NEWS

local theory specifications handle hidden polymorphism implicitly;

Isabelle NEWS -- history user-relevant changes
==============================================

New in this Isabelle version
----------------------------

*** General ***

* Authentic syntax for *all* logical entities (type classes, type
constructors, term constants): provides simple and robust
correspondence between formal entities and concrete syntax.  Within
the parse tree / AST representations, "constants" are decorated by
their category (class, type, const) and spelled out explicitly with
their full internal name.

Substantial INCOMPATIBILITY concerning low-level syntax declarations
and translations (translation rules and translation functions in ML).
Some hints on upgrading:

  - Many existing uses of 'syntax' and 'translations' can be replaced
    by more modern 'type_notation', 'notation' and 'abbreviation',
    which are independent of this issue.

  - 'translations' require markup within the AST; the term syntax
    provides the following special forms:

      CONST c   -- produces syntax version of constant c from context
      XCONST c  -- literally c, checked as constant from context
      c         -- literally c, if declared by 'syntax'

    Plain identifiers are treated as AST variables -- occasionally the
    system indicates accidental variables via the error "rhs contains
    extra variables".

    Type classes and type constructors are marked according to their
    concrete syntax.  Some old translations rules need to be written
    for the "type" category, using type constructor application
    instead of pseudo-term application of the default category
    "logic".

  - 'parse_translation' etc. in ML may use the following
    antiquotations:

      @{class_syntax c}   -- type class c within parse tree / AST
      @{term_syntax c}    -- type constructor c within parse tree / AST
      @{const_syntax c}   -- ML version of "CONST c" above
      @{syntax_const c}   -- literally c (checked wrt. 'syntax' declarations)

  - Literal types within 'typed_print_translations', i.e. those *not*
    represented as pseudo-terms are represented verbatim.  Use @{class
    c} or @{type_name c} here instead of the above syntax
    antiquotations.

Note that old non-authentic syntax was based on unqualified base
names, so all of the above "constant" names would coincide.  Recall
that 'print_syntax' and ML_command "set Syntax.trace_ast" help to
diagnose syntax problems.

* Type constructors admit general mixfix syntax, not just infix.

* Use of cumulative prems via "!" in some proof methods has been
discontinued (legacy feature).


*** Pure ***

* Local theory specifications may depend on extra type variables that
are not present in the result type -- arguments TYPE('a) :: 'a itself
are added internally.  For example:

  definition unitary :: bool where "unitary = (ALL (x::'a) y. x = y)"

* Code generator: details of internal data cache have no impact on
the user space functionality any longer.

* Discontinued unnamed infix syntax (legacy feature for many years) --
need to specify constant name and syntax separately.  Internal ML
datatype constructors have been renamed from InfixName to Infix etc.
Minor INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Commands 'type_notation' and 'no_type_notation' declare type syntax
within a local theory context, with explicit checking of the
constructors involved (in contrast to the raw 'syntax' versions).

* Command 'typedecl' now works within a local theory context --
without introducing dependencies on parameters or assumptions, which
is not possible in Isabelle/Pure.


*** HOL ***

* Command 'typedef' now works within a local theory context -- without
introducing dependencies on parameters or assumptions, which is not
possible in Isabelle/Pure/HOL.  Note that the logical environment may
contain multiple interpretations of local typedefs (with different
non-emptiness proofs), even in a global theory context.

* Theory Library/Coinductive_List has been removed -- superceded by
AFP/thys/Coinductive.

* Split off theory Big_Operators containing setsum, setprod, Inf_fin, Sup_fin,
Min, Max from theory Finite_Set.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Theory "Rational" renamed to "Rat", for consistency with "Nat", "Int" etc.
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* New set of rules "ac_simps" provides combined assoc / commute rewrites
for all interpretations of the appropriate generic locales.

* Renamed theory "OrderedGroup" to "Groups" and split theory "Ring_and_Field"
into theories "Rings" and "Fields";  for more appropriate and more
consistent names suitable for name prefixes within the HOL theories.
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Some generic constants have been put to appropriate theories:

    less_eq, less: Orderings
    zero, one, plus, minus, uminus, times, abs, sgn: Groups
    inverse, divide: Rings

INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Class division_ring also requires proof of fact divide_inverse.  However instantiation
of parameter divide has also been required previously.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* More consistent naming of type classes involving orderings (and lattices):

    lower_semilattice                   ~> semilattice_inf
    upper_semilattice                   ~> semilattice_sup

    dense_linear_order                  ~> dense_linorder

    pordered_ab_group_add               ~> ordered_ab_group_add
    pordered_ab_group_add_abs           ~> ordered_ab_group_add_abs
    pordered_ab_semigroup_add           ~> ordered_ab_semigroup_add
    pordered_ab_semigroup_add_imp_le    ~> ordered_ab_semigroup_add_imp_le
    pordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add    ~> ordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add
    pordered_cancel_comm_semiring       ~> ordered_cancel_comm_semiring
    pordered_cancel_semiring            ~> ordered_cancel_semiring
    pordered_comm_monoid_add            ~> ordered_comm_monoid_add
    pordered_comm_ring                  ~> ordered_comm_ring
    pordered_comm_semiring              ~> ordered_comm_semiring
    pordered_ring                       ~> ordered_ring
    pordered_ring_abs                   ~> ordered_ring_abs
    pordered_semiring                   ~> ordered_semiring

    ordered_ab_group_add                ~> linordered_ab_group_add
    ordered_ab_semigroup_add            ~> linordered_ab_semigroup_add
    ordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add     ~> linordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add
    ordered_comm_semiring_strict        ~> linordered_comm_semiring_strict
    ordered_field                       ~> linordered_field
    ordered_field_no_lb                 ~> linordered_field_no_lb
    ordered_field_no_ub                 ~> linordered_field_no_ub
    ordered_field_dense_linear_order    ~> dense_linordered_field
    ordered_idom                        ~> linordered_idom
    ordered_ring                        ~> linordered_ring
    ordered_ring_le_cancel_factor       ~> linordered_ring_le_cancel_factor
    ordered_ring_less_cancel_factor     ~> linordered_ring_less_cancel_factor
    ordered_ring_strict                 ~> linordered_ring_strict
    ordered_semidom                     ~> linordered_semidom
    ordered_semiring                    ~> linordered_semiring
    ordered_semiring_1                  ~> linordered_semiring_1
    ordered_semiring_1_strict           ~> linordered_semiring_1_strict
    ordered_semiring_strict             ~> linordered_semiring_strict

  The following slightly odd type classes have been moved to
  a separate theory Library/Lattice_Algebras.thy:

    lordered_ab_group_add               ~> lattice_ab_group_add
    lordered_ab_group_add_abs           ~> lattice_ab_group_add_abs
    lordered_ab_group_add_meet          ~> semilattice_inf_ab_group_add
    lordered_ab_group_add_join          ~> semilattice_sup_ab_group_add
    lordered_ring                       ~> lattice_ring

INCOMPATIBILITY.

* HOLogic.strip_psplit: types are returned in syntactic order, similar
to other strip and tuple operations.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Various old-style primrec specifications in the HOL theories have been
replaced by new-style primrec, especially in theory List.  The corresponding
constants now have authentic syntax.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Reorganized theory Multiset: swapped notation of pointwise and multiset order:
  * pointwise ordering is instance of class order with standard syntax <= and <;
  * multiset ordering has syntax <=# and <#; partial order properties are provided
      by means of interpretation with prefix multiset_order.
Less duplication, less historical organization of sections,
conversion from associations lists to multisets, rudimentary code generation.
Use insert_DiffM2 [symmetric] instead of elem_imp_eq_diff_union, if needed.
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Reorganized theory Sum_Type; Inl and Inr now have authentic syntax.
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Code generation: ML and OCaml code is decorated with signatures.

* Theory Complete_Lattice: lemmas top_def and bot_def have been
replaced by the more convenient lemmas Inf_empty and Sup_empty.
Dropped lemmas Inf_insert_simp and Sup_insert_simp, which are subsumed
by Inf_insert and Sup_insert.  Lemmas Inf_UNIV and Sup_UNIV replace
former Inf_Univ and Sup_Univ.  Lemmas inf_top_right and sup_bot_right
subsume inf_top and sup_bot respectively.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Theory Finite_Set and List: some lemmas have been generalized from
sets to lattices:

  fun_left_comm_idem_inter      ~> fun_left_comm_idem_inf
  fun_left_comm_idem_union      ~> fun_left_comm_idem_sup
  inter_Inter_fold_inter        ~> inf_Inf_fold_inf
  union_Union_fold_union        ~> sup_Sup_fold_sup
  Inter_fold_inter              ~> Inf_fold_inf
  Union_fold_union              ~> Sup_fold_sup
  inter_INTER_fold_inter        ~> inf_INFI_fold_inf
  union_UNION_fold_union        ~> sup_SUPR_fold_sup
  INTER_fold_inter              ~> INFI_fold_inf
  UNION_fold_union              ~> SUPR_fold_sup

* Theory List: added transpose.

* Renamed Library/Quotient.thy to Library/Quotient_Type.thy to avoid
clash with new theory Quotient in Main HOL.


*** ML ***

* Antiquotations for basic formal entities:

    @{class NAME}         -- type class
    @{class_syntax NAME}  -- syntax representation of the above

    @{type_name NAME}     -- logical type
    @{type_abbrev NAME}   -- type abbreviation
    @{nonterminal NAME}   -- type of concrete syntactic category
    @{type_syntax NAME}   -- syntax representation of any of the above

    @{const_name NAME}    -- logical constant (INCOMPATIBILITY)
    @{const_abbrev NAME}  -- abbreviated constant
    @{const_syntax NAME}  -- syntax representation of any of the above

* Antiquotation @{syntax_const NAME} ensures that NAME refers to a raw
syntax constant (cf. 'syntax' command).

* Renamed old-style Drule.standard to Drule.export_without_context, to
emphasize that this is in no way a standard operation.
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Curried take and drop in library.ML; negative length is interpreted
as infinity (as in chop).  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Subgoal.FOCUS (and variants): resulting goal state is normalized as
usual for resolution.  Rare INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Discontinued old TheoryDataFun with its copy/init operation -- data
needs to be pure.  Functor Theory_Data_PP retains the traditional
Pretty.pp argument to merge, which is absent in the standard
Theory_Data version.


*** System ***

* Discontinued special HOL_USEDIR_OPTIONS for the main HOL image;
ISABELLE_USEDIR_OPTIONS applies uniformly to all sessions.  Note that
proof terms are enabled unconditionally in the new HOL-Proofs image.

* Discontinued old ISABELLE and ISATOOL environment settings (legacy
feature since Isabelle2009).  Use ISABELLE_PROCESS and ISABELLE_TOOL,
respectively.



New in Isabelle2009-1 (December 2009)
-------------------------------------

*** General ***

* Discontinued old form of "escaped symbols" such as \\<forall>.  Only
one backslash should be used, even in ML sources.


*** Pure ***

* Locale interpretation propagates mixins along the locale hierarchy.
The currently only available mixins are the equations used to map
local definitions to terms of the target domain of an interpretation.

* Reactivated diagnostic command 'print_interps'.  Use "print_interps
loc" to print all interpretations of locale "loc" in the theory.
Interpretations in proofs are not shown.

* Thoroughly revised locales tutorial.  New section on conditional
interpretation.

* On instantiation of classes, remaining undefined class parameters
are formally declared.  INCOMPATIBILITY.


*** Document preparation ***

* New generalized style concept for printing terms: @{foo (style) ...}
instead of @{foo_style style ...}  (old form is still retained for
backward compatibility).  Styles can be also applied for
antiquotations prop, term_type and typeof.


*** HOL ***

* New proof method "smt" for a combination of first-order logic with
equality, linear and nonlinear (natural/integer/real) arithmetic, and
fixed-size bitvectors; there is also basic support for higher-order
features (esp. lambda abstractions).  It is an incomplete decision
procedure based on external SMT solvers using the oracle mechanism;
for the SMT solver Z3, this method is proof-producing.  Certificates
are provided to avoid calling the external solvers solely for
re-checking proofs.  Due to a remote SMT service there is no need for
installing SMT solvers locally.  See src/HOL/SMT.

* New commands to load and prove verification conditions generated by
the Boogie program verifier or derived systems (e.g. the Verifying C
Compiler (VCC) or Spec#).  See src/HOL/Boogie.

* New counterexample generator tool 'nitpick' based on the Kodkod
relational model finder.  See src/HOL/Tools/Nitpick and
src/HOL/Nitpick_Examples.

* New commands 'code_pred' and 'values' to invoke the predicate
compiler and to enumerate values of inductive predicates.

* A tabled implementation of the reflexive transitive closure.

* New implementation of quickcheck uses generic code generator;
default generators are provided for all suitable HOL types, records
and datatypes.  Old quickcheck can be re-activated importing theory
Library/SML_Quickcheck.

* New testing tool Mirabelle for automated proof tools.  Applies
several tools and tactics like sledgehammer, metis, or quickcheck, to
every proof step in a theory.  To be used in batch mode via the
"mirabelle" utility.

* New proof method "sos" (sum of squares) for nonlinear real
arithmetic (originally due to John Harison). It requires theory
Library/Sum_Of_Squares.  It is not a complete decision procedure but
works well in practice on quantifier-free real arithmetic with +, -,
*, ^, =, <= and <, i.e. boolean combinations of equalities and
inequalities between polynomials.  It makes use of external
semidefinite programming solvers.  Method "sos" generates a
certificate that can be pasted into the proof thus avoiding the need
to call an external tool every time the proof is checked.  See
src/HOL/Library/Sum_Of_Squares.

* New method "linarith" invokes existing linear arithmetic decision
procedure only.

* New command 'atp_minimal' reduces result produced by Sledgehammer.

* New Sledgehammer option "Full Types" in Proof General settings menu.
Causes full type information to be output to the ATPs.  This slows
ATPs down considerably but eliminates a source of unsound "proofs"
that fail later.

* New method "metisFT": A version of metis that uses full type
information in order to avoid failures of proof reconstruction.

* New evaluator "approximate" approximates an real valued term using
the same method as the approximation method.

* Method "approximate" now supports arithmetic expressions as
boundaries of intervals and implements interval splitting and Taylor
series expansion.

* ML antiquotation @{code_datatype} inserts definition of a datatype
generated by the code generator; e.g. see src/HOL/Predicate.thy.

* New theory SupInf of the supremum and infimum operators for sets of
reals.

* New theory Probability, which contains a development of measure
theory, eventually leading to Lebesgue integration and probability.

* Extended Multivariate Analysis to include derivation and Brouwer's
fixpoint theorem.

* Reorganization of number theory, INCOMPATIBILITY:
  - new number theory development for nat and int, in theories Divides
    and GCD as well as in new session Number_Theory
  - some constants and facts now suffixed with _nat and _int
    accordingly
  - former session NumberTheory now named Old_Number_Theory, including
    theories Legacy_GCD and Primes (prefer Number_Theory if possible)
  - moved theory Pocklington from src/HOL/Library to
    src/HOL/Old_Number_Theory

* Theory GCD includes functions Gcd/GCD and Lcm/LCM for the gcd and
lcm of finite and infinite sets. It is shown that they form a complete
lattice.

* Class semiring_div requires superclass no_zero_divisors and proof of
div_mult_mult1; theorems div_mult_mult1, div_mult_mult2,
div_mult_mult1_if, div_mult_mult1 and div_mult_mult2 have been
generalized to class semiring_div, subsuming former theorems
zdiv_zmult_zmult1, zdiv_zmult_zmult1_if, zdiv_zmult_zmult1 and
zdiv_zmult_zmult2.  div_mult_mult1 is now [simp] by default.
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Refinements to lattice classes and sets:
  - less default intro/elim rules in locale variant, more default
    intro/elim rules in class variant: more uniformity
  - lemma ge_sup_conv renamed to le_sup_iff, in accordance with
    le_inf_iff
  - dropped lemma alias inf_ACI for inf_aci (same for sup_ACI and
    sup_aci)
  - renamed ACI to inf_sup_aci
  - new class "boolean_algebra"
  - class "complete_lattice" moved to separate theory
    "Complete_Lattice"; corresponding constants (and abbreviations)
    renamed and with authentic syntax:
    Set.Inf ~>    Complete_Lattice.Inf
    Set.Sup ~>    Complete_Lattice.Sup
    Set.INFI ~>   Complete_Lattice.INFI
    Set.SUPR ~>   Complete_Lattice.SUPR
    Set.Inter ~>  Complete_Lattice.Inter
    Set.Union ~>  Complete_Lattice.Union
    Set.INTER ~>  Complete_Lattice.INTER
    Set.UNION ~>  Complete_Lattice.UNION
  - authentic syntax for
    Set.Pow
    Set.image
  - mere abbreviations:
    Set.empty               (for bot)
    Set.UNIV                (for top)
    Set.inter               (for inf, formerly Set.Int)
    Set.union               (for sup, formerly Set.Un)
    Complete_Lattice.Inter  (for Inf)
    Complete_Lattice.Union  (for Sup)
    Complete_Lattice.INTER  (for INFI)
    Complete_Lattice.UNION  (for SUPR)
  - object-logic definitions as far as appropriate

INCOMPATIBILITY.  Care is required when theorems Int_subset_iff or
Un_subset_iff are explicitly deleted as default simp rules; then also
their lattice counterparts le_inf_iff and le_sup_iff have to be
deleted to achieve the desired effect.

* Rules inf_absorb1, inf_absorb2, sup_absorb1, sup_absorb2 are no simp
rules by default any longer; the same applies to min_max.inf_absorb1
etc.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Rules sup_Int_eq and sup_Un_eq are no longer declared as
pred_set_conv by default.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Power operations on relations and functions are now one dedicated
constant "compow" with infix syntax "^^".  Power operation on
multiplicative monoids retains syntax "^" and is now defined generic
in class power.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Relation composition "R O S" now has a more standard argument order:
"R O S = {(x, z). EX y. (x, y) : R & (y, z) : S}".  INCOMPATIBILITY,
rewrite propositions with "S O R" --> "R O S". Proofs may occasionally
break, since the O_assoc rule was not rewritten like this.  Fix using
O_assoc[symmetric].  The same applies to the curried version "R OO S".

* Function "Inv" is renamed to "inv_into" and function "inv" is now an
abbreviation for "inv_into UNIV".  Lemmas are renamed accordingly.
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Most rules produced by inductive and datatype package have mandatory
prefixes.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Changed "DERIV_intros" to a dynamic fact, which can be augmented by
the attribute of the same name.  Each of the theorems in the list
DERIV_intros assumes composition with an additional function and
matches a variable to the derivative, which has to be solved by the
Simplifier.  Hence (auto intro!: DERIV_intros) computes the derivative
of most elementary terms.  Former Maclauren.DERIV_tac and
Maclauren.deriv_tac should be replaced by (auto intro!: DERIV_intros).
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Code generator attributes follow the usual underscore convention:
    code_unfold     replaces    code unfold
    code_post       replaces    code post
    etc.
  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Renamed methods:
    sizechange -> size_change
    induct_scheme -> induction_schema
  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Discontinued abbreviation "arbitrary" of constant "undefined".
INCOMPATIBILITY, use "undefined" directly.

* Renamed theorems:
    Suc_eq_add_numeral_1 -> Suc_eq_plus1
    Suc_eq_add_numeral_1_left -> Suc_eq_plus1_left
    Suc_plus1 -> Suc_eq_plus1
    *anti_sym -> *antisym*
    vector_less_eq_def -> vector_le_def
  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Added theorem List.map_map as [simp].  Removed List.map_compose.
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Removed predicate "M hassize n" (<--> card M = n & finite M).
INCOMPATIBILITY.


*** HOLCF ***

* Theory Representable defines a class "rep" of domains that are
representable (via an ep-pair) in the universal domain type "udom".
Instances are provided for all type constructors defined in HOLCF.

* The 'new_domain' command is a purely definitional version of the
domain package, for representable domains.  Syntax is identical to the
old domain package.  The 'new_domain' package also supports indirect
recursion using previously-defined type constructors.  See
src/HOLCF/ex/New_Domain.thy for examples.

* Method "fixrec_simp" unfolds one step of a fixrec-defined constant
on the left-hand side of an equation, and then performs
simplification.  Rewriting is done using rules declared with the
"fixrec_simp" attribute.  The "fixrec_simp" method is intended as a
replacement for "fixpat"; see src/HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for examples.

* The pattern-match compiler in 'fixrec' can now handle constructors
with HOL function types.  Pattern-match combinators for the Pair
constructor are pre-configured.

* The 'fixrec' package now produces better fixed-point induction rules
for mutually-recursive definitions:  Induction rules have conclusions
of the form "P foo bar" instead of "P <foo, bar>".

* The constant "sq_le" (with infix syntax "<<" or "\<sqsubseteq>") has
been renamed to "below".  The name "below" now replaces "less" in many
theorem names.  (Legacy theorem names using "less" are still supported
as well.)

* The 'fixrec' package now supports "bottom patterns".  Bottom
patterns can be used to generate strictness rules, or to make
functions more strict (much like the bang-patterns supported by the
Glasgow Haskell Compiler).  See src/HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for
examples.


*** ML ***

* Support for Poly/ML 5.3.0, with improved reporting of compiler
errors and run-time exceptions, including detailed source positions.

* Structure Name_Space (formerly NameSpace) now manages uniquely
identified entries, with some additional information such as source
position, logical grouping etc.

* Theory and context data is now introduced by the simplified and
modernized functors Theory_Data, Proof_Data, Generic_Data.  Data needs
to be pure, but the old TheoryDataFun for mutable data (with explicit
copy operation) is still available for some time.

* Structure Synchronized (cf. src/Pure/Concurrent/synchronized.ML)
provides a high-level programming interface to synchronized state
variables with atomic update.  This works via pure function
application within a critical section -- its runtime should be as
short as possible; beware of deadlocks if critical code is nested,
either directly or indirectly via other synchronized variables!

* Structure Unsynchronized (cf. src/Pure/ML-Systems/unsynchronized.ML)
wraps raw ML references, explicitly indicating their non-thread-safe
behaviour.  The Isar toplevel keeps this structure open, to
accommodate Proof General as well as quick and dirty interactive
experiments with references.

* PARALLEL_CHOICE and PARALLEL_GOALS provide basic support for
parallel tactical reasoning.

* Tacticals Subgoal.FOCUS, Subgoal.FOCUS_PREMS, Subgoal.FOCUS_PARAMS
are similar to SUBPROOF, but are slightly more flexible: only the
specified parts of the subgoal are imported into the context, and the
body tactic may introduce new subgoals and schematic variables.

* Old tactical METAHYPS, which does not observe the proof context, has
been renamed to Old_Goals.METAHYPS and awaits deletion.  Use SUBPROOF
or Subgoal.FOCUS etc.

* Renamed functor TableFun to Table, and GraphFun to Graph.  (Since
functors have their own ML name space there is no point to mark them
separately.)  Minor INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Renamed NamedThmsFun to Named_Thms.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Renamed several structures FooBar to Foo_Bar.  Occasional,
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Operations of structure Skip_Proof no longer require quick_and_dirty
mode, which avoids critical setmp.

* Eliminated old Attrib.add_attributes, Method.add_methods and related
combinators for "args".  INCOMPATIBILITY, need to use simplified
Attrib/Method.setup introduced in Isabelle2009.

* Proper context for simpset_of, claset_of, clasimpset_of.  May fall
back on global_simpset_of, global_claset_of, global_clasimpset_of as
last resort.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Display.pretty_thm now requires a proper context (cf. former
ProofContext.pretty_thm).  May fall back on Display.pretty_thm_global
or even Display.pretty_thm_without_context as last resort.
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Discontinued Display.pretty_ctyp/cterm etc.  INCOMPATIBILITY, use
Syntax.pretty_typ/term directly, preferably with proper context
instead of global theory.


*** System ***

* Further fine tuning of parallel proof checking, scales up to 8 cores
(max. speedup factor 5.0).  See also Goal.parallel_proofs in ML and
usedir option -q.

* Support for additional "Isabelle components" via etc/components, see
also the system manual.

* The isabelle makeall tool now operates on all components with
IsaMakefile, not just hardwired "logics".

* Removed "compress" option from isabelle-process and isabelle usedir;
this is always enabled.

* Discontinued support for Poly/ML 4.x versions.

* Isabelle tool "wwwfind" provides web interface for 'find_theorems'
on a given logic image.  This requires the lighttpd webserver and is
currently supported on Linux only.



New in Isabelle2009 (April 2009)
--------------------------------

*** General ***

* Simplified main Isabelle executables, with less surprises on
case-insensitive file-systems (such as Mac OS).

  - The main Isabelle tool wrapper is now called "isabelle" instead of
    "isatool."

  - The former "isabelle" alias for "isabelle-process" has been
    removed (should rarely occur to regular users).

  - The former "isabelle-interface" and its alias "Isabelle" have been
    removed (interfaces are now regular Isabelle tools).

Within scripts and make files, the Isabelle environment variables
ISABELLE_TOOL and ISABELLE_PROCESS replace old ISATOOL and ISABELLE,
respectively.  (The latter are still available as legacy feature.)

The old isabelle-interface wrapper could react in confusing ways if
the interface was uninstalled or changed otherwise.  Individual
interface tool configuration is now more explicit, see also the
Isabelle system manual.  In particular, Proof General is now available
via "isabelle emacs".

INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt derivative scripts.  Users may need to
purge installed copies of Isabelle executables and re-run "isabelle
install -p ...", or use symlinks.

* The default for ISABELLE_HOME_USER is now ~/.isabelle instead of the
old ~/isabelle, which was slightly non-standard and apt to cause
surprises on case-insensitive file-systems (such as Mac OS).

INCOMPATIBILITY, need to move existing ~/isabelle/etc,
~/isabelle/heaps, ~/isabelle/browser_info to the new place.  Special
care is required when using older releases of Isabelle.  Note that
ISABELLE_HOME_USER can be changed in Isabelle/etc/settings of any
Isabelle distribution, in order to use the new ~/.isabelle uniformly.

* Proofs of fully specified statements are run in parallel on
multi-core systems.  A speedup factor of 2.5 to 3.2 can be expected on
a regular 4-core machine, if the initial heap space is made reasonably
large (cf. Poly/ML option -H).  (Requires Poly/ML 5.2.1 or later.)

* The main reference manuals ("isar-ref", "implementation", and
"system") have been updated and extended.  Formally checked references
as hyperlinks are now available uniformly.


*** Pure ***

* Complete re-implementation of locales.  INCOMPATIBILITY in several
respects.  The most important changes are listed below.  See the
Tutorial on Locales ("locales" manual) for details.

- In locale expressions, instantiation replaces renaming.  Parameters
must be declared in a for clause.  To aid compatibility with previous
parameter inheritance, in locale declarations, parameters that are not
'touched' (instantiation position "_" or omitted) are implicitly added
with their syntax at the beginning of the for clause.

- Syntax from abbreviations and definitions in locales is available in
locale expressions and context elements.  The latter is particularly
useful in locale declarations.

- More flexible mechanisms to qualify names generated by locale
expressions.  Qualifiers (prefixes) may be specified in locale
expressions, and can be marked as mandatory (syntax: "name!:") or
optional (syntax "name?:").  The default depends for plain "name:"
depends on the situation where a locale expression is used: in
commands 'locale' and 'sublocale' prefixes are optional, in
'interpretation' and 'interpret' prefixes are mandatory.  The old
implicit qualifiers derived from the parameter names of a locale are
no longer generated.

- Command "sublocale l < e" replaces "interpretation l < e".  The
instantiation clause in "interpretation" and "interpret" (square
brackets) is no longer available.  Use locale expressions.

- When converting proof scripts, mandatory qualifiers in
'interpretation' and 'interpret' should be retained by default, even
if this is an INCOMPATIBILITY compared to former behavior.  In the
worst case, use the "name?:" form for non-mandatory ones.  Qualifiers
in locale expressions range over a single locale instance only.

- Dropped locale element "includes".  This is a major INCOMPATIBILITY.
In existing theorem specifications replace the includes element by the
respective context elements of the included locale, omitting those
that are already present in the theorem specification.  Multiple
assume elements of a locale should be replaced by a single one
involving the locale predicate.  In the proof body, declarations (most
notably theorems) may be regained by interpreting the respective
locales in the proof context as required (command "interpret").

If using "includes" in replacement of a target solely because the
parameter types in the theorem are not as general as in the target,
consider declaring a new locale with additional type constraints on
the parameters (context element "constrains").

- Discontinued "locale (open)".  INCOMPATIBILITY.

- Locale interpretation commands no longer attempt to simplify goal.
INCOMPATIBILITY: in rare situations the generated goal differs.  Use
methods intro_locales and unfold_locales to clarify.

- Locale interpretation commands no longer accept interpretation
attributes.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Class declaration: so-called "base sort" must not be given in import
list any longer, but is inferred from the specification.  Particularly
in HOL, write

    class foo = ...

instead of

    class foo = type + ...

* Class target: global versions of theorems stemming do not carry a
parameter prefix any longer.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Class 'instance' command no longer accepts attached definitions.
INCOMPATIBILITY, use proper 'instantiation' target instead.

* Recovered hiding of consts, which was accidentally broken in
Isabelle2007.  Potential INCOMPATIBILITY, ``hide const c'' really
makes c inaccessible; consider using ``hide (open) const c'' instead.

* Slightly more coherent Pure syntax, with updated documentation in
isar-ref manual.  Removed locales meta_term_syntax and
meta_conjunction_syntax: TERM and &&& (formerly &&) are now permanent,
INCOMPATIBILITY in rare situations.  Note that &&& should not be used
directly in regular applications.

* There is a new syntactic category "float_const" for signed decimal
fractions (e.g. 123.45 or -123.45).

* Removed exotic 'token_translation' command.  INCOMPATIBILITY, use ML
interface with 'setup' command instead.

* Command 'local_setup' is similar to 'setup', but operates on a local
theory context.

* The 'axiomatization' command now only works within a global theory
context.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Goal-directed proof now enforces strict proof irrelevance wrt. sort
hypotheses.  Sorts required in the course of reasoning need to be
covered by the constraints in the initial statement, completed by the
type instance information of the background theory.  Non-trivial sort
hypotheses, which rarely occur in practice, may be specified via
vacuous propositions of the form SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::c).  For example:

  lemma assumes "SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::empty)" shows False ...

The result contains an implicit sort hypotheses as before --
SORT_CONSTRAINT premises are eliminated as part of the canonical rule
normalization.

* Generalized Isar history, with support for linear undo, direct state
addressing etc.

* Changed defaults for unify configuration options:

  unify_trace_bound = 50 (formerly 25)
  unify_search_bound = 60 (formerly 30)

* Different bookkeeping for code equations (INCOMPATIBILITY):

  a) On theory merge, the last set of code equations for a particular
     constant is taken (in accordance with the policy applied by other
     parts of the code generator framework).

  b) Code equations stemming from explicit declarations (e.g. code
     attribute) gain priority over default code equations stemming
     from definition, primrec, fun etc.

* Keyword 'code_exception' now named 'code_abort'.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Unified theorem tables for both code generators.  Thus [code
func] has disappeared and only [code] remains.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Command 'find_consts' searches for constants based on type and name
patterns, e.g.

    find_consts "_ => bool"

By default, matching is against subtypes, but it may be restricted to
the whole type.  Searching by name is possible.  Multiple queries are
conjunctive and queries may be negated by prefixing them with a
hyphen:

    find_consts strict: "_ => bool" name: "Int" -"int => int"

* New 'find_theorems' criterion "solves" matches theorems that
directly solve the current goal (modulo higher-order unification).

* Auto solve feature for main theorem statements: whenever a new goal
is stated, "find_theorems solves" is called; any theorems that could
solve the lemma directly are listed as part of the goal state.
Cf. associated options in Proof General Isabelle settings menu,
enabled by default, with reasonable timeout for pathological cases of
higher-order unification.


*** Document preparation ***

* Antiquotation @{lemma} now imitates a regular terminal proof,
demanding keyword 'by' and supporting the full method expression
syntax just like the Isar command 'by'.


*** HOL ***

* Integrated main parts of former image HOL-Complex with HOL.  Entry
points Main and Complex_Main remain as before.

* Logic image HOL-Plain provides a minimal HOL with the most important
tools available (inductive, datatype, primrec, ...).  This facilitates
experimentation and tool development.  Note that user applications
(and library theories) should never refer to anything below theory
Main, as before.

* Logic image HOL-Main stops at theory Main, and thus facilitates
experimentation due to shorter build times.

* Logic image HOL-NSA contains theories of nonstandard analysis which
were previously part of former HOL-Complex.  Entry point Hyperreal
remains valid, but theories formerly using Complex_Main should now use
new entry point Hypercomplex.

* Generic ATP manager for Sledgehammer, based on ML threads instead of
Posix processes.  Avoids potentially expensive forking of the ML
process.  New thread-based implementation also works on non-Unix
platforms (Cygwin).  Provers are no longer hardwired, but defined
within the theory via plain ML wrapper functions.  Basic Sledgehammer
commands are covered in the isar-ref manual.

* Wrapper scripts for remote SystemOnTPTP service allows to use
sledgehammer without local ATP installation (Vampire etc.). Other
provers may be included via suitable ML wrappers, see also
src/HOL/ATP_Linkup.thy.

* ATP selection (E/Vampire/Spass) is now via Proof General's settings
menu.

* The metis method no longer fails because the theorem is too trivial
(contains the empty clause).

* The metis method now fails in the usual manner, rather than raising
an exception, if it determines that it cannot prove the theorem.

* Method "coherent" implements a prover for coherent logic (see also
src/Tools/coherent.ML).

* Constants "undefined" and "default" replace "arbitrary".  Usually
"undefined" is the right choice to replace "arbitrary", though
logically there is no difference.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Command "value" now integrates different evaluation mechanisms.  The
result of the first successful evaluation mechanism is printed.  In
square brackets a particular named evaluation mechanisms may be
specified (currently, [SML], [code] or [nbe]).  See further
src/HOL/ex/Eval_Examples.thy.

* Normalization by evaluation now allows non-leftlinear equations.
Declare with attribute [code nbe].

* Methods "case_tac" and "induct_tac" now refer to the very same rules
as the structured Isar versions "cases" and "induct", cf. the
corresponding "cases" and "induct" attributes.  Mutual induction rules
are now presented as a list of individual projections
(e.g. foo_bar.inducts for types foo and bar); the old format with
explicit HOL conjunction is no longer supported.  INCOMPATIBILITY, in
rare situations a different rule is selected --- notably nested tuple
elimination instead of former prod.exhaust: use explicit (case_tac t
rule: prod.exhaust) here.

* Attributes "cases", "induct", "coinduct" support "del" option.

* Removed fact "case_split_thm", which duplicates "case_split".

* The option datatype has been moved to a new theory Option.  Renamed
option_map to Option.map, and o2s to Option.set, INCOMPATIBILITY.

* New predicate "strict_mono" classifies strict functions on partial
orders.  With strict functions on linear orders, reasoning about
(in)equalities is facilitated by theorems "strict_mono_eq",
"strict_mono_less_eq" and "strict_mono_less".

* Some set operations are now proper qualified constants with
authentic syntax.  INCOMPATIBILITY:

    op Int ~>   Set.Int
    op Un ~>    Set.Un
    INTER ~>    Set.INTER
    UNION ~>    Set.UNION
    Inter ~>    Set.Inter
    Union ~>    Set.Union
    {} ~>       Set.empty
    UNIV ~>     Set.UNIV

* Class complete_lattice with operations Inf, Sup, INFI, SUPR now in
theory Set.

* Auxiliary class "itself" has disappeared -- classes without any
parameter are treated as expected by the 'class' command.

* Leibnitz's Series for Pi and the arcus tangens and logarithm series.

* Common decision procedures (Cooper, MIR, Ferrack, Approximation,
Dense_Linear_Order) are now in directory HOL/Decision_Procs.

* Theory src/HOL/Decision_Procs/Approximation provides the new proof
method "approximation".  It proves formulas on real values by using
interval arithmetic.  In the formulas are also the transcendental
functions sin, cos, tan, atan, ln, exp and the constant pi are
allowed. For examples see
src/HOL/Descision_Procs/ex/Approximation_Ex.thy.

* Theory "Reflection" now resides in HOL/Library.

* Entry point to Word library now simply named "Word".
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Made source layout more coherent with logical distribution
structure:

    src/HOL/Library/RType.thy ~> src/HOL/Typerep.thy
    src/HOL/Library/Code_Message.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Library/GCD.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Library/Order_Relation.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Library/Parity.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Library/Univ_Poly.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Real/ContNotDenum.thy ~> src/HOL/Library/
    src/HOL/Real/Lubs.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Real/PReal.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Real/Rational.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Real/RComplete.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Real/RealDef.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Real/RealPow.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Real/Real.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Complex/Complex_Main.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Complex/Complex.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Complex/FrechetDeriv.thy ~> src/HOL/Library/
    src/HOL/Complex/Fundamental_Theorem_Algebra.thy ~> src/HOL/Library/
    src/HOL/Hyperreal/Deriv.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Hyperreal/Fact.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Hyperreal/Integration.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Hyperreal/Lim.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Hyperreal/Ln.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Hyperreal/Log.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Hyperreal/MacLaurin.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Hyperreal/NthRoot.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Hyperreal/Series.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Hyperreal/SEQ.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Hyperreal/Taylor.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Hyperreal/Transcendental.thy ~> src/HOL/
    src/HOL/Real/Float ~> src/HOL/Library/
    src/HOL/Real/HahnBanach ~> src/HOL/HahnBanach
    src/HOL/Real/RealVector.thy ~> src/HOL/

    src/HOL/arith_data.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
    src/HOL/hologic.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
    src/HOL/simpdata.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
    src/HOL/int_arith1.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools/int_arith.ML
    src/HOL/int_factor_simprocs.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
    src/HOL/nat_simprocs.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
    src/HOL/Real/float_arith.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
    src/HOL/Real/float_syntax.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
    src/HOL/Real/rat_arith.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
    src/HOL/Real/real_arith.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools

    src/HOL/Library/Array.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
    src/HOL/Library/Heap_Monad.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
    src/HOL/Library/Heap.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
    src/HOL/Library/Imperative_HOL.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
    src/HOL/Library/Ref.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
    src/HOL/Library/Relational.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL

* If methods "eval" and "evaluation" encounter a structured proof
state with !!/==>, only the conclusion is evaluated to True (if
possible), avoiding strange error messages.

* Method "sizechange" automates termination proofs using (a
modification of) the size-change principle.  Requires SAT solver.  See
src/HOL/ex/Termination.thy for examples.

* Simplifier: simproc for let expressions now unfolds if bound
variable occurs at most once in let expression body.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Method "arith": Linear arithmetic now ignores all inequalities when
fast_arith_neq_limit is exceeded, instead of giving up entirely.

* New attribute "arith" for facts that should always be used
automatically by arithmetic. It is intended to be used locally in
proofs, e.g.

  assumes [arith]: "x > 0"

Global usage is discouraged because of possible performance impact.

* New classes "top" and "bot" with corresponding operations "top" and
"bot" in theory Orderings; instantiation of class "complete_lattice"
requires instantiation of classes "top" and "bot".  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Changed definition lemma "less_fun_def" in order to provide an
instance for preorders on functions; use lemma "less_le" instead.
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Theory Orderings: class "wellorder" moved here, with explicit
induction rule "less_induct" as assumption.  For instantiation of
"wellorder" by means of predicate "wf", use rule wf_wellorderI.
INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Theory Orderings: added class "preorder" as superclass of "order".
INCOMPATIBILITY: Instantiation proofs for order, linorder
etc. slightly changed.  Some theorems named order_class.* now named
preorder_class.*.

* Theory Relation: renamed "refl" to "refl_on", "reflexive" to "refl,
"diag" to "Id_on".

* Theory Finite_Set: added a new fold combinator of type

  ('a => 'b => 'b) => 'b => 'a set => 'b

Occasionally this is more convenient than the old fold combinator
which is now defined in terms of the new one and renamed to
fold_image.

* Theories Ring_and_Field and OrderedGroup: The lemmas "group_simps"
and "ring_simps" have been replaced by "algebra_simps" (which can be
extended with further lemmas!).  At the moment both still exist but
the former will disappear at some point.

* Theory Power: Lemma power_Suc is now declared as a simp rule in
class recpower.  Type-specific simp rules for various recpower types
have been removed.  INCOMPATIBILITY, rename old lemmas as follows:

rat_power_0    -> power_0
rat_power_Suc  -> power_Suc
realpow_0      -> power_0
realpow_Suc    -> power_Suc
complexpow_0   -> power_0
complexpow_Suc -> power_Suc
power_poly_0   -> power_0
power_poly_Suc -> power_Suc

* Theories Ring_and_Field and Divides: Definition of "op dvd" has been
moved to separate class dvd in Ring_and_Field; a couple of lemmas on
dvd has been generalized to class comm_semiring_1.  Likewise a bunch
of lemmas from Divides has been generalized from nat to class
semiring_div.  INCOMPATIBILITY.  This involves the following theorem
renames resulting from duplicate elimination:

    dvd_def_mod ~>          dvd_eq_mod_eq_0
    zero_dvd_iff ~>         dvd_0_left_iff
    dvd_0 ~>                dvd_0_right
    DIVISION_BY_ZERO_DIV ~> div_by_0
    DIVISION_BY_ZERO_MOD ~> mod_by_0
    mult_div ~>             div_mult_self2_is_id
    mult_mod ~>             mod_mult_self2_is_0

* Theory IntDiv: removed many lemmas that are instances of class-based
generalizations (from Divides and Ring_and_Field).  INCOMPATIBILITY,
rename old lemmas as follows:

dvd_diff               -> nat_dvd_diff
dvd_zminus_iff         -> dvd_minus_iff
mod_add1_eq            -> mod_add_eq
mod_mult1_eq           -> mod_mult_right_eq
mod_mult1_eq'          -> mod_mult_left_eq
mod_mult_distrib_mod   -> mod_mult_eq
nat_mod_add_left_eq    -> mod_add_left_eq
nat_mod_add_right_eq   -> mod_add_right_eq
nat_mod_div_trivial    -> mod_div_trivial
nat_mod_mod_trivial    -> mod_mod_trivial
zdiv_zadd_self1        -> div_add_self1
zdiv_zadd_self2        -> div_add_self2
zdiv_zmult_self1       -> div_mult_self2_is_id
zdiv_zmult_self2       -> div_mult_self1_is_id
zdvd_triv_left         -> dvd_triv_left
zdvd_triv_right        -> dvd_triv_right
zdvd_zmult_cancel_disj -> dvd_mult_cancel_left
zmod_eq0_zdvd_iff      -> dvd_eq_mod_eq_0[symmetric]
zmod_zadd_left_eq      -> mod_add_left_eq
zmod_zadd_right_eq     -> mod_add_right_eq
zmod_zadd_self1        -> mod_add_self1
zmod_zadd_self2        -> mod_add_self2
zmod_zadd1_eq          -> mod_add_eq
zmod_zdiff1_eq         -> mod_diff_eq
zmod_zdvd_zmod         -> mod_mod_cancel
zmod_zmod_cancel       -> mod_mod_cancel
zmod_zmult_self1       -> mod_mult_self2_is_0
zmod_zmult_self2       -> mod_mult_self1_is_0
zmod_1                 -> mod_by_1
zdiv_1                 -> div_by_1
zdvd_abs1              -> abs_dvd_iff
zdvd_abs2              -> dvd_abs_iff
zdvd_refl              -> dvd_refl
zdvd_trans             -> dvd_trans
zdvd_zadd              -> dvd_add
zdvd_zdiff             -> dvd_diff
zdvd_zminus_iff        -> dvd_minus_iff
zdvd_zminus2_iff       -> minus_dvd_iff
zdvd_zmultD            -> dvd_mult_right
zdvd_zmultD2           -> dvd_mult_left
zdvd_zmult_mono        -> mult_dvd_mono
zdvd_0_right           -> dvd_0_right
zdvd_0_left            -> dvd_0_left_iff
zdvd_1_left            -> one_dvd
zminus_dvd_iff         -> minus_dvd_iff

* Theory Rational: 'Fract k 0' now equals '0'.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* The real numbers offer decimal input syntax: 12.34 is translated
into 1234/10^2. This translation is not reversed upon output.

* Theory Library/Polynomial defines an abstract type 'a poly of
univariate polynomials with coefficients of type 'a.  In addition to
the standard ring operations, it also supports div and mod.  Code
generation is also supported, using list-style constructors.

* Theory Library/Inner_Product defines a class of real_inner for real
inner product spaces, with an overloaded operation inner :: 'a => 'a
=> real.  Class real_inner is a subclass of real_normed_vector from
theory RealVector.

* Theory Library/Product_Vector provides instances for the product
type 'a * 'b of several classes from RealVector and Inner_Product.
Definitions of addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, norms,
and inner products are included.

* Theory Library/Bit defines the field "bit" of integers modulo 2.  In
addition to the field operations, numerals and case syntax are also
supported.

* Theory Library/Diagonalize provides constructive version of Cantor's
first diagonalization argument.

* Theory Library/GCD: Curried operations gcd, lcm (for nat) and zgcd,
zlcm (for int); carried together from various gcd/lcm developements in
the HOL Distribution.  Constants zgcd and zlcm replace former igcd and
ilcm; corresponding theorems renamed accordingly.  INCOMPATIBILITY,
may recover tupled syntax as follows:

    hide (open) const gcd
    abbreviation gcd where
      "gcd == (%(a, b). GCD.gcd a b)"
    notation (output)
      GCD.gcd ("gcd '(_, _')")

The same works for lcm, zgcd, zlcm.

* Theory Library/Nat_Infinity: added addition, numeral syntax and more
instantiations for algebraic structures.  Removed some duplicate
theorems.  Changes in simp rules.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* ML antiquotation @{code} takes a constant as argument and generates
corresponding code in background and inserts name of the corresponding
resulting ML value/function/datatype constructor binding in place.
All occurrences of @{code} with a single ML block are generated
simultaneously.  Provides a generic and safe interface for
instrumentalizing code generation.  See
src/HOL/Decision_Procs/Ferrack.thy for a more ambitious application.
In future you ought to refrain from ad-hoc compiling generated SML
code on the ML toplevel.  Note that (for technical reasons) @{code}
cannot refer to constants for which user-defined serializations are
set.  Refer to the corresponding ML counterpart directly in that
cases.

* Command 'rep_datatype': instead of theorem names the command now
takes a list of terms denoting the constructors of the type to be
represented as datatype.  The characteristic theorems have to be
proven.  INCOMPATIBILITY.  Also observe that the following theorems
have disappeared in favour of existing ones:

    unit_induct                 ~> unit.induct
    prod_induct                 ~> prod.induct
    sum_induct                  ~> sum.induct
    Suc_Suc_eq                  ~> nat.inject
    Suc_not_Zero Zero_not_Suc   ~> nat.distinct


*** HOL-Algebra ***

* New locales for orders and lattices where the equivalence relation
is not restricted to equality.  INCOMPATIBILITY: all order and lattice
locales use a record structure with field eq for the equivalence.

* New theory of factorial domains.

* Units_l_inv and Units_r_inv are now simp rules by default.
INCOMPATIBILITY.  Simplifier proof that require deletion of l_inv
and/or r_inv will now also require deletion of these lemmas.

* Renamed the following theorems, INCOMPATIBILITY:

UpperD ~> Upper_memD
LowerD ~> Lower_memD
least_carrier ~> least_closed
greatest_carrier ~> greatest_closed
greatest_Lower_above ~> greatest_Lower_below
one_zero ~> carrier_one_zero
one_not_zero ~> carrier_one_not_zero  (collision with assumption)


*** HOL-Nominal ***

* Nominal datatypes can now contain type-variables.

* Commands 'nominal_inductive' and 'equivariance' work with local
theory targets.

* Nominal primrec can now works with local theory targets and its
specification syntax now conforms to the general format as seen in
'inductive' etc.

* Method "perm_simp" honours the standard simplifier attributes
(no_asm), (no_asm_use) etc.

* The new predicate #* is defined like freshness, except that on the
left hand side can be a set or list of atoms.

* Experimental command 'nominal_inductive2' derives strong induction
principles for inductive definitions.  In contrast to
'nominal_inductive', which can only deal with a fixed number of
binders, it can deal with arbitrary expressions standing for sets of
atoms to be avoided.  The only inductive definition we have at the
moment that needs this generalisation is the typing rule for Lets in
the algorithm W:

 Gamma |- t1 : T1   (x,close Gamma T1)::Gamma |- t2 : T2   x#Gamma
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
         Gamma |- Let x be t1 in t2 : T2

In this rule one wants to avoid all the binders that are introduced by
"close Gamma T1".  We are looking for other examples where this
feature might be useful.  Please let us know.


*** HOLCF ***

* Reimplemented the simplification procedure for proving continuity
subgoals.  The new simproc is extensible; users can declare additional
continuity introduction rules with the attribute [cont2cont].

* The continuity simproc now uses a different introduction rule for
solving continuity subgoals on terms with lambda abstractions.  In
some rare cases the new simproc may fail to solve subgoals that the
old one could solve, and "simp add: cont2cont_LAM" may be necessary.
Potential INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Command 'fixrec': specification syntax now conforms to the general
format as seen in 'inductive' etc.  See src/HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for
examples.  INCOMPATIBILITY.


*** ZF ***

* Proof of Zorn's Lemma for partial orders.


*** ML ***

* Multithreading for Poly/ML 5.1/5.2 is no longer supported, only for
Poly/ML 5.2.1 or later.  Important note: the TimeLimit facility
depends on multithreading, so timouts will not work before Poly/ML
5.2.1!

* High-level support for concurrent ML programming, see
src/Pure/Cuncurrent.  The data-oriented model of "future values" is
particularly convenient to organize independent functional
computations.  The concept of "synchronized variables" provides a
higher-order interface for components with shared state, avoiding the
delicate details of mutexes and condition variables.  (Requires
Poly/ML 5.2.1 or later.)

* ML bindings produced via Isar commands are stored within the Isar
context (theory or proof).  Consequently, commands like 'use' and 'ML'
become thread-safe and work with undo as expected (concerning
top-level bindings, not side-effects on global references).
INCOMPATIBILITY, need to provide proper Isar context when invoking the
compiler at runtime; really global bindings need to be given outside a
theory.  (Requires Poly/ML 5.2 or later.)

* Command 'ML_prf' is analogous to 'ML' but works within a proof
context.  Top-level ML bindings are stored within the proof context in
a purely sequential fashion, disregarding the nested proof structure.
ML bindings introduced by 'ML_prf' are discarded at the end of the
proof.  (Requires Poly/ML 5.2 or later.)

* Simplified ML attribute and method setup, cf. functions Attrib.setup
and Method.setup, as well as Isar commands 'attribute_setup' and
'method_setup'.  INCOMPATIBILITY for 'method_setup', need to simplify
existing code accordingly, or use plain 'setup' together with old
Method.add_method.

* Simplified ML oracle interface Thm.add_oracle promotes 'a -> cterm
to 'a -> thm, while results are always tagged with an authentic oracle
name.  The Isar command 'oracle' is now polymorphic, no argument type
is specified.  INCOMPATIBILITY, need to simplify existing oracle code
accordingly.  Note that extra performance may be gained by producing
the cterm carefully, avoiding slow Thm.cterm_of.

* Simplified interface for defining document antiquotations via
ThyOutput.antiquotation, ThyOutput.output, and optionally
ThyOutput.maybe_pretty_source.  INCOMPATIBILITY, need to simplify user
antiquotations accordingly, see src/Pure/Thy/thy_output.ML for common
examples.

* More systematic treatment of long names, abstract name bindings, and
name space operations.  Basic operations on qualified names have been
move from structure NameSpace to Long_Name, e.g. Long_Name.base_name,
Long_Name.append.  Old type bstring has been mostly replaced by
abstract type binding (see structure Binding), which supports precise
qualification by packages and local theory targets, as well as proper
tracking of source positions.  INCOMPATIBILITY, need to wrap old
bstring values into Binding.name, or better pass through abstract
bindings everywhere.  See further src/Pure/General/long_name.ML,
src/Pure/General/binding.ML and src/Pure/General/name_space.ML

* Result facts (from PureThy.note_thms, ProofContext.note_thms,
LocalTheory.note etc.) now refer to the *full* internal name, not the
bstring as before.  INCOMPATIBILITY, not detected by ML type-checking!

* Disposed old type and term read functions (Sign.read_def_typ,
Sign.read_typ, Sign.read_def_terms, Sign.read_term,
Thm.read_def_cterms, Thm.read_cterm etc.).  INCOMPATIBILITY, should
use regular Syntax.read_typ, Syntax.read_term, Syntax.read_typ_global,
Syntax.read_term_global etc.; see also OldGoals.read_term as last
resort for legacy applications.

* Disposed old declarations, tactics, tactic combinators that refer to
the simpset or claset of an implicit theory (such as Addsimps,
Simp_tac, SIMPSET).  INCOMPATIBILITY, should use @{simpset} etc. in
embedded ML text, or local_simpset_of with a proper context passed as
explicit runtime argument.

* Rules and tactics that read instantiations (read_instantiate,
res_inst_tac, thin_tac, subgoal_tac etc.) now demand a proper proof
context, which is required for parsing and type-checking.  Moreover,
the variables are specified as plain indexnames, not string encodings
thereof.  INCOMPATIBILITY.

* Generic Toplevel.add_hook interface allows to analyze the result of
transactions.  E.g. see src/Pure/ProofGeneral/proof_general_pgip.ML
for theorem dependency output of transactions resulting in a new
theory state.

* ML antiquotations: block-structured compilation context indicated by
\<lbrace> ... \<rbrace>; additional antiquotation forms:

  @{binding name}                         - basic name binding
  @{let ?pat = term}                      - term abbreviation (HO matching)
  @{note name = fact}                     - fact abbreviation