(* Title: HOL/Quadratic_Reciprocity/Gauss.thy
ID: $Id$
Authors: Jeremy Avigad, David Gray, and Adam Kramer)
*)
header {* Gauss' Lemma *}
theory Gauss
imports Euler
begin
locale GAUSS =
fixes p :: "int"
fixes a :: "int"
assumes p_prime: "zprime p"
assumes p_g_2: "2 < p"
assumes p_a_relprime: "~[a = 0](mod p)"
assumes a_nonzero: "0 < a"
begin
definition
A :: "int set" where
"A = {(x::int). 0 < x & x \<le> ((p - 1) div 2)}"
definition
B :: "int set" where
"B = (%x. x * a) ` A"
definition
C :: "int set" where
"C = StandardRes p ` B"
definition
D :: "int set" where
"D = C \<inter> {x. x \<le> ((p - 1) div 2)}"
definition
E :: "int set" where
"E = C \<inter> {x. ((p - 1) div 2) < x}"
definition
F :: "int set" where
"F = (%x. (p - x)) ` E"
subsection {* Basic properties of p *}
lemma p_odd: "p \<in> zOdd"
by (auto simp add: p_prime p_g_2 zprime_zOdd_eq_grt_2)
lemma p_g_0: "0 < p"
using p_g_2 by auto
lemma int_nat: "int (nat ((p - 1) div 2)) = (p - 1) div 2"
using ListMem.insert p_g_2 by (auto simp add: pos_imp_zdiv_nonneg_iff)
lemma p_minus_one_l: "(p - 1) div 2 < p"
proof -
have "(p - 1) div 2 \<le> (p - 1) div 1"
by (rule zdiv_mono2) (auto simp add: p_g_0)
also have "\<dots> = p - 1" by simp
finally show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma p_eq: "p = (2 * (p - 1) div 2) + 1"
using zdiv_zmult_self2 [of 2 "p - 1"] by auto
lemma (in -) zodd_imp_zdiv_eq: "x \<in> zOdd ==> 2 * (x - 1) div 2 = 2 * ((x - 1) div 2)"
apply (frule odd_minus_one_even)
apply (simp add: zEven_def)
apply (subgoal_tac "2 \<noteq> 0")
apply (frule_tac b = "2 :: int" and a = "x - 1" in zdiv_zmult_self2)
apply (auto simp add: even_div_2_prop2)
done
lemma p_eq2: "p = (2 * ((p - 1) div 2)) + 1"
apply (insert p_eq p_prime p_g_2 zprime_zOdd_eq_grt_2 [of p], auto)
apply (frule zodd_imp_zdiv_eq, auto)
done
subsection {* Basic Properties of the Gauss Sets *}
lemma finite_A: "finite (A)"
apply (auto simp add: A_def)
apply (subgoal_tac "{x. 0 < x & x \<le> (p - 1) div 2} \<subseteq> {x. 0 \<le> x & x < 1 + (p - 1) div 2}")
apply (auto simp add: bdd_int_set_l_finite finite_subset)
done
lemma finite_B: "finite (B)"
by (auto simp add: B_def finite_A finite_imageI)
lemma finite_C: "finite (C)"
by (auto simp add: C_def finite_B finite_imageI)
lemma finite_D: "finite (D)"
by (auto simp add: D_def finite_Int finite_C)
lemma finite_E: "finite (E)"
by (auto simp add: E_def finite_Int finite_C)
lemma finite_F: "finite (F)"
by (auto simp add: F_def finite_E finite_imageI)
lemma C_eq: "C = D \<union> E"
by (auto simp add: C_def D_def E_def)
lemma A_card_eq: "card A = nat ((p - 1) div 2)"
apply (auto simp add: A_def)
apply (insert int_nat)
apply (erule subst)
apply (auto simp add: card_bdd_int_set_l_le)
done
lemma inj_on_xa_A: "inj_on (%x. x * a) A"
using a_nonzero by (simp add: A_def inj_on_def)
lemma A_res: "ResSet p A"
apply (auto simp add: A_def ResSet_def)
apply (rule_tac m = p in zcong_less_eq)
apply (insert p_g_2, auto)
done
lemma B_res: "ResSet p B"
apply (insert p_g_2 p_a_relprime p_minus_one_l)
apply (auto simp add: B_def)
apply (rule ResSet_image)
apply (auto simp add: A_res)
apply (auto simp add: A_def)
proof -
fix x fix y
assume a: "[x * a = y * a] (mod p)"
assume b: "0 < x"
assume c: "x \<le> (p - 1) div 2"
assume d: "0 < y"
assume e: "y \<le> (p - 1) div 2"
from a p_a_relprime p_prime a_nonzero zcong_cancel [of p a x y]
have "[x = y](mod p)"
by (simp add: zprime_imp_zrelprime zcong_def p_g_0 order_le_less)
with zcong_less_eq [of x y p] p_minus_one_l
order_le_less_trans [of x "(p - 1) div 2" p]
order_le_less_trans [of y "(p - 1) div 2" p] show "x = y"
by (simp add: prems p_minus_one_l p_g_0)
qed
lemma SR_B_inj: "inj_on (StandardRes p) B"
apply (auto simp add: B_def StandardRes_def inj_on_def A_def prems)
proof -
fix x fix y
assume a: "x * a mod p = y * a mod p"
assume b: "0 < x"
assume c: "x \<le> (p - 1) div 2"
assume d: "0 < y"
assume e: "y \<le> (p - 1) div 2"
assume f: "x \<noteq> y"
from a have "[x * a = y * a](mod p)"
by (simp add: zcong_zmod_eq p_g_0)
with p_a_relprime p_prime a_nonzero zcong_cancel [of p a x y]
have "[x = y](mod p)"
by (simp add: zprime_imp_zrelprime zcong_def p_g_0 order_le_less)
with zcong_less_eq [of x y p] p_minus_one_l
order_le_less_trans [of x "(p - 1) div 2" p]
order_le_less_trans [of y "(p - 1) div 2" p] have "x = y"
by (simp add: prems p_minus_one_l p_g_0)
then have False
by (simp add: f)
then show "a = 0"
by simp
qed
lemma inj_on_pminusx_E: "inj_on (%x. p - x) E"
apply (auto simp add: E_def C_def B_def A_def)
apply (rule_tac g = "%x. -1 * (x - p)" in inj_on_inverseI)
apply auto
done
lemma A_ncong_p: "x \<in> A ==> ~[x = 0](mod p)"
apply (auto simp add: A_def)
apply (frule_tac m = p in zcong_not_zero)
apply (insert p_minus_one_l)
apply auto
done
lemma A_greater_zero: "x \<in> A ==> 0 < x"
by (auto simp add: A_def)
lemma B_ncong_p: "x \<in> B ==> ~[x = 0](mod p)"
apply (auto simp add: B_def)
apply (frule A_ncong_p)
apply (insert p_a_relprime p_prime a_nonzero)
apply (frule_tac a = x and b = a in zcong_zprime_prod_zero_contra)
apply (auto simp add: A_greater_zero)
done
lemma B_greater_zero: "x \<in> B ==> 0 < x"
using a_nonzero by (auto simp add: B_def mult_pos_pos A_greater_zero)
lemma C_ncong_p: "x \<in> C ==> ~[x = 0](mod p)"
apply (auto simp add: C_def)
apply (frule B_ncong_p)
apply (subgoal_tac "[x = StandardRes p x](mod p)")
defer apply (simp add: StandardRes_prop1)
apply (frule_tac a = x and b = "StandardRes p x" and c = 0 in zcong_trans)
apply auto
done
lemma C_greater_zero: "y \<in> C ==> 0 < y"
apply (auto simp add: C_def)
proof -
fix x
assume a: "x \<in> B"
from p_g_0 have "0 \<le> StandardRes p x"
by (simp add: StandardRes_lbound)
moreover have "~[x = 0] (mod p)"
by (simp add: a B_ncong_p)
then have "StandardRes p x \<noteq> 0"
by (simp add: StandardRes_prop3)
ultimately show "0 < StandardRes p x"
by (simp add: order_le_less)
qed
lemma D_ncong_p: "x \<in> D ==> ~[x = 0](mod p)"
by (auto simp add: D_def C_ncong_p)
lemma E_ncong_p: "x \<in> E ==> ~[x = 0](mod p)"
by (auto simp add: E_def C_ncong_p)
lemma F_ncong_p: "x \<in> F ==> ~[x = 0](mod p)"
apply (auto simp add: F_def)
proof -
fix x assume a: "x \<in> E" assume b: "[p - x = 0] (mod p)"
from E_ncong_p have "~[x = 0] (mod p)"
by (simp add: a)
moreover from a have "0 < x"
by (simp add: a E_def C_greater_zero)
moreover from a have "x < p"
by (auto simp add: E_def C_def p_g_0 StandardRes_ubound)
ultimately have "~[p - x = 0] (mod p)"
by (simp add: zcong_not_zero)
from this show False by (simp add: b)
qed
lemma F_subset: "F \<subseteq> {x. 0 < x & x \<le> ((p - 1) div 2)}"
apply (auto simp add: F_def E_def)
apply (insert p_g_0)
apply (frule_tac x = xa in StandardRes_ubound)
apply (frule_tac x = x in StandardRes_ubound)
apply (subgoal_tac "xa = StandardRes p xa")
apply (auto simp add: C_def StandardRes_prop2 StandardRes_prop1)
proof -
from zodd_imp_zdiv_eq p_prime p_g_2 zprime_zOdd_eq_grt_2 have
"2 * (p - 1) div 2 = 2 * ((p - 1) div 2)"
by simp
with p_eq2 show " !!x. [| (p - 1) div 2 < StandardRes p x; x \<in> B |]
==> p - StandardRes p x \<le> (p - 1) div 2"
by simp
qed
lemma D_subset: "D \<subseteq> {x. 0 < x & x \<le> ((p - 1) div 2)}"
by (auto simp add: D_def C_greater_zero)
lemma F_eq: "F = {x. \<exists>y \<in> A. ( x = p - (StandardRes p (y*a)) & (p - 1) div 2 < StandardRes p (y*a))}"
by (auto simp add: F_def E_def D_def C_def B_def A_def)
lemma D_eq: "D = {x. \<exists>y \<in> A. ( x = StandardRes p (y*a) & StandardRes p (y*a) \<le> (p - 1) div 2)}"
by (auto simp add: D_def C_def B_def A_def)
lemma D_leq: "x \<in> D ==> x \<le> (p - 1) div 2"
by (auto simp add: D_eq)
lemma F_ge: "x \<in> F ==> x \<le> (p - 1) div 2"
apply (auto simp add: F_eq A_def)
proof -
fix y
assume "(p - 1) div 2 < StandardRes p (y * a)"
then have "p - StandardRes p (y * a) < p - ((p - 1) div 2)"
by arith
also from p_eq2 have "... = 2 * ((p - 1) div 2) + 1 - ((p - 1) div 2)"
by auto
also have "2 * ((p - 1) div 2) + 1 - (p - 1) div 2 = (p - 1) div 2 + 1"
by arith
finally show "p - StandardRes p (y * a) \<le> (p - 1) div 2"
using zless_add1_eq [of "p - StandardRes p (y * a)" "(p - 1) div 2"] by auto
qed
lemma all_A_relprime: "\<forall>x \<in> A. zgcd x p = 1"
using p_prime p_minus_one_l by (auto simp add: A_def zless_zprime_imp_zrelprime)
lemma A_prod_relprime: "zgcd (setprod id A) p = 1"
using all_A_relprime finite_A by (simp add: all_relprime_prod_relprime)
subsection {* Relationships Between Gauss Sets *}
lemma B_card_eq_A: "card B = card A"
using finite_A by (simp add: finite_A B_def inj_on_xa_A card_image)
lemma B_card_eq: "card B = nat ((p - 1) div 2)"
by (simp add: B_card_eq_A A_card_eq)
lemma F_card_eq_E: "card F = card E"
using finite_E by (simp add: F_def inj_on_pminusx_E card_image)
lemma C_card_eq_B: "card C = card B"
apply (insert finite_B)
apply (subgoal_tac "inj_on (StandardRes p) B")
apply (simp add: B_def C_def card_image)
apply (rule StandardRes_inj_on_ResSet)
apply (simp add: B_res)
done
lemma D_E_disj: "D \<inter> E = {}"
by (auto simp add: D_def E_def)
lemma C_card_eq_D_plus_E: "card C = card D + card E"
by (auto simp add: C_eq card_Un_disjoint D_E_disj finite_D finite_E)
lemma C_prod_eq_D_times_E: "setprod id E * setprod id D = setprod id C"
apply (insert D_E_disj finite_D finite_E C_eq)
apply (frule setprod_Un_disjoint [of D E id])
apply auto
done
lemma C_B_zcong_prod: "[setprod id C = setprod id B] (mod p)"
apply (auto simp add: C_def)
apply (insert finite_B SR_B_inj)
apply (frule_tac f = "StandardRes p" in setprod_reindex_id [symmetric], auto)
apply (rule setprod_same_function_zcong)
apply (auto simp add: StandardRes_prop1 zcong_sym p_g_0)
done
lemma F_Un_D_subset: "(F \<union> D) \<subseteq> A"
apply (rule Un_least)
apply (auto simp add: A_def F_subset D_subset)
done
lemma F_D_disj: "(F \<inter> D) = {}"
apply (simp add: F_eq D_eq)
apply (auto simp add: F_eq D_eq)
proof -
fix y fix ya
assume "p - StandardRes p (y * a) = StandardRes p (ya * a)"
then have "p = StandardRes p (y * a) + StandardRes p (ya * a)"
by arith
moreover have "p dvd p"
by auto
ultimately have "p dvd (StandardRes p (y * a) + StandardRes p (ya * a))"
by auto
then have a: "[StandardRes p (y * a) + StandardRes p (ya * a) = 0] (mod p)"
by (auto simp add: zcong_def)
have "[y * a = StandardRes p (y * a)] (mod p)"
by (simp only: zcong_sym StandardRes_prop1)
moreover have "[ya * a = StandardRes p (ya * a)] (mod p)"
by (simp only: zcong_sym StandardRes_prop1)
ultimately have "[y * a + ya * a =
StandardRes p (y * a) + StandardRes p (ya * a)] (mod p)"
by (rule zcong_zadd)
with a have "[y * a + ya * a = 0] (mod p)"
apply (elim zcong_trans)
by (simp only: zcong_refl)
also have "y * a + ya * a = a * (y + ya)"
by (simp add: zadd_zmult_distrib2 zmult_commute)
finally have "[a * (y + ya) = 0] (mod p)" .
with p_prime a_nonzero zcong_zprime_prod_zero [of p a "y + ya"]
p_a_relprime
have a: "[y + ya = 0] (mod p)"
by auto
assume b: "y \<in> A" and c: "ya: A"
with A_def have "0 < y + ya"
by auto
moreover from b c A_def have "y + ya \<le> (p - 1) div 2 + (p - 1) div 2"
by auto
moreover from b c p_eq2 A_def have "y + ya < p"
by auto
ultimately show False
apply simp
apply (frule_tac m = p in zcong_not_zero)
apply (auto simp add: a)
done
qed
lemma F_Un_D_card: "card (F \<union> D) = nat ((p - 1) div 2)"
proof -
have "card (F \<union> D) = card E + card D"
by (auto simp add: finite_F finite_D F_D_disj
card_Un_disjoint F_card_eq_E)
then have "card (F \<union> D) = card C"
by (simp add: C_card_eq_D_plus_E)
from this show "card (F \<union> D) = nat ((p - 1) div 2)"
by (simp add: C_card_eq_B B_card_eq)
qed
lemma F_Un_D_eq_A: "F \<union> D = A"
using finite_A F_Un_D_subset A_card_eq F_Un_D_card by (auto simp add: card_seteq)
lemma prod_D_F_eq_prod_A:
"(setprod id D) * (setprod id F) = setprod id A"
apply (insert F_D_disj finite_D finite_F)
apply (frule setprod_Un_disjoint [of F D id])
apply (auto simp add: F_Un_D_eq_A)
done
lemma prod_F_zcong:
"[setprod id F = ((-1) ^ (card E)) * (setprod id E)] (mod p)"
proof -
have "setprod id F = setprod id (op - p ` E)"
by (auto simp add: F_def)
then have "setprod id F = setprod (op - p) E"
apply simp
apply (insert finite_E inj_on_pminusx_E)
apply (frule_tac f = "op - p" in setprod_reindex_id, auto)
done
then have one:
"[setprod id F = setprod (StandardRes p o (op - p)) E] (mod p)"
apply simp
apply (insert p_g_0 finite_E)
by (auto simp add: StandardRes_prod)
moreover have a: "\<forall>x \<in> E. [p - x = 0 - x] (mod p)"
apply clarify
apply (insert zcong_id [of p])
apply (rule_tac a = p and m = p and c = x and d = x in zcong_zdiff, auto)
done
moreover have b: "\<forall>x \<in> E. [StandardRes p (p - x) = p - x](mod p)"
apply clarify
apply (simp add: StandardRes_prop1 zcong_sym)
done
moreover have "\<forall>x \<in> E. [StandardRes p (p - x) = - x](mod p)"
apply clarify
apply (insert a b)
apply (rule_tac b = "p - x" in zcong_trans, auto)
done
ultimately have c:
"[setprod (StandardRes p o (op - p)) E = setprod (uminus) E](mod p)"
apply simp
apply (insert finite_E p_g_0)
apply (rule setprod_same_function_zcong
[of E "StandardRes p o (op - p)" uminus p], auto)
done
then have two: "[setprod id F = setprod (uminus) E](mod p)"
apply (insert one c)
apply (rule zcong_trans [of "setprod id F"
"setprod (StandardRes p o op - p) E" p
"setprod uminus E"], auto)
done
also have "setprod uminus E = (setprod id E) * (-1)^(card E)"
using finite_E by (induct set: finite) auto
then have "setprod uminus E = (-1) ^ (card E) * (setprod id E)"
by (simp add: zmult_commute)
with two show ?thesis
by simp
qed
subsection {* Gauss' Lemma *}
lemma aux: "setprod id A * -1 ^ card E * a ^ card A * -1 ^ card E = setprod id A * a ^ card A"
by (auto simp add: finite_E neg_one_special)
theorem pre_gauss_lemma:
"[a ^ nat((p - 1) div 2) = (-1) ^ (card E)] (mod p)"
proof -
have "[setprod id A = setprod id F * setprod id D](mod p)"
by (auto simp add: prod_D_F_eq_prod_A zmult_commute)
then have "[setprod id A = ((-1)^(card E) * setprod id E) *
setprod id D] (mod p)"
apply (rule zcong_trans)
apply (auto simp add: prod_F_zcong zcong_scalar)
done
then have "[setprod id A = ((-1)^(card E) * setprod id C)] (mod p)"
apply (rule zcong_trans)
apply (insert C_prod_eq_D_times_E, erule subst)
apply (subst zmult_assoc, auto)
done
then have "[setprod id A = ((-1)^(card E) * setprod id B)] (mod p)"
apply (rule zcong_trans)
apply (simp add: C_B_zcong_prod zcong_scalar2)
done
then have "[setprod id A = ((-1)^(card E) *
(setprod id ((%x. x * a) ` A)))] (mod p)"
by (simp add: B_def)
then have "[setprod id A = ((-1)^(card E) * (setprod (%x. x * a) A))]
(mod p)"
by (simp add:finite_A inj_on_xa_A setprod_reindex_id[symmetric])
moreover have "setprod (%x. x * a) A =
setprod (%x. a) A * setprod id A"
using finite_A by (induct set: finite) auto
ultimately have "[setprod id A = ((-1)^(card E) * (setprod (%x. a) A *
setprod id A))] (mod p)"
by simp
then have "[setprod id A = ((-1)^(card E) * a^(card A) *
setprod id A)](mod p)"
apply (rule zcong_trans)
apply (simp add: zcong_scalar2 zcong_scalar finite_A setprod_constant zmult_assoc)
done
then have a: "[setprod id A * (-1)^(card E) =
((-1)^(card E) * a^(card A) * setprod id A * (-1)^(card E))](mod p)"
by (rule zcong_scalar)
then have "[setprod id A * (-1)^(card E) = setprod id A *
(-1)^(card E) * a^(card A) * (-1)^(card E)](mod p)"
apply (rule zcong_trans)
apply (simp add: a mult_commute mult_left_commute)
done
then have "[setprod id A * (-1)^(card E) = setprod id A *
a^(card A)](mod p)"
apply (rule zcong_trans)
apply (simp add: aux)
done
with this zcong_cancel2 [of p "setprod id A" "-1 ^ card E" "a ^ card A"]
p_g_0 A_prod_relprime have "[-1 ^ card E = a ^ card A](mod p)"
by (simp add: order_less_imp_le)
from this show ?thesis
by (simp add: A_card_eq zcong_sym)
qed
theorem gauss_lemma: "(Legendre a p) = (-1) ^ (card E)"
proof -
from Euler_Criterion p_prime p_g_2 have
"[(Legendre a p) = a^(nat (((p) - 1) div 2))] (mod p)"
by auto
moreover note pre_gauss_lemma
ultimately have "[(Legendre a p) = (-1) ^ (card E)] (mod p)"
by (rule zcong_trans)
moreover from p_a_relprime have "(Legendre a p) = 1 | (Legendre a p) = (-1)"
by (auto simp add: Legendre_def)
moreover have "(-1::int) ^ (card E) = 1 | (-1::int) ^ (card E) = -1"
by (rule neg_one_power)
ultimately show ?thesis
by (auto simp add: p_g_2 one_not_neg_one_mod_m zcong_sym)
qed
end
end