro exI[of _ "UNION K k"]) auto
      next
        case (Basis S)
        then show ?case
          by (intro exI[of _ "{{S}}"]) auto
      qed
      then have "(\<exists>B'\<subseteq>Inter ` {b. finite b \<and> b \<subseteq> B}. \<Union>B' = S)"
        unfolding subset_image_iff by blast }
    then show "topological_basis ?B"
      unfolding topological_space_class.topological_basis_def
      by (safe intro!: topological_space_class.open_Inter)
         (simp_all add: B generate_topology.Basis subset_eq)
  qed
qed

end

sublocale second_countable_topology <
  countable_basis "SOME B. countable B \<and> topological_basis B"
  using someI_ex[OF ex_countable_basis]
  by unfold_locales safe

instance prod :: (second_countable_topology, second_countable_topology) second_countable_topology
proof
  obtain A :: "'a set set" where "countable A" "topological_basis A"
    using ex_countable_basis by auto
  moreover
  obtain B :: "'b set set" where "countable B" "topological_basis B"
    using ex_countable_basis by auto
  ultimately show "\<exists>B::('a \<times> 'b) set set. countable B \<and> open = generate_topology B"
    by (auto intro!: exI[of _ "(\<lambda>(a, b). a \<times> b) ` (A \<times> B)"] topological_basis_prod
      topological_basis_imp_subbasis)
qed

instance second_countable_topology \<subseteq> first_countable_topology
proof
  fix x :: 'a
  def B \<equiv> "SOME B::'a set set. countable B \<and> topological_basis B"
  then have B: "countable B" "topological_basis B"
    using countable_basis is_basis
    by (auto simp: countable_basis is_basis)
  then show "\<exists>A::nat \<Rightarrow> 'a set.
    (\<forall>i. x \<in> A i \<and> open (A i)) \<and> (\<forall>S. open S \<and> x \<in> S \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>i. A i \<subseteq> S))"
    by (intro first_countableI[of "{b\<in>B. x \<in> b}"])
       (fastforce simp: topological_space_class.topological_basis_def)+
qed


subsection {* Polish spaces *}

text {* Textbooks define Polish spaces as completely metrizable.
  We assume the topology to be complete for a given metric. *}

class polish_space = complete_space + second_countable_topology

subsection {* General notion of a topology as a value *}

definition "istopology L \<longleftrightarrow>
  L {} \<and> (\<forall>S T. L S \<longrightarrow> L T \<longrightarrow> L (S \<inter> T)) \<and> (\<forall>K. Ball K L \<longrightarrow> L (\<Union> K))"

typedef 'a topology = "{L::('a set) \<Rightarrow> bool. istopology L}"
  morphisms "openin" "topology"
  unfolding istopology_def by blast

lemma istopology_open_in[intro]: "istopology(openin U)"
  using openin[of U] by blast

lemma topology_inverse': "istopology U \<Longrightarrow> openin (topology U) = U"
  using topology_inverse[unfolded mem_Collect_eq] .

lemma topology_inverse_iff: "istopology U \<longleftrightarrow> openin (topology U) = U"
  using topology_inverse[of U] istopology_open_in[of "topology U"] by auto

lemma topology_eq: "T1 = T2 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>S. openin T1 S \<longleftrightarrow> openin T2 S)"
proof
  assume "T1 = T2"
  then show "\<forall>S. openin T1 S \<longleftrightarrow> openin T2 S" by simp
next
  assume H: "\<forall>S. openin T1 S \<longleftrightarrow> openin T2 S"
  then have "openin T1 = openin T2" by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)
  then have "topology (openin T1) = topology (openin T2)" by simp
  then show "T1 = T2" unfolding openin_inverse .
qed

text{* Infer the "universe" from union of all sets in the topology. *}

definition "topspace T = \<Union>{S. openin T S}"

subsubsection {* Main properties of open sets *}

lemma openin_clauses:
  fixes U :: "'a topology"
  shows
    "openin U {}"
    "\<And>S T. openin U S \<Longrightarrow> openin U T \<Longrightarrow> openin U (S\<inter>T)"
    "\<And>K. (\<forall>S \<in> K. openin U S) \<Longrightarrow> openin U (\<Union>K)"
  using openin[of U] unfolding istopology_def mem_Collect_eq by fast+

lemma openin_subset[intro]: "openin U S \<Longrightarrow> S \<subseteq> topspace U"
  unfolding topspace_def by blast

lemma openin_empty[simp]: "openin U {}"
  by (simp add: openin_clauses)

lemma openin_Int[intro]: "openin U S \<Longrightarrow> openin U T \<Longrightarrow> openin U (S \<inter> T)"
  using openin_clauses by simp

lemma openin_Union[intro]: "(\<forall>S \<in>K. openin U S) \<Longrightarrow> openin U (\<Union> K)"
  using openin_clauses by simp

lemma openin_Un[intro]: "openin U S \<Longrightarrow> openin U T \<Longrightarrow> openin U (S \<union> T)"
  using openin_Union[of "{S,T}" U] by auto

lemma openin_topspace[intro, simp]: "openin U (topspace U)"
  by (simp add: openin_Union topspace_def)

lemma openin_subopen: "openin U S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x \<in> S. \<exists>T. openin U T \<and> x \<in> T \<and> T \<subseteq> S)"
  (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
proof
  assume ?lhs
  then show ?rhs by auto
next
  assume H: ?rhs
  let ?t = "\<Union>{T. openin U T \<and> T \<subseteq> S}"
  have "openin U ?t" by (simp add: openin_Union)
  also have "?t = S" using H by auto
  finally show "openin U S" .
qed


subsubsection {* Closed sets *}

definition "closedin U S \<longleftrightarrow> S \<subseteq> topspace U \<and> openin U (topspace U - S)"

lemma closedin_subset: "closedin U S \<Longrightarrow> S \<subseteq> topspace U"
  by (metis closedin_def)

lemma closedin_empty[simp]: "closedin U {}"
  by (simp add: closedin_def)

lemma closedin_topspace[intro, simp]: "closedin U (topspace U)"
  by (simp add: closedin_def)

lemma closedin_Un[intro]: "closedin U S \<Longrightarrow> closedin U T \<Longrightarrow> closedin U (S \<union> T)"
  by (auto simp add: Diff_Un closedin_def)

lemma Diff_Inter[intro]: "A - \<Inter>S = \<Union> {A - s|s. s\<in>S}"
  by auto

lemma closedin_Inter[intro]:
  assumes Ke: "K \<noteq> {}"
    and Kc: "\<forall>S \<in>K. closedin U S"
  shows "closedin U (\<Inter> K)"
  using Ke Kc unfolding closedin_def Diff_Inter by auto

lemma closedin_Int[intro]: "closedin U S \<Longrightarrow> closedin U T \<Longrightarrow> closedin U (S \<inter> T)"
  using closedin_Inter[of "{S,T}" U] by auto

lemma Diff_Diff_Int: "A - (A - B) = A \<inter> B"
  by blast

lemma openin_closedin_eq: "openin U S \<longleftrightarrow> S \<subseteq> topspace U \<and> closedin U (topspace U - S)"
  apply (auto simp add: closedin_def Diff_Diff_Int inf_absorb2)
  apply (metis openin_subset subset_eq)
  done

lemma openin_closedin: "S \<subseteq> topspace U \<Longrightarrow> (openin U S \<longleftrightarrow> closedin U (topspace U - S))"
  by (simp add: openin_closedin_eq)

lemma openin_diff[intro]:
  assumes oS: "openin U S"
    and cT: "closedin U T"
  shows "openin U (S - T)"
proof -
  have "S - T = S \<inter> (topspace U - T)" using openin_subset[of U S]  oS cT
    by (auto simp add: topspace_def openin_subset)
  then show ?thesis using oS cT
    by (auto simp add: closedin_def)
qed

lemma closedin_diff[intro]:
  assumes oS: "closedin U S"
    and cT: "openin U T"
  shows "closedin U (S - T)"
proof -
  have "S - T = S \<inter> (topspace U - T)"
    using closedin_subset[of U S] oS cT by (auto simp add: topspace_def)
  then show ?thesis
    using oS cT by (auto simp add: openin_closedin_eq)
qed


subsubsection {* Subspace topology *}

definition "subtopology U V = topology (\<lambda>T. \<exists>S. T = S \<inter> V \<and> openin U S)"

lemma istopology_subtopology: "istopology (\<lambda>T. \<exists>S. T = S \<inter> V \<and> openin U S)"
  (is "istopology ?L")
proof -
  have "?L {}" by blast
  {
    fix A B
    assume A: "?L A" and B: "?L B"
    from A B obtain Sa and Sb where Sa: "openin U Sa" "A = Sa \<inter> V" and Sb: "openin U Sb" "B = Sb \<inter> V"
      by blast
    have "A \<inter> B = (Sa \<inter> Sb) \<inter> V" "openin U (Sa \<inter> Sb)"
      using Sa Sb by blast+
    then have "?L (A \<inter> B)" by blast
  }
  moreover
  {
    fix K
    assume K: "K \<subseteq> Collect ?L"
    have th0: "Collect ?L = (\<lambda>S. S \<inter> V) ` Collect (openin U)"
      by blast
    from K[unfolded th0 subset_image_iff]
    obtain Sk where Sk: "Sk \<subseteq> Collect (openin U)" "K = (\<lambda>S. S \<inter> V) ` Sk"
      by blast
    have "\<Union>K = (\<Union>Sk) \<inter> V"
      using Sk by auto
    moreover have "openin U (\<Union> Sk)"
      using Sk by (auto simp add: subset_eq)
    ultimately have "?L (\<Union>K)" by blast
  }
  ultimately show ?thesis
    unfolding subset_eq mem_Collect_eq istopology_def by blast
qed

lemma openin_subtopology: "openin (subtopology U V) S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>T. openin U T \<and> S = T \<inter> V)"
  unfolding subtopology_def topology_inverse'[OF istopology_subtopology]
  by auto

lemma topspace_subtopology: "topspace (subtopology U V) = topspace U \<inter> V"
  by (auto simp add: topspace_def openin_subtopology)

lemma closedin_subtopology: "closedin (subtopology U V) S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>T. closedin U T \<and> S = T \<inter> V)"
  unfolding closedin_def topspace_subtopology
  by (auto simp add: openin_subtopology)

lemma openin_subtopology_refl: "openin (subtopology U V) V \<longleftrightarrow> V \<subseteq> topspace U"
  unfolding openin_subtopology
  by auto (metis IntD1 in_mono openin_subset)

lemma subtopology_superset:
  assumes UV: "topspace U \<subseteq> V"
  shows "subtopology U V = U"
proof -
  {
    fix S
    {
      fix T
      assume T: "openin U T" "S = T \<inter> V"
      from T openin_subset[OF T(1)] UV have eq: "S = T"
        by blast
      have "openin U S"
        unfolding eq using T by blast
    }
    moreover
    {
      assume S: "openin U S"
      then have "\<exists>T. openin U T \<and> S = T \<inter> V"
        using openin_subset[OF S] UV by auto
    }
    ultimately have "(\<exists>T. openin U T \<and> S = T \<inter> V) \<longleftrightarrow> openin U S"
      by blast
  }
  then show ?thesis
    unfolding topology_eq openin_subtopology by blast
qed

lemma subtopology_topspace[simp]: "subtopology U (topspace U) = U"
  by (simp add: subtopology_superset)

lemma subtopology_UNIV[simp]: "subtopology U UNIV = U"
  by (simp add: subtopology_superset)


subsubsection {* The standard Euclidean topology *}

definition euclidean :: "'a::topological_space topology"
  where "euclidean = topology open"

lemma open_openin: "open S \<longleftrightarrow> openin euclidean S"
  unfolding euclidean_def
  apply (rule cong[where x=S and y=S])
  apply (rule topology_inverse[symmetric])
  apply (auto simp add: istopology_def)
  done

lemma topspace_euclidean: "topspace euclidean = UNIV"
  apply (simp add: topspace_def)
  apply (rule set_eqI)
  apply (auto simp add: open_openin[symmetric])
  done

lemma topspace_euclidean_subtopology[simp]: "topspace (subtopology euclidean S) = S"
  by (simp add: topspace_euclidean topspace_subtopology)

lemma closed_closedin: "closed S \<longleftrightarrow> closedin euclidean S"
  by (simp add: closed_def closedin_def topspace_euclidean open_openin Compl_eq_Diff_UNIV)

lemma open_subopen: "open S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>S. \<exists>T. open T \<and> x \<in> T \<and> T \<subseteq> S)"
  by (simp add: open_openin openin_subopen[symmetric])

text {* Basic "localization" results are handy for connectedness. *}

lemma openin_open: "openin (subtopology euclidean U) S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>T. open T \<and> (S = U \<inter> T))"
  by (auto simp add: openin_subtopology open_openin[symmetric])

lemma openin_open_Int[intro]: "open S \<Longrightarrow> openin (subtopology euclidean U) (U \<inter> S)"
  by (auto simp add: openin_open)

lemma open_openin_trans[trans]:
  "open S \<Longrightarrow> open T \<Longrightarrow> T \<subseteq> S \<Longrightarrow> openin (subtopology euclidean S) T"
  by (metis Int_absorb1  openin_open_Int)

lemma open_subset: "S \<subseteq> T \<Longrightarrow> open S \<Longrightarrow> openin (subtopology euclidean T) S"
  by (auto simp add: openin_open)

lemma closedin_closed: "closedin (subtopology euclidean U) S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>T. closed T \<and> S = U \<inter> T)"
  by (simp add: closedin_subtopology closed_closedin Int_ac)

lemma closedin_closed_Int: "closed S \<Longrightarrow> closedin (subtopology euclidean U) (U \<inter> S)"
  by (metis closedin_closed)

lemma closed_closedin_trans:
  "closed S \<Longrightarrow> closed T \<Longrightarrow> T \<subseteq> S \<Longrightarrow> closedin (subtopology euclidean S) T"
  by (metis closedin_closed inf.absorb2)

lemma closed_subset: "S \<subseteq> T \<Longrightarrow> closed S \<Longrightarrow> closedin (subtopology euclidean T) S"
  by (auto simp add: closedin_closed)

lemma openin_euclidean_subtopology_iff:
  fixes S U :: "'a::metric_space set"
  shows "openin (subtopology euclidean U) S \<longleftrightarrow>
    S \<subseteq> U \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>S. \<exists>e>0. \<forall>x'\<in>U. dist x' x < e \<longrightarrow> x'\<in> S)"
  (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
proof
  assume ?lhs
  then show ?rhs
    unfolding openin_open open_dist by blast
next
  def T \<equiv> "{x. \<exists>a\<in>S. \<exists>d>0. (\<forall>y\<in>U. dist y a < d \<longrightarrow> y \<in> S) \<and> dist x a < d}"
  have 1: "\<forall>x\<in>T. \<exists>e>0. \<forall>y. dist y x < e \<longrightarrow> y \<in> T"
    unfolding T_def
    apply clarsimp
    apply (rule_tac x="d - dist x a" in exI)
    apply (clarsimp simp add: less_diff_eq)
    by (metis dist_commute dist_triangle_lt)
  assume ?rhs then have 2: "S = U \<inter> T"
    unfolding T_def 
    by auto (metis dist_self)
  from 1 2 show ?lhs
    unfolding openin_open open_dist by fast
qed

text {* These "transitivity" results are handy too *}

lemma openin_trans[trans]:
  "openin (subtopology euclidean T) S \<Longrightarrow> openin (subtopology euclidean U) T \<Longrightarrow>
    openin (subtopology euclidean U) S"
  unfolding open_openin openin_open by blast

lemma openin_open_trans: "openin (subtopology euclidean T) S \<Longrightarrow> open T \<Longrightarrow> open S"
  by (auto simp add: openin_open intro: openin_trans)

lemma closedin_trans[trans]:
  "closedin (subtopology euclidean T) S \<Longrightarrow> closedin (subtopology euclidean U) T \<Longrightarrow>
    closedin (subtopology euclidean U) S"
  by (auto simp add: closedin_closed closed_closedin closed_Inter Int_assoc)

lemma closedin_closed_trans: "closedin (subtopology euclidean T) S \<Longrightarrow> closed T \<Longrightarrow> closed S"
  by (auto simp add: closedin_closed intro: closedin_trans)


subsection {* Open and closed balls *}

definition ball :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> real \<Rightarrow> 'a set"
  where "ball x e = {y. dist x y < e}"

definition cball :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> real \<Rightarrow> 'a set"
  where "cball x e = {y. dist x y \<le> e}"

lemma mem_ball [simp]: "y \<in> ball x e \<longleftrightarrow> dist x y < e"
  by (simp add: ball_def)

lemma mem_cball [simp]: "y \<in> cball x e \<longleftrightarrow> dist x y \<le> e"
  by (simp add: cball_def)

lemma mem_ball_0:
  fixes x :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
  shows "x \<in> ball 0 e \<longleftrightarrow> norm x < e"
  by (simp add: dist_norm)

lemma mem_cball_0:
  fixes x :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
  shows "x \<in> cball 0 e \<longleftrightarrow> norm x \<le> e"
  by (simp add: dist_norm)

lemma centre_in_ball: "x \<in> ball x e \<longleftrightarrow> 0 < e"
  by simp

lemma centre_in_cball: "x \<in> cball x e \<longleftrightarrow> 0 \<le> e"
  by simp

lemma ball_subset_cball[simp,intro]: "ball x e \<subseteq> cball x e"
  by (simp add: subset_eq)

lemma subset_ball[intro]: "d \<le> e \<Longrightarrow> ball x d \<subseteq> ball x e"
  by (simp add: subset_eq)

lemma subset_cball[intro]: "d \<le> e \<Longrightarrow> cball x d \<subseteq> cball x e"
  by (simp add: subset_eq)

lemma ball_max_Un: "ball a (max r s) = ball a r \<union> ball a s"
  by (simp add: set_eq_iff) arith

lemma ball_min_Int: "ball a (min r s) = ball a r \<inter> ball a s"
  by (simp add: set_eq_iff)

lemma diff_less_iff:
  "(a::real) - b > 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a > b"
  "(a::real) - b < 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a < b"
  "a - b < c \<longleftrightarrow> a < c + b" "a - b > c \<longleftrightarrow> a > c + b"
  by arith+

lemma diff_le_iff:
  "(a::real) - b \<ge> 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a \<ge> b"
  "(a::real) - b \<le> 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a \<le> b"
  "a - b \<le> c \<longleftrightarrow> a \<le> c + b"
  "a - b \<ge> c \<longleftrightarrow> a \<ge> c + b"
  by arith+

lemma open_ball [intro, simp]: "open (ball x e)"
proof -
  have "open (dist x -` {..<e})"
    by (intro open_vimage open_lessThan continuous_on_intros)
  also have "dist x -` {..<e} = ball x e"
    by auto
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma open_contains_ball: "open S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>S. \<exists>e>0. ball x e \<subseteq> S)"
  unfolding open_dist subset_eq mem_ball Ball_def dist_commute ..

lemma openE[elim?]:
  assumes "open S" "x\<in>S"
  obtains e where "e>0" "ball x e \<subseteq> S"
  using assms unfolding open_contains_ball by auto

lemma open_contains_ball_eq: "open S \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. x\<in>S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>e>0. ball x e \<subseteq> S)"
  by (metis open_contains_ball subset_eq centre_in_ball)

lemma ball_eq_empty[simp]: "ball x e = {} \<longleftrightarrow> e \<le> 0"
  unfolding mem_ball set_eq_iff
  apply (simp add: not_less)
  apply (metis zero_le_dist order_trans dist_self)
  done

lemma ball_empty[intro]: "e \<le> 0 \<Longrightarrow> ball x e = {}" by simp

lemma euclidean_dist_l2:
  fixes x y :: "'a :: euclidean_space"
  shows "dist x y = setL2 (\<lambda>i. dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i)) Basis"
  unfolding dist_norm norm_eq_sqrt_inner setL2_def
  by (subst euclidean_inner) (simp add: power2_eq_square inner_diff_left)

definition (in euclidean_space) eucl_less (infix "<e" 50)
  where "eucl_less a b \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i < b \<bullet> i)"

definition box_eucl_less: "box a b = {x. a <e x \<and> x <e b}"
definition "cbox a b = {x. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<le> x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i}"

lemma box_def: "box a b = {x. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i < x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i < b \<bullet> i}"
  and in_box_eucl_less: "x \<in> box a b \<longleftrightarrow> a <e x \<and> x <e b"
  and mem_box: "x \<in> box a b \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i < x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i < b \<bullet> i)"
    "x \<in> cbox a b \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<le> x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i)"
  by (auto simp: box_eucl_less eucl_less_def cbox_def)

lemma mem_box_real[simp]:
  "(x::real) \<in> box a b \<longleftrightarrow> a < x \<and> x < b"
  "(x::real) \<in> cbox a b \<longleftrightarrow> a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b"
  by (auto simp: mem_box)

lemma box_real[simp]:
  fixes a b:: real
  shows "box a b = {a <..< b}" "cbox a b = {a .. b}"
  by auto

lemma rational_boxes:
  fixes x :: "'a\<Colon>euclidean_space"
  assumes "e > 0"
  shows "\<exists>a b. (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<in> \<rat> \<and> b \<bullet> i \<in> \<rat> ) \<and> x \<in> box a b \<and> box a b \<subseteq> ball x e"
proof -
  def e' \<equiv> "e / (2 * sqrt (real (DIM ('a))))"
  then have e: "e' > 0"
    using assms by (auto intro!: divide_pos_pos simp: DIM_positive)
  have "\<forall>i. \<exists>y. y \<in> \<rat> \<and> y < x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i - y < e'" (is "\<forall>i. ?th i")
  proof
    fix i
    from Rats_dense_in_real[of "x \<bullet> i - e'" "x \<bullet> i"] e
    show "?th i" by auto
  qed
  from choice[OF this] obtain a where
    a: "\<forall>xa. a xa \<in> \<rat> \<and> a xa < x \<bullet> xa \<and> x \<bullet> xa - a xa < e'" ..
  have "\<forall>i. \<exists>y. y \<in> \<rat> \<and> x \<bullet> i < y \<and> y - x \<bullet> i < e'" (is "\<forall>i. ?th i")
  proof
    fix i
    from Rats_dense_in_real[of "x \<bullet> i" "x \<bullet> i + e'"] e
    show "?th i" by auto
  qed
  from choice[OF this] obtain b where
    b: "\<forall>xa. b xa \<in> \<rat> \<and> x \<bullet> xa < b xa \<and> b xa - x \<bullet> xa < e'" ..
  let ?a = "\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. a i *\<^sub>R i" and ?b = "\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. b i *\<^sub>R i"
  show ?thesis
  proof (rule exI[of _ ?a], rule exI[of _ ?b], safe)
    fix y :: 'a
    assume *: "y \<in> box ?a ?b"
    have "dist x y = sqrt (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i))\<^sup>2)"
      unfolding setL2_def[symmetric] by (rule euclidean_dist_l2)
    also have "\<dots> < sqrt (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. e^2 / real (DIM('a)))"
    proof (rule real_sqrt_less_mono, rule setsum_strict_mono)
      fix i :: "'a"
      assume i: "i \<in> Basis"
      have "a i < y\<bullet>i \<and> y\<bullet>i < b i"
        using * i by (auto simp: box_def)
      moreover have "a i < x\<bullet>i" "x\<bullet>i - a i < e'"
        using a by auto
      moreover have "x\<bullet>i < b i" "b i - x\<bullet>i < e'"
        using b by auto
      ultimately have "\<bar>x\<bullet>i - y\<bullet>i\<bar> < 2 * e'"
        by auto
      then have "dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i) < e/sqrt (real (DIM('a)))"
        unfolding e'_def by (auto simp: dist_real_def)
      then have "(dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i))\<^sup>2 < (e/sqrt (real (DIM('a))))\<^sup>2"
        by (rule power_strict_mono) auto
      then show "(dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i))\<^sup>2 < e\<^sup>2 / real DIM('a)"
        by (simp add: power_divide)
    qed auto
    also have "\<dots> = e"
      using `0 < e` by (simp add: real_eq_of_nat)
    finally show "y \<in> ball x e"
      by (auto simp: ball_def)
  qed (insert a b, auto simp: box_def)
qed

lemma open_UNION_box:
  fixes M :: "'a\<Colon>euclidean_space set"
  assumes "open M"
  defines "a' \<equiv> \<lambda>f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> real \<times> real. (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. fst (f i) *\<^sub>R i)"
  defines "b' \<equiv> \<lambda>f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> real \<times> real. (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. snd (f i) *\<^sub>R i)"
  defines "I \<equiv> {f\<in>Basis \<rightarrow>\<^sub>E \<rat> \<times> \<rat>. box (a' f) (b' f) \<subseteq> M}"
  shows "M = (\<Union>f\<in>I. box (a' f) (b' f))"
proof -
  {
    fix x assume "x \<in> M"
    obtain e where e: "e > 0" "ball x e \<subseteq> M"
      using openE[OF `open M` `x \<in> M`] by auto
    moreover obtain a b where ab:
      "x \<in> box a b"
      "\<forall>i \<in> Basis. a \<bullet> i \<in> \<rat>"
      "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. b \<bullet> i \<in> \<rat>"
      "box a b \<subseteq> ball x e"
      using rational_boxes[OF e(1)] by metis
    ultimately have "x \<in> (\<Union>f\<in>I. box (a' f) (b' f))"
       by (intro UN_I[of "\<lambda>i\<in>Basis. (a \<bullet> i, b \<bullet> i)"])
          (auto simp: euclidean_representation I_def a'_def b'_def)
  }
  then show ?thesis by (auto simp: I_def)
qed


subsection{* Connectedness *}

lemma connected_local:
 "connected S \<longleftrightarrow>
  \<not> (\<exists>e1 e2.
      openin (subtopology euclidean S) e1 \<and>
      openin (subtopology euclidean S) e2 \<and>
      S \<subseteq> e1 \<union> e2 \<and>
      e1 \<inter> e2 = {} \<and>
      e1 \<noteq> {} \<and>
      e2 \<noteq> {})"
  unfolding connected_def openin_open
  by blast

lemma exists_diff:
  fixes P :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> bool"
  shows "(\<exists>S. P(- S)) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>S. P S)" (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
proof -
  {
    assume "?lhs"
    then have ?rhs by blast
  }
  moreover
  {
    fix S
    assume H: "P S"
    have "S = - (- S)" by auto
    with H have "P (- (- S))" by metis
  }
  ultimately show ?thesis by metis
qed

lemma connected_clopen: "connected S \<longleftrightarrow>
  (\<forall>T. openin (subtopology euclidean S) T \<and>
     closedin (subtopology euclidean S) T \<longrightarrow> T = {} \<or> T = S)" (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
proof -
  have "\<not> connected S \<longleftrightarrow>
    (\<exists>e1 e2. open e1 \<and> open (- e2) \<and> S \<subseteq> e1 \<union> (- e2) \<and> e1 \<inter> (- e2) \<inter> S = {} \<and> e1 \<inter> S \<noteq> {} \<and> (- e2) \<inter> S \<noteq> {})"
    unfolding connected_def openin_open closedin_closed
    by (metis double_complement)
  then have th0: "connected S \<longleftrightarrow>
    \<not> (\<exists>e2 e1. closed e2 \<and> open e1 \<and> S \<subseteq> e1 \<union> (- e2) \<and> e1 \<inter> (- e2) \<inter> S = {} \<and> e1 \<inter> S \<noteq> {} \<and> (- e2) \<inter> S \<noteq> {})"
    (is " _ \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> (\<exists>e2 e1. ?P e2 e1)")
    apply (simp add: closed_def)
    apply metis
    done
  have th1: "?rhs \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> (\<exists>t' t. closed t'\<and>t = S\<inter>t' \<and> t\<noteq>{} \<and> t\<noteq>S \<and> (\<exists>t'. open t' \<and> t = S \<inter> t'))"
    (is "_ \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> (\<exists>t' t. ?Q t' t)")
    unfolding connected_def openin_open closedin_closed by auto
  {
    fix e2
    {
      fix e1
      have "?P e2 e1 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>t. closed e2 \<and> t = S\<inter>e2 \<and> open e1 \<and> t = S\<inter>e1 \<and> t\<noteq>{} \<and> t \<noteq> S)"
        by auto
    }
    then have "(\<exists>e1. ?P e2 e1) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>t. ?Q e2 t)"
      by metis
  }
  then have "\<forall>e2. (\<exists>e1. ?P e2 e1) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>t. ?Q e2 t)"
    by blast
  then show ?thesis
    unfolding th0 th1 by simp
qed


subsection{* Limit points *}

definition (in topological_space) islimpt:: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a set \<Rightarrow> bool"  (infixr "islimpt" 60)
  where "x islimpt S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>T. x\<in>T \<longrightarrow> open T \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>y\<in>S. y\<in>T \<and> y\<noteq>x))"

lemma islimptI:
  assumes "\<And>T. x \<in> T \<Longrightarrow> open T \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>y\<in>S. y \<in> T \<and> y \<noteq> x"
  shows "x islimpt S"
  using assms unfolding islimpt_def by auto

lemma islimptE:
  assumes "x islimpt S" and "x \<in> T" and "open T"
  obtains y where "y \<in> S" and "y \<in> T" and "y \<noteq> x"
  using assms unfolding islimpt_def by auto

lemma islimpt_iff_eventually: "x islimpt S \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> eventually (\<lambda>y. y \<notin> S) (at x)"
  unfolding islimpt_def eventually_at_topological by auto

lemma islimpt_subset: "x islimpt S \<Longrightarrow> S \<subseteq> T \<Longrightarrow> x islimpt T"
  unfolding islimpt_def by fast

lemma islimpt_approachable:
  fixes x :: "'a::metric_space"
  shows "x islimpt S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>e>0. \<exists>x'\<in>S. x' \<noteq> x \<and> dist x' x < e)"
  unfolding islimpt_iff_eventually eventually_at by fast

lemma islimpt_approachable_le:
  fixes x :: "'a::metric_space"
  shows "x islimpt S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>e>0. \<exists>x'\<in> S. x' \<noteq> x \<and> dist x' x \<le> e)"
  unfolding islimpt_approachable
  using approachable_lt_le [where f="\<lambda>y. dist y x" and P="\<lambda>y. y \<notin> S \<or> y = x",
    THEN arg_cong [where f=Not]]
  by (simp add: Bex_def conj_commute conj_left_commute)

lemma islimpt_UNIV_iff: "x islimpt UNIV \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> open {x}"
  unfolding islimpt_def by (safe, fast, case_tac "T = {x}", fast, fast)

lemma islimpt_punctured: "x islimpt S = x islimpt (S-{x})"
  unfolding islimpt_def by blast

text {* A perfect space has no isolated points. *}

lemma islimpt_UNIV [simp, intro]: "(x::'a::perfect_space) islimpt UNIV"
  unfolding islimpt_UNIV_iff by (rule not_open_singleton)

lemma perfect_choose_dist:
  fixes x :: "'a::{perfect_space, metric_space}"
  shows "0 < r \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>a. a \<noteq> x \<and> dist a x < r"
  using islimpt_UNIV [of x]
  by (simp add: islimpt_approachable)

lemma closed_limpt: "closed S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x. x islimpt S \<longrightarrow> x \<in> S)"
  unfolding closed_def
  apply (subst open_subopen)
  apply (simp add: islimpt_def subset_eq)
  apply (metis ComplE ComplI)
  done

lemma islimpt_EMPTY[simp]: "\<not> x islimpt {}"
  unfolding islimpt_def by auto

lemma finite_set_avoid:
  fixes a :: "'a::metric_space"
  assumes fS: "finite S"
  shows  "\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x\<in>S. x \<noteq> a \<longrightarrow> d \<le> dist a x"
proof (induct rule: finite_induct[OF fS])
  case 1
  then show ?case by (auto intro: zero_less_one)
next
  case (2 x F)
  from 2 obtain d where d: "d >0" "\<forall>x\<in>F. x\<noteq>a \<longrightarrow> d \<le> dist a x"
    by blast
  show ?case
  proof (cases "x = a")
    case True
    then show ?thesis using d by auto
  next
    case False
    let ?d = "min d (dist a x)"
    have dp: "?d > 0"
      using False d(1) using dist_nz by auto
    from d have d': "\<forall>x\<in>F. x\<noteq>a \<longrightarrow> ?d \<le> dist a x"
      by auto
    with dp False show ?thesis
      by (auto intro!: exI[where x="?d"])
  qed
qed

lemma islimpt_Un: "x islimpt (S \<union> T) \<longleftrightarrow> x islimpt S \<or> x islimpt T"
  by (simp add: islimpt_iff_eventually eventually_conj_iff)

lemma discrete_imp_closed:
  fixes S :: "'a::metric_space set"
  assumes e: "0 < e"
    and d: "\<forall>x \<in> S. \<forall>y \<in> S. dist y x < e \<longrightarrow> y = x"
  shows "closed S"
proof -
  {
    fix x
    assume C: "\<forall>e>0. \<exists>x'\<in>S. x' \<noteq> x \<and> dist x' x < e"
    from e have e2: "e/2 > 0" by arith
    from C[rule_format, OF e2] obtain y where y: "y \<in> S" "y \<noteq> x" "dist y x < e/2"
      by blast
    let ?m = "min (e/2) (dist x y) "
    from e2 y(2) have mp: "?m > 0"
      by (simp add: dist_nz[symmetric])
    from C[rule_format, OF mp] obtain z where z: "z \<in> S" "z \<noteq> x" "dist z x < ?m"
      by blast
    have th: "dist z y < e" using z y
      by (intro dist_triangle_lt [where z=x], simp)
    from d[rule_format, OF y(1) z(1) th] y z
    have False by (auto simp add: dist_commute)}
  then show ?thesis
    by (metis islimpt_approachable closed_limpt [where 'a='a])
qed


subsection {* Interior of a Set *}

definition "interior S = \<Union>{T. open T \<and> T \<subseteq> S}"

lemma interiorI [intro?]:
  assumes "open T" and "x \<in> T" and "T \<subseteq> S"
  shows "x \<in> interior S"
  using assms unfolding interior_def by fast

lemma interiorE [elim?]:
  assumes "x \<in> interior S"
  obtains T where "open T" and "x \<in> T" and "T \<subseteq> S"
  using assms unfolding interior_def by fast

lemma open_interior [simp, intro]: "open (interior S)"
  by (simp add: interior_def open_Union)

lemma interior_subset: "interior S \<subseteq> S"
  by (auto simp add: interior_def)

lemma interior_maximal: "T \<subseteq> S \<Longrightarrow> open T \<Longrightarrow> T \<subseteq> interior S"
  by (auto simp add: interior_def)

lemma interior_open: "open S \<Longrightarrow> interior S = S"
  by (intro equalityI interior_subset interior_maximal subset_refl)

lemma interior_eq: "interior S = S \<longleftrightarrow> open S"
  by (metis open_interior interior_open)