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header {* An old chestnut *};
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theory Puzzle = Main:;
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text_raw {*
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\footnote{A question from ``Bundeswettbewerb Mathematik''.
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Original pen-and-paper proof due to Herbert Ehler; Isabelle tactic
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script by Tobias Nipkow.}
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*};
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subsection {* Generalized mathematical induction *};
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text {*
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The following derived rule admits induction over some expression
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$f(x)$ wrt.\ the ${<}$ relation on natural numbers.
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*};
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lemma gen_less_induct:
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"(!!x. ALL y. f y < f x --> P y (f y) ==> P x (f x))
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==> P x (f x :: nat)"
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(is "(!!x. ?H x ==> ?C x) ==> _");
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proof -;
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assume asm: "!!x. ?H x ==> ?C x";
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{;
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fix k;
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have "ALL x. k = f x --> ?C x" (is "?Q k");
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proof (rule nat_less_induct);
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fix k; assume hyp: "ALL m<k. ?Q m";
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show "?Q k";
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proof;
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fix x; show "k = f x --> ?C x";
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proof;
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assume "k = f x";
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with hyp; have "?H x"; by blast;
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thus "?C x"; by (rule asm);
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qed;
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qed;
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qed;
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};
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thus "?C x"; by simp;
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qed;
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subsection {* The problem *};
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text {*
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Given some function $f\colon \Nat \to \Nat$ such that $f \ap (f \ap
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n) < f \ap (\idt{Suc} \ap n)$ for all $n$. Demonstrate that $f$ is
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the identity.
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*};
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consts f :: "nat => nat";
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axioms f_ax: "f (f n) < f (Suc n)";
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theorem "f n = n";
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proof (rule order_antisym);
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txt {*
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Note that the generalized form of $n \le f \ap n$ is required
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later for monotonicity as well.
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*};
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show ge: "!!n. n <= f n";
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proof -;
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fix n;
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show "?thesis n" (is "?P n (f n)");
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proof (rule gen_less_induct [of f ?P]);
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fix n; assume hyp: "ALL m. f m < f n --> ?P m (f m)";
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show "?P n (f n)";
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proof (rule nat.exhaust);
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assume "n = 0"; thus ?thesis; by simp;
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next;
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fix m; assume n_Suc: "n = Suc m";
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from f_ax; have "f (f m) < f (Suc m)"; .;
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with hyp n_Suc; have "f m <= f (f m)"; by blast;
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also; from f_ax; have "... < f (Suc m)"; .;
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finally; have lt: "f m < f (Suc m)"; .;
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with hyp n_Suc; have "m <= f m"; by blast;
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also; note lt;
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finally; have "m < f (Suc m)"; .;
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thus "n <= f n"; by (simp only: n_Suc);
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qed;
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qed;
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qed;
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txt {*
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In order to show the other direction, we first establish
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monotonicity of $f$.
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*};
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have mono: "!!m n. m <= n --> f m <= f n";
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proof -;
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fix m n;
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show "?thesis m n" (is "?P n");
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proof (induct n);
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show "?P 0"; by simp;
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fix n; assume hyp: "?P n";
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show "?P (Suc n)";
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proof;
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assume "m <= Suc n";
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thus "f m <= f (Suc n)";
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proof (rule le_SucE);
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assume "m <= n";
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with hyp; have "f m <= f n"; ..;
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also; from ge f_ax; have "... < f (Suc n)";
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by (rule le_less_trans);
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finally; show ?thesis; by simp;
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next;
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assume "m = Suc n";
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thus ?thesis; by simp;
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qed;
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qed;
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qed;
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qed;
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show "f n <= n";
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proof (rule leI);
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show "~ n < f n";
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proof;
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assume "n < f n";
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hence "Suc n <= f n"; by (rule Suc_leI);
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hence "f (Suc n) <= f (f n)"; by (rule mono [rulified]);
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also; have "... < f (Suc n)"; by (rule f_ax);
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finally; have "... < ..."; .; thus False; ..;
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qed;
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qed;
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qed;
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end;
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