(*  Title:      HOL/set

     ID:         $Id$

     Author:     Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory

     Copyright   1991  University of Cambridge

 Set theory for higher-order logic.  A set is simply a predicate.

 *)

 open Set;

 section "Relating predicates and sets";

 AddIffs [mem_Collect_eq];

 goal Set.thy "!!a. P(a) ==> a : {x.P(x)}";

 by (Asm_simp_tac 1);

 qed "CollectI";

 val prems = goal Set.thy "!!a. a : {x.P(x)} ==> P(a)";

 by (Asm_full_simp_tac 1);

 qed "CollectD";

 val [prem] = goal Set.thy "[| !!x. (x:A) = (x:B) |] ==> A = B";

 by (rtac (prem RS ext RS arg_cong RS box_equals) 1);

 by (rtac Collect_mem_eq 1);

 by (rtac Collect_mem_eq 1);

 qed "set_ext";

 val [prem] = goal Set.thy "[| !!x. P(x)=Q(x) |] ==> {x. P(x)} = {x. Q(x)}";

 by (rtac (prem RS ext RS arg_cong) 1);

 qed "Collect_cong";

 val CollectE = make_elim CollectD;

 AddSIs [CollectI];

 AddSEs [CollectE];

 section "Bounded quantifiers";

 val prems = goalw Set.thy [Ball_def]

     "[| !!x. x:A ==> P(x) |] ==> ! x:A. P(x)";

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac (prems @ [allI,impI]) 1));

 qed "ballI";

 val [major,minor] = goalw Set.thy [Ball_def]

     "[| ! x:A. P(x);  x:A |] ==> P(x)";

 by (rtac (minor RS (major RS spec RS mp)) 1);

 qed "bspec";

 val major::prems = goalw Set.thy [Ball_def]

     "[| ! x:A. P(x);  P(x) ==> Q;  x~:A ==> Q |] ==> Q";

 by (rtac (major RS spec RS impCE) 1);

 by (REPEAT (eresolve_tac prems 1));

 qed "ballE";

 (*Takes assumptions ! x:A.P(x) and a:A; creates assumption P(a)*)

 fun ball_tac i = etac ballE i THEN contr_tac (i+1);

 AddSIs [ballI];

 AddEs  [ballE];

 val prems = goalw Set.thy [Bex_def]

     "[| P(x);  x:A |] ==> ? x:A. P(x)";

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac (prems @ [exI,conjI]) 1));

 qed "bexI";

 qed_goal "bexCI" Set.thy 

    "[| ! x:A. ~P(x) ==> P(a);  a:A |] ==> ? x:A.P(x)"

  (fn prems=>

   [ (rtac classical 1),

     (REPEAT (ares_tac (prems@[bexI,ballI,notI,notE]) 1))  ]);

 val major::prems = goalw Set.thy [Bex_def]

     "[| ? x:A. P(x);  !!x. [| x:A; P(x) |] ==> Q  |] ==> Q";

 by (rtac (major RS exE) 1);

 by (REPEAT (eresolve_tac (prems @ [asm_rl,conjE]) 1));

 qed "bexE";

 AddIs  [bexI];

 AddSEs [bexE];

 (*Trival rewrite rule*)

 goal Set.thy "(! x:A.P) = ((? x. x:A) --> P)";

 by (simp_tac (!simpset addsimps [Ball_def]) 1);

 qed "ball_triv";

 (*Dual form for existentials*)

 goal Set.thy "(? x:A.P) = ((? x. x:A) & P)";

 by (simp_tac (!simpset addsimps [Bex_def]) 1);

 qed "bex_triv";

 Addsimps [ball_triv, bex_triv];

 (** Congruence rules **)

 val prems = goal Set.thy

     "[| A=B;  !!x. x:B ==> P(x) = Q(x) |] ==> \

 \    (! x:A. P(x)) = (! x:B. Q(x))";

 by (resolve_tac (prems RL [ssubst]) 1);

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac [ballI,iffI] 1

      ORELSE eresolve_tac ([make_elim bspec, mp] @ (prems RL [iffE])) 1));

 qed "ball_cong";

 val prems = goal Set.thy

     "[| A=B;  !!x. x:B ==> P(x) = Q(x) |] ==> \

 \    (? x:A. P(x)) = (? x:B. Q(x))";

 by (resolve_tac (prems RL [ssubst]) 1);

 by (REPEAT (etac bexE 1

      ORELSE ares_tac ([bexI,iffI] @ (prems RL [iffD1,iffD2])) 1));

 qed "bex_cong";

 section "Subsets";

 val prems = goalw Set.thy [subset_def] "(!!x.x:A ==> x:B) ==> A <= B";

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac (prems @ [ballI]) 1));

 qed "subsetI";

 Blast.declConsts (["op <="], [subsetI]);	(*overloading of <=*)

 (*Rule in Modus Ponens style*)

 val major::prems = goalw Set.thy [subset_def] "[| A <= B;  c:A |] ==> c:B";

 by (rtac (major RS bspec) 1);

 by (resolve_tac prems 1);

 qed "subsetD";

 (*The same, with reversed premises for use with etac -- cf rev_mp*)

 qed_goal "rev_subsetD" Set.thy "[| c:A;  A <= B |] ==> c:B"

  (fn prems=>  [ (REPEAT (resolve_tac (prems@[subsetD]) 1)) ]);

 (*Converts A<=B to x:A ==> x:B*)

 fun impOfSubs th = th RSN (2, rev_subsetD);

 qed_goal "contra_subsetD" Set.thy "!!c. [| A <= B; c ~: B |] ==> c ~: A"

  (fn prems=>  [ (REPEAT (eresolve_tac [asm_rl, contrapos, subsetD] 1)) ]);

 qed_goal "rev_contra_subsetD" Set.thy "!!c. [| c ~: B;  A <= B |] ==> c ~: A"

  (fn prems=>  [ (REPEAT (eresolve_tac [asm_rl, contrapos, subsetD] 1)) ]);

 (*Classical elimination rule*)

 val major::prems = goalw Set.thy [subset_def] 

     "[| A <= B;  c~:A ==> P;  c:B ==> P |] ==> P";

 by (rtac (major RS ballE) 1);

 by (REPEAT (eresolve_tac prems 1));

 qed "subsetCE";

 (*Takes assumptions A<=B; c:A and creates the assumption c:B *)

 fun set_mp_tac i = etac subsetCE i  THEN  mp_tac i;

 AddSIs [subsetI];

 AddEs  [subsetD, subsetCE];

 qed_goal "subset_refl" Set.thy "A <= (A::'a set)"

  (fn _=> [Blast_tac 1]);

 val prems = goal Set.thy "!!B. [| A<=B;  B<=C |] ==> A<=(C::'a set)";

 by (Blast_tac 1);

 qed "subset_trans";

 section "Equality";

 (*Anti-symmetry of the subset relation*)

 val prems = goal Set.thy "[| A <= B;  B <= A |] ==> A = (B::'a set)";

 by (rtac (iffI RS set_ext) 1);

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac (prems RL [subsetD]) 1));

 qed "subset_antisym";

 val equalityI = subset_antisym;

 Blast.declConsts (["op ="], [equalityI]);	(*overloading of equality*)

 AddSIs [equalityI];

 (* Equality rules from ZF set theory -- are they appropriate here? *)

 val prems = goal Set.thy "A = B ==> A<=(B::'a set)";

 by (resolve_tac (prems RL [subst]) 1);

 by (rtac subset_refl 1);

 qed "equalityD1";

 val prems = goal Set.thy "A = B ==> B<=(A::'a set)";

 by (resolve_tac (prems RL [subst]) 1);

 by (rtac subset_refl 1);

 qed "equalityD2";

 val prems = goal Set.thy

     "[| A = B;  [| A<=B; B<=(A::'a set) |] ==> P |]  ==>  P";

 by (resolve_tac prems 1);

 by (REPEAT (resolve_tac (prems RL [equalityD1,equalityD2]) 1));

 qed "equalityE";

 val major::prems = goal Set.thy

     "[| A = B;  [| c:A; c:B |] ==> P;  [| c~:A; c~:B |] ==> P |]  ==>  P";

 by (rtac (major RS equalityE) 1);

 by (REPEAT (contr_tac 1 ORELSE eresolve_tac ([asm_rl,subsetCE]@prems) 1));

 qed "equalityCE";

 (*Lemma for creating induction formulae -- for "pattern matching" on p

   To make the induction hypotheses usable, apply "spec" or "bspec" to

   put universal quantifiers over the free variables in p. *)

 val prems = goal Set.thy 

     "[| p:A;  !!z. z:A ==> p=z --> R |] ==> R";

 by (rtac mp 1);

 by (REPEAT (resolve_tac (refl::prems) 1));

 qed "setup_induction";

 section "The empty set -- {}";

 qed_goalw "empty_iff" Set.thy [empty_def] "(c : {}) = False"

  (fn _ => [ (Blast_tac 1) ]);

 Addsimps [empty_iff];

 qed_goal "emptyE" Set.thy "!!a. a:{} ==> P"

  (fn _ => [Full_simp_tac 1]);

 AddSEs [emptyE];

 qed_goal "empty_subsetI" Set.thy "{} <= A"

  (fn _ => [ (Blast_tac 1) ]);

 qed_goal "equals0I" Set.thy "[| !!y. y:A ==> False |] ==> A={}"

  (fn [prem]=>

   [ (blast_tac (!claset addIs [prem RS FalseE]) 1) ]);

 qed_goal "equals0D" Set.thy "!!a. [| A={};  a:A |] ==> P"

  (fn _ => [ (Blast_tac 1) ]);

 goal Set.thy "Ball {} P = True";

 by (simp_tac (HOL_ss addsimps [mem_Collect_eq, Ball_def, empty_def]) 1);

 qed "ball_empty";

 goal Set.thy "Bex {} P = False";

 by (simp_tac (HOL_ss addsimps [mem_Collect_eq, Bex_def, empty_def]) 1);

 qed "bex_empty";

 Addsimps [ball_empty, bex_empty];

 section "The Powerset operator -- Pow";

 qed_goalw "Pow_iff" Set.thy [Pow_def] "(A : Pow(B)) = (A <= B)"

  (fn _ => [ (Asm_simp_tac 1) ]);

 AddIffs [Pow_iff]; 

 qed_goalw "PowI" Set.thy [Pow_def] "!!A B. A <= B ==> A : Pow(B)"

  (fn _ => [ (etac CollectI 1) ]);

 qed_goalw "PowD" Set.thy [Pow_def] "!!A B. A : Pow(B)  ==>  A<=B"

  (fn _=> [ (etac CollectD 1) ]);

 val Pow_bottom = empty_subsetI RS PowI;        (* {}: Pow(B) *)

 val Pow_top = subset_refl RS PowI;             (* A : Pow(A) *)

 section "Set complement -- Compl";

 qed_goalw "Compl_iff" Set.thy [Compl_def] "(c : Compl(A)) = (c~:A)"

  (fn _ => [ (Blast_tac 1) ]);

 Addsimps [Compl_iff];

 val prems = goalw Set.thy [Compl_def]

     "[| c:A ==> False |] ==> c : Compl(A)";

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac (prems @ [CollectI,notI]) 1));

 qed "ComplI";

 (*This form, with negated conclusion, works well with the Classical prover.

   Negated assumptions behave like formulae on the right side of the notional

   turnstile...*)

 val major::prems = goalw Set.thy [Compl_def]

     "c : Compl(A) ==> c~:A";

 by (rtac (major RS CollectD) 1);

 qed "ComplD";

 val ComplE = make_elim ComplD;

 AddSIs [ComplI];

 AddSEs [ComplE];

 section "Binary union -- Un";

 qed_goalw "Un_iff" Set.thy [Un_def] "(c : A Un B) = (c:A | c:B)"

  (fn _ => [ Blast_tac 1 ]);

 Addsimps [Un_iff];

 goal Set.thy "!!c. c:A ==> c : A Un B";

 by (Asm_simp_tac 1);

 qed "UnI1";

 goal Set.thy "!!c. c:B ==> c : A Un B";

 by (Asm_simp_tac 1);

 qed "UnI2";

 (*Classical introduction rule: no commitment to A vs B*)

 qed_goal "UnCI" Set.thy "(c~:B ==> c:A) ==> c : A Un B"

  (fn prems=>

   [ (Simp_tac 1),

     (REPEAT (ares_tac (prems@[disjCI]) 1)) ]);

 val major::prems = goalw Set.thy [Un_def]

     "[| c : A Un B;  c:A ==> P;  c:B ==> P |] ==> P";

 by (rtac (major RS CollectD RS disjE) 1);

 by (REPEAT (eresolve_tac prems 1));

 qed "UnE";

 AddSIs [UnCI];

 AddSEs [UnE];

 section "Binary intersection -- Int";

 qed_goalw "Int_iff" Set.thy [Int_def] "(c : A Int B) = (c:A & c:B)"

  (fn _ => [ (Blast_tac 1) ]);

 Addsimps [Int_iff];

 goal Set.thy "!!c. [| c:A;  c:B |] ==> c : A Int B";

 by (Asm_simp_tac 1);

 qed "IntI";

 goal Set.thy "!!c. c : A Int B ==> c:A";

 by (Asm_full_simp_tac 1);

 qed "IntD1";

 goal Set.thy "!!c. c : A Int B ==> c:B";

 by (Asm_full_simp_tac 1);

 qed "IntD2";

 val [major,minor] = goal Set.thy

     "[| c : A Int B;  [| c:A; c:B |] ==> P |] ==> P";

 by (rtac minor 1);

 by (rtac (major RS IntD1) 1);

 by (rtac (major RS IntD2) 1);

 qed "IntE";

 AddSIs [IntI];

 AddSEs [IntE];

 section "Set difference";

 qed_goalw "Diff_iff" Set.thy [set_diff_def] "(c : A-B) = (c:A & c~:B)"

  (fn _ => [ (Blast_tac 1) ]);

 Addsimps [Diff_iff];

 qed_goal "DiffI" Set.thy "!!c. [| c : A;  c ~: B |] ==> c : A - B"

  (fn _=> [ Asm_simp_tac 1 ]);

 qed_goal "DiffD1" Set.thy "!!c. c : A - B ==> c : A"

  (fn _=> [ (Asm_full_simp_tac 1) ]);

 qed_goal "DiffD2" Set.thy "!!c. [| c : A - B;  c : B |] ==> P"

  (fn _=> [ (Asm_full_simp_tac 1) ]);

 qed_goal "DiffE" Set.thy "[| c : A - B;  [| c:A; c~:B |] ==> P |] ==> P"

  (fn prems=>

   [ (resolve_tac prems 1),

     (REPEAT (ares_tac (prems RL [DiffD1, DiffD2 RS notI]) 1)) ]);

 AddSIs [DiffI];

 AddSEs [DiffE];

 section "Augmenting a set -- insert";

 qed_goalw "insert_iff" Set.thy [insert_def] "a : insert b A = (a=b | a:A)"

  (fn _ => [Blast_tac 1]);

 Addsimps [insert_iff];

 qed_goal "insertI1" Set.thy "a : insert a B"

  (fn _ => [Simp_tac 1]);

 qed_goal "insertI2" Set.thy "!!a. a : B ==> a : insert b B"

  (fn _=> [Asm_simp_tac 1]);

 qed_goalw "insertE" Set.thy [insert_def]

     "[| a : insert b A;  a=b ==> P;  a:A ==> P |] ==> P"

  (fn major::prems=>

   [ (rtac (major RS UnE) 1),

     (REPEAT (eresolve_tac (prems @ [CollectE]) 1)) ]);

 (*Classical introduction rule*)

 qed_goal "insertCI" Set.thy "(a~:B ==> a=b) ==> a: insert b B"

  (fn prems=>

   [ (Simp_tac 1),

     (REPEAT (ares_tac (prems@[disjCI]) 1)) ]);

 AddSIs [insertCI]; 

 AddSEs [insertE];

 section "Singletons, using insert";

 qed_goal "singletonI" Set.thy "a : {a}"

  (fn _=> [ (rtac insertI1 1) ]);

 goal Set.thy "!!a. b : {a} ==> b=a";

 by (Blast_tac 1);

 qed "singletonD";

 bind_thm ("singletonE", make_elim singletonD);

 qed_goal "singleton_iff" thy "(b : {a}) = (b=a)" 

 (fn _ => [Blast_tac 1]);

 goal Set.thy "!!a b. {a}={b} ==> a=b";

 by (blast_tac (!claset addEs [equalityE]) 1);

 qed "singleton_inject";

 (*Redundant? But unlike insertCI, it proves the subgoal immediately!*)

 AddSIs [singletonI];   

 AddSDs [singleton_inject];

 section "The universal set -- UNIV";

 qed_goal "UNIV_I" Set.thy "x : UNIV"

   (fn _ => [rtac ComplI 1, etac emptyE 1]);

 qed_goal "subset_UNIV" Set.thy "A <= UNIV"

   (fn _ => [rtac subsetI 1, rtac UNIV_I 1]);

 section "Unions of families -- UNION x:A. B(x) is Union(B``A)";

 goalw Set.thy [UNION_def] "(b: (UN x:A. B(x))) = (EX x:A. b: B(x))";

 by (Blast_tac 1);

 qed "UN_iff";

 Addsimps [UN_iff];

 (*The order of the premises presupposes that A is rigid; b may be flexible*)

 goal Set.thy "!!b. [| a:A;  b: B(a) |] ==> b: (UN x:A. B(x))";

 by (Auto_tac());

 qed "UN_I";

 val major::prems = goalw Set.thy [UNION_def]

     "[| b : (UN x:A. B(x));  !!x.[| x:A;  b: B(x) |] ==> R |] ==> R";

 by (rtac (major RS CollectD RS bexE) 1);

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac prems 1));

 qed "UN_E";

 AddIs  [UN_I];

 AddSEs [UN_E];

 val prems = goal Set.thy

     "[| A=B;  !!x. x:B ==> C(x) = D(x) |] ==> \

 \    (UN x:A. C(x)) = (UN x:B. D(x))";

 by (REPEAT (etac UN_E 1

      ORELSE ares_tac ([UN_I,equalityI,subsetI] @ 

                       (prems RL [equalityD1,equalityD2] RL [subsetD])) 1));

 qed "UN_cong";

 section "Intersections of families -- INTER x:A. B(x) is Inter(B``A)";

 goalw Set.thy [INTER_def] "(b: (INT x:A. B(x))) = (ALL x:A. b: B(x))";

 by (Auto_tac());

 qed "INT_iff";

 Addsimps [INT_iff];

 val prems = goalw Set.thy [INTER_def]

     "(!!x. x:A ==> b: B(x)) ==> b : (INT x:A. B(x))";

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac ([CollectI,ballI] @ prems) 1));

 qed "INT_I";

 goal Set.thy "!!b. [| b : (INT x:A. B(x));  a:A |] ==> b: B(a)";

 by (Auto_tac());

 qed "INT_D";

 (*"Classical" elimination -- by the Excluded Middle on a:A *)

 val major::prems = goalw Set.thy [INTER_def]

     "[| b : (INT x:A. B(x));  b: B(a) ==> R;  a~:A ==> R |] ==> R";

 by (rtac (major RS CollectD RS ballE) 1);

 by (REPEAT (eresolve_tac prems 1));

 qed "INT_E";

 AddSIs [INT_I];

 AddEs  [INT_D, INT_E];

 val prems = goal Set.thy

     "[| A=B;  !!x. x:B ==> C(x) = D(x) |] ==> \

 \    (INT x:A. C(x)) = (INT x:B. D(x))";

 by (REPEAT_FIRST (resolve_tac [INT_I,equalityI,subsetI]));

 by (REPEAT (dtac INT_D 1

      ORELSE ares_tac (prems RL [equalityD1,equalityD2] RL [subsetD]) 1));

 qed "INT_cong";

 section "Unions over a type; UNION1(B) = Union(range(B))";

 goalw Set.thy [UNION1_def] "(b: (UN x. B(x))) = (EX x. b: B(x))";

 by (Simp_tac 1);

 by (Blast_tac 1);

 qed "UN1_iff";

 Addsimps [UN1_iff];

 (*The order of the premises presupposes that A is rigid; b may be flexible*)

 goal Set.thy "!!b. b: B(x) ==> b: (UN x. B(x))";

 by (Auto_tac());

 qed "UN1_I";

 val major::prems = goalw Set.thy [UNION1_def]

     "[| b : (UN x. B(x));  !!x. b: B(x) ==> R |] ==> R";

 by (rtac (major RS UN_E) 1);

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac prems 1));

 qed "UN1_E";

 AddIs  [UN1_I];

 AddSEs [UN1_E];

 section "Intersections over a type; INTER1(B) = Inter(range(B))";

 goalw Set.thy [INTER1_def] "(b: (INT x. B(x))) = (ALL x. b: B(x))";

 by (Simp_tac 1);

 by (Blast_tac 1);

 qed "INT1_iff";

 Addsimps [INT1_iff];

 val prems = goalw Set.thy [INTER1_def]

     "(!!x. b: B(x)) ==> b : (INT x. B(x))";

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac (INT_I::prems) 1));

 qed "INT1_I";

 goal Set.thy "!!b. b : (INT x. B(x)) ==> b: B(a)";

 by (Asm_full_simp_tac 1);

 qed "INT1_D";

 AddSIs [INT1_I]; 

 AddDs  [INT1_D];

 section "Union";

 goalw Set.thy [Union_def] "(A : Union(C)) = (EX X:C. A:X)";

 by (Blast_tac 1);

 qed "Union_iff";

 Addsimps [Union_iff];

 (*The order of the premises presupposes that C is rigid; A may be flexible*)

 goal Set.thy "!!X. [| X:C;  A:X |] ==> A : Union(C)";

 by (Auto_tac());

 qed "UnionI";

 val major::prems = goalw Set.thy [Union_def]

     "[| A : Union(C);  !!X.[| A:X;  X:C |] ==> R |] ==> R";

 by (rtac (major RS UN_E) 1);

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac prems 1));

 qed "UnionE";

 AddIs  [UnionI];

 AddSEs [UnionE];

 section "Inter";

 goalw Set.thy [Inter_def] "(A : Inter(C)) = (ALL X:C. A:X)";

 by (Blast_tac 1);

 qed "Inter_iff";

 Addsimps [Inter_iff];

 val prems = goalw Set.thy [Inter_def]

     "[| !!X. X:C ==> A:X |] ==> A : Inter(C)";

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac ([INT_I] @ prems) 1));

 qed "InterI";

 (*A "destruct" rule -- every X in C contains A as an element, but

   A:X can hold when X:C does not!  This rule is analogous to "spec". *)

 goal Set.thy "!!X. [| A : Inter(C);  X:C |] ==> A:X";

 by (Auto_tac());

 qed "InterD";

 (*"Classical" elimination rule -- does not require proving X:C *)

 val major::prems = goalw Set.thy [Inter_def]

     "[| A : Inter(C);  X~:C ==> R;  A:X ==> R |] ==> R";

 by (rtac (major RS INT_E) 1);

 by (REPEAT (eresolve_tac prems 1));

 qed "InterE";

 AddSIs [InterI];

 AddEs  [InterD, InterE];

 (*** Image of a set under a function ***)

 (*Frequently b does not have the syntactic form of f(x).*)

 val prems = goalw thy [image_def] "[| b=f(x);  x:A |] ==> b : f``A";

 by (REPEAT (resolve_tac (prems @ [CollectI,bexI,prem]) 1));

 qed "image_eqI";

 bind_thm ("imageI", refl RS image_eqI);

 (*The eta-expansion gives variable-name preservation.*)

 val major::prems = goalw thy [image_def]

     "[| b : (%x.f(x))``A;  !!x.[| b=f(x);  x:A |] ==> P |] ==> P"; 

 by (rtac (major RS CollectD RS bexE) 1);

 by (REPEAT (ares_tac prems 1));

 qed "imageE";

 AddIs  [image_eqI];

 AddSEs [imageE]; 

 goalw thy [o_def] "(f o g)``r = f``(g``r)";

 by (Blast_tac 1);

 qed "image_compose";

 goal thy "f``(A Un B) = f``A Un f``B";

 by (Blast_tac 1);

 qed "image_Un";

 (*** Range of a function -- just a translation for image! ***)

 goal thy "!!b. b=f(x) ==> b : range(f)";

 by (EVERY1 [etac image_eqI, rtac UNIV_I]);

 bind_thm ("range_eqI", UNIV_I RSN (2,image_eqI));

 bind_thm ("rangeI", UNIV_I RS imageI);

 val [major,minor] = goal thy 

     "[| b : range(%x.f(x));  !!x. b=f(x) ==> P |] ==> P"; 

 by (rtac (major RS imageE) 1);

 by (etac minor 1);

 qed "rangeE";

 AddIs  [rangeI]; 

 AddSEs [rangeE]; 

 (*** Set reasoning tools ***)

 (*Each of these has ALREADY been added to !simpset above.*)

 val mem_simps = [insert_iff, empty_iff, Un_iff, Int_iff, Compl_iff, Diff_iff, 

                  mem_Collect_eq, 

 		 UN_iff, UN1_iff, Union_iff, 

 		 INT_iff, INT1_iff, Inter_iff];

 (*Not for Addsimps -- it can cause goals to blow up!*)

 goal Set.thy "(a : (if Q then x else y)) = ((Q --> a:x) & (~Q --> a : y))";

 by (simp_tac (!simpset setloop split_tac [expand_if]) 1);

 qed "mem_if";

 val mksimps_pairs = ("Ball",[bspec]) :: mksimps_pairs;

 simpset := !simpset addcongs [ball_cong,bex_cong]

                     setmksimps (mksimps mksimps_pairs);

 Addsimps[subset_UNIV, empty_subsetI, subset_refl];

 (*** < ***)

 goalw Set.thy [psubset_def] "!!A::'a set. [| A <= B; A ~= B |] ==> A<B";

 by (Blast_tac 1);

 qed "psubsetI";

 goalw Set.thy [psubset_def]

     "!!x. A < insert x B ==> (x ~: A) & A<=B | x:A & A-{x}<B";

 by (Auto_tac());

 qed "psubset_insertD";