(* Title: HOL/Tools/meson.ML
ID: $Id$
Author: Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
Copyright 1992 University of Cambridge
The MESON resolution proof procedure for HOL.
When making clauses, avoids using the rewriter -- instead uses RS recursively
NEED TO SORT LITERALS BY # OF VARS, USING ==>I/E. ELIMINATES NEED FOR
FUNCTION nodups -- if done to goal clauses too!
*)
signature BASIC_MESON =
sig
val size_of_subgoals : thm -> int
val make_nnf : thm -> thm
val skolemize : thm -> thm
val make_clauses : thm list -> thm list
val make_horns : thm list -> thm list
val best_prolog_tac : (thm -> int) -> thm list -> tactic
val depth_prolog_tac : thm list -> tactic
val gocls : thm list -> thm list
val skolemize_prems_tac : thm list -> int -> tactic
val MESON : (thm list -> tactic) -> int -> tactic
val best_meson_tac : (thm -> int) -> int -> tactic
val safe_best_meson_tac : int -> tactic
val depth_meson_tac : int -> tactic
val prolog_step_tac' : thm list -> int -> tactic
val iter_deepen_prolog_tac : thm list -> tactic
val iter_deepen_meson_tac : int -> tactic
val meson_tac : int -> tactic
val negate_head : thm -> thm
val select_literal : int -> thm -> thm
val skolemize_tac : int -> tactic
val make_clauses_tac : int -> tactic
val meson_setup : (theory -> theory) list
end
structure Meson =
struct
val not_conjD = thm "meson_not_conjD";
val not_disjD = thm "meson_not_disjD";
val not_notD = thm "meson_not_notD";
val not_allD = thm "meson_not_allD";
val not_exD = thm "meson_not_exD";
val imp_to_disjD = thm "meson_imp_to_disjD";
val not_impD = thm "meson_not_impD";
val iff_to_disjD = thm "meson_iff_to_disjD";
val not_iffD = thm "meson_not_iffD";
val conj_exD1 = thm "meson_conj_exD1";
val conj_exD2 = thm "meson_conj_exD2";
val disj_exD = thm "meson_disj_exD";
val disj_exD1 = thm "meson_disj_exD1";
val disj_exD2 = thm "meson_disj_exD2";
val disj_assoc = thm "meson_disj_assoc";
val disj_comm = thm "meson_disj_comm";
val disj_FalseD1 = thm "meson_disj_FalseD1";
val disj_FalseD2 = thm "meson_disj_FalseD2";
(**** Operators for forward proof ****)
(*raises exception if no rules apply -- unlike RL*)
fun tryres (th, rl::rls) = (th RS rl handle THM _ => tryres(th,rls))
| tryres (th, []) = raise THM("tryres", 0, [th]);
(*Permits forward proof from rules that discharge assumptions*)
fun forward_res nf st =
case Seq.pull (ALLGOALS (METAHYPS (fn [prem] => rtac (nf prem) 1)) st)
of SOME(th,_) => th
| NONE => raise THM("forward_res", 0, [st]);
(*Are any of the constants in "bs" present in the term?*)
fun has_consts bs =
let fun has (Const(a,_)) = a mem bs
| has (Const ("Hilbert_Choice.Eps",_) $ _) = false
(*ignore constants within @-terms*)
| has (f$u) = has f orelse has u
| has (Abs(_,_,t)) = has t
| has _ = false
in has end;
(* for tracing: encloses each string element in brackets. *)
fun concat_with_and [] = ""
| concat_with_and [x] = "(" ^ x ^ ")"
| concat_with_and (x::xs) = "(" ^ x ^ ")" ^ " & " ^ concat_with_and xs;
(**** Clause handling ****)
fun literals (Const("Trueprop",_) $ P) = literals P
| literals (Const("op |",_) $ P $ Q) = literals P @ literals Q
| literals (Const("Not",_) $ P) = [(false,P)]
| literals P = [(true,P)];
(*number of literals in a term*)
val nliterals = length o literals;
(*to detect, and remove, tautologous clauses*)
fun taut_lits [] = false
| taut_lits ((flg,t)::ts) = (not flg,t) mem ts orelse taut_lits ts;
(*Include False as a literal: an occurrence of ~False is a tautology*)
fun is_taut th = taut_lits ((true, HOLogic.false_const) ::
literals (prop_of th));
(*Generation of unique names -- maxidx cannot be relied upon to increase!
Cannot rely on "variant", since variables might coincide when literals
are joined to make a clause...
19 chooses "U" as the first variable name*)
val name_ref = ref 19;
(*Replaces universally quantified variables by FREE variables -- because
assumptions may not contain scheme variables. Later, call "generalize". *)
fun freeze_spec th =
let val sth = th RS spec
val newname = (name_ref := !name_ref + 1;
radixstring(26, "A", !name_ref))
in read_instantiate [("x", newname)] sth end;
fun resop nf [prem] = resolve_tac (nf prem) 1;
(*Conjunctive normal form, detecting tautologies early.
Strips universal quantifiers and breaks up conjunctions. *)
fun cnf_aux seen (th,ths) =
let val _= (warning ("in cnf_aux, th : "^(string_of_thm th)))
in if taut_lits (literals(prop_of th) @ seen)
then ths (*tautology ignored*)
else if not (has_consts ["All","op &"] (prop_of th))
then th::ths (*no work to do, terminate*)
else (*conjunction?*)
cnf_aux seen (th RS conjunct1,
cnf_aux seen (th RS conjunct2, ths))
handle THM _ => (*universal quant?*)
cnf_aux seen (freeze_spec th, ths)
handle THM _ => (*disjunction?*)
let val tac =
(METAHYPS (resop (cnf_nil seen)) 1) THEN
(fn st' => st' |>
METAHYPS (resop (cnf_nil (literals (concl_of st') @ seen))) 1)
in Seq.list_of (tac (th RS disj_forward)) @ ths end end
and cnf_nil seen th = ((warning ("in cnf_nil "));cnf_aux seen (th,[]))
(*Top-level call to cnf -- it's safe to reset name_ref*)
fun cnf (th,ths) =
(name_ref := 19; cnf (th RS conjunct1, cnf (th RS conjunct2, ths))
handle THM _ => (*not a conjunction*) cnf_aux [] (th, ths));
(**** Removal of duplicate literals ****)
(*Forward proof, passing extra assumptions as theorems to the tactic*)
fun forward_res2 nf hyps st =
case Seq.pull
(REPEAT
(METAHYPS (fn major::minors => rtac (nf (minors@hyps) major) 1) 1)
st)
of SOME(th,_) => th
| NONE => raise THM("forward_res2", 0, [st]);
(*Remove duplicates in P|Q by assuming ~P in Q
rls (initially []) accumulates assumptions of the form P==>False*)
fun nodups_aux rls th = nodups_aux rls (th RS disj_assoc)
handle THM _ => tryres(th,rls)
handle THM _ => tryres(forward_res2 nodups_aux rls (th RS disj_forward2),
[disj_FalseD1, disj_FalseD2, asm_rl])
handle THM _ => th;
(*Remove duplicate literals, if there are any*)
fun nodups th =
if null(findrep(literals(prop_of th))) then th
else nodups_aux [] th;
(**** Generation of contrapositives ****)
(*Associate disjuctions to right -- make leftmost disjunct a LITERAL*)
fun assoc_right th = assoc_right (th RS disj_assoc)
handle THM _ => th;
(*Must check for negative literal first!*)
val clause_rules = [disj_assoc, make_neg_rule, make_pos_rule];
(*For ordinary resolution. *)
val resolution_clause_rules = [disj_assoc, make_neg_rule', make_pos_rule'];
(*Create a goal or support clause, conclusing False*)
fun make_goal th = (*Must check for negative literal first!*)
make_goal (tryres(th, clause_rules))
handle THM _ => tryres(th, [make_neg_goal, make_pos_goal]);
(*Sort clauses by number of literals*)
fun fewerlits(th1,th2) = nliterals(prop_of th1) < nliterals(prop_of th2);
(*TAUTOLOGY CHECK SHOULD NOT BE NECESSARY!*)
fun sort_clauses ths = sort (make_ord fewerlits) (List.filter (not o is_taut) ths);
(*Convert all suitable free variables to schematic variables*)
fun generalize th = forall_elim_vars 0 (forall_intr_frees th);
(*True if the given type contains bool anywhere*)
fun has_bool (Type("bool",_)) = true
| has_bool (Type(_, Ts)) = exists has_bool Ts
| has_bool _ = false;
(*Is the string the name of a connective? It doesn't matter if this list is
incomplete, since when actually called, the only connectives likely to
remain are & | Not.*)
fun is_conn c = c mem_string
["Trueprop", "op &", "op |", "op -->", "op =", "Not",
"All", "Ex", "Ball", "Bex"];
(*True if the term contains a function where the type of any argument contains
bool.*)
val has_bool_arg_const =
exists_Const
(fn (c,T) => not(is_conn c) andalso exists (has_bool) (binder_types T));
(*Raises an exception if any Vars in the theorem mention type bool. That would mean
they are higher-order, and in addition, they could cause make_horn to loop!
Functions taking Boolean arguments are also rejected.*)
fun check_no_bool th =
let val {prop,...} = rep_thm th
in if exists (has_bool o fastype_of) (term_vars prop) orelse
has_bool_arg_const prop
then raise THM ("check_no_bool", 0, [th]) else th
end;
(*Create a meta-level Horn clause*)
fun make_horn crules th = make_horn crules (tryres(th,crules))
handle THM _ => th;
(*Generate Horn clauses for all contrapositives of a clause*)
fun add_contras crules (th,hcs) =
let fun rots (0,th) = hcs
| rots (k,th) = zero_var_indexes (make_horn crules th) ::
rots(k-1, assoc_right (th RS disj_comm))
in case nliterals(prop_of (check_no_bool th)) of
1 => th::hcs
| n => rots(n, assoc_right th)
end;
(*Use "theorem naming" to label the clauses*)
fun name_thms label =
let fun name1 (th, (k,ths)) =
(k-1, Thm.name_thm (label ^ string_of_int k, th) :: ths)
in fn ths => #2 (foldr name1 (length ths, []) ths) end;
(*Find an all-negative support clause*)
fun is_negative th = forall (not o #1) (literals (prop_of th));
val neg_clauses = List.filter is_negative;
(***** MESON PROOF PROCEDURE *****)
fun rhyps (Const("==>",_) $ (Const("Trueprop",_) $ A) $ phi,
As) = rhyps(phi, A::As)
| rhyps (_, As) = As;
(** Detecting repeated assumptions in a subgoal **)
(*The stringtree detects repeated assumptions.*)
fun ins_term (net,t) = Net.insert_term((t,t), net, op aconv);
(*detects repetitions in a list of terms*)
fun has_reps [] = false
| has_reps [_] = false
| has_reps [t,u] = (t aconv u)
| has_reps ts = (Library.foldl ins_term (Net.empty, ts); false)
handle INSERT => true;
(*Like TRYALL eq_assume_tac, but avoids expensive THEN calls*)
fun TRYALL_eq_assume_tac 0 st = Seq.single st
| TRYALL_eq_assume_tac i st =
TRYALL_eq_assume_tac (i-1) (eq_assumption i st)
handle THM _ => TRYALL_eq_assume_tac (i-1) st;
(*Loop checking: FAIL if trying to prove the same thing twice
-- if *ANY* subgoal has repeated literals*)
fun check_tac st =
if exists (fn prem => has_reps (rhyps(prem,[]))) (prems_of st)
then Seq.empty else Seq.single st;
(* net_resolve_tac actually made it slower... *)
fun prolog_step_tac horns i =
(assume_tac i APPEND resolve_tac horns i) THEN check_tac THEN
TRYALL eq_assume_tac;
(*Sums the sizes of the subgoals, ignoring hypotheses (ancestors)*)
fun addconcl(prem,sz) = size_of_term(Logic.strip_assums_concl prem) + sz
fun size_of_subgoals st = foldr addconcl 0 (prems_of st);
(*Negation Normal Form*)
val nnf_rls = [imp_to_disjD, iff_to_disjD, not_conjD, not_disjD,
not_impD, not_iffD, not_allD, not_exD, not_notD];
fun make_nnf1 th = make_nnf1 (tryres(th, nnf_rls))
handle THM _ =>
forward_res make_nnf1
(tryres(th, [conj_forward,disj_forward,all_forward,ex_forward]))
handle THM _ => th;
fun make_nnf th = make_nnf1 (check_no_bool th);
(*Pull existential quantifiers (Skolemization)*)
fun skolemize th =
if not (has_consts ["Ex"] (prop_of th)) then th
else ((warning("in meson.skolemize with th: "^(string_of_thm th)));skolemize (tryres(th, [choice, conj_exD1, conj_exD2,
disj_exD, disj_exD1, disj_exD2])))
handle THM _ =>
skolemize (forward_res skolemize
(tryres (th, [conj_forward, disj_forward, all_forward])))
handle THM _ => forward_res skolemize (th RS ex_forward);
(*Make clauses from a list of theorems, previously Skolemized and put into nnf.
The resulting clauses are HOL disjunctions.*)
fun make_clauses ths =
(warning("in make_clauses ths = " ^ concat_with_and (map string_of_thm ths));
sort_clauses (map (generalize o nodups) (foldr cnf [] ths)));
(*Convert a list of clauses to (contrapositive) Horn clauses*)
fun make_horns ths =
name_thms "Horn#"
(gen_distinct Drule.eq_thm_prop (foldr (add_contras clause_rules) [] ths));
(*Could simply use nprems_of, which would count remaining subgoals -- no
discrimination as to their size! With BEST_FIRST, fails for problem 41.*)
fun best_prolog_tac sizef horns =
BEST_FIRST (has_fewer_prems 1, sizef) (prolog_step_tac horns 1);
fun depth_prolog_tac horns =
DEPTH_FIRST (has_fewer_prems 1) (prolog_step_tac horns 1);
(*Return all negative clauses, as possible goal clauses*)
fun gocls cls = name_thms "Goal#" (map make_goal (neg_clauses cls));
fun skolemize_prems_tac prems =
cut_facts_tac (map (skolemize o make_nnf) prems) THEN'
REPEAT o (etac exE);
(*Shell of all meson-tactics. Supplies cltac with clauses: HOL disjunctions*)
fun MESON cltac = SELECT_GOAL
(EVERY1 [rtac ccontr,
METAHYPS (fn negs =>
EVERY1 [skolemize_prems_tac negs,
METAHYPS (cltac o make_clauses)])]);
(** Best-first search versions **)
fun best_meson_tac sizef =
MESON (fn cls =>
THEN_BEST_FIRST (resolve_tac (gocls cls) 1)
(has_fewer_prems 1, sizef)
(prolog_step_tac (make_horns cls) 1));
(*First, breaks the goal into independent units*)
val safe_best_meson_tac =
SELECT_GOAL (TRY Safe_tac THEN
TRYALL (best_meson_tac size_of_subgoals));
(** Depth-first search version **)
val depth_meson_tac =
MESON (fn cls => EVERY [resolve_tac (gocls cls) 1,
depth_prolog_tac (make_horns cls)]);
(** Iterative deepening version **)
(*This version does only one inference per call;
having only one eq_assume_tac speeds it up!*)
fun prolog_step_tac' horns =
let val (horn0s, hornps) = (*0 subgoals vs 1 or more*)
take_prefix Thm.no_prems horns
val nrtac = net_resolve_tac horns
in fn i => eq_assume_tac i ORELSE
match_tac horn0s i ORELSE (*no backtracking if unit MATCHES*)
((assume_tac i APPEND nrtac i) THEN check_tac)
end;
fun iter_deepen_prolog_tac horns =
ITER_DEEPEN (has_fewer_prems 1) (prolog_step_tac' horns);
val iter_deepen_meson_tac =
MESON (fn cls =>
(THEN_ITER_DEEPEN (resolve_tac (gocls cls) 1)
(has_fewer_prems 1)
(prolog_step_tac' (make_horns cls))));
fun meson_claset_tac cs =
SELECT_GOAL (TRY (safe_tac cs) THEN TRYALL iter_deepen_meson_tac);
val meson_tac = CLASET' meson_claset_tac;
(**** Code to support ordinary resolution, rather than Model Elimination ****)
(*Convert a list of clauses (disjunctions) to meta-level clauses (==>),
with no contrapositives, for ordinary resolution.*)
(*Rules to convert the head literal into a negated assumption. If the head
literal is already negated, then using notEfalse instead of notEfalse'
prevents a double negation.*)
val notEfalse = read_instantiate [("R","False")] notE;
val notEfalse' = rotate_prems 1 notEfalse;
fun negated_asm_of_head th =
th RS notEfalse handle THM _ => th RS notEfalse';
(*Converting one clause*)
fun make_meta_clause th =
negated_asm_of_head (make_horn resolution_clause_rules (check_no_bool th));
fun make_meta_clauses ths =
name_thms "MClause#"
(gen_distinct Drule.eq_thm_prop (map make_meta_clause ths));
(*Permute a rule's premises to move the i-th premise to the last position.*)
fun make_last i th =
let val n = nprems_of th
in if 1 <= i andalso i <= n
then Thm.permute_prems (i-1) 1 th
else raise THM("select_literal", i, [th])
end;
(*Maps a rule that ends "... ==> P ==> False" to "... ==> ~P" while suppressing
double-negations.*)
val negate_head = rewrite_rule [atomize_not, not_not RS eq_reflection];
(*Maps the clause [P1,...Pn]==>False to [P1,...,P(i-1),P(i+1),...Pn] ==> ~P*)
fun select_literal i cl = negate_head (make_last i cl);
(*Top-level Skolemization. Allows part of the conversion to clauses to be
expressed as a tactic (or Isar method). Each assumption of the selected
goal is converted to NNF and then its existential quantifiers are pulled
to the front. Finally, all existential quantifiers are eliminated,
leaving !!-quantified variables. Perhaps Safe_tac should follow, but it
might generate many subgoals.*)
val skolemize_tac =
SUBGOAL
(fn (prop,_) =>
let val ts = Logic.strip_assums_hyp prop
val _ = (warning("in meson.skolemize_tac "))
val outfile = TextIO.openOut(File.sysify_path(File.tmp_path (Path.basic "skolem")))
val _ = TextIO.output(outfile, "in skolemize_tac ");
val _ = TextIO.flushOut outfile;
val _ = TextIO.closeOut outfile
in EVERY1
[METAHYPS
(fn hyps => ((warning("in meson.skolemize_tac hyps are: "^(string_of_thm (hd hyps))));cut_facts_tac (map (skolemize o make_nnf) hyps) 1
THEN REPEAT (etac exE 1))),
REPEAT_DETERM_N (length ts) o (etac thin_rl)]
end);
(*Top-level conversion to meta-level clauses. Each clause has
leading !!-bound universal variables, to express generality. To get
disjunctions instead of meta-clauses, remove "make_meta_clauses" below.*)
val make_clauses_tac =
SUBGOAL
(fn (prop,_) =>
let val ts = Logic.strip_assums_hyp prop
in EVERY1
[METAHYPS
(fn hyps =>
(Method.insert_tac
(map forall_intr_vars
(make_meta_clauses (make_clauses hyps))) 1)),
REPEAT_DETERM_N (length ts) o (etac thin_rl)]
end);
(*** proof method setup ***)
fun meson_meth ctxt =
Method.SIMPLE_METHOD' HEADGOAL
(CHANGED_PROP o meson_claset_tac (local_claset_of ctxt));
val skolemize_meth =
Method.SIMPLE_METHOD' HEADGOAL
(CHANGED_PROP o skolemize_tac);
val make_clauses_meth =
Method.SIMPLE_METHOD' HEADGOAL
(CHANGED_PROP o make_clauses_tac);
val meson_setup =
[Method.add_methods
[("meson", Method.ctxt_args meson_meth,
"The MESON resolution proof procedure"),
("skolemize", Method.no_args skolemize_meth,
"Skolemization into existential quantifiers"),
("make_clauses", Method.no_args make_clauses_meth,
"Conversion to !!-quantified meta-level clauses")]];
end;
structure BasicMeson: BASIC_MESON = Meson;
open BasicMeson;