src/HOL/Set_Interval.thy

added lemma

(*  Title:      HOL/Set_Interval.thy
    Author:     Tobias Nipkow
    Author:     Clemens Ballarin
    Author:     Jeremy Avigad

lessThan, greaterThan, atLeast, atMost and two-sided intervals

Modern convention: Ixy stands for an interval where x and y
describe the lower and upper bound and x,y : {c,o,i}
where c = closed, o = open, i = infinite.
Examples: Ico = {_ ..< _} and Ici = {_ ..}
*)

section \<open>Set intervals\<close>

theory Set_Interval
imports Lattices_Big Divides Nat_Transfer
begin

context ord
begin

definition
  lessThan    :: "'a => 'a set" ("(1{..<_})") where
  "{..<u} == {x. x < u}"

definition
  atMost      :: "'a => 'a set" ("(1{.._})") where
  "{..u} == {x. x \<le> u}"

definition
  greaterThan :: "'a => 'a set" ("(1{_<..})") where
  "{l<..} == {x. l<x}"

definition
  atLeast     :: "'a => 'a set" ("(1{_..})") where
  "{l..} == {x. l\<le>x}"

definition
  greaterThanLessThan :: "'a => 'a => 'a set"  ("(1{_<..<_})") where
  "{l<..<u} == {l<..} Int {..<u}"

definition
  atLeastLessThan :: "'a => 'a => 'a set"      ("(1{_..<_})") where
  "{l..<u} == {l..} Int {..<u}"

definition
  greaterThanAtMost :: "'a => 'a => 'a set"    ("(1{_<.._})") where
  "{l<..u} == {l<..} Int {..u}"

definition
  atLeastAtMost :: "'a => 'a => 'a set"        ("(1{_.._})") where
  "{l..u} == {l..} Int {..u}"

end


text\<open>A note of warning when using @{term"{..<n}"} on type @{typ
nat}: it is equivalent to @{term"{0::nat..<n}"} but some lemmas involving
@{term"{m..<n}"} may not exist in @{term"{..<n}"}-form as well.\<close>

syntax (ASCII)
  "_UNION_le"   :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set"       ("(3UN _<=_./ _)" [0, 0, 10] 10)
  "_UNION_less" :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set"       ("(3UN _<_./ _)" [0, 0, 10] 10)
  "_INTER_le"   :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set"       ("(3INT _<=_./ _)" [0, 0, 10] 10)
  "_INTER_less" :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set"       ("(3INT _<_./ _)" [0, 0, 10] 10)

syntax (latex output)
  "_UNION_le"   :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a => 'b set => 'b set"       ("(3\<Union>(\<open>unbreakable\<close>_ \<le> _)/ _)" [0, 0, 10] 10)
  "_UNION_less" :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a => 'b set => 'b set"       ("(3\<Union>(\<open>unbreakable\<close>_ < _)/ _)" [0, 0, 10] 10)
  "_INTER_le"   :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a => 'b set => 'b set"       ("(3\<Inter>(\<open>unbreakable\<close>_ \<le> _)/ _)" [0, 0, 10] 10)
  "_INTER_less" :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a => 'b set => 'b set"       ("(3\<Inter>(\<open>unbreakable\<close>_ < _)/ _)" [0, 0, 10] 10)

syntax
  "_UNION_le"   :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set"       ("(3\<Union>_\<le>_./ _)" [0, 0, 10] 10)
  "_UNION_less" :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set"       ("(3\<Union>_<_./ _)" [0, 0, 10] 10)
  "_INTER_le"   :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set"       ("(3\<Inter>_\<le>_./ _)" [0, 0, 10] 10)
  "_INTER_less" :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set"       ("(3\<Inter>_<_./ _)" [0, 0, 10] 10)

translations
  "\<Union>i\<le>n. A" \<rightleftharpoons> "\<Union>i\<in>{..n}. A"
  "\<Union>i<n. A" \<rightleftharpoons> "\<Union>i\<in>{..<n}. A"
  "\<Inter>i\<le>n. A" \<rightleftharpoons> "\<Inter>i\<in>{..n}. A"
  "\<Inter>i<n. A" \<rightleftharpoons> "\<Inter>i\<in>{..<n}. A"


subsection \<open>Various equivalences\<close>

lemma (in ord) lessThan_iff [iff]: "(i: lessThan k) = (i<k)"
by (simp add: lessThan_def)

lemma Compl_lessThan [simp]:
    "!!k:: 'a::linorder. -lessThan k = atLeast k"
apply (auto simp add: lessThan_def atLeast_def)
done

lemma single_Diff_lessThan [simp]: "!!k:: 'a::order. {k} - lessThan k = {k}"
by auto

lemma (in ord) greaterThan_iff [iff]: "(i: greaterThan k) = (k<i)"
by (simp add: greaterThan_def)

lemma Compl_greaterThan [simp]:
    "!!k:: 'a::linorder. -greaterThan k = atMost k"
  by (auto simp add: greaterThan_def atMost_def)

lemma Compl_atMost [simp]: "!!k:: 'a::linorder. -atMost k = greaterThan k"
apply (subst Compl_greaterThan [symmetric])
apply (rule double_complement)
done

lemma (in ord) atLeast_iff [iff]: "(i: atLeast k) = (k<=i)"
by (simp add: atLeast_def)

lemma Compl_atLeast [simp]:
    "!!k:: 'a::linorder. -atLeast k = lessThan k"
  by (auto simp add: lessThan_def atLeast_def)

lemma (in ord) atMost_iff [iff]: "(i: atMost k) = (i<=k)"
by (simp add: atMost_def)

lemma atMost_Int_atLeast: "!!n:: 'a::order. atMost n Int atLeast n = {n}"
by (blast intro: order_antisym)

lemma (in linorder) lessThan_Int_lessThan: "{ a <..} \<inter> { b <..} = { max a b <..}"
  by auto

lemma (in linorder) greaterThan_Int_greaterThan: "{..< a} \<inter> {..< b} = {..< min a b}"
  by auto

subsection \<open>Logical Equivalences for Set Inclusion and Equality\<close>

lemma atLeast_empty_triv [simp]: "{{}..} = UNIV"
  by auto

lemma atMost_UNIV_triv [simp]: "{..UNIV} = UNIV"
  by auto

lemma atLeast_subset_iff [iff]:
     "(atLeast x \<subseteq> atLeast y) = (y \<le> (x::'a::order))"
by (blast intro: order_trans)

lemma atLeast_eq_iff [iff]:
     "(atLeast x = atLeast y) = (x = (y::'a::linorder))"
by (blast intro: order_antisym order_trans)

lemma greaterThan_subset_iff [iff]:
     "(greaterThan x \<subseteq> greaterThan y) = (y \<le> (x::'a::linorder))"
apply (auto simp add: greaterThan_def)
 apply (subst linorder_not_less [symmetric], blast)
done

lemma greaterThan_eq_iff [iff]:
     "(greaterThan x = greaterThan y) = (x = (y::'a::linorder))"
apply (rule iffI)
 apply (erule equalityE)
 apply simp_all
done

lemma atMost_subset_iff [iff]: "(atMost x \<subseteq> atMost y) = (x \<le> (y::'a::order))"
by (blast intro: order_trans)

lemma atMost_eq_iff [iff]: "(atMost x = atMost y) = (x = (y::'a::linorder))"
by (blast intro: order_antisym order_trans)

lemma lessThan_subset_iff [iff]:
     "(lessThan x \<subseteq> lessThan y) = (x \<le> (y::'a::linorder))"
apply (auto simp add: lessThan_def)
 apply (subst linorder_not_less [symmetric], blast)
done

lemma lessThan_eq_iff [iff]:
     "(lessThan x = lessThan y) = (x = (y::'a::linorder))"
apply (rule iffI)
 apply (erule equalityE)
 apply simp_all
done

lemma lessThan_strict_subset_iff:
  fixes m n :: "'a::linorder"
  shows "{..<m} < {..<n} \<longleftrightarrow> m < n"
  by (metis leD lessThan_subset_iff linorder_linear not_less_iff_gr_or_eq psubset_eq)

lemma (in linorder) Ici_subset_Ioi_iff: "{a ..} \<subseteq> {b <..} \<longleftrightarrow> b < a"
  by auto

lemma (in linorder) Iic_subset_Iio_iff: "{.. a} \<subseteq> {..< b} \<longleftrightarrow> a < b"
  by auto

lemma (in preorder) Ioi_le_Ico: "{a <..} \<subseteq> {a ..}"
  by (auto intro: less_imp_le)

subsection \<open>Two-sided intervals\<close>

context ord
begin

lemma greaterThanLessThan_iff [simp]:
  "(i : {l<..<u}) = (l < i & i < u)"
by (simp add: greaterThanLessThan_def)

lemma atLeastLessThan_iff [simp]:
  "(i : {l..<u}) = (l <= i & i < u)"
by (simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)

lemma greaterThanAtMost_iff [simp]:
  "(i : {l<..u}) = (l < i & i <= u)"
by (simp add: greaterThanAtMost_def)

lemma atLeastAtMost_iff [simp]:
  "(i : {l..u}) = (l <= i & i <= u)"
by (simp add: atLeastAtMost_def)

text \<open>The above four lemmas could be declared as iffs. Unfortunately this
breaks many proofs. Since it only helps blast, it is better to leave them
alone.\<close>

lemma greaterThanLessThan_eq: "{ a <..< b} = { a <..} \<inter> {..< b }"
  by auto

end

subsubsection\<open>Emptyness, singletons, subset\<close>

context order
begin

lemma atLeastatMost_empty[simp]:
  "b < a \<Longrightarrow> {a..b} = {}"
by(auto simp: atLeastAtMost_def atLeast_def atMost_def)

lemma atLeastatMost_empty_iff[simp]:
  "{a..b} = {} \<longleftrightarrow> (~ a <= b)"
by auto (blast intro: order_trans)

lemma atLeastatMost_empty_iff2[simp]:
  "{} = {a..b} \<longleftrightarrow> (~ a <= b)"
by auto (blast intro: order_trans)

lemma atLeastLessThan_empty[simp]:
  "b <= a \<Longrightarrow> {a..<b} = {}"
by(auto simp: atLeastLessThan_def)

lemma atLeastLessThan_empty_iff[simp]:
  "{a..<b} = {} \<longleftrightarrow> (~ a < b)"
by auto (blast intro: le_less_trans)

lemma atLeastLessThan_empty_iff2[simp]:
  "{} = {a..<b} \<longleftrightarrow> (~ a < b)"
by auto (blast intro: le_less_trans)

lemma greaterThanAtMost_empty[simp]: "l \<le> k ==> {k<..l} = {}"
by(auto simp:greaterThanAtMost_def greaterThan_def atMost_def)

lemma greaterThanAtMost_empty_iff[simp]: "{k<..l} = {} \<longleftrightarrow> ~ k < l"
by auto (blast intro: less_le_trans)

lemma greaterThanAtMost_empty_iff2[simp]: "{} = {k<..l} \<longleftrightarrow> ~ k < l"
by auto (blast intro: less_le_trans)

lemma greaterThanLessThan_empty[simp]:"l \<le> k ==> {k<..<l} = {}"
by(auto simp:greaterThanLessThan_def greaterThan_def lessThan_def)

lemma atLeastAtMost_singleton [simp]: "{a..a} = {a}"
by (auto simp add: atLeastAtMost_def atMost_def atLeast_def)

lemma atLeastAtMost_singleton': "a = b \<Longrightarrow> {a .. b} = {a}" by simp

lemma atLeastatMost_subset_iff[simp]:
  "{a..b} <= {c..d} \<longleftrightarrow> (~ a <= b) | c <= a & b <= d"
unfolding atLeastAtMost_def atLeast_def atMost_def
by (blast intro: order_trans)

lemma atLeastatMost_psubset_iff:
  "{a..b} < {c..d} \<longleftrightarrow>
   ((~ a <= b) | c <= a & b <= d & (c < a | b < d))  &  c <= d"
by(simp add: psubset_eq set_eq_iff less_le_not_le)(blast intro: order_trans)

lemma Icc_eq_Icc[simp]:
  "{l..h} = {l'..h'} = (l=l' \<and> h=h' \<or> \<not> l\<le>h \<and> \<not> l'\<le>h')"
by(simp add: order_class.eq_iff)(auto intro: order_trans)

lemma atLeastAtMost_singleton_iff[simp]:
  "{a .. b} = {c} \<longleftrightarrow> a = b \<and> b = c"
proof
  assume "{a..b} = {c}"
  hence *: "\<not> (\<not> a \<le> b)" unfolding atLeastatMost_empty_iff[symmetric] by simp
  with \<open>{a..b} = {c}\<close> have "c \<le> a \<and> b \<le> c" by auto
  with * show "a = b \<and> b = c" by auto
qed simp

lemma Icc_subset_Ici_iff[simp]:
  "{l..h} \<subseteq> {l'..} = (~ l\<le>h \<or> l\<ge>l')"
by(auto simp: subset_eq intro: order_trans)

lemma Icc_subset_Iic_iff[simp]:
  "{l..h} \<subseteq> {..h'} = (~ l\<le>h \<or> h\<le>h')"
by(auto simp: subset_eq intro: order_trans)

lemma not_Ici_eq_empty[simp]: "{l..} \<noteq> {}"
by(auto simp: set_eq_iff)

lemma not_Iic_eq_empty[simp]: "{..h} \<noteq> {}"
by(auto simp: set_eq_iff)

lemmas not_empty_eq_Ici_eq_empty[simp] = not_Ici_eq_empty[symmetric]
lemmas not_empty_eq_Iic_eq_empty[simp] = not_Iic_eq_empty[symmetric]

end

context no_top
begin

(* also holds for no_bot but no_top should suffice *)
lemma not_UNIV_le_Icc[simp]: "\<not> UNIV \<subseteq> {l..h}"
using gt_ex[of h] by(auto simp: subset_eq less_le_not_le)

lemma not_UNIV_le_Iic[simp]: "\<not> UNIV \<subseteq> {..h}"
using gt_ex[of h] by(auto simp: subset_eq less_le_not_le)

lemma not_Ici_le_Icc[simp]: "\<not> {l..} \<subseteq> {l'..h'}"
using gt_ex[of h']
by(auto simp: subset_eq less_le)(blast dest:antisym_conv intro: order_trans)

lemma not_Ici_le_Iic[simp]: "\<not> {l..} \<subseteq> {..h'}"
using gt_ex[of h']
by(auto simp: subset_eq less_le)(blast dest:antisym_conv intro: order_trans)

end

context no_bot
begin

lemma not_UNIV_le_Ici[simp]: "\<not> UNIV \<subseteq> {l..}"
using lt_ex[of l] by(auto simp: subset_eq less_le_not_le)

lemma not_Iic_le_Icc[simp]: "\<not> {..h} \<subseteq> {l'..h'}"
using lt_ex[of l']
by(auto simp: subset_eq less_le)(blast dest:antisym_conv intro: order_trans)

lemma not_Iic_le_Ici[simp]: "\<not> {..h} \<subseteq> {l'..}"
using lt_ex[of l']
by(auto simp: subset_eq less_le)(blast dest:antisym_conv intro: order_trans)

end


context no_top
begin

(* also holds for no_bot but no_top should suffice *)
lemma not_UNIV_eq_Icc[simp]: "\<not> UNIV = {l'..h'}"
using gt_ex[of h'] by(auto simp: set_eq_iff  less_le_not_le)

lemmas not_Icc_eq_UNIV[simp] = not_UNIV_eq_Icc[symmetric]

lemma not_UNIV_eq_Iic[simp]: "\<not> UNIV = {..h'}"
using gt_ex[of h'] by(auto simp: set_eq_iff  less_le_not_le)

lemmas not_Iic_eq_UNIV[simp] = not_UNIV_eq_Iic[symmetric]

lemma not_Icc_eq_Ici[simp]: "\<not> {l..h} = {l'..}"
unfolding atLeastAtMost_def using not_Ici_le_Iic[of l'] by blast

lemmas not_Ici_eq_Icc[simp] = not_Icc_eq_Ici[symmetric]

(* also holds for no_bot but no_top should suffice *)
lemma not_Iic_eq_Ici[simp]: "\<not> {..h} = {l'..}"
using not_Ici_le_Iic[of l' h] by blast

lemmas not_Ici_eq_Iic[simp] = not_Iic_eq_Ici[symmetric]

end

context no_bot
begin

lemma not_UNIV_eq_Ici[simp]: "\<not> UNIV = {l'..}"
using lt_ex[of l'] by(auto simp: set_eq_iff  less_le_not_le)

lemmas not_Ici_eq_UNIV[simp] = not_UNIV_eq_Ici[symmetric]

lemma not_Icc_eq_Iic[simp]: "\<not> {l..h} = {..h'}"
unfolding atLeastAtMost_def using not_Iic_le_Ici[of h'] by blast

lemmas not_Iic_eq_Icc[simp] = not_Icc_eq_Iic[symmetric]

end


context dense_linorder
begin

lemma greaterThanLessThan_empty_iff[simp]:
  "{ a <..< b } = {} \<longleftrightarrow> b \<le> a"
  using dense[of a b] by (cases "a < b") auto

lemma greaterThanLessThan_empty_iff2[simp]:
  "{} = { a <..< b } \<longleftrightarrow> b \<le> a"
  using dense[of a b] by (cases "a < b") auto

lemma atLeastLessThan_subseteq_atLeastAtMost_iff:
  "{a ..< b} \<subseteq> { c .. d } \<longleftrightarrow> (a < b \<longrightarrow> c \<le> a \<and> b \<le> d)"
  using dense[of "max a d" "b"]
  by (force simp: subset_eq Ball_def not_less[symmetric])

lemma greaterThanAtMost_subseteq_atLeastAtMost_iff:
  "{a <.. b} \<subseteq> { c .. d } \<longleftrightarrow> (a < b \<longrightarrow> c \<le> a \<and> b \<le> d)"
  using dense[of "a" "min c b"]
  by (force simp: subset_eq Ball_def not_less[symmetric])

lemma greaterThanLessThan_subseteq_atLeastAtMost_iff:
  "{a <..< b} \<subseteq> { c .. d } \<longleftrightarrow> (a < b \<longrightarrow> c \<le> a \<and> b \<le> d)"
  using dense[of "a" "min c b"] dense[of "max a d" "b"]
  by (force simp: subset_eq Ball_def not_less[symmetric])

lemma atLeastAtMost_subseteq_atLeastLessThan_iff:
  "{a .. b} \<subseteq> { c ..< d } \<longleftrightarrow> (a \<le> b \<longrightarrow> c \<le> a \<and> b < d)"
  using dense[of "max a d" "b"]
  by (force simp: subset_eq Ball_def not_less[symmetric])

lemma greaterThanLessThan_subseteq_greaterThanLessThan:
  "{a <..< b} \<subseteq> {c <..< d} \<longleftrightarrow> (a < b \<longrightarrow> a \<ge> c \<and> b \<le> d)"
  using dense[of "a" "min c b"] dense[of "max a d" "b"]
  by (force simp: subset_eq Ball_def not_less[symmetric])

lemma greaterThanAtMost_subseteq_atLeastLessThan_iff:
  "{a <.. b} \<subseteq> { c ..< d } \<longleftrightarrow> (a < b \<longrightarrow> c \<le> a \<and> b < d)"
  using dense[of "a" "min c b"]
  by (force simp: subset_eq Ball_def not_less[symmetric])

lemma greaterThanLessThan_subseteq_atLeastLessThan_iff:
  "{a <..< b} \<subseteq> { c ..< d } \<longleftrightarrow> (a < b \<longrightarrow> c \<le> a \<and> b \<le> d)"
  using dense[of "a" "min c b"] dense[of "max a d" "b"]
  by (force simp: subset_eq Ball_def not_less[symmetric])

lemma greaterThanLessThan_subseteq_greaterThanAtMost_iff:
  "{a <..< b} \<subseteq> { c <.. d } \<longleftrightarrow> (a < b \<longrightarrow> c \<le> a \<and> b \<le> d)"
  using dense[of "a" "min c b"] dense[of "max a d" "b"]
  by (force simp: subset_eq Ball_def not_less[symmetric])

end

context no_top
begin

lemma greaterThan_non_empty[simp]: "{x <..} \<noteq> {}"
  using gt_ex[of x] by auto

end

context no_bot
begin

lemma lessThan_non_empty[simp]: "{..< x} \<noteq> {}"
  using lt_ex[of x] by auto

end

lemma (in linorder) atLeastLessThan_subset_iff:
  "{a..<b} <= {c..<d} \<Longrightarrow> b <= a | c<=a & b<=d"
apply (auto simp:subset_eq Ball_def)
apply(frule_tac x=a in spec)
apply(erule_tac x=d in allE)
apply (simp add: less_imp_le)
done

lemma atLeastLessThan_inj:
  fixes a b c d :: "'a::linorder"
  assumes eq: "{a ..< b} = {c ..< d}" and "a < b" "c < d"
  shows "a = c" "b = d"
using assms by (metis atLeastLessThan_subset_iff eq less_le_not_le linorder_antisym_conv2 subset_refl)+

lemma atLeastLessThan_eq_iff:
  fixes a b c d :: "'a::linorder"
  assumes "a < b" "c < d"
  shows "{a ..< b} = {c ..< d} \<longleftrightarrow> a = c \<and> b = d"
  using atLeastLessThan_inj assms by auto

lemma (in linorder) Ioc_inj: "{a <.. b} = {c <.. d} \<longleftrightarrow> (b \<le> a \<and> d \<le> c) \<or> a = c \<and> b = d"
  by (metis eq_iff greaterThanAtMost_empty_iff2 greaterThanAtMost_iff le_cases not_le)

lemma (in order) Iio_Int_singleton: "{..<k} \<inter> {x} = (if x < k then {x} else {})"
  by auto

lemma (in linorder) Ioc_subset_iff: "{a<..b} \<subseteq> {c<..d} \<longleftrightarrow> (b \<le> a \<or> c \<le> a \<and> b \<le> d)"
  by (auto simp: subset_eq Ball_def) (metis less_le not_less)

lemma (in order_bot) atLeast_eq_UNIV_iff: "{x..} = UNIV \<longleftrightarrow> x = bot"
by (auto simp: set_eq_iff intro: le_bot)

lemma (in order_top) atMost_eq_UNIV_iff: "{..x} = UNIV \<longleftrightarrow> x = top"
by (auto simp: set_eq_iff intro: top_le)

lemma (in bounded_lattice) atLeastAtMost_eq_UNIV_iff:
  "{x..y} = UNIV \<longleftrightarrow> (x = bot \<and> y = top)"
by (auto simp: set_eq_iff intro: top_le le_bot)

lemma Iio_eq_empty_iff: "{..< n::'a::{linorder, order_bot}} = {} \<longleftrightarrow> n = bot"
  by (auto simp: set_eq_iff not_less le_bot)

lemma Iio_eq_empty_iff_nat: "{..< n::nat} = {} \<longleftrightarrow> n = 0"
  by (simp add: Iio_eq_empty_iff bot_nat_def)

lemma mono_image_least:
  assumes f_mono: "mono f" and f_img: "f ` {m ..< n} = {m' ..< n'}" "m < n"
  shows "f m = m'"
proof -
  from f_img have "{m' ..< n'} \<noteq> {}"
    by (metis atLeastLessThan_empty_iff image_is_empty)
  with f_img have "m' \<in> f ` {m ..< n}" by auto
  then obtain k where "f k = m'" "m \<le> k" by auto
  moreover have "m' \<le> f m" using f_img by auto
  ultimately show "f m = m'"
    using f_mono by (auto elim: monoE[where x=m and y=k])
qed


subsection \<open>Infinite intervals\<close>

context dense_linorder
begin

lemma infinite_Ioo:
  assumes "a < b"
  shows "\<not> finite {a<..<b}"
proof
  assume fin: "finite {a<..<b}"
  moreover have ne: "{a<..<b} \<noteq> {}"
    using \<open>a < b\<close> by auto
  ultimately have "a < Max {a <..< b}" "Max {a <..< b} < b"
    using Max_in[of "{a <..< b}"] by auto
  then obtain x where "Max {a <..< b} < x" "x < b"
    using dense[of "Max {a<..<b}" b] by auto
  then have "x \<in> {a <..< b}"
    using \<open>a < Max {a <..< b}\<close> by auto
  then have "x \<le> Max {a <..< b}"
    using fin by auto
  with \<open>Max {a <..< b} < x\<close> show False by auto
qed

lemma infinite_Icc: "a < b \<Longrightarrow> \<not> finite {a .. b}"
  using greaterThanLessThan_subseteq_atLeastAtMost_iff[of a b a b] infinite_Ioo[of a b]
  by (auto dest: finite_subset)

lemma infinite_Ico: "a < b \<Longrightarrow> \<not> finite {a ..< b}"
  using greaterThanLessThan_subseteq_atLeastLessThan_iff[of a b a b] infinite_Ioo[of a b]
  by (auto dest: finite_subset)

lemma infinite_Ioc: "a < b \<Longrightarrow> \<not> finite {a <.. b}"
  using greaterThanLessThan_subseteq_greaterThanAtMost_iff[of a b a b] infinite_Ioo[of a b]
  by (auto dest: finite_subset)

lemma infinite_Ioo_iff [simp]: "infinite {a<..<b} \<longleftrightarrow> a < b"
  using not_less_iff_gr_or_eq by (fastforce simp: infinite_Ioo)

lemma infinite_Icc_iff [simp]: "infinite {a .. b} \<longleftrightarrow> a < b"
  using not_less_iff_gr_or_eq by (fastforce simp: infinite_Icc)

lemma infinite_Ico_iff [simp]: "infinite {a..<b} \<longleftrightarrow> a < b"
  using not_less_iff_gr_or_eq by (fastforce simp: infinite_Ico)

lemma infinite_Ioc_iff [simp]: "infinite {a<..b} \<longleftrightarrow> a < b"
  using not_less_iff_gr_or_eq by (fastforce simp: infinite_Ioc)

end

lemma infinite_Iio: "\<not> finite {..< a :: 'a :: {no_bot, linorder}}"
proof
  assume "finite {..< a}"
  then have *: "\<And>x. x < a \<Longrightarrow> Min {..< a} \<le> x"
    by auto
  obtain x where "x < a"
    using lt_ex by auto

  obtain y where "y < Min {..< a}"
    using lt_ex by auto
  also have "Min {..< a} \<le> x"
    using \<open>x < a\<close> by fact
  also note \<open>x < a\<close>
  finally have "Min {..< a} \<le> y"
    by fact
  with \<open>y < Min {..< a}\<close> show False by auto
qed

lemma infinite_Iic: "\<not> finite {.. a :: 'a :: {no_bot, linorder}}"
  using infinite_Iio[of a] finite_subset[of "{..< a}" "{.. a}"]
  by (auto simp: subset_eq less_imp_le)

lemma infinite_Ioi: "\<not> finite {a :: 'a :: {no_top, linorder} <..}"
proof
  assume "finite {a <..}"
  then have *: "\<And>x. a < x \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> Max {a <..}"
    by auto

  obtain y where "Max {a <..} < y"
    using gt_ex by auto

  obtain x where x: "a < x"
    using gt_ex by auto
  also from x have "x \<le> Max {a <..}"
    by fact
  also note \<open>Max {a <..} < y\<close>
  finally have "y \<le> Max { a <..}"
    by fact
  with \<open>Max {a <..} < y\<close> show False by auto
qed

lemma infinite_Ici: "\<not> finite {a :: 'a :: {no_top, linorder} ..}"
  using infinite_Ioi[of a] finite_subset[of "{a <..}" "{a ..}"]
  by (auto simp: subset_eq less_imp_le)

subsubsection \<open>Intersection\<close>

context linorder
begin

lemma Int_atLeastAtMost[simp]: "{a..b} Int {c..d} = {max a c .. min b d}"
by auto

lemma Int_atLeastAtMostR1[simp]: "{..b} Int {c..d} = {c .. min b d}"
by auto

lemma Int_atLeastAtMostR2[simp]: "{a..} Int {c..d} = {max a c .. d}"
by auto

lemma Int_atLeastAtMostL1[simp]: "{a..b} Int {..d} = {a .. min b d}"
by auto

lemma Int_atLeastAtMostL2[simp]: "{a..b} Int {c..} = {max a c .. b}"
by auto

lemma Int_atLeastLessThan[simp]: "{a..<b} Int {c..<d} = {max a c ..< min b d}"
by auto

lemma Int_greaterThanAtMost[simp]: "{a<..b} Int {c<..d} = {max a c <.. min b d}"
by auto

lemma Int_greaterThanLessThan[simp]: "{a<..<b} Int {c<..<d} = {max a c <..< min b d}"
by auto

lemma Int_atMost[simp]: "{..a} \<inter> {..b} = {.. min a b}"
  by (auto simp: min_def)

lemma Ioc_disjoint: "{a<..b} \<inter> {c<..d} = {} \<longleftrightarrow> b \<le> a \<or> d \<le> c \<or> b \<le> c \<or> d \<le> a"
  by auto

end

context complete_lattice
begin

lemma
  shows Sup_atLeast[simp]: "Sup {x ..} = top"
    and Sup_greaterThanAtLeast[simp]: "x < top \<Longrightarrow> Sup {x <..} = top"
    and Sup_atMost[simp]: "Sup {.. y} = y"
    and Sup_atLeastAtMost[simp]: "x \<le> y \<Longrightarrow> Sup { x .. y} = y"
    and Sup_greaterThanAtMost[simp]: "x < y \<Longrightarrow> Sup { x <.. y} = y"
  by (auto intro!: Sup_eqI)

lemma
  shows Inf_atMost[simp]: "Inf {.. x} = bot"
    and Inf_atMostLessThan[simp]: "top < x \<Longrightarrow> Inf {..< x} = bot"
    and Inf_atLeast[simp]: "Inf {x ..} = x"
    and Inf_atLeastAtMost[simp]: "x \<le> y \<Longrightarrow> Inf { x .. y} = x"
    and Inf_atLeastLessThan[simp]: "x < y \<Longrightarrow> Inf { x ..< y} = x"
  by (auto intro!: Inf_eqI)

end

lemma
  fixes x y :: "'a :: {complete_lattice, dense_linorder}"
  shows Sup_lessThan[simp]: "Sup {..< y} = y"
    and Sup_atLeastLessThan[simp]: "x < y \<Longrightarrow> Sup { x ..< y} = y"
    and Sup_greaterThanLessThan[simp]: "x < y \<Longrightarrow> Sup { x <..< y} = y"
    and Inf_greaterThan[simp]: "Inf {x <..} = x"
    and Inf_greaterThanAtMost[simp]: "x < y \<Longrightarrow> Inf { x <.. y} = x"
    and Inf_greaterThanLessThan[simp]: "x < y \<Longrightarrow> Inf { x <..< y} = x"
  by (auto intro!: Inf_eqI Sup_eqI intro: dense_le dense_le_bounded dense_ge dense_ge_bounded)

subsection \<open>Intervals of natural numbers\<close>

subsubsection \<open>The Constant @{term lessThan}\<close>

lemma lessThan_0 [simp]: "lessThan (0::nat) = {}"
by (simp add: lessThan_def)

lemma lessThan_Suc: "lessThan (Suc k) = insert k (lessThan k)"
by (simp add: lessThan_def less_Suc_eq, blast)

text \<open>The following proof is convenient in induction proofs where
new elements get indices at the beginning. So it is used to transform
@{term "{..<Suc n}"} to @{term "0::nat"} and @{term "{..< n}"}.\<close>

lemma zero_notin_Suc_image: "0 \<notin> Suc ` A"
  by auto

lemma lessThan_Suc_eq_insert_0: "{..<Suc n} = insert 0 (Suc ` {..<n})"
  by (auto simp: image_iff less_Suc_eq_0_disj)

lemma lessThan_Suc_atMost: "lessThan (Suc k) = atMost k"
by (simp add: lessThan_def atMost_def less_Suc_eq_le)

lemma Iic_Suc_eq_insert_0: "{.. Suc n} = insert 0 (Suc ` {.. n})"
  unfolding lessThan_Suc_atMost[symmetric] lessThan_Suc_eq_insert_0[of "Suc n"] ..

lemma UN_lessThan_UNIV: "(UN m::nat. lessThan m) = UNIV"
by blast

subsubsection \<open>The Constant @{term greaterThan}\<close>

lemma greaterThan_0: "greaterThan 0 = range Suc"
apply (simp add: greaterThan_def)
apply (blast dest: gr0_conv_Suc [THEN iffD1])
done

lemma greaterThan_Suc: "greaterThan (Suc k) = greaterThan k - {Suc k}"
apply (simp add: greaterThan_def)
apply (auto elim: linorder_neqE)
done

lemma INT_greaterThan_UNIV: "(INT m::nat. greaterThan m) = {}"
by blast

subsubsection \<open>The Constant @{term atLeast}\<close>

lemma atLeast_0 [simp]: "atLeast (0::nat) = UNIV"
by (unfold atLeast_def UNIV_def, simp)

lemma atLeast_Suc: "atLeast (Suc k) = atLeast k - {k}"
apply (simp add: atLeast_def)
apply (simp add: Suc_le_eq)
apply (simp add: order_le_less, blast)
done

lemma atLeast_Suc_greaterThan: "atLeast (Suc k) = greaterThan k"
  by (auto simp add: greaterThan_def atLeast_def less_Suc_eq_le)

lemma UN_atLeast_UNIV: "(UN m::nat. atLeast m) = UNIV"
by blast

subsubsection \<open>The Constant @{term atMost}\<close>

lemma atMost_0 [simp]: "atMost (0::nat) = {0}"
by (simp add: atMost_def)

lemma atMost_Suc: "atMost (Suc k) = insert (Suc k) (atMost k)"
apply (simp add: atMost_def)
apply (simp add: less_Suc_eq order_le_less, blast)
done

lemma UN_atMost_UNIV: "(UN m::nat. atMost m) = UNIV"
by blast

subsubsection \<open>The Constant @{term atLeastLessThan}\<close>

text\<open>The orientation of the following 2 rules is tricky. The lhs is
defined in terms of the rhs.  Hence the chosen orientation makes sense
in this theory --- the reverse orientation complicates proofs (eg
nontermination). But outside, when the definition of the lhs is rarely
used, the opposite orientation seems preferable because it reduces a
specific concept to a more general one.\<close>

lemma atLeast0LessThan [code_abbrev]: "{0::nat..<n} = {..<n}"
by(simp add:lessThan_def atLeastLessThan_def)

lemma atLeast0AtMost [code_abbrev]: "{0..n::nat} = {..n}"
by(simp add:atMost_def atLeastAtMost_def)

lemma lessThan_atLeast0:
  "{..<n} = {0::nat..<n}"
  by (simp add: atLeast0LessThan)

lemma atMost_atLeast0:
  "{..n} = {0::nat..n}"
  by (simp add: atLeast0AtMost)

lemma atLeastLessThan0: "{m..<0::nat} = {}"
by (simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)

lemma atLeast0_lessThan_Suc:
  "{0..<Suc n} = insert n {0..<n}"
  by (simp add: atLeast0LessThan lessThan_Suc)

lemma atLeast0_lessThan_Suc_eq_insert_0:
  "{0..<Suc n} = insert 0 (Suc ` {0..<n})"
  by (simp add: atLeast0LessThan lessThan_Suc_eq_insert_0)


subsubsection \<open>The Constant @{term atLeastAtMost}\<close>

lemma atLeast0_atMost_Suc:
  "{0..Suc n} = insert (Suc n) {0..n}"
  by (simp add: atLeast0AtMost atMost_Suc)

lemma atLeast0_atMost_Suc_eq_insert_0:
  "{0..Suc n} = insert 0 (Suc ` {0..n})"
  by (simp add: atLeast0AtMost Iic_Suc_eq_insert_0)


subsubsection \<open>Intervals of nats with @{term Suc}\<close>

text\<open>Not a simprule because the RHS is too messy.\<close>
lemma atLeastLessThanSuc:
    "{m..<Suc n} = (if m \<le> n then insert n {m..<n} else {})"
by (auto simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)

lemma atLeastLessThan_singleton [simp]: "{m..<Suc m} = {m}"
by (auto simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)
(*
lemma atLeast_sum_LessThan [simp]: "{m + k..<k::nat} = {}"
by (induct k, simp_all add: atLeastLessThanSuc)

lemma atLeastSucLessThan [simp]: "{Suc n..<n} = {}"
by (auto simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)
*)
lemma atLeastLessThanSuc_atLeastAtMost: "{l..<Suc u} = {l..u}"
  by (simp add: lessThan_Suc_atMost atLeastAtMost_def atLeastLessThan_def)

lemma atLeastSucAtMost_greaterThanAtMost: "{Suc l..u} = {l<..u}"
  by (simp add: atLeast_Suc_greaterThan atLeastAtMost_def
    greaterThanAtMost_def)

lemma atLeastSucLessThan_greaterThanLessThan: "{Suc l..<u} = {l<..<u}"
  by (simp add: atLeast_Suc_greaterThan atLeastLessThan_def
    greaterThanLessThan_def)

lemma atLeastAtMostSuc_conv: "m \<le> Suc n \<Longrightarrow> {m..Suc n} = insert (Suc n) {m..n}"
by (auto simp add: atLeastAtMost_def)

lemma atLeastAtMost_insertL: "m \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> insert m {Suc m..n} = {m ..n}"
by auto

text \<open>The analogous result is useful on @{typ int}:\<close>
(* here, because we don't have an own int section *)
lemma atLeastAtMostPlus1_int_conv:
  "m <= 1+n \<Longrightarrow> {m..1+n} = insert (1+n) {m..n::int}"
  by (auto intro: set_eqI)

lemma atLeastLessThan_add_Un: "i \<le> j \<Longrightarrow> {i..<j+k} = {i..<j} \<union> {j..<j+k::nat}"
  apply (induct k)
  apply (simp_all add: atLeastLessThanSuc)
  done

subsubsection \<open>Intervals and numerals\<close>

lemma lessThan_nat_numeral:  \<comment>\<open>Evaluation for specific numerals\<close>
  "lessThan (numeral k :: nat) = insert (pred_numeral k) (lessThan (pred_numeral k))"
  by (simp add: numeral_eq_Suc lessThan_Suc)

lemma atMost_nat_numeral:  \<comment>\<open>Evaluation for specific numerals\<close>
  "atMost (numeral k :: nat) = insert (numeral k) (atMost (pred_numeral k))"
  by (simp add: numeral_eq_Suc atMost_Suc)

lemma atLeastLessThan_nat_numeral:  \<comment>\<open>Evaluation for specific numerals\<close>
  "atLeastLessThan m (numeral k :: nat) =
     (if m \<le> (pred_numeral k) then insert (pred_numeral k) (atLeastLessThan m (pred_numeral k))
                 else {})"
  by (simp add: numeral_eq_Suc atLeastLessThanSuc)

subsubsection \<open>Image\<close>

lemma image_add_atLeastAtMost [simp]:
  fixes k ::"'a::linordered_semidom"
  shows "(\<lambda>n. n+k) ` {i..j} = {i+k..j+k}" (is "?A = ?B")
proof
  show "?A \<subseteq> ?B" by auto
next
  show "?B \<subseteq> ?A"
  proof
    fix n assume a: "n : ?B"
    hence "n - k : {i..j}"
      by (auto simp: add_le_imp_le_diff add_le_add_imp_diff_le)
    moreover have "n = (n - k) + k" using a
    proof -
      have "k + i \<le> n"
        by (metis a add.commute atLeastAtMost_iff)
      hence "k + (n - k) = n"
        by (metis (no_types) ab_semigroup_add_class.add_ac(1) add_diff_cancel_left' le_add_diff_inverse)
      thus ?thesis
        by (simp add: add.commute)
    qed
    ultimately show "n : ?A" by blast
  qed
qed

lemma image_diff_atLeastAtMost [simp]:
  fixes d::"'a::linordered_idom" shows "(op - d ` {a..b}) = {d-b..d-a}"
  apply auto
  apply (rule_tac x="d-x" in rev_image_eqI, auto)
  done

lemma image_mult_atLeastAtMost [simp]:
  fixes d::"'a::linordered_field"
  assumes "d>0" shows "(op * d ` {a..b}) = {d*a..d*b}"
  using assms
  by (auto simp: field_simps mult_le_cancel_right intro: rev_image_eqI [where x="x/d" for x])

lemma image_affinity_atLeastAtMost:
  fixes c :: "'a::linordered_field"
  shows "((\<lambda>x. m*x + c) ` {a..b}) = (if {a..b}={} then {}
            else if 0 \<le> m then {m*a + c .. m *b + c}
            else {m*b + c .. m*a + c})"
  apply (case_tac "m=0", auto simp: mult_le_cancel_left)
  apply (rule_tac x="inverse m*(x-c)" in rev_image_eqI, auto simp: field_simps)
  apply (rule_tac x="inverse m*(x-c)" in rev_image_eqI, auto simp: field_simps)
  done

lemma image_affinity_atLeastAtMost_diff:
  fixes c :: "'a::linordered_field"
  shows "((\<lambda>x. m*x - c) ` {a..b}) = (if {a..b}={} then {}
            else if 0 \<le> m then {m*a - c .. m*b - c}
            else {m*b - c .. m*a - c})"
  using image_affinity_atLeastAtMost [of m "-c" a b]
  by simp

lemma image_affinity_atLeastAtMost_div:
  fixes c :: "'a::linordered_field"
  shows "((\<lambda>x. x/m + c) ` {a..b}) = (if {a..b}={} then {}
            else if 0 \<le> m then {a/m + c .. b/m + c}
            else {b/m + c .. a/m + c})"
  using image_affinity_atLeastAtMost [of "inverse m" c a b]
  by (simp add: field_class.field_divide_inverse algebra_simps)

lemma image_affinity_atLeastAtMost_div_diff:
  fixes c :: "'a::linordered_field"
  shows "((\<lambda>x. x/m - c) ` {a..b}) = (if {a..b}={} then {}
            else if 0 \<le> m then {a/m - c .. b/m - c}
            else {b/m - c .. a/m - c})"
  using image_affinity_atLeastAtMost_diff [of "inverse m" c a b]
  by (simp add: field_class.field_divide_inverse algebra_simps)

lemma image_add_atLeastLessThan:
  "(%n::nat. n+k) ` {i..<j} = {i+k..<j+k}" (is "?A = ?B")
proof
  show "?A \<subseteq> ?B" by auto
next
  show "?B \<subseteq> ?A"
  proof
    fix n assume a: "n : ?B"
    hence "n - k : {i..<j}" by auto
    moreover have "n = (n - k) + k" using a by auto
    ultimately show "n : ?A" by blast
  qed
qed

corollary image_Suc_lessThan:
  "Suc ` {..<n} = {1..n}"
  using image_add_atLeastLessThan [of 1 0 n]
  by (auto simp add: lessThan_Suc_atMost atLeast0LessThan)

corollary image_Suc_atMost:
  "Suc ` {..n} = {1..Suc n}"
  using image_add_atLeastLessThan [of 1 0 "Suc n"]
  by (auto simp add: lessThan_Suc_atMost atLeast0LessThan)

corollary image_Suc_atLeastAtMost[simp]:
  "Suc ` {i..j} = {Suc i..Suc j}"
using image_add_atLeastAtMost[where k="Suc 0"] by simp

corollary image_Suc_atLeastLessThan[simp]:
  "Suc ` {i..<j} = {Suc i..<Suc j}"
using image_add_atLeastLessThan[where k="Suc 0"] by simp

lemma atLeast1_lessThan_eq_remove0:
  "{Suc 0..<n} = {..<n} - {0}"
  by auto

lemma atLeast1_atMost_eq_remove0:
  "{Suc 0..n} = {..n} - {0}"
  by auto

lemma image_add_int_atLeastLessThan:
    "(%x. x + (l::int)) ` {0..<u-l} = {l..<u}"
  apply (auto simp add: image_def)
  apply (rule_tac x = "x - l" in bexI)
  apply auto
  done

lemma image_minus_const_atLeastLessThan_nat:
  fixes c :: nat
  shows "(\<lambda>i. i - c) ` {x ..< y} =
      (if c < y then {x - c ..< y - c} else if x < y then {0} else {})"
    (is "_ = ?right")
proof safe
  fix a assume a: "a \<in> ?right"
  show "a \<in> (\<lambda>i. i - c) ` {x ..< y}"
  proof cases
    assume "c < y" with a show ?thesis
      by (auto intro!: image_eqI[of _ _ "a + c"])
  next
    assume "\<not> c < y" with a show ?thesis
      by (auto intro!: image_eqI[of _ _ x] split: if_split_asm)
  qed
qed auto

lemma image_int_atLeastLessThan: "int ` {a..<b} = {int a..<int b}"
  by (auto intro!: image_eqI [where x = "nat x" for x])

context ordered_ab_group_add
begin

lemma
  fixes x :: 'a
  shows image_uminus_greaterThan[simp]: "uminus ` {x<..} = {..<-x}"
  and image_uminus_atLeast[simp]: "uminus ` {x..} = {..-x}"
proof safe
  fix y assume "y < -x"
  hence *:  "x < -y" using neg_less_iff_less[of "-y" x] by simp
  have "- (-y) \<in> uminus ` {x<..}"
    by (rule imageI) (simp add: *)
  thus "y \<in> uminus ` {x<..}" by simp
next
  fix y assume "y \<le> -x"
  have "- (-y) \<in> uminus ` {x..}"
    by (rule imageI) (insert \<open>y \<le> -x\<close>[THEN le_imp_neg_le], simp)
  thus "y \<in> uminus ` {x..}" by simp
qed simp_all

lemma
  fixes x :: 'a
  shows image_uminus_lessThan[simp]: "uminus ` {..<x} = {-x<..}"
  and image_uminus_atMost[simp]: "uminus ` {..x} = {-x..}"
proof -
  have "uminus ` {..<x} = uminus ` uminus ` {-x<..}"
    and "uminus ` {..x} = uminus ` uminus ` {-x..}" by simp_all
  thus "uminus ` {..<x} = {-x<..}" and "uminus ` {..x} = {-x..}"
    by (simp_all add: image_image
        del: image_uminus_greaterThan image_uminus_atLeast)
qed

lemma
  fixes x :: 'a
  shows image_uminus_atLeastAtMost[simp]: "uminus ` {x..y} = {-y..-x}"
  and image_uminus_greaterThanAtMost[simp]: "uminus ` {x<..y} = {-y..<-x}"
  and image_uminus_atLeastLessThan[simp]: "uminus ` {x..<y} = {-y<..-x}"
  and image_uminus_greaterThanLessThan[simp]: "uminus ` {x<..<y} = {-y<..<-x}"
  by (simp_all add: atLeastAtMost_def greaterThanAtMost_def atLeastLessThan_def
      greaterThanLessThan_def image_Int[OF inj_uminus] Int_commute)
end

subsubsection \<open>Finiteness\<close>

lemma finite_lessThan [iff]: fixes k :: nat shows "finite {..<k}"
  by (induct k) (simp_all add: lessThan_Suc)

lemma finite_atMost [iff]: fixes k :: nat shows "finite {..k}"
  by (induct k) (simp_all add: atMost_Suc)

lemma finite_greaterThanLessThan [iff]:
  fixes l :: nat shows "finite {l<..<u}"
by (simp add: greaterThanLessThan_def)

lemma finite_atLeastLessThan [iff]:
  fixes l :: nat shows "finite {l..<u}"
by (simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)

lemma finite_greaterThanAtMost [iff]:
  fixes l :: nat shows "finite {l<..u}"
by (simp add: greaterThanAtMost_def)

lemma finite_atLeastAtMost [iff]:
  fixes l :: nat shows "finite {l..u}"
by (simp add: atLeastAtMost_def)

text \<open>A bounded set of natural numbers is finite.\<close>
lemma bounded_nat_set_is_finite:
  "(ALL i:N. i < (n::nat)) ==> finite N"
apply (rule finite_subset)
 apply (rule_tac [2] finite_lessThan, auto)
done

text \<open>A set of natural numbers is finite iff it is bounded.\<close>
lemma finite_nat_set_iff_bounded:
  "finite(N::nat set) = (EX m. ALL n:N. n<m)" (is "?F = ?B")
proof
  assume f:?F  show ?B
    using Max_ge[OF \<open>?F\<close>, simplified less_Suc_eq_le[symmetric]] by blast
next
  assume ?B show ?F using \<open>?B\<close> by(blast intro:bounded_nat_set_is_finite)
qed

lemma finite_nat_set_iff_bounded_le:
  "finite(N::nat set) = (EX m. ALL n:N. n<=m)"
apply(simp add:finite_nat_set_iff_bounded)
apply(blast dest:less_imp_le_nat le_imp_less_Suc)
done

lemma finite_less_ub:
     "!!f::nat=>nat. (!!n. n \<le> f n) ==> finite {n. f n \<le> u}"
by (rule_tac B="{..u}" in finite_subset, auto intro: order_trans)

lemma bounded_Max_nat:
  fixes P :: "nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
  assumes x: "P x" and M: "\<And>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> M"
  obtains m where "P m" "\<And>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> m"
proof -
  have "finite {x. P x}"
    using M finite_nat_set_iff_bounded_le by auto
  then have "Max {x. P x} \<in> {x. P x}"
    using Max_in x by auto
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: \<open>finite {x. P x}\<close> that)
qed


text\<open>Any subset of an interval of natural numbers the size of the
subset is exactly that interval.\<close>

lemma subset_card_intvl_is_intvl:
  assumes "A \<subseteq> {k..<k + card A}"
  shows "A = {k..<k + card A}"
proof (cases "finite A")
  case True
  from this and assms show ?thesis
  proof (induct A rule: finite_linorder_max_induct)
    case empty thus ?case by auto
  next
    case (insert b A)
    hence *: "b \<notin> A" by auto
    with insert have "A <= {k..<k + card A}" and "b = k + card A"
      by fastforce+
    with insert * show ?case by auto
  qed
next
  case False
  with assms show ?thesis by simp
qed


subsubsection \<open>Proving Inclusions and Equalities between Unions\<close>

lemma UN_le_eq_Un0:
  "(\<Union>i\<le>n::nat. M i) = (\<Union>i\<in>{1..n}. M i) \<union> M 0" (is "?A = ?B")
proof
  show "?A <= ?B"
  proof
    fix x assume "x : ?A"
    then obtain i where i: "i\<le>n" "x : M i" by auto
    show "x : ?B"
    proof(cases i)
      case 0 with i show ?thesis by simp
    next
      case (Suc j) with i show ?thesis by auto
    qed
  qed
next
  show "?B <= ?A" by fastforce
qed

lemma UN_le_add_shift:
  "(\<Union>i\<le>n::nat. M(i+k)) = (\<Union>i\<in>{k..n+k}. M i)" (is "?A = ?B")
proof
  show "?A <= ?B" by fastforce
next
  show "?B <= ?A"
  proof
    fix x assume "x : ?B"
    then obtain i where i: "i : {k..n+k}" "x : M(i)" by auto
    hence "i-k\<le>n & x : M((i-k)+k)" by auto
    thus "x : ?A" by blast
  qed
qed

lemma UN_UN_finite_eq: "(\<Union>n::nat. \<Union>i\<in>{0..<n}. A i) = (\<Union>n. A n)"
  by (auto simp add: atLeast0LessThan)

lemma UN_finite_subset:
  "(\<And>n::nat. (\<Union>i\<in>{0..<n}. A i) \<subseteq> C) \<Longrightarrow> (\<Union>n. A n) \<subseteq> C"
  by (subst UN_UN_finite_eq [symmetric]) blast

lemma UN_finite2_subset:
  assumes "\<And>n::nat. (\<Union>i\<in>{0..<n}. A i) \<subseteq> (\<Union>i\<in>{0..<n + k}. B i)"
  shows "(\<Union>n. A n) \<subseteq> (\<Union>n. B n)"
proof (rule UN_finite_subset, rule)
  fix n and a
  from assms have "(\<Union>i\<in>{0..<n}. A i) \<subseteq> (\<Union>i\<in>{0..<n + k}. B i)" .
  moreover assume "a \<in> (\<Union>i\<in>{0..<n}. A i)"
  ultimately have "a \<in> (\<Union>i\<in>{0..<n + k}. B i)" by blast
  then show "a \<in> (\<Union>i. B i)" by (auto simp add: UN_UN_finite_eq)
qed

lemma UN_finite2_eq:
  "(\<And>n::nat. (\<Union>i\<in>{0..<n}. A i) = (\<Union>i\<in>{0..<n + k}. B i)) \<Longrightarrow>
    (\<Union>n. A n) = (\<Union>n. B n)"
  apply (rule subset_antisym)
   apply (rule UN_finite2_subset, blast)
  apply (rule UN_finite2_subset [where k=k])
  apply (force simp add: atLeastLessThan_add_Un [of 0])
  done


subsubsection \<open>Cardinality\<close>

lemma card_lessThan [simp]: "card {..<u} = u"
  by (induct u, simp_all add: lessThan_Suc)

lemma card_atMost [simp]: "card {..u} = Suc u"
  by (simp add: lessThan_Suc_atMost [THEN sym])

lemma card_atLeastLessThan [simp]: "card {l..<u} = u - l"
proof -
  have "{l..<u} = (%x. x + l) ` {..<u-l}"
    apply (auto simp add: image_def atLeastLessThan_def lessThan_def)
    apply (rule_tac x = "x - l" in exI)
    apply arith
    done
  then have "card {l..<u} = card {..<u-l}"
    by (simp add: card_image inj_on_def)
  then show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

lemma card_atLeastAtMost [simp]: "card {l..u} = Suc u - l"
  by (subst atLeastLessThanSuc_atLeastAtMost [THEN sym], simp)

lemma card_greaterThanAtMost [simp]: "card {l<..u} = u - l"
  by (subst atLeastSucAtMost_greaterThanAtMost [THEN sym], simp)

lemma card_greaterThanLessThan [simp]: "card {l<..<u} = u - Suc l"
  by (subst atLeastSucLessThan_greaterThanLessThan [THEN sym], simp)

lemma subset_eq_atLeast0_lessThan_finite:
  fixes n :: nat
  assumes "N \<subseteq> {0..<n}"
  shows "finite N"
  using assms finite_atLeastLessThan by (rule finite_subset)

lemma subset_eq_atLeast0_atMost_finite:
  fixes n :: nat
  assumes "N \<subseteq> {0..n}"
  shows "finite N"
  using assms finite_atLeastAtMost by (rule finite_subset)

lemma ex_bij_betw_nat_finite:
  "finite M \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>h. bij_betw h {0..<card M} M"
apply(drule finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on)
apply(auto simp:atLeast0LessThan[symmetric] lessThan_def[symmetric] card_image bij_betw_def)
done

lemma ex_bij_betw_finite_nat:
  "finite M \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>h. bij_betw h M {0..<card M}"
by (blast dest: ex_bij_betw_nat_finite bij_betw_inv)

lemma finite_same_card_bij:
  "finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite B \<Longrightarrow> card A = card B \<Longrightarrow> EX h. bij_betw h A B"
apply(drule ex_bij_betw_finite_nat)
apply(drule ex_bij_betw_nat_finite)
apply(auto intro!:bij_betw_trans)
done

lemma ex_bij_betw_nat_finite_1:
  "finite M \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>h. bij_betw h {1 .. card M} M"
by (rule finite_same_card_bij) auto

lemma bij_betw_iff_card:
  assumes "finite A" "finite B"
  shows "(\<exists>f. bij_betw f A B) \<longleftrightarrow> (card A = card B)"
proof
  assume "card A = card B"
  moreover obtain f where "bij_betw f A {0 ..< card A}"
    using assms ex_bij_betw_finite_nat by blast
  moreover obtain g where "bij_betw g {0 ..< card B} B"
    using assms ex_bij_betw_nat_finite by blast
  ultimately have "bij_betw (g o f) A B"
    by (auto simp: bij_betw_trans)
  thus "(\<exists>f. bij_betw f A B)" by blast
qed (auto simp: bij_betw_same_card)

lemma inj_on_iff_card_le:
  assumes FIN: "finite A" and FIN': "finite B"
  shows "(\<exists>f. inj_on f A \<and> f ` A \<le> B) = (card A \<le> card B)"
proof (safe intro!: card_inj_on_le)
  assume *: "card A \<le> card B"
  obtain f where 1: "inj_on f A" and 2: "f ` A = {0 ..< card A}"
  using FIN ex_bij_betw_finite_nat unfolding bij_betw_def by force
  moreover obtain g where "inj_on g {0 ..< card B}" and 3: "g ` {0 ..< card B} = B"
  using FIN' ex_bij_betw_nat_finite unfolding bij_betw_def by force
  ultimately have "inj_on g (f ` A)" using subset_inj_on[of g _ "f ` A"] * by force