src/HOL/List.thy

primitive definitions of bot/top/inf/sup for bool and fun are named with canonical suffix `_def` rather than `_eq`

(*  Title:      HOL/List.thy
    Author:     Tobias Nipkow
*)

header {* The datatype of finite lists *}

theory List
imports Plain Presburger Recdef Code_Numeral Quotient ATP
uses ("Tools/list_code.ML")
begin

datatype 'a list =
    Nil    ("[]")
  | Cons 'a  "'a list"    (infixr "#" 65)

syntax
  -- {* list Enumeration *}
  "_list" :: "args => 'a list"    ("[(_)]")

translations
  "[x, xs]" == "x#[xs]"
  "[x]" == "x#[]"


subsection {* Basic list processing functions *}

primrec
  hd :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a" where
  "hd (x # xs) = x"

primrec
  tl :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    "tl [] = []"
  | "tl (x # xs) = xs"

primrec
  last :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a" where
  "last (x # xs) = (if xs = [] then x else last xs)"

primrec
  butlast :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    "butlast []= []"
  | "butlast (x # xs) = (if xs = [] then [] else x # butlast xs)"

primrec
  set :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a set" where
    "set [] = {}"
  | "set (x # xs) = insert x (set xs)"

primrec
  map :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'b list" where
    "map f [] = []"
  | "map f (x # xs) = f x # map f xs"

primrec
  append :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" (infixr "@" 65) where
    append_Nil:"[] @ ys = ys"
  | append_Cons: "(x#xs) @ ys = x # xs @ ys"

primrec
  rev :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    "rev [] = []"
  | "rev (x # xs) = rev xs @ [x]"

primrec
  filter:: "('a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    "filter P [] = []"
  | "filter P (x # xs) = (if P x then x # filter P xs else filter P xs)"

syntax
  -- {* Special syntax for filter *}
  "_filter" :: "[pttrn, 'a list, bool] => 'a list"    ("(1[_<-_./ _])")

translations
  "[x<-xs . P]"== "CONST filter (%x. P) xs"

syntax (xsymbols)
  "_filter" :: "[pttrn, 'a list, bool] => 'a list"("(1[_\<leftarrow>_ ./ _])")
syntax (HTML output)
  "_filter" :: "[pttrn, 'a list, bool] => 'a list"("(1[_\<leftarrow>_ ./ _])")

primrec
  foldl :: "('b \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'b" where
    foldl_Nil: "foldl f a [] = a"
  | foldl_Cons: "foldl f a (x # xs) = foldl f (f a x) xs"

primrec
  foldr :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" where
    "foldr f [] a = a"
  | "foldr f (x # xs) a = f x (foldr f xs a)"

primrec
  concat:: "'a list list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    "concat [] = []"
  | "concat (x # xs) = x @ concat xs"

definition (in monoid_add)
  listsum :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a" where
  "listsum xs = foldr plus xs 0"

primrec
  drop:: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    drop_Nil: "drop n [] = []"
  | drop_Cons: "drop n (x # xs) = (case n of 0 \<Rightarrow> x # xs | Suc m \<Rightarrow> drop m xs)"
  -- {*Warning: simpset does not contain this definition, but separate
       theorems for @{text "n = 0"} and @{text "n = Suc k"} *}

primrec
  take:: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    take_Nil:"take n [] = []"
  | take_Cons: "take n (x # xs) = (case n of 0 \<Rightarrow> [] | Suc m \<Rightarrow> x # take m xs)"
  -- {*Warning: simpset does not contain this definition, but separate
       theorems for @{text "n = 0"} and @{text "n = Suc k"} *}

primrec
  nth :: "'a list => nat => 'a" (infixl "!" 100) where
  nth_Cons: "(x # xs) ! n = (case n of 0 \<Rightarrow> x | Suc k \<Rightarrow> xs ! k)"
  -- {*Warning: simpset does not contain this definition, but separate
       theorems for @{text "n = 0"} and @{text "n = Suc k"} *}

primrec
  list_update :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    "list_update [] i v = []"
  | "list_update (x # xs) i v = (case i of 0 \<Rightarrow> v # xs | Suc j \<Rightarrow> x # list_update xs j v)"

nonterminals lupdbinds lupdbind

syntax
  "_lupdbind":: "['a, 'a] => lupdbind"    ("(2_ :=/ _)")
  "" :: "lupdbind => lupdbinds"    ("_")
  "_lupdbinds" :: "[lupdbind, lupdbinds] => lupdbinds"    ("_,/ _")
  "_LUpdate" :: "['a, lupdbinds] => 'a"    ("_/[(_)]" [900,0] 900)

translations
  "_LUpdate xs (_lupdbinds b bs)" == "_LUpdate (_LUpdate xs b) bs"
  "xs[i:=x]" == "CONST list_update xs i x"

primrec
  takeWhile :: "('a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    "takeWhile P [] = []"
  | "takeWhile P (x # xs) = (if P x then x # takeWhile P xs else [])"

primrec
  dropWhile :: "('a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    "dropWhile P [] = []"
  | "dropWhile P (x # xs) = (if P x then dropWhile P xs else x # xs)"

primrec
  zip :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'b list \<Rightarrow> ('a \<times> 'b) list" where
    "zip xs [] = []"
  | zip_Cons: "zip xs (y # ys) = (case xs of [] => [] | z # zs => (z, y) # zip zs ys)"
  -- {*Warning: simpset does not contain this definition, but separate
       theorems for @{text "xs = []"} and @{text "xs = z # zs"} *}

primrec 
  upt :: "nat \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> nat list" ("(1[_..</_'])") where
    upt_0: "[i..<0] = []"
  | upt_Suc: "[i..<(Suc j)] = (if i <= j then [i..<j] @ [j] else [])"

definition
  insert :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
  "insert x xs = (if x \<in> set xs then xs else x # xs)"

hide_const (open) insert
hide_fact (open) insert_def

primrec
  remove1 :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    "remove1 x [] = []"
  | "remove1 x (y # xs) = (if x = y then xs else y # remove1 x xs)"

primrec
  removeAll :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    "removeAll x [] = []"
  | "removeAll x (y # xs) = (if x = y then removeAll x xs else y # removeAll x xs)"

primrec
  distinct :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> bool" where
    "distinct [] \<longleftrightarrow> True"
  | "distinct (x # xs) \<longleftrightarrow> x \<notin> set xs \<and> distinct xs"

primrec
  remdups :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    "remdups [] = []"
  | "remdups (x # xs) = (if x \<in> set xs then remdups xs else x # remdups xs)"

primrec
  replicate :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
    replicate_0: "replicate 0 x = []"
  | replicate_Suc: "replicate (Suc n) x = x # replicate n x"

text {*
  Function @{text size} is overloaded for all datatypes. Users may
  refer to the list version as @{text length}. *}

abbreviation
  length :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> nat" where
  "length \<equiv> size"

definition
  rotate1 :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
  "rotate1 xs = (case xs of [] \<Rightarrow> [] | x#xs \<Rightarrow> xs @ [x])"

definition
  rotate :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
  "rotate n = rotate1 ^^ n"

definition
  list_all2 :: "('a => 'b => bool) => 'a list => 'b list => bool" where
  "list_all2 P xs ys =
    (length xs = length ys \<and> (\<forall>(x, y) \<in> set (zip xs ys). P x y))"

definition
  sublist :: "'a list => nat set => 'a list" where
  "sublist xs A = map fst (filter (\<lambda>p. snd p \<in> A) (zip xs [0..<size xs]))"

fun splice :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
"splice [] ys = ys" |
"splice xs [] = xs" |
"splice (x#xs) (y#ys) = x # y # splice xs ys"

text{*
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\fbox{
\begin{tabular}{l}
@{lemma "[a,b]@[c,d] = [a,b,c,d]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "length [a,b,c] = 3" by simp}\\
@{lemma "set [a,b,c] = {a,b,c}" by simp}\\
@{lemma "map f [a,b,c] = [f a, f b, f c]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "rev [a,b,c] = [c,b,a]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "hd [a,b,c,d] = a" by simp}\\
@{lemma "tl [a,b,c,d] = [b,c,d]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "last [a,b,c,d] = d" by simp}\\
@{lemma "butlast [a,b,c,d] = [a,b,c]" by simp}\\
@{lemma[source] "filter (\<lambda>n::nat. n<2) [0,2,1] = [0,1]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "concat [[a,b],[c,d,e],[],[f]] = [a,b,c,d,e,f]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "foldl f x [a,b,c] = f (f (f x a) b) c" by simp}\\
@{lemma "foldr f [a,b,c] x = f a (f b (f c x))" by simp}\\
@{lemma "zip [a,b,c] [x,y,z] = [(a,x),(b,y),(c,z)]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "zip [a,b] [x,y,z] = [(a,x),(b,y)]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "splice [a,b,c] [x,y,z] = [a,x,b,y,c,z]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "splice [a,b,c,d] [x,y] = [a,x,b,y,c,d]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "take 2 [a,b,c,d] = [a,b]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "take 6 [a,b,c,d] = [a,b,c,d]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "drop 2 [a,b,c,d] = [c,d]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "drop 6 [a,b,c,d] = []" by simp}\\
@{lemma "takeWhile (%n::nat. n<3) [1,2,3,0] = [1,2]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "dropWhile (%n::nat. n<3) [1,2,3,0] = [3,0]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "distinct [2,0,1::nat]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "remdups [2,0,2,1::nat,2] = [0,1,2]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "List.insert 2 [0::nat,1,2] = [0,1,2]" by (simp add: List.insert_def)}\\
@{lemma "List.insert 3 [0::nat,1,2] = [3,0,1,2]" by (simp add: List.insert_def)}\\
@{lemma "remove1 2 [2,0,2,1::nat,2] = [0,2,1,2]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "removeAll 2 [2,0,2,1::nat,2] = [0,1]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "nth [a,b,c,d] 2 = c" by simp}\\
@{lemma "[a,b,c,d][2 := x] = [a,b,x,d]" by simp}\\
@{lemma "sublist [a,b,c,d,e] {0,2,3} = [a,c,d]" by (simp add:sublist_def)}\\
@{lemma "rotate1 [a,b,c,d] = [b,c,d,a]" by (simp add:rotate1_def)}\\
@{lemma "rotate 3 [a,b,c,d] = [d,a,b,c]" by (simp add:rotate1_def rotate_def eval_nat_numeral)}\\
@{lemma "replicate 4 a = [a,a,a,a]" by (simp add:eval_nat_numeral)}\\
@{lemma "[2..<5] = [2,3,4]" by (simp add:eval_nat_numeral)}\\
@{lemma "listsum [1,2,3::nat] = 6" by (simp add: listsum_def)}
\end{tabular}}
\caption{Characteristic examples}
\label{fig:Characteristic}
\end{figure}
Figure~\ref{fig:Characteristic} shows characteristic examples
that should give an intuitive understanding of the above functions.
*}

text{* The following simple sort functions are intended for proofs,
not for efficient implementations. *}

context linorder
begin

inductive sorted :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> bool" where
  Nil [iff]: "sorted []"
| Cons: "\<forall>y\<in>set xs. x \<le> y \<Longrightarrow> sorted xs \<Longrightarrow> sorted (x # xs)"

lemma sorted_single [iff]:
  "sorted [x]"
  by (rule sorted.Cons) auto

lemma sorted_many:
  "x \<le> y \<Longrightarrow> sorted (y # zs) \<Longrightarrow> sorted (x # y # zs)"
  by (rule sorted.Cons) (cases "y # zs" rule: sorted.cases, auto)

lemma sorted_many_eq [simp, code]:
  "sorted (x # y # zs) \<longleftrightarrow> x \<le> y \<and> sorted (y # zs)"
  by (auto intro: sorted_many elim: sorted.cases)

lemma [code]:
  "sorted [] \<longleftrightarrow> True"
  "sorted [x] \<longleftrightarrow> True"
  by simp_all

primrec insort_key :: "('b \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b list \<Rightarrow> 'b list" where
"insort_key f x [] = [x]" |
"insort_key f x (y#ys) = (if f x \<le> f y then (x#y#ys) else y#(insort_key f x ys))"

definition sort_key :: "('b \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> 'b list \<Rightarrow> 'b list" where
"sort_key f xs = foldr (insort_key f) xs []"

definition insort_insert_key :: "('b \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b list \<Rightarrow> 'b list" where
  "insort_insert_key f x xs = (if f x \<in> f ` set xs then xs else insort_key f x xs)"

abbreviation "sort \<equiv> sort_key (\<lambda>x. x)"
abbreviation "insort \<equiv> insort_key (\<lambda>x. x)"
abbreviation "insort_insert \<equiv> insort_insert_key (\<lambda>x. x)"

end


subsubsection {* List comprehension *}

text{* Input syntax for Haskell-like list comprehension notation.
Typical example: @{text"[(x,y). x \<leftarrow> xs, y \<leftarrow> ys, x \<noteq> y]"},
the list of all pairs of distinct elements from @{text xs} and @{text ys}.
The syntax is as in Haskell, except that @{text"|"} becomes a dot
(like in Isabelle's set comprehension): @{text"[e. x \<leftarrow> xs, \<dots>]"} rather than
\verb![e| x <- xs, ...]!.

The qualifiers after the dot are
\begin{description}
\item[generators] @{text"p \<leftarrow> xs"},
 where @{text p} is a pattern and @{text xs} an expression of list type, or
\item[guards] @{text"b"}, where @{text b} is a boolean expression.
%\item[local bindings] @ {text"let x = e"}.
\end{description}

Just like in Haskell, list comprehension is just a shorthand. To avoid
misunderstandings, the translation into desugared form is not reversed
upon output. Note that the translation of @{text"[e. x \<leftarrow> xs]"} is
optmized to @{term"map (%x. e) xs"}.

It is easy to write short list comprehensions which stand for complex
expressions. During proofs, they may become unreadable (and
mangled). In such cases it can be advisable to introduce separate
definitions for the list comprehensions in question.  *}

(*
Proper theorem proving support would be nice. For example, if
@{text"set[f x y. x \<leftarrow> xs, y \<leftarrow> ys, P x y]"}
produced something like
@{term"{z. EX x: set xs. EX y:set ys. P x y \<and> z = f x y}"}.
*)

nonterminals lc_qual lc_quals

syntax
"_listcompr" :: "'a \<Rightarrow> lc_qual \<Rightarrow> lc_quals \<Rightarrow> 'a list"  ("[_ . __")
"_lc_gen" :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> lc_qual" ("_ <- _")
"_lc_test" :: "bool \<Rightarrow> lc_qual" ("_")
(*"_lc_let" :: "letbinds => lc_qual"  ("let _")*)
"_lc_end" :: "lc_quals" ("]")
"_lc_quals" :: "lc_qual \<Rightarrow> lc_quals \<Rightarrow> lc_quals" (", __")
"_lc_abs" :: "'a => 'b list => 'b list"

(* These are easier than ML code but cannot express the optimized
   translation of [e. p<-xs]
translations
"[e. p<-xs]" => "concat(map (_lc_abs p [e]) xs)"
"_listcompr e (_lc_gen p xs) (_lc_quals Q Qs)"
 => "concat (map (_lc_abs p (_listcompr e Q Qs)) xs)"
"[e. P]" => "if P then [e] else []"
"_listcompr e (_lc_test P) (_lc_quals Q Qs)"
 => "if P then (_listcompr e Q Qs) else []"
"_listcompr e (_lc_let b) (_lc_quals Q Qs)"
 => "_Let b (_listcompr e Q Qs)"
*)

syntax (xsymbols)
"_lc_gen" :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> lc_qual" ("_ \<leftarrow> _")
syntax (HTML output)
"_lc_gen" :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> lc_qual" ("_ \<leftarrow> _")

parse_translation (advanced) {*
let
  val NilC = Syntax.const @{const_syntax Nil};
  val ConsC = Syntax.const @{const_syntax Cons};
  val mapC = Syntax.const @{const_syntax map};
  val concatC = Syntax.const @{const_syntax concat};
  val IfC = Syntax.const @{const_syntax If};

  fun singl x = ConsC $ x $ NilC;

  fun pat_tr ctxt p e opti = (* %x. case x of p => e | _ => [] *)
    let
      val x = Free (Name.variant (fold Term.add_free_names [p, e] []) "x", dummyT);
      val e = if opti then singl e else e;
      val case1 = Syntax.const @{syntax_const "_case1"} $ p $ e;
      val case2 =
        Syntax.const @{syntax_const "_case1"} $
          Syntax.const @{const_syntax dummy_pattern} $ NilC;
      val cs = Syntax.const @{syntax_const "_case2"} $ case1 $ case2;
      val ft = Datatype_Case.case_tr false Datatype.info_of_constr ctxt [x, cs];
    in lambda x ft end;

  fun abs_tr ctxt (p as Free (s, T)) e opti =
        let
          val thy = ProofContext.theory_of ctxt;
          val s' = Sign.intern_const thy s;
        in
          if Sign.declared_const thy s'
          then (pat_tr ctxt p e opti, false)
          else (lambda p e, true)
        end
    | abs_tr ctxt p e opti = (pat_tr ctxt p e opti, false);

  fun lc_tr ctxt [e, Const (@{syntax_const "_lc_test"}, _) $ b, qs] =
        let
          val res =
            (case qs of
              Const (@{syntax_const "_lc_end"}, _) => singl e
            | Const (@{syntax_const "_lc_quals"}, _) $ q $ qs => lc_tr ctxt [e, q, qs]);
        in IfC $ b $ res $ NilC end
    | lc_tr ctxt
          [e, Const (@{syntax_const "_lc_gen"}, _) $ p $ es,
            Const(@{syntax_const "_lc_end"}, _)] =
        (case abs_tr ctxt p e true of
          (f, true) => mapC $ f $ es
        | (f, false) => concatC $ (mapC $ f $ es))
    | lc_tr ctxt
          [e, Const (@{syntax_const "_lc_gen"}, _) $ p $ es,
            Const (@{syntax_const "_lc_quals"}, _) $ q $ qs] =
        let val e' = lc_tr ctxt [e, q, qs];
        in concatC $ (mapC $ (fst (abs_tr ctxt p e' false)) $ es) end;

in [(@{syntax_const "_listcompr"}, lc_tr)] end
*}

term "[(x,y,z). b]"
term "[(x,y,z). x\<leftarrow>xs]"
term "[e x y. x\<leftarrow>xs, y\<leftarrow>ys]"
term "[(x,y,z). x<a, x>b]"
term "[(x,y,z). x\<leftarrow>xs, x>b]"
term "[(x,y,z). x<a, x\<leftarrow>xs]"
term "[(x,y). Cons True x \<leftarrow> xs]"
term "[(x,y,z). Cons x [] \<leftarrow> xs]"
term "[(x,y,z). x<a, x>b, x=d]"
term "[(x,y,z). x<a, x>b, y\<leftarrow>ys]"
term "[(x,y,z). x<a, x\<leftarrow>xs,y>b]"
term "[(x,y,z). x<a, x\<leftarrow>xs, y\<leftarrow>ys]"
term "[(x,y,z). x\<leftarrow>xs, x>b, y<a]"
term "[(x,y,z). x\<leftarrow>xs, x>b, y\<leftarrow>ys]"
term "[(x,y,z). x\<leftarrow>xs, y\<leftarrow>ys,y>x]"
term "[(x,y,z). x\<leftarrow>xs, y\<leftarrow>ys,z\<leftarrow>zs]"
(*
term "[(x,y). x\<leftarrow>xs, let xx = x+x, y\<leftarrow>ys, y \<noteq> xx]"
*)


subsubsection {* @{const Nil} and @{const Cons} *}

lemma not_Cons_self [simp]:
  "xs \<noteq> x # xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemmas not_Cons_self2 [simp] = not_Cons_self [symmetric]

lemma neq_Nil_conv: "(xs \<noteq> []) = (\<exists>y ys. xs = y # ys)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma length_induct:
  "(\<And>xs. \<forall>ys. length ys < length xs \<longrightarrow> P ys \<Longrightarrow> P xs) \<Longrightarrow> P xs"
by (rule measure_induct [of length]) iprover

lemma list_nonempty_induct [consumes 1, case_names single cons]:
  assumes "xs \<noteq> []"
  assumes single: "\<And>x. P [x]"
  assumes cons: "\<And>x xs. xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> P xs \<Longrightarrow> P (x # xs)"
  shows "P xs"
using `xs \<noteq> []` proof (induct xs)
  case Nil then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons x xs) show ?case proof (cases xs)
    case Nil with single show ?thesis by simp
  next
    case Cons then have "xs \<noteq> []" by simp
    moreover with Cons.hyps have "P xs" .
    ultimately show ?thesis by (rule cons)
  qed
qed


subsubsection {* @{const length} *}

text {*
  Needs to come before @{text "@"} because of theorem @{text
  append_eq_append_conv}.
*}

lemma length_append [simp]: "length (xs @ ys) = length xs + length ys"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma length_map [simp]: "length (map f xs) = length xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma length_rev [simp]: "length (rev xs) = length xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma length_tl [simp]: "length (tl xs) = length xs - 1"
by (cases xs) auto

lemma length_0_conv [iff]: "(length xs = 0) = (xs = [])"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma length_greater_0_conv [iff]: "(0 < length xs) = (xs \<noteq> [])"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma length_pos_if_in_set: "x : set xs \<Longrightarrow> length xs > 0"
by auto

lemma length_Suc_conv:
"(length xs = Suc n) = (\<exists>y ys. xs = y # ys \<and> length ys = n)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma Suc_length_conv:
"(Suc n = length xs) = (\<exists>y ys. xs = y # ys \<and> length ys = n)"
apply (induct xs, simp, simp)
apply blast
done

lemma impossible_Cons: "length xs <= length ys ==> xs = x # ys = False"
  by (induct xs) auto

lemma list_induct2 [consumes 1, case_names Nil Cons]:
  "length xs = length ys \<Longrightarrow> P [] [] \<Longrightarrow>
   (\<And>x xs y ys. length xs = length ys \<Longrightarrow> P xs ys \<Longrightarrow> P (x#xs) (y#ys))
   \<Longrightarrow> P xs ys"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: ys)
  case Nil then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons x xs ys) then show ?case by (cases ys) simp_all
qed

lemma list_induct3 [consumes 2, case_names Nil Cons]:
  "length xs = length ys \<Longrightarrow> length ys = length zs \<Longrightarrow> P [] [] [] \<Longrightarrow>
   (\<And>x xs y ys z zs. length xs = length ys \<Longrightarrow> length ys = length zs \<Longrightarrow> P xs ys zs \<Longrightarrow> P (x#xs) (y#ys) (z#zs))
   \<Longrightarrow> P xs ys zs"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: ys zs)
  case Nil then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons x xs ys zs) then show ?case by (cases ys, simp_all)
    (cases zs, simp_all)
qed

lemma list_induct4 [consumes 3, case_names Nil Cons]:
  "length xs = length ys \<Longrightarrow> length ys = length zs \<Longrightarrow> length zs = length ws \<Longrightarrow>
   P [] [] [] [] \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x xs y ys z zs w ws. length xs = length ys \<Longrightarrow>
   length ys = length zs \<Longrightarrow> length zs = length ws \<Longrightarrow> P xs ys zs ws \<Longrightarrow>
   P (x#xs) (y#ys) (z#zs) (w#ws)) \<Longrightarrow> P xs ys zs ws"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: ys zs ws)
  case Nil then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons x xs ys zs ws) then show ?case by ((cases ys, simp_all), (cases zs,simp_all)) (cases ws, simp_all)
qed

lemma list_induct2': 
  "\<lbrakk> P [] [];
  \<And>x xs. P (x#xs) [];
  \<And>y ys. P [] (y#ys);
   \<And>x xs y ys. P xs ys  \<Longrightarrow> P (x#xs) (y#ys) \<rbrakk>
 \<Longrightarrow> P xs ys"
by (induct xs arbitrary: ys) (case_tac x, auto)+

lemma neq_if_length_neq: "length xs \<noteq> length ys \<Longrightarrow> (xs = ys) == False"
by (rule Eq_FalseI) auto

simproc_setup list_neq ("(xs::'a list) = ys") = {*
(*
Reduces xs=ys to False if xs and ys cannot be of the same length.
This is the case if the atomic sublists of one are a submultiset
of those of the other list and there are fewer Cons's in one than the other.
*)

let

fun len (Const(@{const_name Nil},_)) acc = acc
  | len (Const(@{const_name Cons},_) $ _ $ xs) (ts,n) = len xs (ts,n+1)
  | len (Const(@{const_name append},_) $ xs $ ys) acc = len xs (len ys acc)
  | len (Const(@{const_name rev},_) $ xs) acc = len xs acc
  | len (Const(@{const_name map},_) $ _ $ xs) acc = len xs acc
  | len t (ts,n) = (t::ts,n);

fun list_neq _ ss ct =
  let
    val (Const(_,eqT) $ lhs $ rhs) = Thm.term_of ct;
    val (ls,m) = len lhs ([],0) and (rs,n) = len rhs ([],0);
    fun prove_neq() =
      let
        val Type(_,listT::_) = eqT;
        val size = HOLogic.size_const listT;
        val eq_len = HOLogic.mk_eq (size $ lhs, size $ rhs);
        val neq_len = HOLogic.mk_Trueprop (HOLogic.Not $ eq_len);
        val thm = Goal.prove (Simplifier.the_context ss) [] [] neq_len
          (K (simp_tac (Simplifier.inherit_context ss @{simpset}) 1));
      in SOME (thm RS @{thm neq_if_length_neq}) end
  in
    if m < n andalso submultiset (op aconv) (ls,rs) orelse
       n < m andalso submultiset (op aconv) (rs,ls)
    then prove_neq() else NONE
  end;
in list_neq end;
*}


subsubsection {* @{text "@"} -- append *}

lemma append_assoc [simp]: "(xs @ ys) @ zs = xs @ (ys @ zs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma append_Nil2 [simp]: "xs @ [] = xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma append_is_Nil_conv [iff]: "(xs @ ys = []) = (xs = [] \<and> ys = [])"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma Nil_is_append_conv [iff]: "([] = xs @ ys) = (xs = [] \<and> ys = [])"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma append_self_conv [iff]: "(xs @ ys = xs) = (ys = [])"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma self_append_conv [iff]: "(xs = xs @ ys) = (ys = [])"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma append_eq_append_conv [simp, no_atp]:
 "length xs = length ys \<or> length us = length vs
 ==> (xs@us = ys@vs) = (xs=ys \<and> us=vs)"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: ys)
 apply (case_tac ys, simp, force)
apply (case_tac ys, force, simp)
done

lemma append_eq_append_conv2: "(xs @ ys = zs @ ts) =
  (EX us. xs = zs @ us & us @ ys = ts | xs @ us = zs & ys = us@ ts)"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: ys zs ts)
 apply fastsimp
apply(case_tac zs)
 apply simp
apply fastsimp
done

lemma same_append_eq [iff, induct_simp]: "(xs @ ys = xs @ zs) = (ys = zs)"
by simp

lemma append1_eq_conv [iff]: "(xs @ [x] = ys @ [y]) = (xs = ys \<and> x = y)"
by simp

lemma append_same_eq [iff, induct_simp]: "(ys @ xs = zs @ xs) = (ys = zs)"
by simp

lemma append_self_conv2 [iff]: "(xs @ ys = ys) = (xs = [])"
using append_same_eq [of _ _ "[]"] by auto

lemma self_append_conv2 [iff]: "(ys = xs @ ys) = (xs = [])"
using append_same_eq [of "[]"] by auto

lemma hd_Cons_tl [simp,no_atp]: "xs \<noteq> [] ==> hd xs # tl xs = xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma hd_append: "hd (xs @ ys) = (if xs = [] then hd ys else hd xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma hd_append2 [simp]: "xs \<noteq> [] ==> hd (xs @ ys) = hd xs"
by (simp add: hd_append split: list.split)

lemma tl_append: "tl (xs @ ys) = (case xs of [] => tl ys | z#zs => zs @ ys)"
by (simp split: list.split)

lemma tl_append2 [simp]: "xs \<noteq> [] ==> tl (xs @ ys) = tl xs @ ys"
by (simp add: tl_append split: list.split)


lemma Cons_eq_append_conv: "x#xs = ys@zs =
 (ys = [] & x#xs = zs | (EX ys'. x#ys' = ys & xs = ys'@zs))"
by(cases ys) auto

lemma append_eq_Cons_conv: "(ys@zs = x#xs) =
 (ys = [] & zs = x#xs | (EX ys'. ys = x#ys' & ys'@zs = xs))"
by(cases ys) auto


text {* Trivial rules for solving @{text "@"}-equations automatically. *}

lemma eq_Nil_appendI: "xs = ys ==> xs = [] @ ys"
by simp

lemma Cons_eq_appendI:
"[| x # xs1 = ys; xs = xs1 @ zs |] ==> x # xs = ys @ zs"
by (drule sym) simp

lemma append_eq_appendI:
"[| xs @ xs1 = zs; ys = xs1 @ us |] ==> xs @ ys = zs @ us"
by (drule sym) simp


text {*
Simplification procedure for all list equalities.
Currently only tries to rearrange @{text "@"} to see if
- both lists end in a singleton list,
- or both lists end in the same list.
*}

ML {*
local

fun last (cons as Const(@{const_name Cons},_) $ _ $ xs) =
  (case xs of Const(@{const_name Nil},_) => cons | _ => last xs)
  | last (Const(@{const_name append},_) $ _ $ ys) = last ys
  | last t = t;

fun list1 (Const(@{const_name Cons},_) $ _ $ Const(@{const_name Nil},_)) = true
  | list1 _ = false;

fun butlast ((cons as Const(@{const_name Cons},_) $ x) $ xs) =
  (case xs of Const(@{const_name Nil},_) => xs | _ => cons $ butlast xs)
  | butlast ((app as Const(@{const_name append},_) $ xs) $ ys) = app $ butlast ys
  | butlast xs = Const(@{const_name Nil},fastype_of xs);

val rearr_ss = HOL_basic_ss addsimps [@{thm append_assoc},
  @{thm append_Nil}, @{thm append_Cons}];

fun list_eq ss (F as (eq as Const(_,eqT)) $ lhs $ rhs) =
  let
    val lastl = last lhs and lastr = last rhs;
    fun rearr conv =
      let
        val lhs1 = butlast lhs and rhs1 = butlast rhs;
        val Type(_,listT::_) = eqT
        val appT = [listT,listT] ---> listT
        val app = Const(@{const_name append},appT)
        val F2 = eq $ (app$lhs1$lastl) $ (app$rhs1$lastr)
        val eq = HOLogic.mk_Trueprop (HOLogic.mk_eq (F,F2));
        val thm = Goal.prove (Simplifier.the_context ss) [] [] eq
          (K (simp_tac (Simplifier.inherit_context ss rearr_ss) 1));
      in SOME ((conv RS (thm RS trans)) RS eq_reflection) end;

  in
    if list1 lastl andalso list1 lastr then rearr @{thm append1_eq_conv}
    else if lastl aconv lastr then rearr @{thm append_same_eq}
    else NONE
  end;

in

val list_eq_simproc =
  Simplifier.simproc_global @{theory} "list_eq" ["(xs::'a list) = ys"] (K list_eq);

end;

Addsimprocs [list_eq_simproc];
*}


subsubsection {* @{text map} *}

lemma hd_map:
  "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> hd (map f xs) = f (hd xs)"
  by (cases xs) simp_all

lemma map_tl:
  "map f (tl xs) = tl (map f xs)"
  by (cases xs) simp_all

lemma map_ext: "(!!x. x : set xs --> f x = g x) ==> map f xs = map g xs"
by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma map_ident [simp]: "map (\<lambda>x. x) = (\<lambda>xs. xs)"
by (rule ext, induct_tac xs) auto

lemma map_append [simp]: "map f (xs @ ys) = map f xs @ map f ys"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma map_map [simp]: "map f (map g xs) = map (f \<circ> g) xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma map_comp_map[simp]: "((map f) o (map g)) = map(f o g)"
apply(rule ext)
apply(simp)
done

lemma rev_map: "rev (map f xs) = map f (rev xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma map_eq_conv[simp]: "(map f xs = map g xs) = (!x : set xs. f x = g x)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma map_cong [fundef_cong, recdef_cong]:
  "xs = ys \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. x \<in> set ys \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x) \<Longrightarrow> map f xs = map g ys"
  by simp

lemma map_is_Nil_conv [iff]: "(map f xs = []) = (xs = [])"
by (cases xs) auto

lemma Nil_is_map_conv [iff]: "([] = map f xs) = (xs = [])"
by (cases xs) auto

lemma map_eq_Cons_conv:
 "(map f xs = y#ys) = (\<exists>z zs. xs = z#zs \<and> f z = y \<and> map f zs = ys)"
by (cases xs) auto

lemma Cons_eq_map_conv:
 "(x#xs = map f ys) = (\<exists>z zs. ys = z#zs \<and> x = f z \<and> xs = map f zs)"
by (cases ys) auto

lemmas map_eq_Cons_D = map_eq_Cons_conv [THEN iffD1]
lemmas Cons_eq_map_D = Cons_eq_map_conv [THEN iffD1]
declare map_eq_Cons_D [dest!]  Cons_eq_map_D [dest!]

lemma ex_map_conv:
  "(EX xs. ys = map f xs) = (ALL y : set ys. EX x. y = f x)"
by(induct ys, auto simp add: Cons_eq_map_conv)

lemma map_eq_imp_length_eq:
  assumes "map f xs = map g ys"
  shows "length xs = length ys"
using assms proof (induct ys arbitrary: xs)
  case Nil then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons y ys) then obtain z zs where xs: "xs = z # zs" by auto
  from Cons xs have "map f zs = map g ys" by simp
  moreover with Cons have "length zs = length ys" by blast
  with xs show ?case by simp
qed
  
lemma map_inj_on:
 "[| map f xs = map f ys; inj_on f (set xs Un set ys) |]
  ==> xs = ys"
apply(frule map_eq_imp_length_eq)
apply(rotate_tac -1)
apply(induct rule:list_induct2)
 apply simp
apply(simp)
apply (blast intro:sym)
done

lemma inj_on_map_eq_map:
 "inj_on f (set xs Un set ys) \<Longrightarrow> (map f xs = map f ys) = (xs = ys)"
by(blast dest:map_inj_on)

lemma map_injective:
 "map f xs = map f ys ==> inj f ==> xs = ys"
by (induct ys arbitrary: xs) (auto dest!:injD)

lemma inj_map_eq_map[simp]: "inj f \<Longrightarrow> (map f xs = map f ys) = (xs = ys)"
by(blast dest:map_injective)

lemma inj_mapI: "inj f ==> inj (map f)"
by (iprover dest: map_injective injD intro: inj_onI)

lemma inj_mapD: "inj (map f) ==> inj f"
apply (unfold inj_on_def, clarify)
apply (erule_tac x = "[x]" in ballE)
 apply (erule_tac x = "[y]" in ballE, simp, blast)
apply blast
done

lemma inj_map[iff]: "inj (map f) = inj f"
by (blast dest: inj_mapD intro: inj_mapI)

lemma inj_on_mapI: "inj_on f (\<Union>(set ` A)) \<Longrightarrow> inj_on (map f) A"
apply(rule inj_onI)
apply(erule map_inj_on)
apply(blast intro:inj_onI dest:inj_onD)
done

lemma map_idI: "(\<And>x. x \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> f x = x) \<Longrightarrow> map f xs = xs"
by (induct xs, auto)

lemma map_fun_upd [simp]: "y \<notin> set xs \<Longrightarrow> map (f(y:=v)) xs = map f xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma map_fst_zip[simp]:
  "length xs = length ys \<Longrightarrow> map fst (zip xs ys) = xs"
by (induct rule:list_induct2, simp_all)

lemma map_snd_zip[simp]:
  "length xs = length ys \<Longrightarrow> map snd (zip xs ys) = ys"
by (induct rule:list_induct2, simp_all)

type_lifting map
  by simp_all


subsubsection {* @{text rev} *}

lemma rev_append [simp]: "rev (xs @ ys) = rev ys @ rev xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma rev_rev_ident [simp]: "rev (rev xs) = xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma rev_swap: "(rev xs = ys) = (xs = rev ys)"
by auto

lemma rev_is_Nil_conv [iff]: "(rev xs = []) = (xs = [])"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma Nil_is_rev_conv [iff]: "([] = rev xs) = (xs = [])"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma rev_singleton_conv [simp]: "(rev xs = [x]) = (xs = [x])"
by (cases xs) auto

lemma singleton_rev_conv [simp]: "([x] = rev xs) = (xs = [x])"
by (cases xs) auto

lemma rev_is_rev_conv [iff]: "(rev xs = rev ys) = (xs = ys)"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: ys, force)
apply (case_tac ys, simp, force)
done

lemma inj_on_rev[iff]: "inj_on rev A"
by(simp add:inj_on_def)

lemma rev_induct [case_names Nil snoc]:
  "[| P []; !!x xs. P xs ==> P (xs @ [x]) |] ==> P xs"
apply(simplesubst rev_rev_ident[symmetric])
apply(rule_tac list = "rev xs" in list.induct, simp_all)
done

lemma rev_exhaust [case_names Nil snoc]:
  "(xs = [] ==> P) ==>(!!ys y. xs = ys @ [y] ==> P) ==> P"
by (induct xs rule: rev_induct) auto

lemmas rev_cases = rev_exhaust

lemma rev_eq_Cons_iff[iff]: "(rev xs = y#ys) = (xs = rev ys @ [y])"
by(rule rev_cases[of xs]) auto


subsubsection {* @{text set} *}

lemma finite_set [iff]: "finite (set xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma set_append [simp]: "set (xs @ ys) = (set xs \<union> set ys)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma hd_in_set[simp]: "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> hd xs : set xs"
by(cases xs) auto

lemma set_subset_Cons: "set xs \<subseteq> set (x # xs)"
by auto

lemma set_ConsD: "y \<in> set (x # xs) \<Longrightarrow> y=x \<or> y \<in> set xs" 
by auto

lemma set_empty [iff]: "(set xs = {}) = (xs = [])"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma set_empty2[iff]: "({} = set xs) = (xs = [])"
by(induct xs) auto

lemma set_rev [simp]: "set (rev xs) = set xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma set_map [simp]: "set (map f xs) = f`(set xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma set_filter [simp]: "set (filter P xs) = {x. x : set xs \<and> P x}"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma set_upt [simp]: "set[i..<j] = {i..<j}"
by (induct j) (simp_all add: atLeastLessThanSuc)


lemma split_list: "x : set xs \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>ys zs. xs = ys @ x # zs"
proof (induct xs)
  case Nil thus ?case by simp
next
  case Cons thus ?case by (auto intro: Cons_eq_appendI)
qed

lemma in_set_conv_decomp: "x \<in> set xs \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>ys zs. xs = ys @ x # zs)"
  by (auto elim: split_list)

lemma split_list_first: "x : set xs \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>ys zs. xs = ys @ x # zs \<and> x \<notin> set ys"
proof (induct xs)
  case Nil thus ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons a xs)
  show ?case
  proof cases
    assume "x = a" thus ?case using Cons by fastsimp
  next
    assume "x \<noteq> a" thus ?case using Cons by(fastsimp intro!: Cons_eq_appendI)
  qed
qed

lemma in_set_conv_decomp_first:
  "(x : set xs) = (\<exists>ys zs. xs = ys @ x # zs \<and> x \<notin> set ys)"
  by (auto dest!: split_list_first)

lemma split_list_last: "x \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>ys zs. xs = ys @ x # zs \<and> x \<notin> set zs"
proof (induct xs rule: rev_induct)
  case Nil thus ?case by simp
next
  case (snoc a xs)
  show ?case
  proof cases
    assume "x = a" thus ?case using snoc by (metis List.set.simps(1) emptyE)
  next
    assume "x \<noteq> a" thus ?case using snoc by fastsimp
  qed
qed

lemma in_set_conv_decomp_last:
  "(x : set xs) = (\<exists>ys zs. xs = ys @ x # zs \<and> x \<notin> set zs)"
  by (auto dest!: split_list_last)

lemma split_list_prop: "\<exists>x \<in> set xs. P x \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>ys x zs. xs = ys @ x # zs & P x"
proof (induct xs)
  case Nil thus ?case by simp
next
  case Cons thus ?case
    by(simp add:Bex_def)(metis append_Cons append.simps(1))
qed

lemma split_list_propE:
  assumes "\<exists>x \<in> set xs. P x"
  obtains ys x zs where "xs = ys @ x # zs" and "P x"
using split_list_prop [OF assms] by blast

lemma split_list_first_prop:
  "\<exists>x \<in> set xs. P x \<Longrightarrow>
   \<exists>ys x zs. xs = ys@x#zs \<and> P x \<and> (\<forall>y \<in> set ys. \<not> P y)"
proof (induct xs)
  case Nil thus ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons x xs)
  show ?case
  proof cases
    assume "P x"
    thus ?thesis by simp (metis Un_upper1 contra_subsetD in_set_conv_decomp_first self_append_conv2 set_append)
  next
    assume "\<not> P x"
    hence "\<exists>x\<in>set xs. P x" using Cons(2) by simp
    thus ?thesis using `\<not> P x` Cons(1) by (metis append_Cons set_ConsD)
  qed
qed

lemma split_list_first_propE:
  assumes "\<exists>x \<in> set xs. P x"
  obtains ys x zs where "xs = ys @ x # zs" and "P x" and "\<forall>y \<in> set ys. \<not> P y"
using split_list_first_prop [OF assms] by blast

lemma split_list_first_prop_iff:
  "(\<exists>x \<in> set xs. P x) \<longleftrightarrow>
   (\<exists>ys x zs. xs = ys@x#zs \<and> P x \<and> (\<forall>y \<in> set ys. \<not> P y))"
by (rule, erule split_list_first_prop) auto

lemma split_list_last_prop:
  "\<exists>x \<in> set xs. P x \<Longrightarrow>
   \<exists>ys x zs. xs = ys@x#zs \<and> P x \<and> (\<forall>z \<in> set zs. \<not> P z)"
proof(induct xs rule:rev_induct)
  case Nil thus ?case by simp
next
  case (snoc x xs)
  show ?case
  proof cases
    assume "P x" thus ?thesis by (metis emptyE set_empty)
  next
    assume "\<not> P x"
    hence "\<exists>x\<in>set xs. P x" using snoc(2) by simp
    thus ?thesis using `\<not> P x` snoc(1) by fastsimp
  qed
qed

lemma split_list_last_propE:
  assumes "\<exists>x \<in> set xs. P x"
  obtains ys x zs where "xs = ys @ x # zs" and "P x" and "\<forall>z \<in> set zs. \<not> P z"
using split_list_last_prop [OF assms] by blast

lemma split_list_last_prop_iff:
  "(\<exists>x \<in> set xs. P x) \<longleftrightarrow>
   (\<exists>ys x zs. xs = ys@x#zs \<and> P x \<and> (\<forall>z \<in> set zs. \<not> P z))"
by (metis split_list_last_prop [where P=P] in_set_conv_decomp)

lemma finite_list: "finite A ==> EX xs. set xs = A"
  by (erule finite_induct)
    (auto simp add: set.simps(2) [symmetric] simp del: set.simps(2))

lemma card_length: "card (set xs) \<le> length xs"
by (induct xs) (auto simp add: card_insert_if)

lemma set_minus_filter_out:
  "set xs - {y} = set (filter (\<lambda>x. \<not> (x = y)) xs)"
  by (induct xs) auto


subsubsection {* @{text filter} *}

lemma filter_append [simp]: "filter P (xs @ ys) = filter P xs @ filter P ys"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma rev_filter: "rev (filter P xs) = filter P (rev xs)"
by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma filter_filter [simp]: "filter P (filter Q xs) = filter (\<lambda>x. Q x \<and> P x) xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma length_filter_le [simp]: "length (filter P xs) \<le> length xs"
by (induct xs) (auto simp add: le_SucI)

lemma sum_length_filter_compl:
  "length(filter P xs) + length(filter (%x. ~P x) xs) = length xs"
by(induct xs) simp_all

lemma filter_True [simp]: "\<forall>x \<in> set xs. P x ==> filter P xs = xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma filter_False [simp]: "\<forall>x \<in> set xs. \<not> P x ==> filter P xs = []"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma filter_empty_conv: "(filter P xs = []) = (\<forall>x\<in>set xs. \<not> P x)" 
by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma filter_id_conv: "(filter P xs = xs) = (\<forall>x\<in>set xs. P x)"
apply (induct xs)
 apply auto
apply(cut_tac P=P and xs=xs in length_filter_le)
apply simp
done

lemma filter_map:
  "filter P (map f xs) = map f (filter (P o f) xs)"
by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma length_filter_map[simp]:
  "length (filter P (map f xs)) = length(filter (P o f) xs)"
by (simp add:filter_map)

lemma filter_is_subset [simp]: "set (filter P xs) \<le> set xs"
by auto

lemma length_filter_less:
  "\<lbrakk> x : set xs; ~ P x \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> length(filter P xs) < length xs"
proof (induct xs)
  case Nil thus ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons x xs) thus ?case
    apply (auto split:split_if_asm)
    using length_filter_le[of P xs] apply arith
  done
qed

lemma length_filter_conv_card:
 "length(filter p xs) = card{i. i < length xs & p(xs!i)}"
proof (induct xs)
  case Nil thus ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons x xs)
  let ?S = "{i. i < length xs & p(xs!i)}"
  have fin: "finite ?S" by(fast intro: bounded_nat_set_is_finite)
  show ?case (is "?l = card ?S'")
  proof (cases)
    assume "p x"
    hence eq: "?S' = insert 0 (Suc ` ?S)"
      by(auto simp: image_def split:nat.split dest:gr0_implies_Suc)
    have "length (filter p (x # xs)) = Suc(card ?S)"
      using Cons `p x` by simp
    also have "\<dots> = Suc(card(Suc ` ?S))" using fin
      by (simp add: card_image inj_Suc)
    also have "\<dots> = card ?S'" using eq fin
      by (simp add:card_insert_if) (simp add:image_def)
    finally show ?thesis .
  next
    assume "\<not> p x"
    hence eq: "?S' = Suc ` ?S"
      by(auto simp add: image_def split:nat.split elim:lessE)
    have "length (filter p (x # xs)) = card ?S"
      using Cons `\<not> p x` by simp
    also have "\<dots> = card(Suc ` ?S)" using fin
      by (simp add: card_image inj_Suc)
    also have "\<dots> = card ?S'" using eq fin
      by (simp add:card_insert_if)
    finally show ?thesis .
  qed
qed

lemma Cons_eq_filterD:
 "x#xs = filter P ys \<Longrightarrow>
  \<exists>us vs. ys = us @ x # vs \<and> (\<forall>u\<in>set us. \<not> P u) \<and> P x \<and> xs = filter P vs"
  (is "_ \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>us vs. ?P ys us vs")
proof(induct ys)
  case Nil thus ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons y ys)
  show ?case (is "\<exists>x. ?Q x")
  proof cases
    assume Py: "P y"
    show ?thesis
    proof cases
      assume "x = y"
      with Py Cons.prems have "?Q []" by simp
      then show ?thesis ..
    next
      assume "x \<noteq> y"
      with Py Cons.prems show ?thesis by simp
    qed
  next
    assume "\<not> P y"
    with Cons obtain us vs where "?P (y#ys) (y#us) vs" by fastsimp
    then have "?Q (y#us)" by simp
    then show ?thesis ..
  qed
qed

lemma filter_eq_ConsD:
 "filter P ys = x#xs \<Longrightarrow>
  \<exists>us vs. ys = us @ x # vs \<and> (\<forall>u\<in>set us. \<not> P u) \<and> P x \<and> xs = filter P vs"
by(rule Cons_eq_filterD) simp

lemma filter_eq_Cons_iff:
 "(filter P ys = x#xs) =
  (\<exists>us vs. ys = us @ x # vs \<and> (\<forall>u\<in>set us. \<not> P u) \<and> P x \<and> xs = filter P vs)"
by(auto dest:filter_eq_ConsD)

lemma Cons_eq_filter_iff:
 "(x#xs = filter P ys) =
  (\<exists>us vs. ys = us @ x # vs \<and> (\<forall>u\<in>set us. \<not> P u) \<and> P x \<and> xs = filter P vs)"
by(auto dest:Cons_eq_filterD)

lemma filter_cong[fundef_cong, recdef_cong]:
 "xs = ys \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. x \<in> set ys \<Longrightarrow> P x = Q x) \<Longrightarrow> filter P xs = filter Q ys"
apply simp
apply(erule thin_rl)
by (induct ys) simp_all


subsubsection {* List partitioning *}

primrec partition :: "('a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow>'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<times> 'a list" where
  "partition P [] = ([], [])"
  | "partition P (x # xs) = 
      (let (yes, no) = partition P xs
      in if P x then (x # yes, no) else (yes, x # no))"

lemma partition_filter1:
    "fst (partition P xs) = filter P xs"
by (induct xs) (auto simp add: Let_def split_def)

lemma partition_filter2:
    "snd (partition P xs) = filter (Not o P) xs"
by (induct xs) (auto simp add: Let_def split_def)

lemma partition_P:
  assumes "partition P xs = (yes, no)"
  shows "(\<forall>p \<in> set yes.  P p) \<and> (\<forall>p  \<in> set no. \<not> P p)"
proof -
  from assms have "yes = fst (partition P xs)" and "no = snd (partition P xs)"
    by simp_all
  then show ?thesis by (simp_all add: partition_filter1 partition_filter2)
qed

lemma partition_set:
  assumes "partition P xs = (yes, no)"
  shows "set yes \<union> set no = set xs"
proof -
  from assms have "yes = fst (partition P xs)" and "no = snd (partition P xs)"
    by simp_all
  then show ?thesis by (auto simp add: partition_filter1 partition_filter2) 
qed

lemma partition_filter_conv[simp]:
  "partition f xs = (filter f xs,filter (Not o f) xs)"
unfolding partition_filter2[symmetric]
unfolding partition_filter1[symmetric] by simp

declare partition.simps[simp del]


subsubsection {* @{text concat} *}

lemma concat_append [simp]: "concat (xs @ ys) = concat xs @ concat ys"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma concat_eq_Nil_conv [simp]: "(concat xss = []) = (\<forall>xs \<in> set xss. xs = [])"
by (induct xss) auto

lemma Nil_eq_concat_conv [simp]: "([] = concat xss) = (\<forall>xs \<in> set xss. xs = [])"
by (induct xss) auto

lemma set_concat [simp]: "set (concat xs) = (UN x:set xs. set x)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma concat_map_singleton[simp]: "concat(map (%x. [f x]) xs) = map f xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma map_concat: "map f (concat xs) = concat (map (map f) xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma filter_concat: "filter p (concat xs) = concat (map (filter p) xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma rev_concat: "rev (concat xs) = concat (map rev (rev xs))"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma concat_eq_concat_iff: "\<forall>(x, y) \<in> set (zip xs ys). length x = length y ==> length xs = length ys ==> (concat xs = concat ys) = (xs = ys)"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: ys)
  case (Cons x xs ys)
  thus ?case by (cases ys) auto
qed (auto)

lemma concat_injective: "concat xs = concat ys ==> length xs = length ys ==> \<forall>(x, y) \<in> set (zip xs ys). length x = length y ==> xs = ys"
by (simp add: concat_eq_concat_iff)


subsubsection {* @{text nth} *}

lemma nth_Cons_0 [simp, code]: "(x # xs)!0 = x"
by auto

lemma nth_Cons_Suc [simp, code]: "(x # xs)!(Suc n) = xs!n"
by auto

declare nth.simps [simp del]

lemma nth_append:
  "(xs @ ys)!n = (if n < length xs then xs!n else ys!(n - length xs))"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: n, simp)
apply (case_tac n, auto)
done

lemma nth_append_length [simp]: "(xs @ x # ys) ! length xs = x"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma nth_append_length_plus[simp]: "(xs @ ys) ! (length xs + n) = ys ! n"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma nth_map [simp]: "n < length xs ==> (map f xs)!n = f(xs!n)"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: n, simp)
apply (case_tac n, auto)
done

lemma hd_conv_nth: "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> hd xs = xs!0"
by(cases xs) simp_all


lemma list_eq_iff_nth_eq:
 "(xs = ys) = (length xs = length ys \<and> (ALL i<length xs. xs!i = ys!i))"
apply(induct xs arbitrary: ys)
 apply force
apply(case_tac ys)
 apply simp
apply(simp add:nth_Cons split:nat.split)apply blast
done

lemma set_conv_nth: "set xs = {xs!i | i. i < length xs}"
apply (induct xs, simp, simp)
apply safe
apply (metis nat_case_0 nth.simps zero_less_Suc)
apply (metis less_Suc_eq_0_disj nth_Cons_Suc)
apply (case_tac i, simp)
apply (metis diff_Suc_Suc nat_case_Suc nth.simps zero_less_diff)
done

lemma in_set_conv_nth: "(x \<in> set xs) = (\<exists>i < length xs. xs!i = x)"
by(auto simp:set_conv_nth)

lemma list_ball_nth: "[| n < length xs; !x : set xs. P x|] ==> P(xs!n)"
by (auto simp add: set_conv_nth)

lemma nth_mem [simp]: "n < length xs ==> xs!n : set xs"
by (auto simp add: set_conv_nth)

lemma all_nth_imp_all_set:
"[| !i < length xs. P(xs!i); x : set xs|] ==> P x"
by (auto simp add: set_conv_nth)

lemma all_set_conv_all_nth:
"(\<forall>x \<in> set xs. P x) = (\<forall>i. i < length xs --> P (xs ! i))"
by (auto simp add: set_conv_nth)

lemma rev_nth:
  "n < size xs \<Longrightarrow> rev xs ! n = xs ! (length xs - Suc n)"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: n)
  case Nil thus ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons x xs)
  hence n: "n < Suc (length xs)" by simp
  moreover
  { assume "n < length xs"
    with n obtain n' where "length xs - n = Suc n'"
      by (cases "length xs - n", auto)
    moreover
    then have "length xs - Suc n = n'" by simp
    ultimately
    have "xs ! (length xs - Suc n) = (x # xs) ! (length xs - n)" by simp
  }
  ultimately
  show ?case by (clarsimp simp add: Cons nth_append)
qed

lemma Skolem_list_nth:
  "(ALL i<k. EX x. P i x) = (EX xs. size xs = k & (ALL i<k. P i (xs!i)))"
  (is "_ = (EX xs. ?P k xs)")
proof(induct k)
  case 0 show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc k)
  show ?case (is "?L = ?R" is "_ = (EX xs. ?P' xs)")
  proof
    assume "?R" thus "?L" using Suc by auto
  next
    assume "?L"
    with Suc obtain x xs where "?P k xs & P k x" by (metis less_Suc_eq)
    hence "?P'(xs@[x])" by(simp add:nth_append less_Suc_eq)
    thus "?R" ..
  qed
qed


subsubsection {* @{text list_update} *}

lemma length_list_update [simp]: "length(xs[i:=x]) = length xs"
by (induct xs arbitrary: i) (auto split: nat.split)

lemma nth_list_update:
"i < length xs==> (xs[i:=x])!j = (if i = j then x else xs!j)"
by (induct xs arbitrary: i j) (auto simp add: nth_Cons split: nat.split)

lemma nth_list_update_eq [simp]: "i < length xs ==> (xs[i:=x])!i = x"
by (simp add: nth_list_update)

lemma nth_list_update_neq [simp]: "i \<noteq> j ==> xs[i:=x]!j = xs!j"
by (induct xs arbitrary: i j) (auto simp add: nth_Cons split: nat.split)

lemma list_update_id[simp]: "xs[i := xs!i] = xs"
by (induct xs arbitrary: i) (simp_all split:nat.splits)

lemma list_update_beyond[simp]: "length xs \<le> i \<Longrightarrow> xs[i:=x] = xs"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: i)
 apply simp
apply (case_tac i)
apply simp_all
done

lemma list_update_nonempty[simp]: "xs[k:=x] = [] \<longleftrightarrow> xs=[]"
by(metis length_0_conv length_list_update)

lemma list_update_same_conv:
"i < length xs ==> (xs[i := x] = xs) = (xs!i = x)"
by (induct xs arbitrary: i) (auto split: nat.split)

lemma list_update_append1:
 "i < size xs \<Longrightarrow> (xs @ ys)[i:=x] = xs[i:=x] @ ys"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: i, simp)
apply(simp split:nat.split)
done

lemma list_update_append:
  "(xs @ ys) [n:= x] = 
  (if n < length xs then xs[n:= x] @ ys else xs @ (ys [n-length xs:= x]))"
by (induct xs arbitrary: n) (auto split:nat.splits)

lemma list_update_length [simp]:
 "(xs @ x # ys)[length xs := y] = (xs @ y # ys)"
by (induct xs, auto)

lemma map_update: "map f (xs[k:= y]) = (map f xs)[k := f y]"
by(induct xs arbitrary: k)(auto split:nat.splits)

lemma rev_update:
  "k < length xs \<Longrightarrow> rev (xs[k:= y]) = (rev xs)[length xs - k - 1 := y]"
by (induct xs arbitrary: k) (auto simp: list_update_append split:nat.splits)

lemma update_zip:
  "(zip xs ys)[i:=xy] = zip (xs[i:=fst xy]) (ys[i:=snd xy])"
by (induct ys arbitrary: i xy xs) (auto, case_tac xs, auto split: nat.split)

lemma set_update_subset_insert: "set(xs[i:=x]) <= insert x (set xs)"
by (induct xs arbitrary: i) (auto split: nat.split)

lemma set_update_subsetI: "[| set xs <= A; x:A |] ==> set(xs[i := x]) <= A"
by (blast dest!: set_update_subset_insert [THEN subsetD])

lemma set_update_memI: "n < length xs \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> set (xs[n := x])"
by (induct xs arbitrary: n) (auto split:nat.splits)

lemma list_update_overwrite[simp]:
  "xs [i := x, i := y] = xs [i := y]"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: i) apply simp
apply (case_tac i, simp_all)
done

lemma list_update_swap:
  "i \<noteq> i' \<Longrightarrow> xs [i := x, i' := x'] = xs [i' := x', i := x]"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: i i')
apply simp
apply (case_tac i, case_tac i')
apply auto
apply (case_tac i')
apply auto
done

lemma list_update_code [code]:
  "[][i := y] = []"
  "(x # xs)[0 := y] = y # xs"
  "(x # xs)[Suc i := y] = x # xs[i := y]"
  by simp_all


subsubsection {* @{text last} and @{text butlast} *}

lemma last_snoc [simp]: "last (xs @ [x]) = x"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma butlast_snoc [simp]: "butlast (xs @ [x]) = xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma last_ConsL: "xs = [] \<Longrightarrow> last(x#xs) = x"
by(simp add:last.simps)

lemma last_ConsR: "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last(x#xs) = last xs"
by(simp add:last.simps)

lemma last_append: "last(xs @ ys) = (if ys = [] then last xs else last ys)"
by (induct xs) (auto)

lemma last_appendL[simp]: "ys = [] \<Longrightarrow> last(xs @ ys) = last xs"
by(simp add:last_append)

lemma last_appendR[simp]: "ys \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last(xs @ ys) = last ys"
by(simp add:last_append)

lemma hd_rev: "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> hd(rev xs) = last xs"
by(rule rev_exhaust[of xs]) simp_all

lemma last_rev: "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last(rev xs) = hd xs"
by(cases xs) simp_all

lemma last_in_set[simp]: "as \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last as \<in> set as"
by (induct as) auto

lemma length_butlast [simp]: "length (butlast xs) = length xs - 1"
by (induct xs rule: rev_induct) auto

lemma butlast_append:
  "butlast (xs @ ys) = (if ys = [] then butlast xs else xs @ butlast ys)"
by (induct xs arbitrary: ys) auto

lemma append_butlast_last_id [simp]:
"xs \<noteq> [] ==> butlast xs @ [last xs] = xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma in_set_butlastD: "x : set (butlast xs) ==> x : set xs"
by (induct xs) (auto split: split_if_asm)

lemma in_set_butlast_appendI:
"x : set (butlast xs) | x : set (butlast ys) ==> x : set (butlast (xs @ ys))"
by (auto dest: in_set_butlastD simp add: butlast_append)

lemma last_drop[simp]: "n < length xs \<Longrightarrow> last (drop n xs) = last xs"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: n)
 apply simp
apply (auto split:nat.split)
done

lemma last_conv_nth: "xs\<noteq>[] \<Longrightarrow> last xs = xs!(length xs - 1)"
by(induct xs)(auto simp:neq_Nil_conv)

lemma butlast_conv_take: "butlast xs = take (length xs - 1) xs"
by (induct xs, simp, case_tac xs, simp_all)

lemma last_list_update:
  "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last(xs[k:=x]) = (if k = size xs - 1 then x else last xs)"
by (auto simp: last_conv_nth)

lemma butlast_list_update:
  "butlast(xs[k:=x]) =
 (if k = size xs - 1 then butlast xs else (butlast xs)[k:=x])"
apply(cases xs rule:rev_cases)
apply simp
apply(simp add:list_update_append split:nat.splits)
done

lemma last_map:
  "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last (map f xs) = f (last xs)"
  by (cases xs rule: rev_cases) simp_all

lemma map_butlast:
  "map f (butlast xs) = butlast (map f xs)"
  by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma snoc_eq_iff_butlast:
  "xs @ [x] = ys \<longleftrightarrow> (ys \<noteq> [] & butlast ys = xs & last ys = x)"
by (metis append_butlast_last_id append_is_Nil_conv butlast_snoc last_snoc not_Cons_self)


subsubsection {* @{text take} and @{text drop} *}

lemma take_0 [simp]: "take 0 xs = []"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma drop_0 [simp]: "drop 0 xs = xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma take_Suc_Cons [simp]: "take (Suc n) (x # xs) = x # take n xs"
by simp

lemma drop_Suc_Cons [simp]: "drop (Suc n) (x # xs) = drop n xs"
by simp

declare take_Cons [simp del] and drop_Cons [simp del]

lemma take_1_Cons [simp]: "take 1 (x # xs) = [x]"
  unfolding One_nat_def by simp

lemma drop_1_Cons [simp]: "drop 1 (x # xs) = xs"
  unfolding One_nat_def by simp

lemma take_Suc: "xs ~= [] ==> take (Suc n) xs = hd xs # take n (tl xs)"
by(clarsimp simp add:neq_Nil_conv)

lemma drop_Suc: "drop (Suc n) xs = drop n (tl xs)"
by(cases xs, simp_all)

lemma take_tl: "take n (tl xs) = tl (take (Suc n) xs)"
by (induct xs arbitrary: n) simp_all

lemma drop_tl: "drop n (tl xs) = tl(drop n xs)"
by(induct xs arbitrary: n, simp_all add:drop_Cons drop_Suc split:nat.split)

lemma tl_take: "tl (take n xs) = take (n - 1) (tl xs)"
by (cases n, simp, cases xs, auto)

lemma tl_drop: "tl (drop n xs) = drop n (tl xs)"
by (simp only: drop_tl)

lemma nth_via_drop: "drop n xs = y#ys \<Longrightarrow> xs!n = y"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: n, simp)
apply(simp add:drop_Cons nth_Cons split:nat.splits)
done

lemma take_Suc_conv_app_nth:
  "i < length xs \<Longrightarrow> take (Suc i) xs = take i xs @ [xs!i]"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: i, simp)
apply (case_tac i, auto)
done

lemma drop_Suc_conv_tl:
  "i < length xs \<Longrightarrow> (xs!i) # (drop (Suc i) xs) = drop i xs"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: i, simp)
apply (case_tac i, auto)
done

lemma length_take [simp]: "length (take n xs) = min (length xs) n"
by (induct n arbitrary: xs) (auto, case_tac xs, auto)

lemma length_drop [simp]: "length (drop n xs) = (length xs - n)"
by (induct n arbitrary: xs) (auto, case_tac xs, auto)

lemma take_all [simp]: "length xs <= n ==> take n xs = xs"
by (induct n arbitrary: xs) (auto, case_tac xs, auto)

lemma drop_all [simp]: "length xs <= n ==> drop n xs = []"
by (induct n arbitrary: xs) (auto, case_tac xs, auto)

lemma take_append [simp]:
  "take n (xs @ ys) = (take n xs @ take (n - length xs) ys)"
by (induct n arbitrary: xs) (auto, case_tac xs, auto)

lemma drop_append [simp]:
  "drop n (xs @ ys) = drop n xs @ drop (n - length xs) ys"
by (induct n arbitrary: xs) (auto, case_tac xs, auto)

lemma take_take [simp]: "take n (take m xs) = take (min n m) xs"
apply (induct m arbitrary: xs n, auto)
apply (case_tac xs, auto)
apply (case_tac n, auto)
done

lemma drop_drop [simp]: "drop n (drop m xs) = drop (n + m) xs"
apply (induct m arbitrary: xs, auto)
apply (case_tac xs, auto)
done

lemma take_drop: "take n (drop m xs) = drop m (take (n + m) xs)"
apply (induct m arbitrary: xs n, auto)
apply (case_tac xs, auto)
done

lemma drop_take: "drop n (take m xs) = take (m-n) (drop n xs)"
apply(induct xs arbitrary: m n)
 apply simp
apply(simp add: take_Cons drop_Cons split:nat.split)
done

lemma append_take_drop_id [simp]: "take n xs @ drop n xs = xs"
apply (induct n arbitrary: xs, auto)
apply (case_tac xs, auto)
done

lemma take_eq_Nil[simp]: "(take n xs = []) = (n = 0 \<or> xs = [])"
apply(induct xs arbitrary: n)
 apply simp
apply(simp add:take_Cons split:nat.split)
done

lemma drop_eq_Nil[simp]: "(drop n xs = []) = (length xs <= n)"
apply(induct xs arbitrary: n)
apply simp
apply(simp add:drop_Cons split:nat.split)
done

lemma take_map: "take n (map f xs) = map f (take n xs)"
apply (induct n arbitrary: xs, auto)
apply (case_tac xs, auto)
done

lemma drop_map: "drop n (map f xs) = map f (drop n xs)"
apply (induct n arbitrary: xs, auto)
apply (case_tac xs, auto)
done

lemma rev_take: "rev (take i xs) = drop (length xs - i) (rev xs)"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: i, auto)
apply (case_tac i, auto)
done

lemma rev_drop: "rev (drop i xs) = take (length xs - i) (rev xs)"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: i, auto)
apply (case_tac i, auto)
done

lemma nth_take [simp]: "i < n ==> (take n xs)!i = xs!i"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: i n, auto)
apply (case_tac n, blast)
apply (case_tac i, auto)
done

lemma nth_drop [simp]:
  "n + i <= length xs ==> (drop n xs)!i = xs!(n + i)"
apply (induct n arbitrary: xs i, auto)
apply (case_tac xs, auto)
done

lemma butlast_take:
  "n <= length xs ==> butlast (take n xs) = take (n - 1) xs"
by (simp add: butlast_conv_take min_max.inf_absorb1 min_max.inf_absorb2)

lemma butlast_drop: "butlast (drop n xs) = drop n (butlast xs)"
by (simp add: butlast_conv_take drop_take add_ac)

lemma take_butlast: "n < length xs ==> take n (butlast xs) = take n xs"
by (simp add: butlast_conv_take min_max.inf_absorb1)

lemma drop_butlast: "drop n (butlast xs) = butlast (drop n xs)"
by (simp add: butlast_conv_take drop_take add_ac)

lemma hd_drop_conv_nth: "\<lbrakk> xs \<noteq> []; n < length xs \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> hd(drop n xs) = xs!n"
by(simp add: hd_conv_nth)

lemma set_take_subset_set_take:
  "m <= n \<Longrightarrow> set(take m xs) <= set(take n xs)"
by(induct xs arbitrary: m n)(auto simp:take_Cons split:nat.split)

lemma set_take_subset: "set(take n xs) \<subseteq> set xs"
by(induct xs arbitrary: n)(auto simp:take_Cons split:nat.split)

lemma set_drop_subset: "set(drop n xs) \<subseteq> set xs"
by(induct xs arbitrary: n)(auto simp:drop_Cons split:nat.split)

lemma set_drop_subset_set_drop:
  "m >= n \<Longrightarrow> set(drop m xs) <= set(drop n xs)"
apply(induct xs arbitrary: m n)
apply(auto simp:drop_Cons split:nat.split)
apply (metis set_drop_subset subset_iff)
done

lemma in_set_takeD: "x : set(take n xs) \<Longrightarrow> x : set xs"
using set_take_subset by fast

lemma in_set_dropD: "x : set(drop n xs) \<Longrightarrow> x : set xs"
using set_drop_subset by fast

lemma append_eq_conv_conj:
  "(xs @ ys = zs) = (xs = take (length xs) zs \<and> ys = drop (length xs) zs)"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: zs, simp, clarsimp)
apply (case_tac zs, auto)
done

lemma take_add: 
  "i+j \<le> length(xs) \<Longrightarrow> take (i+j) xs = take i xs @ take j (drop i xs)"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: i, auto) 
apply (case_tac i, simp_all)
done

lemma append_eq_append_conv_if:
 "(xs\<^isub>1 @ xs\<^isub>2 = ys\<^isub>1 @ ys\<^isub>2) =
  (if size xs\<^isub>1 \<le> size ys\<^isub>1
   then xs\<^isub>1 = take (size xs\<^isub>1) ys\<^isub>1 \<and> xs\<^isub>2 = drop (size xs\<^isub>1) ys\<^isub>1 @ ys\<^isub>2
   else take (size ys\<^isub>1) xs\<^isub>1 = ys\<^isub>1 \<and> drop (size ys\<^isub>1) xs\<^isub>1 @ xs\<^isub>2 = ys\<^isub>2)"
apply(induct xs\<^isub>1 arbitrary: ys\<^isub>1)
 apply simp
apply(case_tac ys\<^isub>1)
apply simp_all
done

lemma take_hd_drop:
  "n < length xs \<Longrightarrow> take n xs @ [hd (drop n xs)] = take (Suc n) xs"
apply(induct xs arbitrary: n)
apply simp
apply(simp add:drop_Cons split:nat.split)
done

lemma id_take_nth_drop:
 "i < length xs \<Longrightarrow> xs = take i xs @ xs!i # drop (Suc i) xs" 
proof -
  assume si: "i < length xs"
  hence "xs = take (Suc i) xs @ drop (Suc i) xs" by auto
  moreover
  from si have "take (Suc i) xs = take i xs @ [xs!i]"
    apply (rule_tac take_Suc_conv_app_nth) by arith
  ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed
  
lemma upd_conv_take_nth_drop:
 "i < length xs \<Longrightarrow> xs[i:=a] = take i xs @ a # drop (Suc i) xs"
proof -
  assume i: "i < length xs"
  have "xs[i:=a] = (take i xs @ xs!i # drop (Suc i) xs)[i:=a]"
    by(rule arg_cong[OF id_take_nth_drop[OF i]])
  also have "\<dots> = take i xs @ a # drop (Suc i) xs"
    using i by (simp add: list_update_append)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma nth_drop':
  "i < length xs \<Longrightarrow> xs ! i # drop (Suc i) xs = drop i xs"
apply (induct i arbitrary: xs)
apply (simp add: neq_Nil_conv)
apply (erule exE)+
apply simp
apply (case_tac xs)
apply simp_all
done


subsubsection {* @{text takeWhile} and @{text dropWhile} *}

lemma length_takeWhile_le: "length (takeWhile P xs) \<le> length xs"
  by (induct xs) auto

lemma takeWhile_dropWhile_id [simp]: "takeWhile P xs @ dropWhile P xs = xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma takeWhile_append1 [simp]:
"[| x:set xs; ~P(x)|] ==> takeWhile P (xs @ ys) = takeWhile P xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma takeWhile_append2 [simp]:
"(!!x. x : set xs ==> P x) ==> takeWhile P (xs @ ys) = xs @ takeWhile P ys"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma takeWhile_tail: "\<not> P x ==> takeWhile P (xs @ (x#l)) = takeWhile P xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma takeWhile_nth: "j < length (takeWhile P xs) \<Longrightarrow> takeWhile P xs ! j = xs ! j"
apply (subst (3) takeWhile_dropWhile_id[symmetric]) unfolding nth_append by auto

lemma dropWhile_nth: "j < length (dropWhile P xs) \<Longrightarrow> dropWhile P xs ! j = xs ! (j + length (takeWhile P xs))"
apply (subst (3) takeWhile_dropWhile_id[symmetric]) unfolding nth_append by auto

lemma length_dropWhile_le: "length (dropWhile P xs) \<le> length xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma dropWhile_append1 [simp]:
"[| x : set xs; ~P(x)|] ==> dropWhile P (xs @ ys) = (dropWhile P xs)@ys"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma dropWhile_append2 [simp]:
"(!!x. x:set xs ==> P(x)) ==> dropWhile P (xs @ ys) = dropWhile P ys"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma set_takeWhileD: "x : set (takeWhile P xs) ==> x : set xs \<and> P x"
by (induct xs) (auto split: split_if_asm)

lemma takeWhile_eq_all_conv[simp]:
 "(takeWhile P xs = xs) = (\<forall>x \<in> set xs. P x)"
by(induct xs, auto)

lemma dropWhile_eq_Nil_conv[simp]:
 "(dropWhile P xs = []) = (\<forall>x \<in> set xs. P x)"
by(induct xs, auto)

lemma dropWhile_eq_Cons_conv:
 "(dropWhile P xs = y#ys) = (xs = takeWhile P xs @ y # ys & \<not> P y)"
by(induct xs, auto)

lemma distinct_takeWhile[simp]: "distinct xs ==> distinct (takeWhile P xs)"
by (induct xs) (auto dest: set_takeWhileD)

lemma distinct_dropWhile[simp]: "distinct xs ==> distinct (dropWhile P xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma takeWhile_map: "takeWhile P (map f xs) = map f (takeWhile (P \<circ> f) xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma dropWhile_map: "dropWhile P (map f xs) = map f (dropWhile (P \<circ> f) xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma takeWhile_eq_take: "takeWhile P xs = take (length (takeWhile P xs)) xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma dropWhile_eq_drop: "dropWhile P xs = drop (length (takeWhile P xs)) xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma hd_dropWhile:
  "dropWhile P xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> \<not> P (hd (dropWhile P xs))"
using assms by (induct xs) auto

lemma takeWhile_eq_filter:
  assumes "\<And> x. x \<in> set (dropWhile P xs) \<Longrightarrow> \<not> P x"
  shows "takeWhile P xs = filter P xs"
proof -
  have A: "filter P xs = filter P (takeWhile P xs @ dropWhile P xs)"
    by simp
  have B: "filter P (dropWhile P xs) = []"
    unfolding filter_empty_conv using assms by blast
  have "filter P xs = takeWhile P xs"
    unfolding A filter_append B
    by (auto simp add: filter_id_conv dest: set_takeWhileD)
  thus ?thesis ..
qed

lemma takeWhile_eq_take_P_nth:
  "\<lbrakk> \<And> i. \<lbrakk> i < n ; i < length xs \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P (xs ! i) ; n < length xs \<Longrightarrow> \<not> P (xs ! n) \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
  takeWhile P xs = take n xs"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: n)
  case (Cons x xs)
  thus ?case
  proof (cases n)
    case (Suc n') note this[simp]
    have "P x" using Cons.prems(1)[of 0] by simp
    moreover have "takeWhile P xs = take n' xs"
    proof (rule Cons.hyps)
      case goal1 thus "P (xs ! i)" using Cons.prems(1)[of "Suc i"] by simp
    next case goal2 thus ?case using Cons by auto
    qed
    ultimately show ?thesis by simp
   qed simp
qed simp

lemma nth_length_takeWhile:
  "length (takeWhile P xs) < length xs \<Longrightarrow> \<not> P (xs ! length (takeWhile P xs))"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma length_takeWhile_less_P_nth:
  assumes all: "\<And> i. i < j \<Longrightarrow> P (xs ! i)" and "j \<le> length xs"
  shows "j \<le> length (takeWhile P xs)"
proof (rule classical)
  assume "\<not> ?thesis"
  hence "length (takeWhile P xs) < length xs" using assms by simp
  thus ?thesis using all `\<not> ?thesis` nth_length_takeWhile[of P xs] by auto
qed

text{* The following two lemmmas could be generalized to an arbitrary
property. *}

lemma takeWhile_neq_rev: "\<lbrakk>distinct xs; x \<in> set xs\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
 takeWhile (\<lambda>y. y \<noteq> x) (rev xs) = rev (tl (dropWhile (\<lambda>y. y \<noteq> x) xs))"
by(induct xs) (auto simp: takeWhile_tail[where l="[]"])

lemma dropWhile_neq_rev: "\<lbrakk>distinct xs; x \<in> set xs\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
  dropWhile (\<lambda>y. y \<noteq> x) (rev xs) = x # rev (takeWhile (\<lambda>y. y \<noteq> x) xs)"
apply(induct xs)
 apply simp
apply auto
apply(subst dropWhile_append2)
apply auto
done

lemma takeWhile_not_last:
 "\<lbrakk> xs \<noteq> []; distinct xs\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> takeWhile (\<lambda>y. y \<noteq> last xs) xs = butlast xs"
apply(induct xs)
 apply simp
apply(case_tac xs)
apply(auto)
done

lemma takeWhile_cong [fundef_cong, recdef_cong]:
  "[| l = k; !!x. x : set l ==> P x = Q x |] 
  ==> takeWhile P l = takeWhile Q k"
by (induct k arbitrary: l) (simp_all)

lemma dropWhile_cong [fundef_cong, recdef_cong]:
  "[| l = k; !!x. x : set l ==> P x = Q x |] 
  ==> dropWhile P l = dropWhile Q k"
by (induct k arbitrary: l, simp_all)


subsubsection {* @{text zip} *}

lemma zip_Nil [simp]: "zip [] ys = []"
by (induct ys) auto

lemma zip_Cons_Cons [simp]: "zip (x # xs) (y # ys) = (x, y) # zip xs ys"
by simp

declare zip_Cons [simp del]

lemma [code]:
  "zip [] ys = []"
  "zip xs [] = []"
  "zip (x # xs) (y # ys) = (x, y) # zip xs ys"
  by (fact zip_Nil zip.simps(1) zip_Cons_Cons)+

lemma zip_Cons1:
 "zip (x#xs) ys = (case ys of [] \<Rightarrow> [] | y#ys \<Rightarrow> (x,y)#zip xs ys)"
by(auto split:list.split)

lemma length_zip [simp]:
"length (zip xs ys) = min (length xs) (length ys)"
by (induct xs ys rule:list_induct2') auto

lemma zip_obtain_same_length:
  assumes "\<And>zs ws n. length zs = length ws \<Longrightarrow> n = min (length xs) (length ys)
    \<Longrightarrow> zs = take n xs \<Longrightarrow> ws = take n ys \<Longrightarrow> P (zip zs ws)"
  shows "P (zip xs ys)"
proof -
  let ?n = "min (length xs) (length ys)"
  have "P (zip (take ?n xs) (take ?n ys))"
    by (rule assms) simp_all
  moreover have "zip xs ys = zip (take ?n xs) (take ?n ys)"
  proof (induct xs arbitrary: ys)
    case Nil then show ?case by simp
  next
    case (Cons x xs) then show ?case by (cases ys) simp_all
  qed
  ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma zip_append1:
"zip (xs @ ys) zs =
zip xs (take (length xs) zs) @ zip ys (drop (length xs) zs)"
by (induct xs zs rule:list_induct2') auto

lemma zip_append2:
"zip xs (ys @ zs) =
zip (take (length ys) xs) ys @ zip (drop (length ys) xs) zs"
by (induct xs ys rule:list_induct2') auto

lemma zip_append [simp]:
 "[| length xs = length us; length ys = length vs |] ==>
zip (xs@ys) (us@vs) = zip xs us @ zip ys vs"
by (simp add: zip_append1)

lemma zip_rev:
"length xs = length ys ==> zip (rev xs) (rev ys) = rev (zip xs ys)"
by (induct rule:list_induct2, simp_all)

lemma zip_map_map:
  "zip (map f xs) (map g ys) = map (\<lambda> (x, y). (f x, g y)) (zip xs ys)"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: ys)
  case (Cons x xs) note Cons_x_xs = Cons.hyps
  show ?case
  proof (cases ys)
    case (Cons y ys')
    show ?thesis unfolding Cons using Cons_x_xs by simp
  qed simp
qed simp

lemma zip_map1:
  "zip (map f xs) ys = map (\<lambda>(x, y). (f x, y)) (zip xs ys)"
using zip_map_map[of f xs "\<lambda>x. x" ys] by simp

lemma zip_map2:
  "zip xs (map f ys) = map (\<lambda>(x, y). (x, f y)) (zip xs ys)"
using zip_map_map[of "\<lambda>x. x" xs f ys] by simp

lemma map_zip_map:
  "map f (zip (map g xs) ys) = map (%(x,y). f(g x, y)) (zip xs ys)"
unfolding zip_map1 by auto

lemma map_zip_map2:
  "map f (zip xs (map g ys)) = map (%(x,y). f(x, g y)) (zip xs ys)"
unfolding zip_map2 by auto

text{* Courtesy of Andreas Lochbihler: *}
lemma zip_same_conv_map: "zip xs xs = map (\<lambda>x. (x, x)) xs"
by(induct xs) auto

lemma nth_zip [simp]:
"[| i < length xs; i < length ys|] ==> (zip xs ys)!i = (xs!i, ys!i)"
apply (induct ys arbitrary: i xs, simp)
apply (case_tac xs)
 apply (simp_all add: nth.simps split: nat.split)
done

lemma set_zip:
"set (zip xs ys) = {(xs!i, ys!i) | i. i < min (length xs) (length ys)}"
by(simp add: set_conv_nth cong: rev_conj_cong)

lemma zip_same: "((a,b) \<in> set (zip xs xs)) = (a \<in> set xs \<and> a = b)"
by(induct xs) auto

lemma zip_update:
  "zip (xs[i:=x]) (ys[i:=y]) = (zip xs ys)[i:=(x,y)]"
by(rule sym, simp add: update_zip)

lemma zip_replicate [simp]:
  "zip (replicate i x) (replicate j y) = replicate (min i j) (x,y)"
apply (induct i arbitrary: j, auto)
apply (case_tac j, auto)
done

lemma take_zip:
  "take n (zip xs ys) = zip (take n xs) (take n ys)"
apply (induct n arbitrary: xs ys)
 apply simp
apply (case_tac xs, simp)
apply (case_tac ys, simp_all)
done

lemma drop_zip:
  "drop n (zip xs ys) = zip (drop n xs) (drop n ys)"
apply (induct n arbitrary: xs ys)
 apply simp
apply (case_tac xs, simp)
apply (case_tac ys, simp_all)
done

lemma zip_takeWhile_fst: "zip (takeWhile P xs) ys = takeWhile (P \<circ> fst) (zip xs ys)"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: ys)
  case (Cons x xs) thus ?case by (cases ys) auto
qed simp

lemma zip_takeWhile_snd: "zip xs (takeWhile P ys) = takeWhile (P \<circ> snd) (zip xs ys)"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: ys)
  case (Cons x xs) thus ?case by (cases ys) auto
qed simp

lemma set_zip_leftD:
  "(x,y)\<in> set (zip xs ys) \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> set xs"
by (induct xs ys rule:list_induct2') auto

lemma set_zip_rightD:
  "(x,y)\<in> set (zip xs ys) \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> set ys"
by (induct xs ys rule:list_induct2') auto

lemma in_set_zipE:
  "(x,y) : set(zip xs ys) \<Longrightarrow> (\<lbrakk> x : set xs; y : set ys \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R"
by(blast dest: set_zip_leftD set_zip_rightD)

lemma zip_map_fst_snd:
  "zip (map fst zs) (map snd zs) = zs"
  by (induct zs) simp_all

lemma zip_eq_conv:
  "length xs = length ys \<Longrightarrow> zip xs ys = zs \<longleftrightarrow> map fst zs = xs \<and> map snd zs = ys"
  by (auto simp add: zip_map_fst_snd)


subsubsection {* @{text list_all2} *}

lemma list_all2_lengthD [intro?]: 
  "list_all2 P xs ys ==> length xs = length ys"
by (simp add: list_all2_def)

lemma list_all2_Nil [iff, code]: "list_all2 P [] ys = (ys = [])"
by (simp add: list_all2_def)

lemma list_all2_Nil2 [iff, code]: "list_all2 P xs [] = (xs = [])"
by (simp add: list_all2_def)

lemma list_all2_Cons [iff, code]:
  "list_all2 P (x # xs) (y # ys) = (P x y \<and> list_all2 P xs ys)"
by (auto simp add: list_all2_def)

lemma list_all2_Cons1:
"list_all2 P (x # xs) ys = (\<exists>z zs. ys = z # zs \<and> P x z \<and> list_all2 P xs zs)"
by (cases ys) auto

lemma list_all2_Cons2:
"list_all2 P xs (y # ys) = (\<exists>z zs. xs = z # zs \<and> P z y \<and> list_all2 P zs ys)"
by (cases xs) auto

lemma list_all2_rev [iff]:
"list_all2 P (rev xs) (rev ys) = list_all2 P xs ys"
by (simp add: list_all2_def zip_rev cong: conj_cong)

lemma list_all2_rev1:
"list_all2 P (rev xs) ys = list_all2 P xs (rev ys)"
by (subst list_all2_rev [symmetric]) simp

lemma list_all2_append1:
"list_all2 P (xs @ ys) zs =
(EX us vs. zs = us @ vs \<and> length us = length xs \<and> length vs = length ys \<and>
list_all2 P xs us \<and> list_all2 P ys vs)"
apply (simp add: list_all2_def zip_append1)
apply (rule iffI)
 apply (rule_tac x = "take (length xs) zs" in exI)
 apply (rule_tac x = "drop (length xs) zs" in exI)
 apply (force split: nat_diff_split simp add: min_def, clarify)
apply (simp add: ball_Un)
done

lemma list_all2_append2:
"list_all2 P xs (ys @ zs) =
(EX us vs. xs = us @ vs \<and> length us = length ys \<and> length vs = length zs \<and>
list_all2 P us ys \<and> list_all2 P vs zs)"
apply (simp add: list_all2_def zip_append2)
apply (rule iffI)
 apply (rule_tac x = "take (length ys) xs" in exI)
 apply (rule_tac x = "drop (length ys) xs" in exI)
 apply (force split: nat_diff_split simp add: min_def, clarify)
apply (simp add: ball_Un)
done

lemma list_all2_append:
  "length xs = length ys \<Longrightarrow>
  list_all2 P (xs@us) (ys@vs) = (list_all2 P xs ys \<and> list_all2 P us vs)"
by (induct rule:list_induct2, simp_all)

lemma list_all2_appendI [intro?, trans]:
  "\<lbrakk> list_all2 P a b; list_all2 P c d \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> list_all2 P (a@c) (b@d)"
by (simp add: list_all2_append list_all2_lengthD)

lemma list_all2_conv_all_nth:
"list_all2 P xs ys =
(length xs = length ys \<and> (\<forall>i < length xs. P (xs!i) (ys!i)))"
by (force simp add: list_all2_def set_zip)

lemma list_all2_trans:
  assumes tr: "!!a b c. P1 a b ==> P2 b c ==> P3 a c"
  shows "!!bs cs. list_all2 P1 as bs ==> list_all2 P2 bs cs ==> list_all2 P3 as cs"
        (is "!!bs cs. PROP ?Q as bs cs")
proof (induct as)
  fix x xs bs assume I1: "!!bs cs. PROP ?Q xs bs cs"
  show "!!cs. PROP ?Q (x # xs) bs cs"
  proof (induct bs)
    fix y ys cs assume I2: "!!cs. PROP ?Q (x # xs) ys cs"
    show "PROP ?Q (x # xs) (y # ys) cs"
      by (induct cs) (auto intro: tr I1 I2)
  qed simp
qed simp

lemma list_all2_all_nthI [intro?]:
  "length a = length b \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>n. n < length a \<Longrightarrow> P (a!n) (b!n)) \<Longrightarrow> list_all2 P a b"
by (simp add: list_all2_conv_all_nth)

lemma list_all2I:
  "\<forall>x \<in> set (zip a b). split P x \<Longrightarrow> length a = length b \<Longrightarrow> list_all2 P a b"
by (simp add: list_all2_def)

lemma list_all2_nthD:
  "\<lbrakk> list_all2 P xs ys; p < size xs \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P (xs!p) (ys!p)"
by (simp add: list_all2_conv_all_nth)

lemma list_all2_nthD2:
  "\<lbrakk>list_all2 P xs ys; p < size ys\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P (xs!p) (ys!p)"
by (frule list_all2_lengthD) (auto intro: list_all2_nthD)

lemma list_all2_map1: 
  "list_all2 P (map f as) bs = list_all2 (\<lambda>x y. P (f x) y) as bs"
by (simp add: list_all2_conv_all_nth)

lemma list_all2_map2: 
  "list_all2 P as (map f bs) = list_all2 (\<lambda>x y. P x (f y)) as bs"
by (auto simp add: list_all2_conv_all_nth)

lemma list_all2_refl [intro?]:
  "(\<And>x. P x x) \<Longrightarrow> list_all2 P xs xs"
by (simp add: list_all2_conv_all_nth)

lemma list_all2_update_cong:
  "\<lbrakk> i<size xs; list_all2 P xs ys; P x y \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> list_all2 P (xs[i:=x]) (ys[i:=y])"
by (simp add: list_all2_conv_all_nth nth_list_update)

lemma list_all2_update_cong2:
  "\<lbrakk>list_all2 P xs ys; P x y; i < length ys\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> list_all2 P (xs[i:=x]) (ys[i:=y])"
by (simp add: list_all2_lengthD list_all2_update_cong)

lemma list_all2_takeI [simp,intro?]:
  "list_all2 P xs ys \<Longrightarrow> list_all2 P (take n xs) (take n ys)"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: n ys)
 apply simp
apply (clarsimp simp add: list_all2_Cons1)
apply (case_tac n)
apply auto
done

lemma list_all2_dropI [simp,intro?]:
  "list_all2 P as bs \<Longrightarrow> list_all2 P (drop n as) (drop n bs)"
apply (induct as arbitrary: n bs, simp)
apply (clarsimp simp add: list_all2_Cons1)
apply (case_tac n, simp, simp)
done

lemma list_all2_mono [intro?]:
  "list_all2 P xs ys \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>xs ys. P xs ys \<Longrightarrow> Q xs ys) \<Longrightarrow> list_all2 Q xs ys"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: ys, simp)
apply (case_tac ys, auto)
done

lemma list_all2_eq:
  "xs = ys \<longleftrightarrow> list_all2 (op =) xs ys"
by (induct xs ys rule: list_induct2') auto

lemma list_eq_iff_zip_eq:
  "xs = ys \<longleftrightarrow> length xs = length ys \<and> (\<forall>(x,y) \<in> set (zip xs ys). x = y)"
by(auto simp add: set_zip list_all2_eq list_all2_conv_all_nth cong: conj_cong)


subsubsection {* @{text foldl} and @{text foldr} *}

lemma foldl_append [simp]:
  "foldl f a (xs @ ys) = foldl f (foldl f a xs) ys"
by (induct xs arbitrary: a) auto

lemma foldr_append[simp]: "foldr f (xs @ ys) a = foldr f xs (foldr f ys a)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma foldr_map: "foldr g (map f xs) a = foldr (g o f) xs a"
by(induct xs) simp_all

text{* For efficient code generation: avoid intermediate list. *}
lemma foldl_map[code_unfold]:
  "foldl g a (map f xs) = foldl (%a x. g a (f x)) a xs"
by(induct xs arbitrary:a) simp_all

lemma foldl_apply:
  assumes "\<And>x. x \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> f x \<circ> h = h \<circ> g x"
  shows "foldl (\<lambda>s x. f x s) (h s) xs = h (foldl (\<lambda>s x. g x s) s xs)"
  by (rule sym, insert assms, induct xs arbitrary: s) (simp_all add: fun_eq_iff)

lemma foldl_cong [fundef_cong, recdef_cong]:
  "[| a = b; l = k; !!a x. x : set l ==> f a x = g a x |] 
  ==> foldl f a l = foldl g b k"
by (induct k arbitrary: a b l) simp_all

lemma foldr_cong [fundef_cong, recdef_cong]:
  "[| a = b; l = k; !!a x. x : set l ==> f x a = g x a |] 
  ==> foldr f l a = foldr g k b"
by (induct k arbitrary: a b l) simp_all

lemma foldl_fun_comm:
  assumes "\<And>x y s. f (f s x) y = f (f s y) x"
  shows "f (foldl f s xs) x = foldl f (f s x) xs"
  by (induct xs arbitrary: s)
    (simp_all add: assms)

lemma (in semigroup_add) foldl_assoc:
shows "foldl op+ (x+y) zs = x + (foldl op+ y zs)"
by (induct zs arbitrary: y) (simp_all add:add_assoc)

lemma (in monoid_add) foldl_absorb0:
shows "x + (foldl op+ 0 zs) = foldl op+ x zs"
by (induct zs) (simp_all add:foldl_assoc)

lemma foldl_rev:
  assumes "\<And>x y s. f (f s x) y = f (f s y) x"
  shows "foldl f s (rev xs) = foldl f s xs"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: s)
  case Nil then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons x xs) with assms show ?case by (simp add: foldl_fun_comm)
qed

lemma rev_foldl_cons [code]:
  "rev xs = foldl (\<lambda>xs x. x # xs) [] xs"
proof (induct xs)
  case Nil then show ?case by simp
next
  case Cons
  {
    fix x xs ys
    have "foldl (\<lambda>xs x. x # xs) ys xs @ [x]
      = foldl (\<lambda>xs x. x # xs) (ys @ [x]) xs"
    by (induct xs arbitrary: ys) auto
  }
  note aux = this
  show ?case by (induct xs) (auto simp add: Cons aux)
qed


text{* The ``Third Duality Theorem'' in Bird \& Wadler: *}

lemma foldr_foldl:
  "foldr f xs a = foldl (%x y. f y x) a (rev xs)"
  by (induct xs) auto

lemma foldl_foldr:
  "foldl f a xs = foldr (%x y. f y x) (rev xs) a"
  by (simp add: foldr_foldl [of "%x y. f y x" "rev xs"])


text{* The ``First Duality Theorem'' in Bird \& Wadler: *}

lemma (in monoid_add) foldl_foldr1_lemma:
  "foldl op + a xs = a + foldr op + xs 0"
  by (induct xs arbitrary: a) (auto simp: add_assoc)

corollary (in monoid_add) foldl_foldr1:
  "foldl op + 0 xs = foldr op + xs 0"
  by (simp add: foldl_foldr1_lemma)

lemma (in ab_semigroup_add) foldr_conv_foldl:
  "foldr op + xs a = foldl op + a xs"
  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: foldl_assoc add.commute)

text {*
Note: @{text "n \<le> foldl (op +) n ns"} looks simpler, but is more
difficult to use because it requires an additional transitivity step.
*}

lemma start_le_sum: "(m::nat) <= n ==> m <= foldl (op +) n ns"
by (induct ns arbitrary: n) auto

lemma elem_le_sum: "(n::nat) : set ns ==> n <= foldl (op +) 0 ns"
by (force intro: start_le_sum simp add: in_set_conv_decomp)

lemma sum_eq_0_conv [iff]:
  "(foldl (op +) (m::nat) ns = 0) = (m = 0 \<and> (\<forall>n \<in> set ns. n = 0))"
by (induct ns arbitrary: m) auto

lemma foldr_invariant: 
  "\<lbrakk>Q x ; \<forall> x\<in> set xs. P x; \<forall> x y. P x \<and> Q y \<longrightarrow> Q (f x y) \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> Q (foldr f xs x)"
  by (induct xs, simp_all)

lemma foldl_invariant: 
  "\<lbrakk>Q x ; \<forall> x\<in> set xs. P x; \<forall> x y. P x \<and> Q y \<longrightarrow> Q (f y x) \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> Q (foldl f x xs)"
  by (induct xs arbitrary: x, simp_all)

lemma foldl_weak_invariant:
  assumes "P s"
    and "\<And>s x. x \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> P s \<Longrightarrow> P (f s x)"
  shows "P (foldl f s xs)"
  using assms by (induct xs arbitrary: s) simp_all

text {* @{const foldl} and @{const concat} *}

lemma foldl_conv_concat:
  "foldl (op @) xs xss = xs @ concat xss"
proof (induct xss arbitrary: xs)
  case Nil show ?case by simp
next
  interpret monoid_add "op @" "[]" proof qed simp_all
  case Cons then show ?case by (simp add: foldl_absorb0)
qed

lemma concat_conv_foldl: "concat xss = foldl (op @) [] xss"
  by (simp add: foldl_conv_concat)

text {* @{const Finite_Set.fold} and @{const foldl} *}

lemma (in fun_left_comm) fold_set_remdups:
  "fold f y (set xs) = foldl (\<lambda>y x. f x y) y (remdups xs)"
  by (rule sym, induct xs arbitrary: y) (simp_all add: fold_fun_comm insert_absorb)

lemma (in fun_left_comm_idem) fold_set:
  "fold f y (set xs) = foldl (\<lambda>y x. f x y) y xs"
  by (rule sym, induct xs arbitrary: y) (simp_all add: fold_fun_comm)

lemma (in ab_semigroup_idem_mult) fold1_set:
  assumes "xs \<noteq> []"
  shows "fold1 times (set xs) = foldl times (hd xs) (tl xs)"
proof -
  interpret fun_left_comm_idem times by (fact fun_left_comm_idem)
  from assms obtain y ys where xs: "xs = y # ys"
    by (cases xs) auto
  show ?thesis
  proof (cases "set ys = {}")
    case True with xs show ?thesis by simp
  next
    case False
    then have "fold1 times (insert y (set ys)) = fold times y (set ys)"
      by (simp only: finite_set fold1_eq_fold_idem)
    with xs show ?thesis by (simp add: fold_set mult_commute)
  qed
qed

lemma (in lattice) Inf_fin_set_fold [code_unfold]:
  "Inf_fin (set (x # xs)) = foldl inf x xs"
proof -
  interpret ab_semigroup_idem_mult "inf :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
    by (fact ab_semigroup_idem_mult_inf)
  show ?thesis
    by (simp add: Inf_fin_def fold1_set del: set.simps)
qed

lemma (in lattice) Sup_fin_set_fold [code_unfold]:
  "Sup_fin (set (x # xs)) = foldl sup x xs"
proof -
  interpret ab_semigroup_idem_mult "sup :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
    by (fact ab_semigroup_idem_mult_sup)
  show ?thesis
    by (simp add: Sup_fin_def fold1_set del: set.simps)
qed

lemma (in linorder) Min_fin_set_fold [code_unfold]:
  "Min (set (x # xs)) = foldl min x xs"
proof -
  interpret ab_semigroup_idem_mult "min :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
    by (fact ab_semigroup_idem_mult_min)
  show ?thesis
    by (simp add: Min_def fold1_set del: set.simps)
qed

lemma (in linorder) Max_fin_set_fold [code_unfold]:
  "Max (set (x # xs)) = foldl max x xs"
proof -
  interpret ab_semigroup_idem_mult "max :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
    by (fact ab_semigroup_idem_mult_max)
  show ?thesis
    by (simp add: Max_def fold1_set del: set.simps)
qed

lemma (in complete_lattice) Inf_set_fold [code_unfold]:
  "Inf (set xs) = foldl inf top xs"
proof -
  interpret fun_left_comm_idem "inf :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
    by (fact fun_left_comm_idem_inf)
  show ?thesis by (simp add: Inf_fold_inf fold_set inf_commute)
qed

lemma (in complete_lattice) Sup_set_fold [code_unfold]:
  "Sup (set xs) = foldl sup bot xs"
proof -
  interpret fun_left_comm_idem "sup :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
    by (fact fun_left_comm_idem_sup)
  show ?thesis by (simp add: Sup_fold_sup fold_set sup_commute)
qed

lemma (in complete_lattice) INFI_set_fold:
  "INFI (set xs) f = foldl (\<lambda>y x. inf (f x) y) top xs"
  unfolding INFI_def set_map [symmetric] Inf_set_fold foldl_map
    by (simp add: inf_commute)

lemma (in complete_lattice) SUPR_set_fold:
  "SUPR (set xs) f = foldl (\<lambda>y x. sup (f x) y) bot xs"
  unfolding SUPR_def set_map [symmetric] Sup_set_fold foldl_map
    by (simp add: sup_commute)


subsubsection {* @{text upt} *}

lemma upt_rec[code]: "[i..<j] = (if i<j then i#[Suc i..<j] else [])"
-- {* simp does not terminate! *}
by (induct j) auto

lemmas upt_rec_number_of[simp] = upt_rec[of "number_of m" "number_of n", standard]

lemma upt_conv_Nil [simp]: "j <= i ==> [i..<j] = []"
by (subst upt_rec) simp

lemma upt_eq_Nil_conv[simp]: "([i..<j] = []) = (j = 0 \<or> j <= i)"
by(induct j)simp_all

lemma upt_eq_Cons_conv:
 "([i..<j] = x#xs) = (i < j & i = x & [i+1..<j] = xs)"
apply(induct j arbitrary: x xs)
 apply simp
apply(clarsimp simp add: append_eq_Cons_conv)
apply arith
done

lemma upt_Suc_append: "i <= j ==> [i..<(Suc j)] = [i..<j]@[j]"
-- {* Only needed if @{text upt_Suc} is deleted from the simpset. *}
by simp

lemma upt_conv_Cons: "i < j ==> [i..<j] = i # [Suc i..<j]"
  by (simp add: upt_rec)

lemma upt_add_eq_append: "i<=j ==> [i..<j+k] = [i..<j]@[j..<j+k]"
-- {* LOOPS as a simprule, since @{text "j <= j"}. *}
by (induct k) auto

lemma length_upt [simp]: "length [i..<j] = j - i"
by (induct j) (auto simp add: Suc_diff_le)

lemma nth_upt [simp]: "i + k < j ==> [i..<j] ! k = i + k"
apply (induct j)
apply (auto simp add: less_Suc_eq nth_append split: nat_diff_split)
done


lemma hd_upt[simp]: "i < j \<Longrightarrow> hd[i..<j] = i"
by(simp add:upt_conv_Cons)

lemma last_upt[simp]: "i < j \<Longrightarrow> last[i..<j] = j - 1"
apply(cases j)
 apply simp
by(simp add:upt_Suc_append)

lemma take_upt [simp]: "i+m <= n ==> take m [i..<n] = [i..<i+m]"
apply (induct m arbitrary: i, simp)
apply (subst upt_rec)
apply (rule sym)
apply (subst upt_rec)
apply (simp del: upt.simps)
done

lemma drop_upt[simp]: "drop m [i..<j] = [i+m..<j]"
apply(induct j)
apply auto
done

lemma map_Suc_upt: "map Suc [m..<n] = [Suc m..<Suc n]"
by (induct n) auto

lemma nth_map_upt: "i < n-m ==> (map f [m..<n]) ! i = f(m+i)"
apply (induct n m  arbitrary: i rule: diff_induct)
prefer 3 apply (subst map_Suc_upt[symmetric])
apply (auto simp add: less_diff_conv nth_upt)
done

lemma nth_take_lemma:
  "k <= length xs ==> k <= length ys ==>
     (!!i. i < k --> xs!i = ys!i) ==> take k xs = take k ys"
apply (atomize, induct k arbitrary: xs ys)
apply (simp_all add: less_Suc_eq_0_disj all_conj_distrib, clarify)
txt {* Both lists must be non-empty *}
apply (case_tac xs, simp)
apply (case_tac ys, clarify)
 apply (simp (no_asm_use))
apply clarify
txt {* prenexing's needed, not miniscoping *}
apply (simp (no_asm_use) add: all_simps [symmetric] del: all_simps)
apply blast
done

lemma nth_equalityI:
 "[| length xs = length ys; ALL i < length xs. xs!i = ys!i |] ==> xs = ys"
apply (frule nth_take_lemma [OF le_refl eq_imp_le])
apply (simp_all add: take_all)
done

lemma map_nth:
  "map (\<lambda>i. xs ! i) [0..<length xs] = xs"
  by (rule nth_equalityI, auto)

(* needs nth_equalityI *)
lemma list_all2_antisym:
  "\<lbrakk> (\<And>x y. \<lbrakk>P x y; Q y x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x = y); list_all2 P xs ys; list_all2 Q ys xs \<rbrakk> 
  \<Longrightarrow> xs = ys"
  apply (simp add: list_all2_conv_all_nth) 
  apply (rule nth_equalityI, blast, simp)
  done

lemma take_equalityI: "(\<forall>i. take i xs = take i ys) ==> xs = ys"
-- {* The famous take-lemma. *}
apply (drule_tac x = "max (length xs) (length ys)" in spec)
apply (simp add: le_max_iff_disj take_all)
done


lemma take_Cons':
     "take n (x # xs) = (if n = 0 then [] else x # take (n - 1) xs)"
by (cases n) simp_all

lemma drop_Cons':
     "drop n (x # xs) = (if n = 0 then x # xs else drop (n - 1) xs)"
by (cases n) simp_all

lemma nth_Cons': "(x # xs)!n = (if n = 0 then x else xs!(n - 1))"
by (cases n) simp_all

lemmas take_Cons_number_of = take_Cons'[of "number_of v",standard]
lemmas drop_Cons_number_of = drop_Cons'[of "number_of v",standard]
lemmas nth_Cons_number_of = nth_Cons'[of _ _ "number_of v",standard]

declare take_Cons_number_of [simp] 
        drop_Cons_number_of [simp] 
        nth_Cons_number_of [simp] 


subsubsection {* @{text upto}: interval-list on @{typ int} *}

(* FIXME make upto tail recursive? *)

function upto :: "int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> int list" ("(1[_../_])") where
"upto i j = (if i \<le> j then i # [i+1..j] else [])"
by auto
termination
by(relation "measure(%(i::int,j). nat(j - i + 1))") auto

declare upto.simps[code, simp del]

lemmas upto_rec_number_of[simp] =
  upto.simps[of "number_of m" "number_of n", standard]

lemma upto_empty[simp]: "j < i \<Longrightarrow> [i..j] = []"
by(simp add: upto.simps)

lemma set_upto[simp]: "set[i..j] = {i..j}"
apply(induct i j rule:upto.induct)
apply(simp add: upto.simps simp_from_to)
done


subsubsection {* @{text "distinct"} and @{text remdups} *}

lemma distinct_tl:
  "distinct xs \<Longrightarrow> distinct (tl xs)"
  by (cases xs) simp_all

lemma distinct_append [simp]:
"distinct (xs @ ys) = (distinct xs \<and> distinct ys \<and> set xs \<inter> set ys = {})"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma distinct_rev[simp]: "distinct(rev xs) = distinct xs"
by(induct xs) auto

lemma set_remdups [simp]: "set (remdups xs) = set xs"
by (induct xs) (auto simp add: insert_absorb)

lemma distinct_remdups [iff]: "distinct (remdups xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma distinct_remdups_id: "distinct xs ==> remdups xs = xs"
by (induct xs, auto)

lemma remdups_id_iff_distinct [simp]: "remdups xs = xs \<longleftrightarrow> distinct xs"
by (metis distinct_remdups distinct_remdups_id)

lemma finite_distinct_list: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> EX xs. set xs = A & distinct xs"
by (metis distinct_remdups finite_list set_remdups)

lemma remdups_eq_nil_iff [simp]: "(remdups x = []) = (x = [])"
by (induct x, auto) 

lemma remdups_eq_nil_right_iff [simp]: "([] = remdups x) = (x = [])"
by (induct x, auto)

lemma length_remdups_leq[iff]: "length(remdups xs) <= length xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma length_remdups_eq[iff]:
  "(length (remdups xs) = length xs) = (remdups xs = xs)"
apply(induct xs)
 apply auto
apply(subgoal_tac "length (remdups xs) <= length xs")
 apply arith
apply(rule length_remdups_leq)
done

lemma remdups_filter: "remdups(filter P xs) = filter P (remdups xs)"
apply(induct xs)
apply auto
done

lemma distinct_map:
  "distinct(map f xs) = (distinct xs & inj_on f (set xs))"
by (induct xs) auto


lemma distinct_filter [simp]: "distinct xs ==> distinct (filter P xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma distinct_upt[simp]: "distinct[i..<j]"
by (induct j) auto

lemma distinct_upto[simp]: "distinct[i..j]"
apply(induct i j rule:upto.induct)
apply(subst upto.simps)
apply(simp)
done

lemma distinct_take[simp]: "distinct xs \<Longrightarrow> distinct (take i xs)"
apply(induct xs arbitrary: i)
 apply simp
apply (case_tac i)
 apply simp_all
apply(blast dest:in_set_takeD)
done

lemma distinct_drop[simp]: "distinct xs \<Longrightarrow> distinct (drop i xs)"
apply(induct xs arbitrary: i)
 apply simp
apply (case_tac i)
 apply simp_all
done

lemma distinct_list_update:
assumes d: "distinct xs" and a: "a \<notin> set xs - {xs!i}"
shows "distinct (xs[i:=a])"
proof (cases "i < length xs")
  case True
  with a have "a \<notin> set (take i xs @ xs ! i # drop (Suc i) xs) - {xs!i}"
    apply (drule_tac id_take_nth_drop) by simp
  with d True show ?thesis
    apply (simp add: upd_conv_take_nth_drop)
    apply (drule subst [OF id_take_nth_drop]) apply assumption
    apply simp apply (cases "a = xs!i") apply simp by blast
next
  case False with d show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma distinct_concat:
  assumes "distinct xs"
  and "\<And> ys. ys \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> distinct ys"
  and "\<And> ys zs. \<lbrakk> ys \<in> set xs ; zs \<in> set xs ; ys \<noteq> zs \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> set ys \<inter> set zs = {}"
  shows "distinct (concat xs)"
  using assms by (induct xs) auto

text {* It is best to avoid this indexed version of distinct, but
sometimes it is useful. *}

lemma distinct_conv_nth:
"distinct xs = (\<forall>i < size xs. \<forall>j < size xs. i \<noteq> j --> xs!i \<noteq> xs!j)"
apply (induct xs, simp, simp)
apply (rule iffI, clarsimp)
 apply (case_tac i)
apply (case_tac j, simp)
apply (simp add: set_conv_nth)
 apply (case_tac j)
apply (clarsimp simp add: set_conv_nth, simp) 
apply (rule conjI)
(*TOO SLOW
apply (metis Zero_neq_Suc gr0_conv_Suc in_set_conv_nth lessI less_trans_Suc nth_Cons' nth_Cons_Suc)
*)
 apply (clarsimp simp add: set_conv_nth)
 apply (erule_tac x = 0 in allE, simp)
 apply (erule_tac x = "Suc i" in allE, simp, clarsimp)
(*TOO SLOW
apply (metis Suc_Suc_eq lessI less_trans_Suc nth_Cons_Suc)
*)
apply (erule_tac x = "Suc i" in allE, simp)
apply (erule_tac x = "Suc j" in allE, simp)
done

lemma nth_eq_iff_index_eq:
 "\<lbrakk> distinct xs; i < length xs; j < length xs \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (xs!i = xs!j) = (i = j)"
by(auto simp: distinct_conv_nth)

lemma distinct_card: "distinct xs ==> card (set xs) = size xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma card_distinct: "card (set xs) = size xs ==> distinct xs"
proof (induct xs)
  case Nil thus ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons x xs)
  show ?case
  proof (cases "x \<in> set xs")
    case False with Cons show ?thesis by simp
  next
    case True with Cons.prems
    have "card (set xs) = Suc (length xs)" 
      by (simp add: card_insert_if split: split_if_asm)
    moreover have "card (set xs) \<le> length xs" by (rule card_length)
    ultimately have False by simp
    thus ?thesis ..
  qed
qed

lemma not_distinct_decomp: "~ distinct ws ==> EX xs ys zs y. ws = xs@[y]@ys@[y]@zs"
apply (induct n == "length ws" arbitrary:ws) apply simp
apply(case_tac ws) apply simp
apply (simp split:split_if_asm)
apply (metis Cons_eq_appendI eq_Nil_appendI split_list)
done

lemma length_remdups_concat:
 "length(remdups(concat xss)) = card(\<Union>xs \<in> set xss. set xs)"
by(simp add: set_concat distinct_card[symmetric])

lemma length_remdups_card_conv: "length(remdups xs) = card(set xs)"
proof -
  have xs: "concat[xs] = xs" by simp
  from length_remdups_concat[of "[xs]"] show ?thesis unfolding xs by simp
qed

lemma remdups_remdups:
  "remdups (remdups xs) = remdups xs"
  by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma distinct_butlast:
  assumes "xs \<noteq> []" and "distinct xs"
  shows "distinct (butlast xs)"
proof -
  from `xs \<noteq> []` obtain ys y where "xs = ys @ [y]" by (cases xs rule: rev_cases) auto
  with `distinct xs` show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma remdups_map_remdups:
  "remdups (map f (remdups xs)) = remdups (map f xs)"
  by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma distinct_zipI1:
  assumes "distinct xs"
  shows "distinct (zip xs ys)"
proof (rule zip_obtain_same_length)
  fix xs' :: "'a list" and ys' :: "'b list" and n
  assume "length xs' = length ys'"
  assume "xs' = take n xs"
  with assms have "distinct xs'" by simp
  with `length xs' = length ys'` show "distinct (zip xs' ys')"
    by (induct xs' ys' rule: list_induct2) (auto elim: in_set_zipE)
qed

lemma distinct_zipI2:
  assumes "distinct ys"
  shows "distinct (zip xs ys)"
proof (rule zip_obtain_same_length)
  fix xs' :: "'b list" and ys' :: "'a list" and n
  assume "length xs' = length ys'"
  assume "ys' = take n ys"
  with assms have "distinct ys'" by simp
  with `length xs' = length ys'` show "distinct (zip xs' ys')"
    by (induct xs' ys' rule: list_induct2) (auto elim: in_set_zipE)
qed


subsubsection {* List summation: @{const listsum} and @{text"\<Sum>"}*}

lemma (in monoid_add) listsum_foldl [code]:
  "listsum = foldl (op +) 0"
  by (simp add: listsum_def foldl_foldr1 fun_eq_iff)

lemma (in monoid_add) listsum_simps [simp]:
  "listsum [] = 0"
  "listsum (x#xs) = x + listsum xs"
  by (simp_all add: listsum_def)

lemma (in monoid_add) listsum_append [simp]:
  "listsum (xs @ ys) = listsum xs + listsum ys"
  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: add.assoc)

lemma (in comm_monoid_add) listsum_rev [simp]:
  "listsum (rev xs) = listsum xs"
  by (simp add: listsum_def [of "rev xs"]) (simp add: listsum_foldl foldr_foldl add.commute)

lemma (in comm_monoid_add) listsum_map_remove1:
  "x \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> listsum (map f xs) = f x + listsum (map f (remove1 x xs))"
  by (induct xs) (auto simp add: ac_simps)

lemma (in monoid_add) list_size_conv_listsum:
  "list_size f xs = listsum (map f xs) + size xs"
  by (induct xs) auto

lemma (in monoid_add) length_concat:
  "length (concat xss) = listsum (map length xss)"
  by (induct xss) simp_all

lemma (in monoid_add) listsum_map_filter:
  assumes "\<And>x. x \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> \<not> P x \<Longrightarrow> f x = 0"
  shows "listsum (map f (filter P xs)) = listsum (map f xs)"
  using assms by (induct xs) auto

lemma (in monoid_add) distinct_listsum_conv_Setsum:
  "distinct xs \<Longrightarrow> listsum xs = Setsum (set xs)"
  by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma listsum_eq_0_nat_iff_nat [simp]:
  "listsum ns = (0::nat) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>n \<in> set ns. n = 0)"
  by (simp add: listsum_foldl)

lemma elem_le_listsum_nat:
  "k < size ns \<Longrightarrow> ns ! k \<le> listsum (ns::nat list)"
apply(induct ns arbitrary: k)
 apply simp
apply(fastsimp simp add:nth_Cons split: nat.split)
done

lemma listsum_update_nat:
  "k<size ns \<Longrightarrow> listsum (ns[k := (n::nat)]) = listsum ns + n - ns ! k"
apply(induct ns arbitrary:k)
 apply (auto split:nat.split)
apply(drule elem_le_listsum_nat)
apply arith
done

text{* Some syntactic sugar for summing a function over a list: *}

syntax
  "_listsum" :: "pttrn => 'a list => 'b => 'b"    ("(3SUM _<-_. _)" [0, 51, 10] 10)
syntax (xsymbols)
  "_listsum" :: "pttrn => 'a list => 'b => 'b"    ("(3\<Sum>_\<leftarrow>_. _)" [0, 51, 10] 10)
syntax (HTML output)
  "_listsum" :: "pttrn => 'a list => 'b => 'b"    ("(3\<Sum>_\<leftarrow>_. _)" [0, 51, 10] 10)

translations -- {* Beware of argument permutation! *}
  "SUM x<-xs. b" == "CONST listsum (CONST map (%x. b) xs)"
  "\<Sum>x\<leftarrow>xs. b" == "CONST listsum (CONST map (%x. b) xs)"

lemma (in monoid_add) listsum_triv:
  "(\<Sum>x\<leftarrow>xs. r) = of_nat (length xs) * r"
  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: left_distrib)

lemma (in monoid_add) listsum_0 [simp]:
  "(\<Sum>x\<leftarrow>xs. 0) = 0"
  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: left_distrib)

text{* For non-Abelian groups @{text xs} needs to be reversed on one side: *}
lemma (in ab_group_add) uminus_listsum_map:
  "- listsum (map f xs) = listsum (map (uminus \<circ> f) xs)"
  by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma (in comm_monoid_add) listsum_addf:
  "(\<Sum>x\<leftarrow>xs. f x + g x) = listsum (map f xs) + listsum (map g xs)"
  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)

lemma (in ab_group_add) listsum_subtractf:
  "(\<Sum>x\<leftarrow>xs. f x - g x) = listsum (map f xs) - listsum (map g xs)"
  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)

lemma (in semiring_0) listsum_const_mult:
  "(\<Sum>x\<leftarrow>xs. c * f x) = c * (\<Sum>x\<leftarrow>xs. f x)"
  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)

lemma (in semiring_0) listsum_mult_const:
  "(\<Sum>x\<leftarrow>xs. f x * c) = (\<Sum>x\<leftarrow>xs. f x) * c"
  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)

lemma (in ordered_ab_group_add_abs) listsum_abs:
  "\<bar>listsum xs\<bar> \<le> listsum (map abs xs)"
  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: order_trans [OF abs_triangle_ineq])

lemma listsum_mono:
  fixes f g :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::{monoid_add, ordered_ab_semigroup_add}"
  shows "(\<And>x. x \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> f x \<le> g x) \<Longrightarrow> (\<Sum>x\<leftarrow>xs. f x) \<le> (\<Sum>x\<leftarrow>xs. g x)"
  by (induct xs) (simp, simp add: add_mono)

lemma (in monoid_add) listsum_distinct_conv_setsum_set:
  "distinct xs \<Longrightarrow> listsum (map f xs) = setsum f (set xs)"
  by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma (in monoid_add) interv_listsum_conv_setsum_set_nat:
  "listsum (map f [m..<n]) = setsum f (set [m..<n])"
  by (simp add: listsum_distinct_conv_setsum_set)

lemma (in monoid_add) interv_listsum_conv_setsum_set_int:
  "listsum (map f [k..l]) = setsum f (set [k..l])"
  by (simp add: listsum_distinct_conv_setsum_set)

text {* General equivalence between @{const listsum} and @{const setsum} *}
lemma (in monoid_add) listsum_setsum_nth:
  "listsum xs = (\<Sum> i = 0 ..< length xs. xs ! i)"
  using interv_listsum_conv_setsum_set_nat [of "op ! xs" 0 "length xs"] by (simp add: map_nth)


subsubsection {* @{const insert} *}

lemma in_set_insert [simp]:
  "x \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> List.insert x xs = xs"
  by (simp add: List.insert_def)

lemma not_in_set_insert [simp]:
  "x \<notin> set xs \<Longrightarrow> List.insert x xs = x # xs"
  by (simp add: List.insert_def)

lemma insert_Nil [simp]:
  "List.insert x [] = [x]"
  by simp

lemma set_insert [simp]:
  "set (List.insert x xs) = insert x (set xs)"
  by (auto simp add: List.insert_def)

lemma distinct_insert [simp]:
  "distinct xs \<Longrightarrow> distinct (List.insert x xs)"
  by (simp add: List.insert_def)

lemma insert_remdups:
  "List.insert x (remdups xs) = remdups (List.insert x xs)"
  by (simp add: List.insert_def)


subsubsection {* @{text remove1} *}

lemma remove1_append:
  "remove1 x (xs @ ys) =
  (if x \<in> set xs then remove1 x xs @ ys else xs @ remove1 x ys)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma remove1_commute: "remove1 x (remove1 y zs) = remove1 y (remove1 x zs)"
by (induct zs) auto

lemma in_set_remove1[simp]:
  "a \<noteq> b \<Longrightarrow> a : set(remove1 b xs) = (a : set xs)"
apply (induct xs)
apply auto
done

lemma set_remove1_subset: "set(remove1 x xs) <= set xs"
apply(induct xs)
 apply simp
apply simp
apply blast
done

lemma set_remove1_eq [simp]: "distinct xs ==> set(remove1 x xs) = set xs - {x}"
apply(induct xs)
 apply simp
apply simp
apply blast
done

lemma length_remove1:
  "length(remove1 x xs) = (if x : set xs then length xs - 1 else length xs)"
apply (induct xs)
 apply (auto dest!:length_pos_if_in_set)
done

lemma remove1_filter_not[simp]:
  "\<not> P x \<Longrightarrow> remove1 x (filter P xs) = filter P xs"
by(induct xs) auto

lemma filter_remove1:
  "filter Q (remove1 x xs) = remove1 x (filter Q xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma notin_set_remove1[simp]: "x ~: set xs ==> x ~: set(remove1 y xs)"
apply(insert set_remove1_subset)
apply fast
done

lemma distinct_remove1[simp]: "distinct xs ==> distinct(remove1 x xs)"
by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma remove1_remdups:
  "distinct xs \<Longrightarrow> remove1 x (remdups xs) = remdups (remove1 x xs)"
  by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma remove1_idem:
  assumes "x \<notin> set xs"
  shows "remove1 x xs = xs"
  using assms by (induct xs) simp_all


subsubsection {* @{text removeAll} *}

lemma removeAll_filter_not_eq:
  "removeAll x = filter (\<lambda>y. x \<noteq> y)"
proof
  fix xs
  show "removeAll x xs = filter (\<lambda>y. x \<noteq> y) xs"
    by (induct xs) auto
qed

lemma removeAll_append[simp]:
  "removeAll x (xs @ ys) = removeAll x xs @ removeAll x ys"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma set_removeAll[simp]: "set(removeAll x xs) = set xs - {x}"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma removeAll_id[simp]: "x \<notin> set xs \<Longrightarrow> removeAll x xs = xs"
by (induct xs) auto

(* Needs count:: 'a \<Rightarrow> a' list \<Rightarrow> nat
lemma length_removeAll:
  "length(removeAll x xs) = length xs - count x xs"
*)

lemma removeAll_filter_not[simp]:
  "\<not> P x \<Longrightarrow> removeAll x (filter P xs) = filter P xs"
by(induct xs) auto

lemma distinct_removeAll:
  "distinct xs \<Longrightarrow> distinct (removeAll x xs)"
  by (simp add: removeAll_filter_not_eq)

lemma distinct_remove1_removeAll:
  "distinct xs ==> remove1 x xs = removeAll x xs"
by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma map_removeAll_inj_on: "inj_on f (insert x (set xs)) \<Longrightarrow>
  map f (removeAll x xs) = removeAll (f x) (map f xs)"
by (induct xs) (simp_all add:inj_on_def)

lemma map_removeAll_inj: "inj f \<Longrightarrow>
  map f (removeAll x xs) = removeAll (f x) (map f xs)"
by(metis map_removeAll_inj_on subset_inj_on subset_UNIV)


subsubsection {* @{text replicate} *}

lemma length_replicate [simp]: "length (replicate n x) = n"
by (induct n) auto

lemma Ex_list_of_length: "\<exists>xs. length xs = n"
by (rule exI[of _ "replicate n undefined"]) simp

lemma map_replicate [simp]: "map f (replicate n x) = replicate n (f x)"
by (induct n) auto

lemma map_replicate_const:
  "map (\<lambda> x. k) lst = replicate (length lst) k"
  by (induct lst) auto

lemma replicate_app_Cons_same:
"(replicate n x) @ (x # xs) = x # replicate n x @ xs"
by (induct n) auto

lemma rev_replicate [simp]: "rev (replicate n x) = replicate n x"
apply (induct n, simp)
apply (simp add: replicate_app_Cons_same)
done

lemma replicate_add: "replicate (n + m) x = replicate n x @ replicate m x"
by (induct n) auto

text{* Courtesy of Matthias Daum: *}
lemma append_replicate_commute:
  "replicate n x @ replicate k x = replicate k x @ replicate n x"
apply (simp add: replicate_add [THEN sym])
apply (simp add: add_commute)
done

text{* Courtesy of Andreas Lochbihler: *}
lemma filter_replicate:
  "filter P (replicate n x) = (if P x then replicate n x else [])"
by(induct n) auto

lemma hd_replicate [simp]: "n \<noteq> 0 ==> hd (replicate n x) = x"
by (induct n) auto

lemma tl_replicate [simp]: "n \<noteq> 0 ==> tl (replicate n x) = replicate (n - 1) x"
by (induct n) auto

lemma last_replicate [simp]: "n \<noteq> 0 ==> last (replicate n x) = x"
by (atomize (full), induct n) auto

lemma nth_replicate[simp]: "i < n ==> (replicate n x)!i = x"
apply (induct n arbitrary: i, simp)
apply (simp add: nth_Cons split: nat.split)
done

text{* Courtesy of Matthias Daum (2 lemmas): *}
lemma take_replicate[simp]: "take i (replicate k x) = replicate (min i k) x"
apply (case_tac "k \<le> i")
 apply  (simp add: min_def)
apply (drule not_leE)
apply (simp add: min_def)
apply (subgoal_tac "replicate k x = replicate i x @ replicate (k - i) x")
 apply  simp
apply (simp add: replicate_add [symmetric])
done

lemma drop_replicate[simp]: "drop i (replicate k x) = replicate (k-i) x"
apply (induct k arbitrary: i)
 apply simp
apply clarsimp
apply (case_tac i)
 apply simp
apply clarsimp
done


lemma set_replicate_Suc: "set (replicate (Suc n) x) = {x}"
by (induct n) auto

lemma set_replicate [simp]: "n \<noteq> 0 ==> set (replicate n x) = {x}"
by (fast dest!: not0_implies_Suc intro!: set_replicate_Suc)

lemma set_replicate_conv_if: "set (replicate n x) = (if n = 0 then {} else {x})"
by auto

lemma in_set_replicate[simp]: "(x : set (replicate n y)) = (x = y & n \<noteq> 0)"
by (simp add: set_replicate_conv_if)

lemma Ball_set_replicate[simp]:
  "(ALL x : set(replicate n a). P x) = (P a | n=0)"
by(simp add: set_replicate_conv_if)

lemma Bex_set_replicate[simp]:
  "(EX x : set(replicate n a). P x) = (P a & n\<noteq>0)"
by(simp add: set_replicate_conv_if)

lemma replicate_append_same:
  "replicate i x @ [x] = x # replicate i x"
  by (induct i) simp_all

lemma map_replicate_trivial:
  "map (\<lambda>i. x) [0..<i] = replicate i x"
  by (induct i) (simp_all add: replicate_append_same)

lemma concat_replicate_trivial[simp]:
  "concat (replicate i []) = []"
  by (induct i) (auto simp add: map_replicate_const)

lemma replicate_empty[simp]: "(replicate n x = []) \<longleftrightarrow> n=0"
by (induct n) auto

lemma empty_replicate[simp]: "([] = replicate n x) \<longleftrightarrow> n=0"
by (induct n) auto

lemma replicate_eq_replicate[simp]:
  "(replicate m x = replicate n y) \<longleftrightarrow> (m=n & (m\<noteq>0 \<longrightarrow> x=y))"
apply(induct m arbitrary: n)
 apply simp
apply(induct_tac n)
apply auto
done

lemma replicate_length_filter:
  "replicate (length (filter (\<lambda>y. x = y) xs)) x = filter (\<lambda>y. x = y) xs"
  by (induct xs) auto


subsubsection{*@{text rotate1} and @{text rotate}*}

lemma rotate_simps[simp]: "rotate1 [] = [] \<and> rotate1 (x#xs) = xs @ [x]"
by(simp add:rotate1_def)

lemma rotate0[simp]: "rotate 0 = id"
by(simp add:rotate_def)

lemma rotate_Suc[simp]: "rotate (Suc n) xs = rotate1(rotate n xs)"
by(simp add:rotate_def)

lemma rotate_add:
  "rotate (m+n) = rotate m o rotate n"
by(simp add:rotate_def funpow_add)

lemma rotate_rotate: "rotate m (rotate n xs) = rotate (m+n) xs"
by(simp add:rotate_add)

lemma rotate1_rotate_swap: "rotate1 (rotate n xs) = rotate n (rotate1 xs)"
by(simp add:rotate_def funpow_swap1)

lemma rotate1_length01[simp]: "length xs <= 1 \<Longrightarrow> rotate1 xs = xs"
by(cases xs) simp_all

lemma rotate_length01[simp]: "length xs <= 1 \<Longrightarrow> rotate n xs = xs"
apply(induct n)
 apply simp
apply (simp add:rotate_def)
done

lemma rotate1_hd_tl: "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> rotate1 xs = tl xs @ [hd xs]"
by(simp add:rotate1_def split:list.split)

lemma rotate_drop_take:
  "rotate n xs = drop (n mod length xs) xs @ take (n mod length xs) xs"
apply(induct n)
 apply simp
apply(simp add:rotate_def)
apply(cases "xs = []")
 apply (simp)
apply(case_tac "n mod length xs = 0")
 apply(simp add:mod_Suc)
 apply(simp add: rotate1_hd_tl drop_Suc take_Suc)
apply(simp add:mod_Suc rotate1_hd_tl drop_Suc[symmetric] drop_tl[symmetric]
                take_hd_drop linorder_not_le)
done

lemma rotate_conv_mod: "rotate n xs = rotate (n mod length xs) xs"
by(simp add:rotate_drop_take)

lemma rotate_id[simp]: "n mod length xs = 0 \<Longrightarrow> rotate n xs = xs"
by(simp add:rotate_drop_take)

lemma length_rotate1[simp]: "length(rotate1 xs) = length xs"
by(simp add:rotate1_def split:list.split)

lemma length_rotate[simp]: "length(rotate n xs) = length xs"
by (induct n arbitrary: xs) (simp_all add:rotate_def)

lemma distinct1_rotate[simp]: "distinct(rotate1 xs) = distinct xs"
by(simp add:rotate1_def split:list.split) blast

lemma distinct_rotate[simp]: "distinct(rotate n xs) = distinct xs"
by (induct n) (simp_all add:rotate_def)

lemma rotate_map: "rotate n (map f xs) = map f (rotate n xs)"
by(simp add:rotate_drop_take take_map drop_map)

lemma set_rotate1[simp]: "set(rotate1 xs) = set xs"
by(simp add:rotate1_def split:list.split)

lemma set_rotate[simp]: "set(rotate n xs) = set xs"
by (induct n) (simp_all add:rotate_def)

lemma rotate1_is_Nil_conv[simp]: "(rotate1 xs = []) = (xs = [])"
by(simp add:rotate1_def split:list.split)

lemma rotate_is_Nil_conv[simp]: "(rotate n xs = []) = (xs = [])"
by (induct n) (simp_all add:rotate_def)

lemma rotate_rev:
  "rotate n (rev xs) = rev(rotate (length xs - (n mod length xs)) xs)"
apply(simp add:rotate_drop_take rev_drop rev_take)
apply(cases "length xs = 0")
 apply simp
apply(cases "n mod length xs = 0")
 apply simp
apply(simp add:rotate_drop_take rev_drop rev_take)
done

lemma hd_rotate_conv_nth: "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> hd(rotate n xs) = xs!(n mod length xs)"
apply(simp add:rotate_drop_take hd_append hd_drop_conv_nth hd_conv_nth)
apply(subgoal_tac "length xs \<noteq> 0")
 prefer 2 apply simp
using mod_less_divisor[of "length xs" n] by arith


subsubsection {* @{text sublist} --- a generalization of @{text nth} to sets *}

lemma sublist_empty [simp]: "sublist xs {} = []"
by (auto simp add: sublist_def)

lemma sublist_nil [simp]: "sublist [] A = []"
by (auto simp add: sublist_def)

lemma length_sublist:
  "length(sublist xs I) = card{i. i < length xs \<and> i : I}"
by(simp add: sublist_def length_filter_conv_card cong:conj_cong)

lemma sublist_shift_lemma_Suc:
  "map fst (filter (%p. P(Suc(snd p))) (zip xs is)) =
   map fst (filter (%p. P(snd p)) (zip xs (map Suc is)))"
apply(induct xs arbitrary: "is")
 apply simp
apply (case_tac "is")
 apply simp
apply simp
done

lemma sublist_shift_lemma:
     "map fst [p<-zip xs [i..<i + length xs] . snd p : A] =
      map fst [p<-zip xs [0..<length xs] . snd p + i : A]"
by (induct xs rule: rev_induct) (simp_all add: add_commute)

lemma sublist_append:
     "sublist (l @ l') A = sublist l A @ sublist l' {j. j + length l : A}"
apply (unfold sublist_def)
apply (induct l' rule: rev_induct, simp)
apply (simp add: upt_add_eq_append[of 0] zip_append sublist_shift_lemma)
apply (simp add: add_commute)
done

lemma sublist_Cons:
"sublist (x # l) A = (if 0:A then [x] else []) @ sublist l {j. Suc j : A}"
apply (induct l rule: rev_induct)
 apply (simp add: sublist_def)
apply (simp del: append_Cons add: append_Cons[symmetric] sublist_append)
done

lemma set_sublist: "set(sublist xs I) = {xs!i|i. i<size xs \<and> i \<in> I}"
apply(induct xs arbitrary: I)
apply(auto simp: sublist_Cons nth_Cons split:nat.split dest!: gr0_implies_Suc)
done

lemma set_sublist_subset: "set(sublist xs I) \<subseteq> set xs"
by(auto simp add:set_sublist)

lemma notin_set_sublistI[simp]: "x \<notin> set xs \<Longrightarrow> x \<notin> set(sublist xs I)"
by(auto simp add:set_sublist)

lemma in_set_sublistD: "x \<in> set(sublist xs I) \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> set xs"
by(auto simp add:set_sublist)

lemma sublist_singleton [simp]: "sublist [x] A = (if 0 : A then [x] else [])"
by (simp add: sublist_Cons)


lemma distinct_sublistI[simp]: "distinct xs \<Longrightarrow> distinct(sublist xs I)"
apply(induct xs arbitrary: I)
 apply simp
apply(auto simp add:sublist_Cons)
done


lemma sublist_upt_eq_take [simp]: "sublist l {..<n} = take n l"
apply (induct l rule: rev_induct, simp)
apply (simp split: nat_diff_split add: sublist_append)
done

lemma filter_in_sublist:
 "distinct xs \<Longrightarrow> filter (%x. x \<in> set(sublist xs s)) xs = sublist xs s"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: s)
  case Nil thus ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons a xs)
  moreover hence "!x. x: set xs \<longrightarrow> x \<noteq> a" by auto
  ultimately show ?case by(simp add: sublist_Cons cong:filter_cong)
qed


subsubsection {* @{const splice} *}

lemma splice_Nil2 [simp, code]: "splice xs [] = xs"
by (cases xs) simp_all

declare splice.simps(1,3)[code]
declare splice.simps(2)[simp del]

lemma length_splice[simp]: "length(splice xs ys) = length xs + length ys"
by (induct xs ys rule: splice.induct) auto


subsubsection {* Transpose *}

function transpose where
"transpose []             = []" |
"transpose ([]     # xss) = transpose xss" |
"transpose ((x#xs) # xss) =
  (x # [h. (h#t) \<leftarrow> xss]) # transpose (xs # [t. (h#t) \<leftarrow> xss])"
by pat_completeness auto

lemma transpose_aux_filter_head:
  "concat (map (list_case [] (\<lambda>h t. [h])) xss) =
  map (\<lambda>xs. hd xs) [ys\<leftarrow>xss . ys \<noteq> []]"
  by (induct xss) (auto split: list.split)

lemma transpose_aux_filter_tail:
  "concat (map (list_case [] (\<lambda>h t. [t])) xss) =
  map (\<lambda>xs. tl xs) [ys\<leftarrow>xss . ys \<noteq> []]"
  by (induct xss) (auto split: list.split)

lemma transpose_aux_max:
  "max (Suc (length xs)) (foldr (\<lambda>xs. max (length xs)) xss 0) =
  Suc (max (length xs) (foldr (\<lambda>x. max (length x - Suc 0)) [ys\<leftarrow>xss . ys\<noteq>[]] 0))"
  (is "max _ ?foldB = Suc (max _ ?foldA)")
proof (cases "[ys\<leftarrow>xss . ys\<noteq>[]] = []")
  case True
  hence "foldr (\<lambda>xs. max (length xs)) xss 0 = 0"
  proof (induct xss)
    case (Cons x xs)
    moreover hence "x = []" by (cases x) auto
    ultimately show ?case by auto
  qed simp
  thus ?thesis using True by simp
next
  case False

  have foldA: "?foldA = foldr (\<lambda>x. max (length x)) [ys\<leftarrow>xss . ys \<noteq> []] 0 - 1"
    by (induct xss) auto
  have foldB: "?foldB = foldr (\<lambda>x. max (length x)) [ys\<leftarrow>xss . ys \<noteq> []] 0"
    by (induct xss) auto

  have "0 < ?foldB"
  proof -
    from False
    obtain z zs where zs: "[ys\<leftarrow>xss . ys \<noteq> []] = z#zs" by (auto simp: neq_Nil_conv)
    hence "z \<in> set ([ys\<leftarrow>xss . ys \<noteq> []])" by auto
    hence "z \<noteq> []" by auto
    thus ?thesis
      unfolding foldB zs
      by (auto simp: max_def intro: less_le_trans)
  qed
  thus ?thesis
    unfolding foldA foldB max_Suc_Suc[symmetric]
    by simp
qed

termination transpose
  by (relation "measure (\<lambda>xs. foldr (\<lambda>xs. max (length xs)) xs 0 + length xs)")
     (auto simp: transpose_aux_filter_tail foldr_map comp_def transpose_aux_max less_Suc_eq_le)

lemma transpose_empty: "(transpose xs = []) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x \<in> set xs. x = [])"
  by (induct rule: transpose.induct) simp_all

lemma length_transpose:
  fixes xs :: "'a list list"
  shows "length (transpose xs) = foldr (\<lambda>xs. max (length xs)) xs 0"
  by (induct rule: transpose.induct)
    (auto simp: transpose_aux_filter_tail foldr_map comp_def transpose_aux_max
                max_Suc_Suc[symmetric] simp del: max_Suc_Suc)

lemma nth_transpose:
  fixes xs :: "'a list list"
  assumes "i < length (transpose xs)"
  shows "transpose xs ! i = map (\<lambda>xs. xs ! i) [ys \<leftarrow> xs. i < length ys]"
using assms proof (induct arbitrary: i rule: transpose.induct)
  case (3 x xs xss)
  def XS == "(x # xs) # xss"
  hence [simp]: "XS \<noteq> []" by auto
  thus ?case
  proof (cases i)
    case 0
    thus ?thesis by (simp add: transpose_aux_filter_head hd_conv_nth)
  next
    case (Suc j)
    have *: "\<And>xss. xs # map tl xss = map tl ((x#xs)#xss)" by simp
    have **: "\<And>xss. (x#xs) # filter (\<lambda>ys. ys \<noteq> []) xss = filter (\<lambda>ys. ys \<noteq> []) ((x#xs)#xss)" by simp
    { fix x have "Suc j < length x \<longleftrightarrow> x \<noteq> [] \<and> j < length x - Suc 0"
      by (cases x) simp_all
    } note *** = this

    have j_less: "j < length (transpose (xs # concat (map (list_case [] (\<lambda>h t. [t])) xss)))"
      using "3.prems" by (simp add: transpose_aux_filter_tail length_transpose Suc)

    show ?thesis
      unfolding transpose.simps `i = Suc j` nth_Cons_Suc "3.hyps"[OF j_less]
      apply (auto simp: transpose_aux_filter_tail filter_map comp_def length_transpose * ** *** XS_def[symmetric])
      apply (rule_tac y=x in list.exhaust)
      by auto
  qed
qed simp_all

lemma transpose_map_map:
  "transpose (map (map f) xs) = map (map f) (transpose xs)"
proof (rule nth_equalityI, safe)
  have [simp]: "length (transpose (map (map f) xs)) = length (transpose xs)"
    by (simp add: length_transpose foldr_map comp_def)
  show "length (transpose (map (map f) xs)) = length (map (map f) (transpose xs))" by simp

  fix i assume "i < length (transpose (map (map f) xs))"
  thus "transpose (map (map f) xs) ! i = map (map f) (transpose xs) ! i"
    by (simp add: nth_transpose filter_map comp_def)
qed


subsubsection {* (In)finiteness *}

lemma finite_maxlen:
  "finite (M::'a list set) ==> EX n. ALL s:M. size s < n"
proof (induct rule: finite.induct)
  case emptyI show ?case by simp
next
  case (insertI M xs)
  then obtain n where "\<forall>s\<in>M. length s < n" by blast
  hence "ALL s:insert xs M. size s < max n (size xs) + 1" by auto
  thus ?case ..
qed

lemma finite_lists_length_eq:
assumes "finite A"
shows "finite {xs. set xs \<subseteq> A \<and> length xs = n}" (is "finite (?S n)")
proof(induct n)
  case 0 show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc n)
  have "?S (Suc n) = (\<Union>x\<in>A. (\<lambda>xs. x#xs) ` ?S n)"
    by (auto simp:length_Suc_conv)
  then show ?case using `finite A`
    by (auto intro: Suc) (* FIXME metis? *)
qed

lemma finite_lists_length_le:
  assumes "finite A" shows "finite {xs. set xs \<subseteq> A \<and> length xs \<le> n}"
 (is "finite ?S")
proof-
  have "?S = (\<Union>n\<in>{0..n}. {xs. set xs \<subseteq> A \<and> length xs = n})" by auto
  thus ?thesis by (auto intro: finite_lists_length_eq[OF `finite A`])
qed

lemma infinite_UNIV_listI: "~ finite(UNIV::'a list set)"
apply(rule notI)
apply(drule finite_maxlen)
apply (metis UNIV_I length_replicate less_not_refl)
done


subsection {* Sorting *}

text{* Currently it is not shown that @{const sort} returns a
permutation of its input because the nicest proof is via multisets,
which are not yet available. Alternatively one could define a function
that counts the number of occurrences of an element in a list and use
that instead of multisets to state the correctness property. *}

context linorder
begin

lemma length_insort [simp]:
  "length (insort_key f x xs) = Suc (length xs)"
  by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma insort_key_left_comm:
  assumes "f x \<noteq> f y"
  shows "insort_key f y (insort_key f x xs) = insort_key f x (insort_key f y xs)"
  by (induct xs) (auto simp add: assms dest: antisym)

lemma insort_left_comm:
  "insort x (insort y xs) = insort y (insort x xs)"
  by (cases "x = y") (auto intro: insort_key_left_comm)

lemma fun_left_comm_insort:
  "fun_left_comm insort"
proof
qed (fact insort_left_comm)

lemma sort_key_simps [simp]:
  "sort_key f [] = []"
  "sort_key f (x#xs) = insort_key f x (sort_key f xs)"
  by (simp_all add: sort_key_def)

lemma sort_foldl_insort:
  "sort xs = foldl (\<lambda>ys x. insort x ys) [] xs"
  by (simp add: sort_key_def foldr_foldl foldl_rev insort_left_comm)

lemma length_sort[simp]: "length (sort_key f xs) = length xs"
by (induct xs, auto)

lemma sorted_Cons: "sorted (x#xs) = (sorted xs & (ALL y:set xs. x <= y))"
apply(induct xs arbitrary: x) apply simp
by simp (blast intro: order_trans)

lemma sorted_tl:
  "sorted xs \<Longrightarrow> sorted (tl xs)"
  by (cases xs) (simp_all add: sorted_Cons)

lemma sorted_append:
  "sorted (xs@ys) = (sorted xs & sorted ys & (\<forall>x \<in> set xs. \<forall>y \<in> set ys. x\<le>y))"
by (induct xs) (auto simp add:sorted_Cons)

lemma sorted_nth_mono:
  "sorted xs \<Longrightarrow> i \<le> j \<Longrightarrow> j < length xs \<Longrightarrow> xs!i \<le> xs!j"
by (induct xs arbitrary: i j) (auto simp:nth_Cons' sorted_Cons)

lemma sorted_rev_nth_mono:
  "sorted (rev xs) \<Longrightarrow> i \<le> j \<Longrightarrow> j < length xs \<Longrightarrow> xs!j \<le> xs!i"
using sorted_nth_mono[ of "rev xs" "length xs - j - 1" "length xs - i - 1"]
      rev_nth[of "length xs - i - 1" "xs"] rev_nth[of "length xs - j - 1" "xs"]
by auto

lemma sorted_nth_monoI:
  "(\<And> i j. \<lbrakk> i \<le> j ; j < length xs \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> xs ! i \<le> xs ! j) \<Longrightarrow> sorted xs"
proof (induct xs)
  case (Cons x xs)
  have "sorted xs"
  proof (rule Cons.hyps)
    fix i j assume "i \<le> j" and "j < length xs"
    with Cons.prems[of "Suc i" "Suc j"]
    show "xs ! i \<le> xs ! j" by auto
  qed
  moreover
  {
    fix y assume "y \<in> set xs"
    then obtain j where "j < length xs" and "xs ! j = y"
      unfolding in_set_conv_nth by blast
    with Cons.prems[of 0 "Suc j"]
    have "x \<le> y"
      by auto
  }
  ultimately
  show ?case
    unfolding sorted_Cons by auto
qed simp

lemma sorted_equals_nth_mono:
  "sorted xs = (\<forall>j < length xs. \<forall>i \<le> j. xs ! i \<le> xs ! j)"
by (auto intro: sorted_nth_monoI sorted_nth_mono)

lemma set_insort: "set(insort_key f x xs) = insert x (set xs)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma set_sort[simp]: "set(sort_key f xs) = set xs"
by (induct xs) (simp_all add:set_insort)

lemma distinct_insort: "distinct (insort_key f x xs) = (x \<notin> set xs \<and> distinct xs)"
by(induct xs)(auto simp:set_insort)

lemma distinct_sort[simp]: "distinct (sort_key f xs) = distinct xs"
by(induct xs)(simp_all add:distinct_insort set_sort)

lemma sorted_insort_key: "sorted (map f (insort_key f x xs)) = sorted (map f xs)"
  by (induct xs) (auto simp:sorted_Cons set_insort)

lemma sorted_insort: "sorted (insort x xs) = sorted xs"
  using sorted_insort_key [where f="\<lambda>x. x"] by simp

theorem sorted_sort_key [simp]: "sorted (map f (sort_key f xs))"
  by (induct xs) (auto simp:sorted_insort_key)

theorem sorted_sort [simp]: "sorted (sort xs)"
  using sorted_sort_key [where f="\<lambda>x. x"] by simp

lemma sorted_butlast:
  assumes "xs \<noteq> []" and "sorted xs"
  shows "sorted (butlast xs)"
proof -
  from `xs \<noteq> []` obtain ys y where "xs = ys @ [y]" by (cases xs rule: rev_cases) auto
  with `sorted xs` show ?thesis by (simp add: sorted_append)
qed
  
lemma insort_not_Nil [simp]:
  "insort_key f a xs \<noteq> []"
  by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma insort_is_Cons: "\<forall>x\<in>set xs. f a \<le> f x \<Longrightarrow> insort_key f a xs = a # xs"
by (cases xs) auto

lemma sorted_map_remove1:
  "sorted (map f xs) \<Longrightarrow> sorted (map f (remove1 x xs))"
  by (induct xs) (auto simp add: sorted_Cons)

lemma sorted_remove1: "sorted xs \<Longrightarrow> sorted (remove1 a xs)"
  using sorted_map_remove1 [of "\<lambda>x. x"] by simp

lemma insort_key_remove1:
  assumes "a \<in> set xs" and "sorted (map f xs)" and "hd (filter (\<lambda>x. f a = f x) xs) = a"
  shows "insort_key f a (remove1 a xs) = xs"
using assms proof (induct xs)
  case (Cons x xs)
  then show ?case
  proof (cases "x = a")
    case False
    then have "f x \<noteq> f a" using Cons.prems by auto
    then have "f x < f a" using Cons.prems by (auto simp: sorted_Cons)
    with `f x \<noteq> f a` show ?thesis using Cons by (auto simp: sorted_Cons insort_is_Cons)
  qed (auto simp: sorted_Cons insort_is_Cons)
qed simp

lemma insort_remove1:
  assumes "a \<in> set xs" and "sorted xs"
  shows "insort a (remove1 a xs) = xs"
proof (rule insort_key_remove1)
  from `a \<in> set xs` show "a \<in> set xs" .
  from `sorted xs` show "sorted (map (\<lambda>x. x) xs)" by simp
  from `a \<in> set xs` have "a \<in> set (filter (op = a) xs)" by auto
  then have "set (filter (op = a) xs) \<noteq> {}" by auto
  then have "filter (op = a) xs \<noteq> []" by (auto simp only: set_empty)
  then have "length (filter (op = a) xs) > 0" by simp
  then obtain n where n: "Suc n = length (filter (op = a) xs)"
    by (cases "length (filter (op = a) xs)") simp_all
  moreover have "replicate (Suc n) a = a # replicate n a"
    by simp
  ultimately show "hd (filter (op = a) xs) = a" by (simp add: replicate_length_filter)
qed

lemma sorted_remdups[simp]:
  "sorted l \<Longrightarrow> sorted (remdups l)"
by (induct l) (auto simp: sorted_Cons)

lemma sorted_distinct_set_unique:
assumes "sorted xs" "distinct xs" "sorted ys" "distinct ys" "set xs = set ys"
shows "xs = ys"
proof -
  from assms have 1: "length xs = length ys" by (auto dest!: distinct_card)
  from assms show ?thesis
  proof(induct rule:list_induct2[OF 1])
    case 1 show ?case by simp
  next
    case 2 thus ?case by (simp add:sorted_Cons)
       (metis Diff_insert_absorb antisym insertE insert_iff)
  qed
qed

lemma map_sorted_distinct_set_unique:
  assumes "inj_on f (set xs \<union> set ys)"
  assumes "sorted (map f xs)" "distinct (map f xs)"
    "sorted (map f ys)" "distinct (map f ys)"
  assumes "set xs = set ys"
  shows "xs = ys"
proof -
  from assms have "map f xs = map f ys"
    by (simp add: sorted_distinct_set_unique)
  moreover with `inj_on f (set xs \<union> set ys)` show "xs = ys"
    by (blast intro: map_inj_on)
qed

lemma finite_sorted_distinct_unique:
shows "finite A \<Longrightarrow> EX! xs. set xs = A & sorted xs & distinct xs"
apply(drule finite_distinct_list)
apply clarify
apply(rule_tac a="sort xs" in ex1I)
apply (auto simp: sorted_distinct_set_unique)
done

lemma
  assumes "sorted xs"
  shows sorted_take: "sorted (take n xs)"
  and sorted_drop: "sorted (drop n xs)"
proof -
  from assms have "sorted (take n xs @ drop n xs)" by simp
  then show "sorted (take n xs)" and "sorted (drop n xs)"
    unfolding sorted_append by simp_all
qed

lemma sorted_dropWhile: "sorted xs \<Longrightarrow> sorted (dropWhile P xs)"
  by (auto dest: sorted_drop simp add: dropWhile_eq_drop)

lemma sorted_takeWhile: "sorted xs \<Longrightarrow> sorted (takeWhile P xs)"
  by (subst takeWhile_eq_take) (auto dest: sorted_take)

lemma sorted_filter:
  "sorted (map f xs) \<Longrightarrow> sorted (map f (filter P xs))"
  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: sorted_Cons)

lemma foldr_max_sorted:
  assumes "sorted (rev xs)"
  shows "foldr max xs y = (if xs = [] then y else max (xs ! 0) y)"
using assms proof (induct xs)
  case (Cons x xs)
  moreover hence "sorted (rev xs)" using sorted_append by auto
  ultimately show ?case
    by (cases xs, auto simp add: sorted_append max_def)
qed simp

lemma filter_equals_takeWhile_sorted_rev:
  assumes sorted: "sorted (rev (map f xs))"
  shows "[x \<leftarrow> xs. t < f x] = takeWhile (\<lambda> x. t < f x) xs"
    (is "filter ?P xs = ?tW")
proof (rule takeWhile_eq_filter[symmetric])
  let "?dW" = "dropWhile ?P xs"
  fix x assume "x \<in> set ?dW"
  then obtain i where i: "i < length ?dW" and nth_i: "x = ?dW ! i"
    unfolding in_set_conv_nth by auto
  hence "length ?tW + i < length (?tW @ ?dW)"
    unfolding length_append by simp
  hence i': "length (map f ?tW) + i < length (map f xs)" by simp
  have "(map f ?tW @ map f ?dW) ! (length (map f ?tW) + i) \<le>
        (map f ?tW @ map f ?dW) ! (length (map f ?tW) + 0)"
    using sorted_rev_nth_mono[OF sorted _ i', of "length ?tW"]
    unfolding map_append[symmetric] by simp
  hence "f x \<le> f (?dW ! 0)"
    unfolding nth_append_length_plus nth_i
    using i preorder_class.le_less_trans[OF le0 i] by simp
  also have "... \<le> t"
    using hd_dropWhile[of "?P" xs] le0[THEN preorder_class.le_less_trans, OF i]
    using hd_conv_nth[of "?dW"] by simp
  finally show "\<not> t < f x" by simp
qed

lemma insort_insert_key_triv:
  "f x \<in> f ` set xs \<Longrightarrow> insort_insert_key f x xs = xs"
  by (simp add: insort_insert_key_def)

lemma insort_insert_triv:
  "x \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> insort_insert x xs = xs"
  using insort_insert_key_triv [of "\<lambda>x. x"] by simp

lemma insort_insert_insort_key:
  "f x \<notin> f ` set xs \<Longrightarrow> insort_insert_key f x xs = insort_key f x xs"
  by (simp add: insort_insert_key_def)

lemma insort_insert_insort:
  "x \<notin> set xs \<Longrightarrow> insort_insert x xs = insort x xs"
  using insort_insert_insort_key [of "\<lambda>x. x"] by simp

lemma set_insort_insert:
  "set (insort_insert x xs) = insert x (set xs)"
  by (auto simp add: insort_insert_key_def set_insort)

lemma distinct_insort_insert:
  assumes "distinct xs"
  shows "distinct (insort_insert_key f x xs)"
  using assms by (induct xs) (auto simp add: insort_insert_key_def set_insort)

lemma sorted_insort_insert_key:
  assumes "sorted (map f xs)"
  shows "sorted (map f (insort_insert_key f x xs))"
  using assms by (simp add: insort_insert_key_def sorted_insort_key)

lemma sorted_insort_insert:
  assumes "sorted xs"
  shows "sorted (insort_insert x xs)"
  using assms sorted_insort_insert_key [of "\<lambda>x. x"] by simp

lemma filter_insort_triv:
  "\<not> P x \<Longrightarrow> filter P (insort_key f x xs) = filter P xs"
  by (induct xs) simp_all

lemma filter_insort:
  "sorted (map f xs) \<Longrightarrow> P x \<Longrightarrow> filter P (insort_key f x xs) = insort_key f x (filter P xs)"
  using assms by (induct xs)
    (auto simp add: sorted_Cons, subst insort_is_Cons, auto)

lemma filter_sort:
  "filter P (sort_key f xs) = sort_key f (filter P xs)"
  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: filter_insort_triv filter_insort)

lemma sorted_map_same:
  "sorted (map f [x\<leftarrow>xs. f x = g xs])"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: g)
  case Nil then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons x xs)
  then have "sorted (map f [y\<leftarrow>xs . f y = (\<lambda>xs. f x) xs])" .
  moreover from Cons have "sorted (map f [y\<leftarrow>xs . f y = (g \<circ> Cons x) xs])" .
  ultimately show ?case by (simp_all add: sorted_Cons)
qed

lemma sorted_same:
  "sorted [x\<leftarrow>xs. x = g xs]"
  using sorted_map_same [of "\<lambda>x. x"] by simp

lemma remove1_insort [simp]:
  "remove1 x (insort x xs) = xs"
  by (induct xs) simp_all

end

lemma sorted_upt[simp]: "sorted[i..<j]"
by (induct j) (simp_all add:sorted_append)

lemma sorted_upto[simp]: "sorted[i..j]"
apply(induct i j rule:upto.induct)
apply(subst upto.simps)
apply(simp add:sorted_Cons)
done


subsubsection {* @{const transpose} on sorted lists *}

lemma sorted_transpose[simp]:
  shows "sorted (rev (map length (transpose xs)))"
  by (auto simp: sorted_equals_nth_mono rev_nth nth_transpose
    length_filter_conv_card intro: card_mono)

lemma transpose_max_length:
  "foldr (\<lambda>xs. max (length xs)) (transpose xs) 0 = length [x \<leftarrow> xs. x \<noteq> []]"
  (is "?L = ?R")
proof (cases "transpose xs = []")
  case False
  have "?L = foldr max (map length (transpose xs)) 0"
    by (simp add: foldr_map comp_def)
  also have "... = length (transpose xs ! 0)"
    using False sorted_transpose by (simp add: foldr_max_sorted)
  finally show ?thesis
    using False by (simp add: nth_transpose)
next
  case True
  hence "[x \<leftarrow> xs. x \<noteq> []] = []"
    by (auto intro!: filter_False simp: transpose_empty)
  thus ?thesis by (simp add: transpose_empty True)
qed

lemma length_transpose_sorted:
  fixes xs :: "'a list list"
  assumes sorted: "sorted (rev (map length xs))"
  shows "length (transpose xs) = (if xs = [] then 0 else length (xs ! 0))"
proof (cases "xs = []")
  case False
  thus ?thesis
    using foldr_max_sorted[OF sorted] False
    unfolding length_transpose foldr_map comp_def
    by simp
qed simp

lemma nth_nth_transpose_sorted[simp]:
  fixes xs :: "'a list list"
  assumes sorted: "sorted (rev (map length xs))"
  and i: "i < length (transpose xs)"
  and j: "j < length [ys \<leftarrow> xs. i < length ys]"
  shows "transpose xs ! i ! j = xs ! j  ! i"
  using j filter_equals_takeWhile_sorted_rev[OF sorted, of i]
    nth_transpose[OF i] nth_map[OF j]
  by (simp add: takeWhile_nth)

lemma transpose_column_length:
  fixes xs :: "'a list list"
  assumes sorted: "sorted (rev (map length xs))" and "i < length xs"
  shows "length (filter (\<lambda>ys. i < length ys) (transpose xs)) = length (xs ! i)"
proof -
  have "xs \<noteq> []" using `i < length xs` by auto
  note filter_equals_takeWhile_sorted_rev[OF sorted, simp]
  { fix j assume "j \<le> i"
    note sorted_rev_nth_mono[OF sorted, of j i, simplified, OF this `i < length xs`]
  } note sortedE = this[consumes 1]

  have "{j. j < length (transpose xs) \<and> i < length (transpose xs ! j)}
    = {..< length (xs ! i)}"
  proof safe
    fix j
    assume "j < length (transpose xs)" and "i < length (transpose xs ! j)"
    with this(2) nth_transpose[OF this(1)]
    have "i < length (takeWhile (\<lambda>ys. j < length ys) xs)" by simp
    from nth_mem[OF this] takeWhile_nth[OF this]
    show "j < length (xs ! i)" by (auto dest: set_takeWhileD)
  next
    fix j assume "j < length (xs ! i)"
    thus "j < length (transpose xs)"
      using foldr_max_sorted[OF sorted] `xs \<noteq> []` sortedE[OF le0]
      by (auto simp: length_transpose comp_def foldr_map)

    have "Suc i \<le> length (takeWhile (\<lambda>ys. j < length ys) xs)"
      using `i < length xs` `j < length (xs ! i)` less_Suc_eq_le
      by (auto intro!: length_takeWhile_less_P_nth dest!: sortedE)
    with nth_transpose[OF `j < length (transpose xs)`]
    show "i < length (transpose xs ! j)" by simp
  qed
  thus ?thesis by (simp add: length_filter_conv_card)
qed

lemma transpose_column:
  fixes xs :: "'a list list"
  assumes sorted: "sorted (rev (map length xs))" and "i < length xs"
  shows "map (\<lambda>ys. ys ! i) (filter (\<lambda>ys. i < length ys) (transpose xs))
    = xs ! i" (is "?R = _")
proof (rule nth_equalityI, safe)
  show length: "length ?R = length (xs ! i)"
    using transpose_column_length[OF assms] by simp

  fix j assume j: "j < length ?R"
  note * = less_le_trans[OF this, unfolded length_map, OF length_filter_le]
  from j have j_less: "j < length (xs ! i)" using length by simp
  have i_less_tW: "Suc i \<le> length (takeWhile (\<lambda>ys. Suc j \<le> length ys) xs)"
  proof (rule length_takeWhile_less_P_nth)
    show "Suc i \<le> length xs" using `i < length xs` by simp
    fix k assume "k < Suc i"
    hence "k \<le> i" by auto
    with sorted_rev_nth_mono[OF sorted this] `i < length xs`
    have "length (xs ! i) \<le> length (xs ! k)" by simp
    thus "Suc j \<le> length (xs ! k)" using j_less by simp
  qed
  have i_less_filter: "i < length [ys\<leftarrow>xs . j < length ys]"
    unfolding filter_equals_takeWhile_sorted_rev[OF sorted, of j]
    using i_less_tW by (simp_all add: Suc_le_eq)
  from j show "?R ! j = xs ! i ! j"
    unfolding filter_equals_takeWhile_sorted_rev[OF sorted_transpose, of i]
    by (simp add: takeWhile_nth nth_nth_transpose_sorted[OF sorted * i_less_filter])
qed

lemma transpose_transpose:
  fixes xs :: "'a list list"
  assumes sorted: "sorted (rev (map length xs))"
  shows "transpose (transpose xs) = takeWhile (\<lambda>x. x \<noteq> []) xs" (is "?L = ?R")
proof -
  have len: "length ?L = length ?R"
    unfolding length_transpose transpose_max_length
    using filter_equals_takeWhile_sorted_rev[OF sorted, of 0]
    by simp

  { fix i assume "i < length ?R"
    with less_le_trans[OF _ length_takeWhile_le[of _ xs]]
    have "i < length xs" by simp
  } note * = this
  show ?thesis
    by (rule nth_equalityI)
       (simp_all add: len nth_transpose transpose_column[OF sorted] * takeWhile_nth)
qed

theorem transpose_rectangle:
  assumes "xs = [] \<Longrightarrow> n = 0"
  assumes rect: "\<And> i. i < length xs \<Longrightarrow> length (xs ! i) = n"
  shows "transpose xs = map (\<lambda> i. map (\<lambda> j. xs ! j ! i) [0..<length xs]) [0..<n]"
    (is "?trans = ?map")
proof (rule nth_equalityI)
  have "sorted (rev (map length xs))"
    by (auto simp: rev_nth rect intro!: sorted_nth_monoI)
  from foldr_max_sorted[OF this] assms
  show len: "length ?trans = length ?map"
    by (simp_all add: length_transpose foldr_map comp_def)
  moreover
  { fix i assume "i < n" hence "[ys\<leftarrow>xs . i < length ys] = xs"
      using rect by (auto simp: in_set_conv_nth intro!: filter_True) }
  ultimately show "\<forall>i < length ?trans. ?trans ! i = ?map ! i"
    by (auto simp: nth_transpose intro: nth_equalityI)
qed


subsubsection {* @{text sorted_list_of_set} *}

text{* This function maps (finite) linearly ordered sets to sorted
lists. Warning: in most cases it is not a good idea to convert from
sets to lists but one should convert in the other direction (via
@{const set}). *}

context linorder
begin

definition sorted_list_of_set :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
  "sorted_list_of_set = Finite_Set.fold insort []"

lemma sorted_list_of_set_empty [simp]:
  "sorted_list_of_set {} = []"
  by (simp add: sorted_list_of_set_def)

lemma sorted_list_of_set_insert [simp]:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "sorted_list_of_set (insert x A) = insort x (sorted_list_of_set (A - {x}))"
proof -
  interpret fun_left_comm insort by (fact fun_left_comm_insort)
  with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: sorted_list_of_set_def fold_insert_remove)
qed

lemma sorted_list_of_set [simp]:
  "finite A \<Longrightarrow> set (sorted_list_of_set A) = A \<and> sorted (sorted_list_of_set A) 
    \<and> distinct (sorted_list_of_set A)"
  by (induct A rule: finite_induct) (simp_all add: set_insort sorted_insort distinct_insort)

lemma sorted_list_of_set_sort_remdups:
  "sorted_list_of_set (set xs) = sort (remdups xs)"
proof -
  interpret fun_left_comm insort by (fact fun_left_comm_insort)
  show ?thesis by (simp add: sort_foldl_insort sorted_list_of_set_def fold_set_remdups)
qed

lemma sorted_list_of_set_remove:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "sorted_list_of_set (A - {x}) = remove1 x (sorted_list_of_set A)"
proof (cases "x \<in> A")
  case False with assms have "x \<notin> set (sorted_list_of_set A)" by simp
  with False show ?thesis by (simp add: remove1_idem)
next
  case True then obtain B where A: "A = insert x B" by (rule Set.set_insert)
  with assms show ?thesis by simp
qed

end

lemma sorted_list_of_set_range [simp]:
  "sorted_list_of_set {m..<n} = [m..<n]"
  by (rule sorted_distinct_set_unique) simp_all


subsubsection {* @{text lists}: the list-forming operator over sets *}

inductive_set
  lists :: "'a set => 'a list set"
  for A :: "'a set"
where
    Nil [intro!, simp]: "[]: lists A"
  | Cons [intro!, simp, no_atp]: "[| a: A; l: lists A|] ==> a#l : lists A"

inductive_cases listsE [elim!,no_atp]: "x#l : lists A"
inductive_cases listspE [elim!,no_atp]: "listsp A (x # l)"

lemma listsp_mono [mono]: "A \<le> B ==> listsp A \<le> listsp B"
by (rule predicate1I, erule listsp.induct, (blast dest: predicate1D)+)

lemmas lists_mono = listsp_mono [to_set pred_subset_eq]

lemma listsp_infI:
  assumes l: "listsp A l" shows "listsp B l ==> listsp (inf A B) l" using l
by induct blast+

lemmas lists_IntI = listsp_infI [to_set]

lemma listsp_inf_eq [simp]: "listsp (inf A B) = inf (listsp A) (listsp B)"
proof (rule mono_inf [where f=listsp, THEN order_antisym])
  show "mono listsp" by (simp add: mono_def listsp_mono)
  show "inf (listsp A) (listsp B) \<le> listsp (inf A B)" by (blast intro!: listsp_infI predicate1I)
qed

lemmas listsp_conj_eq [simp] = listsp_inf_eq [simplified inf_fun_def inf_bool_def]

lemmas lists_Int_eq [simp] = listsp_inf_eq [to_set pred_equals_eq]

lemma Cons_in_lists_iff[simp]: "x#xs : lists A \<longleftrightarrow> x:A \<and> xs : lists A"
by auto

lemma append_in_listsp_conv [iff]:
     "(listsp A (xs @ ys)) = (listsp A xs \<and> listsp A ys)"
by (induct xs) auto

lemmas append_in_lists_conv [iff] = append_in_listsp_conv [to_set]

lemma in_listsp_conv_set: "(listsp A xs) = (\<forall>x \<in> set xs. A x)"
-- {* eliminate @{text listsp} in favour of @{text set} *}
by (induct xs) auto

lemmas in_lists_conv_set = in_listsp_conv_set [to_set]

lemma in_listspD [dest!,no_atp]: "listsp A xs ==> \<forall>x\<in>set xs. A x"
by (rule in_listsp_conv_set [THEN iffD1])

lemmas in_listsD [dest!,no_atp] = in_listspD [to_set]

lemma in_listspI [intro!,no_atp]: "\<forall>x\<in>set xs. A x ==> listsp A xs"
by (rule in_listsp_conv_set [THEN iffD2])

lemmas in_listsI [intro!,no_atp] = in_listspI [to_set]

lemma lists_eq_set: "lists A = {xs. set xs <= A}"
by auto

lemma lists_empty [simp]: "lists {} = {[]}"
by auto

lemma lists_UNIV [simp]: "lists UNIV = UNIV"
by auto


subsubsection {* Inductive definition for membership *}

inductive ListMem :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> bool"
where
    elem:  "ListMem x (x # xs)"
  | insert:  "ListMem x xs \<Longrightarrow> ListMem x (y # xs)"

lemma ListMem_iff: "(ListMem x xs) = (x \<in> set xs)"
apply (rule iffI)
 apply (induct set: ListMem)
  apply auto
apply (induct xs)
 apply (auto intro: ListMem.intros)
done


subsubsection {* Lists as Cartesian products *}

text{*@{text"set_Cons A Xs"}: the set of lists with head drawn from
@{term A} and tail drawn from @{term Xs}.*}

definition
  set_Cons :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a list set \<Rightarrow> 'a list set" where
  "set_Cons A XS = {z. \<exists>x xs. z = x # xs \<and> x \<in> A \<and> xs \<in> XS}"

lemma set_Cons_sing_Nil [simp]: "set_Cons A {[]} = (%x. [x])`A"
by (auto simp add: set_Cons_def)

text{*Yields the set of lists, all of the same length as the argument and
with elements drawn from the corresponding element of the argument.*}

primrec
  listset :: "'a set list \<Rightarrow> 'a list set" where
     "listset [] = {[]}"
  |  "listset (A # As) = set_Cons A (listset As)"


subsection {* Relations on Lists *}

subsubsection {* Length Lexicographic Ordering *}

text{*These orderings preserve well-foundedness: shorter lists 
  precede longer lists. These ordering are not used in dictionaries.*}
        
primrec -- {*The lexicographic ordering for lists of the specified length*}
  lexn :: "('a \<times> 'a) set \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> ('a list \<times> 'a list) set" where
    "lexn r 0 = {}"
  | "lexn r (Suc n) = (map_pair (%(x, xs). x#xs) (%(x, xs). x#xs) ` (r <*lex*> lexn r n)) Int
      {(xs, ys). length xs = Suc n \<and> length ys = Suc n}"

definition
  lex :: "('a \<times> 'a) set \<Rightarrow> ('a list \<times> 'a list) set" where
  "lex r = (\<Union>n. lexn r n)" -- {*Holds only between lists of the same length*}

definition
  lenlex :: "('a \<times> 'a) set => ('a list \<times> 'a list) set" where
  "lenlex r = inv_image (less_than <*lex*> lex r) (\<lambda>xs. (length xs, xs))"
        -- {*Compares lists by their length and then lexicographically*}

lemma wf_lexn: "wf r ==> wf (lexn r n)"
apply (induct n, simp, simp)
apply(rule wf_subset)
 prefer 2 apply (rule Int_lower1)
apply(rule wf_map_pair_image)
 prefer 2 apply (rule inj_onI, auto)
done

lemma lexn_length:
  "(xs, ys) : lexn r n ==> length xs = n \<and> length ys = n"
by (induct n arbitrary: xs ys) auto

lemma wf_lex [intro!]: "wf r ==> wf (lex r)"
apply (unfold lex_def)
apply (rule wf_UN)
apply (blast intro: wf_lexn, clarify)
apply (rename_tac m n)
apply (subgoal_tac "m \<noteq> n")
 prefer 2 apply blast
apply (blast dest: lexn_length not_sym)
done

lemma lexn_conv:
  "lexn r n =
    {(xs,ys). length xs = n \<and> length ys = n \<and>
    (\<exists>xys x y xs' ys'. xs= xys @ x#xs' \<and> ys= xys @ y # ys' \<and> (x, y):r)}"
apply (induct n, simp)
apply (simp add: image_Collect lex_prod_def, safe, blast)
 apply (rule_tac x = "ab # xys" in exI, simp)
apply (case_tac xys, simp_all, blast)
done

lemma lex_conv:
  "lex r =
    {(xs,ys). length xs = length ys \<and>
    (\<exists>xys x y xs' ys'. xs = xys @ x # xs' \<and> ys = xys @ y # ys' \<and> (x, y):r)}"
by (force simp add: lex_def lexn_conv)

lemma wf_lenlex [intro!]: "wf r ==> wf (lenlex r)"
by (unfold lenlex_def) blast

lemma lenlex_conv:
    "lenlex r = {(xs,ys). length xs < length ys |
                 length xs = length ys \<and> (xs, ys) : lex r}"
by (simp add: lenlex_def Id_on_def lex_prod_def inv_image_def)

lemma Nil_notin_lex [iff]: "([], ys) \<notin> lex r"
by (simp add: lex_conv)

lemma Nil2_notin_lex [iff]: "(xs, []) \<notin> lex r"
by (simp add:lex_conv)

lemma Cons_in_lex [simp]:
    "((x # xs, y # ys) : lex r) =
      ((x, y) : r \<and> length xs = length ys | x = y \<and> (xs, ys) : lex r)"
apply (simp add: lex_conv)
apply (rule iffI)
 prefer 2 apply (blast intro: Cons_eq_appendI, clarify)
apply (case_tac xys, simp, simp)
apply blast
done


subsubsection {* Lexicographic Ordering *}

text {* Classical lexicographic ordering on lists, ie. "a" < "ab" < "b".
    This ordering does \emph{not} preserve well-foundedness.
     Author: N. Voelker, March 2005. *} 

definition
  lexord :: "('a \<times> 'a) set \<Rightarrow> ('a list \<times> 'a list) set" where
  "lexord r = {(x,y ). \<exists> a v. y = x @ a # v \<or>
            (\<exists> u a b v w. (a,b) \<in> r \<and> x = u @ (a # v) \<and> y = u @ (b # w))}"

lemma lexord_Nil_left[simp]:  "([],y) \<in> lexord r = (\<exists> a x. y = a # x)"
by (unfold lexord_def, induct_tac y, auto) 

lemma lexord_Nil_right[simp]: "(x,[]) \<notin> lexord r"
by (unfold lexord_def, induct_tac x, auto)

lemma lexord_cons_cons[simp]:
     "((a # x, b # y) \<in> lexord r) = ((a,b)\<in> r | (a = b & (x,y)\<in> lexord r))"
  apply (unfold lexord_def, safe, simp_all)
  apply (case_tac u, simp, simp)
  apply (case_tac u, simp, clarsimp, blast, blast, clarsimp)
  apply (erule_tac x="b # u" in allE)
  by force

lemmas lexord_simps = lexord_Nil_left lexord_Nil_right lexord_cons_cons

lemma lexord_append_rightI: "\<exists> b z. y = b # z \<Longrightarrow> (x, x @ y) \<in> lexord r"
by (induct_tac x, auto)  

lemma lexord_append_left_rightI:
     "(a,b) \<in> r \<Longrightarrow> (u @ a # x, u @ b # y) \<in> lexord r"
by (induct_tac u, auto)

lemma lexord_append_leftI: " (u,v) \<in> lexord r \<Longrightarrow> (x @ u, x @ v) \<in> lexord r"
by (induct x, auto)

lemma lexord_append_leftD:
     "\<lbrakk> (x @ u, x @ v) \<in> lexord r; (! a. (a,a) \<notin> r) \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (u,v) \<in> lexord r"
by (erule rev_mp, induct_tac x, auto)

lemma lexord_take_index_conv: 
   "((x,y) : lexord r) = 
    ((length x < length y \<and> take (length x) y = x) \<or> 
     (\<exists>i. i < min(length x)(length y) & take i x = take i y & (x!i,y!i) \<in> r))"
  apply (unfold lexord_def Let_def, clarsimp) 
  apply (rule_tac f = "(% a b. a \<or> b)" in arg_cong2)
  apply auto 
  apply (rule_tac x="hd (drop (length x) y)" in exI)
  apply (rule_tac x="tl (drop (length x) y)" in exI)
  apply (erule subst, simp add: min_def) 
  apply (rule_tac x ="length u" in exI, simp) 
  apply (rule_tac x ="take i x" in exI) 
  apply (rule_tac x ="x ! i" in exI) 
  apply (rule_tac x ="y ! i" in exI, safe) 
  apply (rule_tac x="drop (Suc i) x" in exI)
  apply (drule sym, simp add: drop_Suc_conv_tl) 
  apply (rule_tac x="drop (Suc i) y" in exI)
  by (simp add: drop_Suc_conv_tl) 

-- {* lexord is extension of partial ordering List.lex *} 
lemma lexord_lex: " (x,y) \<in> lex r = ((x,y) \<in> lexord r \<and> length x = length y)"
  apply (rule_tac x = y in spec) 
  apply (induct_tac x, clarsimp) 
  by (clarify, case_tac x, simp, force)

lemma lexord_irreflexive: "(! x. (x,x) \<notin> r) \<Longrightarrow> (y,y) \<notin> lexord r"
  by (induct y, auto)

lemma lexord_trans: 
    "\<lbrakk> (x, y) \<in> lexord r; (y, z) \<in> lexord r; trans r \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (x, z) \<in> lexord r"
   apply (erule rev_mp)+
   apply (rule_tac x = x in spec) 
  apply (rule_tac x = z in spec) 
  apply ( induct_tac y, simp, clarify)
  apply (case_tac xa, erule ssubst) 
  apply (erule allE, erule allE) -- {* avoid simp recursion *} 
  apply (case_tac x, simp, simp) 
  apply (case_tac x, erule allE, erule allE, simp)
  apply (erule_tac x = listb in allE) 
  apply (erule_tac x = lista in allE, simp)
  apply (unfold trans_def)
  by blast

lemma lexord_transI:  "trans r \<Longrightarrow> trans (lexord r)"
by (rule transI, drule lexord_trans, blast) 

lemma lexord_linear: "(! a b. (a,b)\<in> r | a = b | (b,a) \<in> r) \<Longrightarrow> (x,y) : lexord r | x = y | (y,x) : lexord r"
  apply (rule_tac x = y in spec) 
  apply (induct_tac x, rule allI) 
  apply (case_tac x, simp, simp) 
  apply (rule allI, case_tac x, simp, simp) 
  by blast


subsubsection {* Lexicographic combination of measure functions *}

text {* These are useful for termination proofs *}

definition
  "measures fs = inv_image (lex less_than) (%a. map (%f. f a) fs)"

lemma wf_measures[recdef_wf, simp]: "wf (measures fs)"
unfolding measures_def
by blast

lemma in_measures[simp]: 
  "(x, y) \<in> measures [] = False"
  "(x, y) \<in> measures (f # fs)
         = (f x < f y \<or> (f x = f y \<and> (x, y) \<in> measures fs))"  
unfolding measures_def
by auto

lemma measures_less: "f x < f y ==> (x, y) \<in> measures (f#fs)"
by simp

lemma measures_lesseq: "f x <= f y ==> (x, y) \<in> measures fs ==> (x, y) \<in> measures (f#fs)"
by auto


subsubsection {* Lifting Relations to Lists: one element *}

definition listrel1 :: "('a \<times> 'a) set \<Rightarrow> ('a list \<times> 'a list) set" where
"listrel1 r = {(xs,ys).
   \<exists>us z z' vs. xs = us @ z # vs \<and> (z,z') \<in> r \<and> ys = us @ z' # vs}"

lemma listrel1I:
  "\<lbrakk> (x, y) \<in> r;  xs = us @ x # vs;  ys = us @ y # vs \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
  (xs, ys) \<in> listrel1 r"
unfolding listrel1_def by auto

lemma listrel1E:
  "\<lbrakk> (xs, ys) \<in> listrel1 r;
     !!x y us vs. \<lbrakk> (x, y) \<in> r;  xs = us @ x # vs;  ys = us @ y # vs \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P
   \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P"
unfolding listrel1_def by auto

lemma not_Nil_listrel1 [iff]: "([], xs) \<notin> listrel1 r"
unfolding listrel1_def by blast

lemma not_listrel1_Nil [iff]: "(xs, []) \<notin> listrel1 r"
unfolding listrel1_def by blast

lemma Cons_listrel1_Cons [iff]:
  "(x # xs, y # ys) \<in> listrel1 r \<longleftrightarrow>
   (x,y) \<in> r \<and> xs = ys \<or> x = y \<and> (xs, ys) \<in> listrel1 r"
by (simp add: listrel1_def Cons_eq_append_conv) (blast)

lemma listrel1I1: "(x,y) \<in> r \<Longrightarrow> (x # xs, y # xs) \<in> listrel1 r"
by (metis Cons_listrel1_Cons)

lemma listrel1I2: "(xs, ys) \<in> listrel1 r \<Longrightarrow> (x # xs, x # ys) \<in> listrel1 r"
by (metis Cons_listrel1_Cons)

lemma append_listrel1I:
  "(xs, ys) \<in> listrel1 r \<and> us = vs \<or> xs = ys \<and> (us, vs) \<in> listrel1 r
    \<Longrightarrow> (xs @ us, ys @ vs) \<in> listrel1 r"
unfolding listrel1_def
by auto (blast intro: append_eq_appendI)+

lemma Cons_listrel1E1[elim!]:
  assumes "(x # xs, ys) \<in> listrel1 r"
    and "\<And>y. ys = y # xs \<Longrightarrow> (x, y) \<in> r \<Longrightarrow> R"
    and "\<And>zs. ys = x # zs \<Longrightarrow> (xs, zs) \<in> listrel1 r \<Longrightarrow> R"
  shows R
using assms by (cases ys) blast+

lemma Cons_listrel1E2[elim!]:
  assumes "(xs, y # ys) \<in> listrel1 r"
    and "\<And>x. xs = x # ys \<Longrightarrow> (x, y) \<in> r \<Longrightarrow> R"
    and "\<And>zs. xs = y # zs \<Longrightarrow> (zs, ys) \<in> listrel1 r \<Longrightarrow> R"
  shows R
using assms by (cases xs) blast+

lemma snoc_listrel1_snoc_iff:
  "(xs @ [x], ys @ [y]) \<in> listrel1 r
    \<longleftrightarrow> (xs, ys) \<in> listrel1 r \<and> x = y \<or> xs = ys \<and> (x,y) \<in> r" (is "?L \<longleftrightarrow> ?R")
proof
  assume ?L thus ?R
    by (fastsimp simp: listrel1_def snoc_eq_iff_butlast butlast_append)
next
  assume ?R then show ?L unfolding listrel1_def by force
qed

lemma listrel1_eq_len: "(xs,ys) \<in> listrel1 r \<Longrightarrow> length xs = length ys"
unfolding listrel1_def by auto

lemma listrel1_mono:
  "r \<subseteq> s \<Longrightarrow> listrel1 r \<subseteq> listrel1 s"
unfolding listrel1_def by blast


lemma listrel1_converse: "listrel1 (r^-1) = (listrel1 r)^-1"
unfolding listrel1_def by blast

lemma in_listrel1_converse:
  "(x,y) : listrel1 (r^-1) \<longleftrightarrow> (x,y) : (listrel1 r)^-1"
unfolding listrel1_def by blast

lemma listrel1_iff_update:
  "(xs,ys) \<in> (listrel1 r)
   \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>y n. (xs ! n, y) \<in> r \<and> n < length xs \<and> ys = xs[n:=y])" (is "?L \<longleftrightarrow> ?R")
proof
  assume "?L"
  then obtain x y u v where "xs = u @ x # v"  "ys = u @ y # v"  "(x,y) \<in> r"
    unfolding listrel1_def by auto
  then have "ys = xs[length u := y]" and "length u < length xs"
    and "(xs ! length u, y) \<in> r" by auto
  then show "?R" by auto
next
  assume "?R"
  then obtain x y n where "(xs!n, y) \<in> r" "n < size xs" "ys = xs[n:=y]" "x = xs!n"
    by auto
  then obtain u v where "xs = u @ x # v" and "ys = u @ y # v" and "(x, y) \<in> r"
    by (auto intro: upd_conv_take_nth_drop id_take_nth_drop)
  then show "?L" by (auto simp: listrel1_def)
qed


text{* Accessible part of @{term listrel1} relations: *}

lemma Cons_acc_listrel1I [intro!]:
  "x \<in> acc r \<Longrightarrow> xs \<in> acc (listrel1 r) \<Longrightarrow> (x # xs) \<in> acc (listrel1 r)"
apply (induct arbitrary: xs set: acc)
apply (erule thin_rl)
apply (erule acc_induct)
apply (rule accI)
apply (blast)
done

lemma lists_accD: "xs \<in> lists (acc r) \<Longrightarrow> xs \<in> acc (listrel1 r)"
apply (induct set: lists)
 apply (rule accI)
 apply simp
apply (rule accI)
apply (fast dest: acc_downward)
done

lemma lists_accI: "xs \<in> acc (listrel1 r) \<Longrightarrow> xs \<in> lists (acc r)"
apply (induct set: acc)
apply clarify
apply (rule accI)
apply (fastsimp dest!: in_set_conv_decomp[THEN iffD1] simp: listrel1_def)
done


subsubsection {* Lifting Relations to Lists: all elements *}

inductive_set
  listrel :: "('a * 'a)set => ('a list * 'a list)set"
  for r :: "('a * 'a)set"
where
    Nil:  "([],[]) \<in> listrel r"
  | Cons: "[| (x,y) \<in> r; (xs,ys) \<in> listrel r |] ==> (x#xs, y#ys) \<in> listrel r"

inductive_cases listrel_Nil1 [elim!]: "([],xs) \<in> listrel r"
inductive_cases listrel_Nil2 [elim!]: "(xs,[]) \<in> listrel r"
inductive_cases listrel_Cons1 [elim!]: "(y#ys,xs) \<in> listrel r"
inductive_cases listrel_Cons2 [elim!]: "(xs,y#ys) \<in> listrel r"


lemma listrel_eq_len:  "(xs, ys) \<in> listrel r \<Longrightarrow> length xs = length ys"
by(induct rule: listrel.induct) auto

lemma listrel_iff_zip: "(xs,ys) : listrel r \<longleftrightarrow>
  length xs = length ys & (\<forall>(x,y) \<in> set(zip xs ys). (x,y) \<in> r)" (is "?L \<longleftrightarrow> ?R")
proof
  assume ?L thus ?R by induct (auto intro: listrel_eq_len)
next
  assume ?R thus ?L
    apply (clarify)
    by (induct rule: list_induct2) (auto intro: listrel.intros)
qed

lemma listrel_iff_nth: "(xs,ys) : listrel r \<longleftrightarrow>
  length xs = length ys & (\<forall>n < length xs. (xs!n, ys!n) \<in> r)" (is "?L \<longleftrightarrow> ?R")
by (auto simp add: all_set_conv_all_nth listrel_iff_zip)


lemma listrel_mono: "r \<subseteq> s \<Longrightarrow> listrel r \<subseteq> listrel s"
apply clarify  
apply (erule listrel.induct)
apply (blast intro: listrel.intros)+
done

lemma listrel_subset: "r \<subseteq> A \<times> A \<Longrightarrow> listrel r \<subseteq> lists A \<times> lists A"
apply clarify 
apply (erule listrel.induct, auto) 
done

lemma listrel_refl_on: "refl_on A r \<Longrightarrow> refl_on (lists A) (listrel r)" 
apply (simp add: refl_on_def listrel_subset Ball_def)
apply (rule allI) 
apply (induct_tac x) 
apply (auto intro: listrel.intros)
done

lemma listrel_sym: "sym r \<Longrightarrow> sym (listrel r)" 
apply (auto simp add: sym_def)
apply (erule listrel.induct) 
apply (blast intro: listrel.intros)+
done

lemma listrel_trans: "trans r \<Longrightarrow> trans (listrel r)" 
apply (simp add: trans_def)
apply (intro allI) 
apply (rule impI) 
apply (erule listrel.induct) 
apply (blast intro: listrel.intros)+
done

theorem equiv_listrel: "equiv A r \<Longrightarrow> equiv (lists A) (listrel r)"
by (simp add: equiv_def listrel_refl_on listrel_sym listrel_trans) 

lemma listrel_rtrancl_refl[iff]: "(xs,xs) : listrel(r^*)"
using listrel_refl_on[of UNIV, OF refl_rtrancl]
by(auto simp: refl_on_def)

lemma listrel_rtrancl_trans:
  "\<lbrakk> (xs,ys) : listrel(r^*);  (ys,zs) : listrel(r^*) \<rbrakk>
  \<Longrightarrow> (xs,zs) : listrel(r^*)"
by (metis listrel_trans trans_def trans_rtrancl)


lemma listrel_Nil [simp]: "listrel r `` {[]} = {[]}"
by (blast intro: listrel.intros)

lemma listrel_Cons:
     "listrel r `` {x#xs} = set_Cons (r``{x}) (listrel r `` {xs})"
by (auto simp add: set_Cons_def intro: listrel.intros)

text {* Relating @{term listrel1}, @{term listrel} and closures: *}

lemma listrel1_rtrancl_subset_rtrancl_listrel1:
  "listrel1 (r^*) \<subseteq> (listrel1 r)^*"
proof (rule subrelI)
  fix xs ys assume 1: "(xs,ys) \<in> listrel1 (r^*)"
  { fix x y us vs
    have "(x,y) : r^* \<Longrightarrow> (us @ x # vs, us @ y # vs) : (listrel1 r)^*"
    proof(induct rule: rtrancl.induct)
      case rtrancl_refl show ?case by simp
    next
      case rtrancl_into_rtrancl thus ?case
        by (metis listrel1I rtrancl.rtrancl_into_rtrancl)
    qed }
  thus "(xs,ys) \<in> (listrel1 r)^*" using 1 by(blast elim: listrel1E)
qed

lemma rtrancl_listrel1_eq_len: "(x,y) \<in> (listrel1 r)^* \<Longrightarrow> length x = length y"
by (induct rule: rtrancl.induct) (auto intro: listrel1_eq_len)

lemma rtrancl_listrel1_ConsI1:
  "(xs,ys) : (listrel1 r)^* \<Longrightarrow> (x#xs,x#ys) : (listrel1 r)^*"
apply(induct rule: rtrancl.induct)
 apply simp
by (metis listrel1I2 rtrancl.rtrancl_into_rtrancl)

lemma rtrancl_listrel1_ConsI2:
  "(x,y) \<in> r^* \<Longrightarrow> (xs, ys) \<in> (listrel1 r)^*
  \<Longrightarrow> (x # xs, y # ys) \<in> (listrel1 r)^*"
  by (blast intro: rtrancl_trans rtrancl_listrel1_ConsI1 
    subsetD[OF listrel1_rtrancl_subset_rtrancl_listrel1 listrel1I1])

lemma listrel1_subset_listrel:
  "r \<subseteq> r' \<Longrightarrow> refl r' \<Longrightarrow> listrel1 r \<subseteq> listrel(r')"
by(auto elim!: listrel1E simp add: listrel_iff_zip set_zip refl_on_def)

lemma listrel_reflcl_if_listrel1:
  "(xs,ys) : listrel1 r \<Longrightarrow> (xs,ys) : listrel(r^*)"
by(erule listrel1E)(auto simp add: listrel_iff_zip set_zip)

lemma listrel_rtrancl_eq_rtrancl_listrel1: "listrel (r^*) = (listrel1 r)^*"
proof
  { fix x y assume "(x,y) \<in> listrel (r^*)"
    then have "(x,y) \<in> (listrel1 r)^*"
    by induct (auto intro: rtrancl_listrel1_ConsI2) }
  then show "listrel (r^*) \<subseteq> (listrel1 r)^*"
    by (rule subrelI)
next
  show "listrel (r^*) \<supseteq> (listrel1 r)^*"
  proof(rule subrelI)
    fix xs ys assume "(xs,ys) \<in> (listrel1 r)^*"
    then show "(xs,ys) \<in> listrel (r^*)"
    proof induct
      case base show ?case by(auto simp add: listrel_iff_zip set_zip)
    next
      case (step ys zs)
      thus ?case  by (metis listrel_reflcl_if_listrel1 listrel_rtrancl_trans)
    qed
  qed
qed

lemma rtrancl_listrel1_if_listrel:
  "(xs,ys) : listrel r \<Longrightarrow> (xs,ys) : (listrel1 r)^*"
by(metis listrel_rtrancl_eq_rtrancl_listrel1 subsetD[OF listrel_mono] r_into_rtrancl subsetI)

lemma listrel_subset_rtrancl_listrel1: "listrel r \<subseteq> (listrel1 r)^*"
by(fast intro:rtrancl_listrel1_if_listrel)


subsection {* Size function *}

lemma [measure_function]: "is_measure f \<Longrightarrow> is_measure (list_size f)"
by (rule is_measure_trivial)

lemma [measure_function]: "is_measure f \<Longrightarrow> is_measure (option_size f)"
by (rule is_measure_trivial)

lemma list_size_estimation[termination_simp]: 
  "x \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> y < f x \<Longrightarrow> y < list_size f xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma list_size_estimation'[termination_simp]: 
  "x \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> y \<le> f x \<Longrightarrow> y \<le> list_size f xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma list_size_map[simp]: "list_size f (map g xs) = list_size (f o g) xs"
by (induct xs) auto

lemma list_size_pointwise[termination_simp]: 
  "(\<And>x. x \<in> set xs \<Longrightarrow> f x < g x) \<Longrightarrow> list_size f xs \<le> list_size g xs"
by (induct xs) force+


subsection {* Transfer *}

definition
  embed_list :: "nat list \<Rightarrow> int list"
where
  "embed_list l = map int l"

definition
  nat_list :: "int list \<Rightarrow> bool"
where
  "nat_list l = nat_set (set l)"

definition
  return_list :: "int list \<Rightarrow> nat list"
where
  "return_list l = map nat l"

lemma transfer_nat_int_list_return_embed: "nat_list l \<longrightarrow>
    embed_list (return_list l) = l"
  unfolding embed_list_def return_list_def nat_list_def nat_set_def
  apply (induct l)
  apply auto
done

lemma transfer_nat_int_list_functions:
  "l @ m = return_list (embed_list l @ embed_list m)"
  "[] = return_list []"
  unfolding return_list_def embed_list_def
  apply auto
  apply (induct l, auto)
  apply (induct m, auto)
done

(*
lemma transfer_nat_int_fold1: "fold f l x =
    fold (%x. f (nat x)) (embed_list l) x";
*)


subsection {* Code generation *}

subsubsection {* Counterparts for set-related operations *}

definition member :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool" where
  [code_post]: "member xs x \<longleftrightarrow> x \<in> set xs"

text {*
  Only use @{text member} for generating executable code.  Otherwise use
  @{prop "x \<in> set xs"} instead --- it is much easier to reason about.
*}

lemma member_set:
  "member = set"
  by (simp add: fun_eq_iff member_def mem_def)

lemma member_rec [code]:
  "member (x # xs) y \<longleftrightarrow> x = y \<or> member xs y"
  "member [] y \<longleftrightarrow> False"
  by (auto simp add: member_def)

lemma in_set_member [code_unfold]:
  "x \<in> set xs \<longleftrightarrow> member xs x"
  by (simp add: member_def)

declare INFI_def [code_unfold]
declare SUPR_def [code_unfold]

declare set_map [symmetric, code_unfold]

definition list_all :: "('a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> bool" where
  list_all_iff [code_post]: "list_all P xs \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x \<in> set xs. P x)"

definition list_ex :: "('a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> bool" where
  list_ex_iff [code_post]: "list_ex P xs \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>x \<in> set xs. P x)"

definition list_ex1
where
  list_ex1_iff: "list_ex1 P xs \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>! x. x \<in> set xs \<and> P x)"

text {*
  Usually you should prefer @{text "\<forall>x\<in>set xs"} and @{text "\<exists>x\<in>set xs"}
  over @{const list_all} and @{const list_ex} in specifications.
*}

lemma list_all_simps [simp, code]:
  "list_all P (x # xs) \<longleftrightarrow> P x \<and> list_all P xs"
  "list_all P [] \<longleftrightarrow> True"
  by (simp_all add: list_all_iff)

lemma list_ex_simps [simp, code]:
  "list_ex P (x # xs) \<longleftrightarrow> P x \<or> list_ex P xs"
  "list_ex P [] \<longleftrightarrow> False"
  by (simp_all add: list_ex_iff)

lemma list_ex1_simps [simp, code]:
  "list_ex1 P [] = False"
  "list_ex1 P (x # xs) = (if P x then list_all (\<lambda>y. \<not> P y \<or> x = y) xs else list_ex1 P xs)"
unfolding list_ex1_iff list_all_iff by auto

lemma Ball_set_list_all [code_unfold]:
  "Ball (set xs) P \<longleftrightarrow> list_all P xs"
  by (simp add: list_all_iff)

lemma Bex_set_list_ex [code_unfold]:
  "Bex (set xs) P \<longleftrightarrow> list_ex P xs"
  by (simp add: list_ex_iff)

lemma list_all_append [simp]:
  "list_all P (xs @ ys) \<longleftrightarrow> list_all P xs \<and> list_all P ys"
  by (auto simp add: list_all_iff)

lemma list_ex_append [simp]:
  "list_ex P (xs @ ys) \<longleftrightarrow> list_ex P xs \<or> list_ex P ys"
  by (auto simp add: list_ex_iff)

lemma list_all_rev [simp]:
  "list_all P (rev xs) \<longleftrightarrow> list_all P xs"
  by (simp add: list_all_iff)

lemma list_ex_rev [simp]:
  "list_ex P (rev xs) \<longleftrightarrow> list_ex P xs"
  by (simp add: list_ex_iff)

lemma list_all_length:
  "list_all P xs \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>n < length xs. P (xs ! n))"
  by (auto simp add: list_all_iff set_conv_nth)

lemma list_ex_length:
  "list_ex P xs \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>n < length xs. P (xs ! n))"
  by (auto simp add: list_ex_iff set_conv_nth)

lemma list_all_cong [fundef_cong]:
  "xs = ys \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. x \<in> set ys \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x) \<Longrightarrow> list_all f xs = list_all g ys"
  by (simp add: list_all_iff)

lemma list_any_cong [fundef_cong]:
  "xs = ys \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. x \<in> set ys \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x) \<Longrightarrow> list_ex f xs = list_ex g ys"
  by (simp add: list_ex_iff)

text {* Bounded quantification and summation over nats. *}

lemma atMost_upto [code_unfold]:
  "{..n} = set [0..<Suc n]"
  by auto

lemma atLeast_upt [code_unfold]:
  "{..<n} = set [0..<n]"
  by auto

lemma greaterThanLessThan_upt [code_unfold]:
  "{n<..<m} = set [Suc n..<m]"
  by auto

lemmas atLeastLessThan_upt [code_unfold] = set_upt [symmetric]

lemma greaterThanAtMost_upt [code_unfold]:
  "{n<..m} = set [Suc n..<Suc m]"
  by auto

lemma atLeastAtMost_upt [code_unfold]:
  "{n..m} = set [n..<Suc m]"
  by auto

lemma all_nat_less_eq [code_unfold]:
  "(\<forall>m<n\<Colon>nat. P m) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>m \<in> {0..<n}. P m)"
  by auto

lemma ex_nat_less_eq [code_unfold]:
  "(\<exists>m<n\<Colon>nat. P m) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>m \<in> {0..<n}. P m)"
  by auto

lemma all_nat_less [code_unfold]:
  "(\<forall>m\<le>n\<Colon>nat. P m) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>m \<in> {0..n}. P m)"
  by auto

lemma ex_nat_less [code_unfold]:
  "(\<exists>m\<le>n\<Colon>nat. P m) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>m \<in> {0..n}. P m)"
  by auto

lemma setsum_set_upt_conv_listsum_nat [code_unfold]:
  "setsum f (set [m..<n]) = listsum (map f [m..<n])"
  by (simp add: interv_listsum_conv_setsum_set_nat)

text {* Summation over ints. *}

lemma greaterThanLessThan_upto [code_unfold]:
  "{i<..<j::int} = set [i+1..j - 1]"
by auto

lemma atLeastLessThan_upto [code_unfold]:
  "{i..<j::int} = set [i..j - 1]"
by auto

lemma greaterThanAtMost_upto [code_unfold]:
  "{i<..j::int} = set [i+1..j]"
by auto

lemmas atLeastAtMost_upto [code_unfold] = set_upto [symmetric]

lemma setsum_set_upto_conv_listsum_int [code_unfold]:
  "setsum f (set [i..j::int]) = listsum (map f [i..j])"
  by (simp add: interv_listsum_conv_setsum_set_int)


subsubsection {* Optimizing by rewriting *}

definition null :: "'a list \<Rightarrow> bool" where
  [code_post]: "null xs \<longleftrightarrow> xs = []"

text {*
  Efficient emptyness check is implemented by @{const null}.
*}

lemma null_rec [code]:
  "null (x # xs) \<longleftrightarrow> False"
  "null [] \<longleftrightarrow> True"
  by (simp_all add: null_def)

lemma eq_Nil_null [code_unfold]:
  "xs = [] \<longleftrightarrow> null xs"
  by (simp add: null_def)

lemma equal_Nil_null [code_unfold]:
  "HOL.equal xs [] \<longleftrightarrow> null xs"
  by (simp add: equal eq_Nil_null)

definition maps :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b list) \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'b list" where
  [code_post]: "maps f xs = concat (map f xs)"

definition map_filter :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b option) \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'b list" where
  [code_post]: "map_filter f xs = map (the \<circ> f) (filter (\<lambda>x. f x \<noteq> None) xs)"

text {*
  Operations @{const maps} and @{const map_filter} avoid
  intermediate lists on execution -- do not use for proving.
*}

lemma maps_simps [code]:
  "maps f (x # xs) = f x @ maps f xs"
  "maps f [] = []"
  by (simp_all add: maps_def)

lemma map_filter_simps [code]:
  "map_filter f (x # xs) = (case f x of None \<Rightarrow> map_filter f xs | Some y \<Rightarrow> y # map_filter f xs)"
  "map_filter f [] = []"
  by (simp_all add: map_filter_def split: option.split)

lemma concat_map_maps [code_unfold]:
  "concat (map f xs) = maps f xs"
  by (simp add: maps_def)

lemma map_filter_map_filter [code_unfold]:
  "map f (filter P xs) = map_filter (\<lambda>x. if P x then Some (f x) else None) xs"
  by (simp add: map_filter_def)

text {* Optimized code for @{text"\<forall>i\<in>{a..b::int}"} and @{text"\<forall>n:{a..<b::nat}"}
and similiarly for @{text"\<exists>"}. *}

definition all_interval_nat :: "(nat \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> bool" where
  "all_interval_nat P i j \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>n \<in> {i..<j}. P n)"

lemma [code]:
  "all_interval_nat P i j \<longleftrightarrow> i \<ge> j \<or> P i \<and> all_interval_nat P (Suc i) j"
proof -
  have *: "\<And>n. P i \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>n\<in>{Suc i..<j}. P n \<Longrightarrow> i \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> n < j \<Longrightarrow> P n"
  proof -
    fix n
    assume "P i" "\<forall>n\<in>{Suc i..<j}. P n" "i \<le> n" "n < j"
    then show "P n" by (cases "n = i") simp_all
  qed
  show ?thesis by (auto simp add: all_interval_nat_def intro: *)
qed

lemma list_all_iff_all_interval_nat [code_unfold]:
  "list_all P [i..<j] \<longleftrightarrow> all_interval_nat P i j"
  by (simp add: list_all_iff all_interval_nat_def)

lemma list_ex_iff_not_all_inverval_nat [code_unfold]:
  "list_ex P [i..<j] \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> (all_interval_nat (Not \<circ> P) i j)"
  by (simp add: list_ex_iff all_interval_nat_def)

definition all_interval_int :: "(int \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> bool" where
  "all_interval_int P i j \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>k \<in> {i..j}. P k)"

lemma [code]:
  "all_interval_int P i j \<longleftrightarrow> i > j \<or> P i \<and> all_interval_int P (i + 1) j"
proof -
  have *: "\<And>k. P i \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>k\<in>{i+1..j}. P k \<Longrightarrow> i \<le> k \<Longrightarrow> k \<le> j \<Longrightarrow> P k"
  proof -
    fix k
    assume "P i" "\<forall>k\<in>{i+1..j}. P k" "i \<le> k" "k \<le> j"
    then show "P k" by (cases "k = i") simp_all
  qed
  show ?thesis by (auto simp add: all_interval_int_def intro: *)
qed

lemma list_all_iff_all_interval_int [code_unfold]:
  "list_all P [i..j] \<longleftrightarrow> all_interval_int P i j"
  by (simp add: list_all_iff all_interval_int_def)

lemma list_ex_iff_not_all_inverval_int [code_unfold]:
  "list_ex P [i..j] \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> (all_interval_int (Not \<circ> P) i j)"
  by (simp add: list_ex_iff all_interval_int_def)

hide_const (open) member null maps map_filter all_interval_nat all_interval_int


subsubsection {* Pretty lists *}

use "Tools/list_code.ML"

code_type list
  (SML "_ list")
  (OCaml "_ list")
  (Haskell "![(_)]")
  (Scala "List[(_)]")

code_const Nil
  (SML "[]")
  (OCaml "[]")
  (Haskell "[]")
  (Scala "!Nil")

code_instance list :: equal
  (Haskell -)

code_const "HOL.equal \<Colon> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> bool"
  (Haskell infix 4 "==")

code_reserved SML
  list

code_reserved OCaml
  list

types_code
  "list" ("_ list")
attach (term_of) {*
fun term_of_list f T = HOLogic.mk_list T o map f;
*}
attach (test) {*
fun gen_list' aG aT i j = frequency
  [(i, fn () =>
      let
        val (x, t) = aG j;
        val (xs, ts) = gen_list' aG aT (i-1) j
      in (x :: xs, fn () => HOLogic.cons_const aT $ t () $ ts ()) end),
   (1, fn () => ([], fn () => HOLogic.nil_const aT))] ()
and gen_list aG aT i = gen_list' aG aT i i;
*}

consts_code Cons ("(_ ::/ _)")

setup {*
let
  fun list_codegen thy defs dep thyname b t gr =
    let
      val ts = HOLogic.dest_list t;
      val (_, gr') = Codegen.invoke_tycodegen thy defs dep thyname false
        (fastype_of t) gr;
      val (ps, gr'') = fold_map
        (Codegen.invoke_codegen thy defs dep thyname false) ts gr'
    in SOME (Pretty.list "[" "]" ps, gr'') end handle TERM _ => NONE;
in
  fold (List_Code.add_literal_list) ["SML", "OCaml", "Haskell", "Scala"]
  #> Codegen.add_codegen "list_codegen" list_codegen
end
*}


subsubsection {* Use convenient predefined operations *}

code_const "op @"
  (SML infixr 7 "@")
  (OCaml infixr 6 "@")
  (Haskell infixr 5 "++")
  (Scala infixl 7 "++")

code_const map
  (Haskell "map")

code_const filter
  (Haskell "filter")

code_const concat
  (Haskell "concat")

code_const List.maps
  (Haskell "concatMap")

code_const rev
  (Haskell "reverse")

code_const zip
  (Haskell "zip")

code_const List.null
  (Haskell "null")

code_const takeWhile
  (Haskell "takeWhile")

code_const dropWhile
  (Haskell "dropWhile")

code_const hd
  (Haskell "head")

code_const last
  (Haskell "last")

code_const list_all
  (Haskell "all")

code_const list_ex
  (Haskell "any")

end