(* Title: HOL/SetInterval.thy
Author: Tobias Nipkow and Clemens Ballarin
Additions by Jeremy Avigad in March 2004
Copyright 2000 TU Muenchen
lessThan, greaterThan, atLeast, atMost and two-sided intervals
*)
header {* Set intervals *}
theory SetInterval
imports Int
begin
context ord
begin
definition
lessThan :: "'a => 'a set" ("(1{..<_})") where
"{..<u} == {x. x < u}"
definition
atMost :: "'a => 'a set" ("(1{.._})") where
"{..u} == {x. x \<le> u}"
definition
greaterThan :: "'a => 'a set" ("(1{_<..})") where
"{l<..} == {x. l<x}"
definition
atLeast :: "'a => 'a set" ("(1{_..})") where
"{l..} == {x. l\<le>x}"
definition
greaterThanLessThan :: "'a => 'a => 'a set" ("(1{_<..<_})") where
"{l<..<u} == {l<..} Int {..<u}"
definition
atLeastLessThan :: "'a => 'a => 'a set" ("(1{_..<_})") where
"{l..<u} == {l..} Int {..<u}"
definition
greaterThanAtMost :: "'a => 'a => 'a set" ("(1{_<.._})") where
"{l<..u} == {l<..} Int {..u}"
definition
atLeastAtMost :: "'a => 'a => 'a set" ("(1{_.._})") where
"{l..u} == {l..} Int {..u}"
end
text{* A note of warning when using @{term"{..<n}"} on type @{typ
nat}: it is equivalent to @{term"{0::nat..<n}"} but some lemmas involving
@{term"{m..<n}"} may not exist in @{term"{..<n}"}-form as well. *}
syntax
"@UNION_le" :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set" ("(3UN _<=_./ _)" 10)
"@UNION_less" :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set" ("(3UN _<_./ _)" 10)
"@INTER_le" :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set" ("(3INT _<=_./ _)" 10)
"@INTER_less" :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set" ("(3INT _<_./ _)" 10)
syntax (xsymbols)
"@UNION_le" :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set" ("(3\<Union> _\<le>_./ _)" 10)
"@UNION_less" :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set" ("(3\<Union> _<_./ _)" 10)
"@INTER_le" :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set" ("(3\<Inter> _\<le>_./ _)" 10)
"@INTER_less" :: "'a => 'a => 'b set => 'b set" ("(3\<Inter> _<_./ _)" 10)
syntax (latex output)
"@UNION_le" :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a => 'b set => 'b set" ("(3\<Union>(00_ \<le> _)/ _)" 10)
"@UNION_less" :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a => 'b set => 'b set" ("(3\<Union>(00_ < _)/ _)" 10)
"@INTER_le" :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a => 'b set => 'b set" ("(3\<Inter>(00_ \<le> _)/ _)" 10)
"@INTER_less" :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a => 'b set => 'b set" ("(3\<Inter>(00_ < _)/ _)" 10)
translations
"UN i<=n. A" == "UN i:{..n}. A"
"UN i<n. A" == "UN i:{..<n}. A"
"INT i<=n. A" == "INT i:{..n}. A"
"INT i<n. A" == "INT i:{..<n}. A"
subsection {* Various equivalences *}
lemma (in ord) lessThan_iff [iff]: "(i: lessThan k) = (i<k)"
by (simp add: lessThan_def)
lemma Compl_lessThan [simp]:
"!!k:: 'a::linorder. -lessThan k = atLeast k"
apply (auto simp add: lessThan_def atLeast_def)
done
lemma single_Diff_lessThan [simp]: "!!k:: 'a::order. {k} - lessThan k = {k}"
by auto
lemma (in ord) greaterThan_iff [iff]: "(i: greaterThan k) = (k<i)"
by (simp add: greaterThan_def)
lemma Compl_greaterThan [simp]:
"!!k:: 'a::linorder. -greaterThan k = atMost k"
by (auto simp add: greaterThan_def atMost_def)
lemma Compl_atMost [simp]: "!!k:: 'a::linorder. -atMost k = greaterThan k"
apply (subst Compl_greaterThan [symmetric])
apply (rule double_complement)
done
lemma (in ord) atLeast_iff [iff]: "(i: atLeast k) = (k<=i)"
by (simp add: atLeast_def)
lemma Compl_atLeast [simp]:
"!!k:: 'a::linorder. -atLeast k = lessThan k"
by (auto simp add: lessThan_def atLeast_def)
lemma (in ord) atMost_iff [iff]: "(i: atMost k) = (i<=k)"
by (simp add: atMost_def)
lemma atMost_Int_atLeast: "!!n:: 'a::order. atMost n Int atLeast n = {n}"
by (blast intro: order_antisym)
subsection {* Logical Equivalences for Set Inclusion and Equality *}
lemma atLeast_subset_iff [iff]:
"(atLeast x \<subseteq> atLeast y) = (y \<le> (x::'a::order))"
by (blast intro: order_trans)
lemma atLeast_eq_iff [iff]:
"(atLeast x = atLeast y) = (x = (y::'a::linorder))"
by (blast intro: order_antisym order_trans)
lemma greaterThan_subset_iff [iff]:
"(greaterThan x \<subseteq> greaterThan y) = (y \<le> (x::'a::linorder))"
apply (auto simp add: greaterThan_def)
apply (subst linorder_not_less [symmetric], blast)
done
lemma greaterThan_eq_iff [iff]:
"(greaterThan x = greaterThan y) = (x = (y::'a::linorder))"
apply (rule iffI)
apply (erule equalityE)
apply simp_all
done
lemma atMost_subset_iff [iff]: "(atMost x \<subseteq> atMost y) = (x \<le> (y::'a::order))"
by (blast intro: order_trans)
lemma atMost_eq_iff [iff]: "(atMost x = atMost y) = (x = (y::'a::linorder))"
by (blast intro: order_antisym order_trans)
lemma lessThan_subset_iff [iff]:
"(lessThan x \<subseteq> lessThan y) = (x \<le> (y::'a::linorder))"
apply (auto simp add: lessThan_def)
apply (subst linorder_not_less [symmetric], blast)
done
lemma lessThan_eq_iff [iff]:
"(lessThan x = lessThan y) = (x = (y::'a::linorder))"
apply (rule iffI)
apply (erule equalityE)
apply simp_all
done
subsection {*Two-sided intervals*}
context ord
begin
lemma greaterThanLessThan_iff [simp,noatp]:
"(i : {l<..<u}) = (l < i & i < u)"
by (simp add: greaterThanLessThan_def)
lemma atLeastLessThan_iff [simp,noatp]:
"(i : {l..<u}) = (l <= i & i < u)"
by (simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)
lemma greaterThanAtMost_iff [simp,noatp]:
"(i : {l<..u}) = (l < i & i <= u)"
by (simp add: greaterThanAtMost_def)
lemma atLeastAtMost_iff [simp,noatp]:
"(i : {l..u}) = (l <= i & i <= u)"
by (simp add: atLeastAtMost_def)
text {* The above four lemmas could be declared as iffs.
If we do so, a call to blast in Hyperreal/Star.ML, lemma @{text STAR_Int}
seems to take forever (more than one hour). *}
end
subsubsection{* Emptyness and singletons *}
context order
begin
lemma atLeastAtMost_empty [simp]: "n < m ==> {m..n} = {}";
by (auto simp add: atLeastAtMost_def atMost_def atLeast_def)
lemma atLeastLessThan_empty[simp]: "n \<le> m ==> {m..<n} = {}"
by (auto simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)
lemma greaterThanAtMost_empty[simp]:"l \<le> k ==> {k<..l} = {}"
by(auto simp:greaterThanAtMost_def greaterThan_def atMost_def)
lemma greaterThanLessThan_empty[simp]:"l \<le> k ==> {k<..<l} = {}"
by(auto simp:greaterThanLessThan_def greaterThan_def lessThan_def)
lemma atLeastAtMost_singleton [simp]: "{a..a} = {a}"
by (auto simp add: atLeastAtMost_def atMost_def atLeast_def)
end
subsection {* Intervals of natural numbers *}
subsubsection {* The Constant @{term lessThan} *}
lemma lessThan_0 [simp]: "lessThan (0::nat) = {}"
by (simp add: lessThan_def)
lemma lessThan_Suc: "lessThan (Suc k) = insert k (lessThan k)"
by (simp add: lessThan_def less_Suc_eq, blast)
lemma lessThan_Suc_atMost: "lessThan (Suc k) = atMost k"
by (simp add: lessThan_def atMost_def less_Suc_eq_le)
lemma UN_lessThan_UNIV: "(UN m::nat. lessThan m) = UNIV"
by blast
subsubsection {* The Constant @{term greaterThan} *}
lemma greaterThan_0 [simp]: "greaterThan 0 = range Suc"
apply (simp add: greaterThan_def)
apply (blast dest: gr0_conv_Suc [THEN iffD1])
done
lemma greaterThan_Suc: "greaterThan (Suc k) = greaterThan k - {Suc k}"
apply (simp add: greaterThan_def)
apply (auto elim: linorder_neqE)
done
lemma INT_greaterThan_UNIV: "(INT m::nat. greaterThan m) = {}"
by blast
subsubsection {* The Constant @{term atLeast} *}
lemma atLeast_0 [simp]: "atLeast (0::nat) = UNIV"
by (unfold atLeast_def UNIV_def, simp)
lemma atLeast_Suc: "atLeast (Suc k) = atLeast k - {k}"
apply (simp add: atLeast_def)
apply (simp add: Suc_le_eq)
apply (simp add: order_le_less, blast)
done
lemma atLeast_Suc_greaterThan: "atLeast (Suc k) = greaterThan k"
by (auto simp add: greaterThan_def atLeast_def less_Suc_eq_le)
lemma UN_atLeast_UNIV: "(UN m::nat. atLeast m) = UNIV"
by blast
subsubsection {* The Constant @{term atMost} *}
lemma atMost_0 [simp]: "atMost (0::nat) = {0}"
by (simp add: atMost_def)
lemma atMost_Suc: "atMost (Suc k) = insert (Suc k) (atMost k)"
apply (simp add: atMost_def)
apply (simp add: less_Suc_eq order_le_less, blast)
done
lemma UN_atMost_UNIV: "(UN m::nat. atMost m) = UNIV"
by blast
subsubsection {* The Constant @{term atLeastLessThan} *}
text{*The orientation of the following 2 rules is tricky. The lhs is
defined in terms of the rhs. Hence the chosen orientation makes sense
in this theory --- the reverse orientation complicates proofs (eg
nontermination). But outside, when the definition of the lhs is rarely
used, the opposite orientation seems preferable because it reduces a
specific concept to a more general one. *}
lemma atLeast0LessThan: "{0::nat..<n} = {..<n}"
by(simp add:lessThan_def atLeastLessThan_def)
lemma atLeast0AtMost: "{0..n::nat} = {..n}"
by(simp add:atMost_def atLeastAtMost_def)
declare atLeast0LessThan[symmetric, code unfold]
atLeast0AtMost[symmetric, code unfold]
lemma atLeastLessThan0: "{m..<0::nat} = {}"
by (simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)
subsubsection {* Intervals of nats with @{term Suc} *}
text{*Not a simprule because the RHS is too messy.*}
lemma atLeastLessThanSuc:
"{m..<Suc n} = (if m \<le> n then insert n {m..<n} else {})"
by (auto simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)
lemma atLeastLessThan_singleton [simp]: "{m..<Suc m} = {m}"
by (auto simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)
(*
lemma atLeast_sum_LessThan [simp]: "{m + k..<k::nat} = {}"
by (induct k, simp_all add: atLeastLessThanSuc)
lemma atLeastSucLessThan [simp]: "{Suc n..<n} = {}"
by (auto simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)
*)
lemma atLeastLessThanSuc_atLeastAtMost: "{l..<Suc u} = {l..u}"
by (simp add: lessThan_Suc_atMost atLeastAtMost_def atLeastLessThan_def)
lemma atLeastSucAtMost_greaterThanAtMost: "{Suc l..u} = {l<..u}"
by (simp add: atLeast_Suc_greaterThan atLeastAtMost_def
greaterThanAtMost_def)
lemma atLeastSucLessThan_greaterThanLessThan: "{Suc l..<u} = {l<..<u}"
by (simp add: atLeast_Suc_greaterThan atLeastLessThan_def
greaterThanLessThan_def)
lemma atLeastAtMostSuc_conv: "m \<le> Suc n \<Longrightarrow> {m..Suc n} = insert (Suc n) {m..n}"
by (auto simp add: atLeastAtMost_def)
subsubsection {* Image *}
lemma image_add_atLeastAtMost:
"(%n::nat. n+k) ` {i..j} = {i+k..j+k}" (is "?A = ?B")
proof
show "?A \<subseteq> ?B" by auto
next
show "?B \<subseteq> ?A"
proof
fix n assume a: "n : ?B"
hence "n - k : {i..j}" by auto
moreover have "n = (n - k) + k" using a by auto
ultimately show "n : ?A" by blast
qed
qed
lemma image_add_atLeastLessThan:
"(%n::nat. n+k) ` {i..<j} = {i+k..<j+k}" (is "?A = ?B")
proof
show "?A \<subseteq> ?B" by auto
next
show "?B \<subseteq> ?A"
proof
fix n assume a: "n : ?B"
hence "n - k : {i..<j}" by auto
moreover have "n = (n - k) + k" using a by auto
ultimately show "n : ?A" by blast
qed
qed
corollary image_Suc_atLeastAtMost[simp]:
"Suc ` {i..j} = {Suc i..Suc j}"
using image_add_atLeastAtMost[where k="Suc 0"] by simp
corollary image_Suc_atLeastLessThan[simp]:
"Suc ` {i..<j} = {Suc i..<Suc j}"
using image_add_atLeastLessThan[where k="Suc 0"] by simp
lemma image_add_int_atLeastLessThan:
"(%x. x + (l::int)) ` {0..<u-l} = {l..<u}"
apply (auto simp add: image_def)
apply (rule_tac x = "x - l" in bexI)
apply auto
done
subsubsection {* Finiteness *}
lemma finite_lessThan [iff]: fixes k :: nat shows "finite {..<k}"
by (induct k) (simp_all add: lessThan_Suc)
lemma finite_atMost [iff]: fixes k :: nat shows "finite {..k}"
by (induct k) (simp_all add: atMost_Suc)
lemma finite_greaterThanLessThan [iff]:
fixes l :: nat shows "finite {l<..<u}"
by (simp add: greaterThanLessThan_def)
lemma finite_atLeastLessThan [iff]:
fixes l :: nat shows "finite {l..<u}"
by (simp add: atLeastLessThan_def)
lemma finite_greaterThanAtMost [iff]:
fixes l :: nat shows "finite {l<..u}"
by (simp add: greaterThanAtMost_def)
lemma finite_atLeastAtMost [iff]:
fixes l :: nat shows "finite {l..u}"
by (simp add: atLeastAtMost_def)
text {* A bounded set of natural numbers is finite. *}
lemma bounded_nat_set_is_finite:
"(ALL i:N. i < (n::nat)) ==> finite N"
apply (rule finite_subset)
apply (rule_tac [2] finite_lessThan, auto)
done
text {* A set of natural numbers is finite iff it is bounded. *}
lemma finite_nat_set_iff_bounded:
"finite(N::nat set) = (EX m. ALL n:N. n<m)" (is "?F = ?B")
proof
assume f:?F show ?B
using Max_ge[OF `?F`, simplified less_Suc_eq_le[symmetric]] by blast
next
assume ?B show ?F using `?B` by(blast intro:bounded_nat_set_is_finite)
qed
lemma finite_nat_set_iff_bounded_le:
"finite(N::nat set) = (EX m. ALL n:N. n<=m)"
apply(simp add:finite_nat_set_iff_bounded)
apply(blast dest:less_imp_le_nat le_imp_less_Suc)
done
lemma finite_less_ub:
"!!f::nat=>nat. (!!n. n \<le> f n) ==> finite {n. f n \<le> u}"
by (rule_tac B="{..u}" in finite_subset, auto intro: order_trans)
text{* Any subset of an interval of natural numbers the size of the
subset is exactly that interval. *}
lemma subset_card_intvl_is_intvl:
"A <= {k..<k+card A} \<Longrightarrow> A = {k..<k+card A}" (is "PROP ?P")
proof cases
assume "finite A"
thus "PROP ?P"
proof(induct A rule:finite_linorder_induct)
case empty thus ?case by auto
next
case (insert A b)
moreover hence "b ~: A" by auto
moreover have "A <= {k..<k+card A}" and "b = k+card A"
using `b ~: A` insert by fastsimp+
ultimately show ?case by auto
qed
next
assume "~finite A" thus "PROP ?P" by simp
qed
subsubsection {* Cardinality *}
lemma card_lessThan [simp]: "card {..<u} = u"
by (induct u, simp_all add: lessThan_Suc)
lemma card_atMost [simp]: "card {..u} = Suc u"
by (simp add: lessThan_Suc_atMost [THEN sym])
lemma card_atLeastLessThan [simp]: "card {l..<u} = u - l"
apply (subgoal_tac "card {l..<u} = card {..<u-l}")
apply (erule ssubst, rule card_lessThan)
apply (subgoal_tac "(%x. x + l) ` {..<u-l} = {l..<u}")
apply (erule subst)
apply (rule card_image)
apply (simp add: inj_on_def)
apply (auto simp add: image_def atLeastLessThan_def lessThan_def)
apply (rule_tac x = "x - l" in exI)
apply arith
done
lemma card_atLeastAtMost [simp]: "card {l..u} = Suc u - l"
by (subst atLeastLessThanSuc_atLeastAtMost [THEN sym], simp)
lemma card_greaterThanAtMost [simp]: "card {l<..u} = u - l"
by (subst atLeastSucAtMost_greaterThanAtMost [THEN sym], simp)
lemma card_greaterThanLessThan [simp]: "card {l<..<u} = u - Suc l"
by (subst atLeastSucLessThan_greaterThanLessThan [THEN sym], simp)
lemma ex_bij_betw_nat_finite:
"finite M \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>h. bij_betw h {0..<card M} M"
apply(drule finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on)
apply(auto simp:atLeast0LessThan[symmetric] lessThan_def[symmetric] card_image bij_betw_def)
done
lemma ex_bij_betw_finite_nat:
"finite M \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>h. bij_betw h M {0..<card M}"
by (blast dest: ex_bij_betw_nat_finite bij_betw_inv)
subsection {* Intervals of integers *}
lemma atLeastLessThanPlusOne_atLeastAtMost_int: "{l..<u+1} = {l..(u::int)}"
by (auto simp add: atLeastAtMost_def atLeastLessThan_def)
lemma atLeastPlusOneAtMost_greaterThanAtMost_int: "{l+1..u} = {l<..(u::int)}"
by (auto simp add: atLeastAtMost_def greaterThanAtMost_def)
lemma atLeastPlusOneLessThan_greaterThanLessThan_int:
"{l+1..<u} = {l<..<u::int}"
by (auto simp add: atLeastLessThan_def greaterThanLessThan_def)
subsubsection {* Finiteness *}
lemma image_atLeastZeroLessThan_int: "0 \<le> u ==>
{(0::int)..<u} = int ` {..<nat u}"
apply (unfold image_def lessThan_def)
apply auto
apply (rule_tac x = "nat x" in exI)
apply (auto simp add: zless_nat_conj zless_nat_eq_int_zless [THEN sym])
done
lemma finite_atLeastZeroLessThan_int: "finite {(0::int)..<u}"
apply (case_tac "0 \<le> u")
apply (subst image_atLeastZeroLessThan_int, assumption)
apply (rule finite_imageI)
apply auto
done
lemma finite_atLeastLessThan_int [iff]: "finite {l..<u::int}"
apply (subgoal_tac "(%x. x + l) ` {0..<u-l} = {l..<u}")
apply (erule subst)
apply (rule finite_imageI)
apply (rule finite_atLeastZeroLessThan_int)
apply (rule image_add_int_atLeastLessThan)
done
lemma finite_atLeastAtMost_int [iff]: "finite {l..(u::int)}"
by (subst atLeastLessThanPlusOne_atLeastAtMost_int [THEN sym], simp)
lemma finite_greaterThanAtMost_int [iff]: "finite {l<..(u::int)}"
by (subst atLeastPlusOneAtMost_greaterThanAtMost_int [THEN sym], simp)
lemma finite_greaterThanLessThan_int [iff]: "finite {l<..<u::int}"
by (subst atLeastPlusOneLessThan_greaterThanLessThan_int [THEN sym], simp)
subsubsection {* Cardinality *}
lemma card_atLeastZeroLessThan_int: "card {(0::int)..<u} = nat u"
apply (case_tac "0 \<le> u")
apply (subst image_atLeastZeroLessThan_int, assumption)
apply (subst card_image)
apply (auto simp add: inj_on_def)
done
lemma card_atLeastLessThan_int [simp]: "card {l..<u} = nat (u - l)"
apply (subgoal_tac "card {l..<u} = card {0..<u-l}")
apply (erule ssubst, rule card_atLeastZeroLessThan_int)
apply (subgoal_tac "(%x. x + l) ` {0..<u-l} = {l..<u}")
apply (erule subst)
apply (rule card_image)
apply (simp add: inj_on_def)
apply (rule image_add_int_atLeastLessThan)
done
lemma card_atLeastAtMost_int [simp]: "card {l..u} = nat (u - l + 1)"
apply (subst atLeastLessThanPlusOne_atLeastAtMost_int [THEN sym])
apply (auto simp add: algebra_simps)
done
lemma card_greaterThanAtMost_int [simp]: "card {l<..u} = nat (u - l)"
by (subst atLeastPlusOneAtMost_greaterThanAtMost_int [THEN sym], simp)
lemma card_greaterThanLessThan_int [simp]: "card {l<..<u} = nat (u - (l + 1))"
by (subst atLeastPlusOneLessThan_greaterThanLessThan_int [THEN sym], simp)
lemma finite_M_bounded_by_nat: "finite {k. P k \<and> k < (i::nat)}"
proof -
have "{k. P k \<and> k < i} \<subseteq> {..<i}" by auto
with finite_lessThan[of "i"] show ?thesis by (simp add: finite_subset)
qed
lemma card_less:
assumes zero_in_M: "0 \<in> M"
shows "card {k \<in> M. k < Suc i} \<noteq> 0"
proof -
from zero_in_M have "{k \<in> M. k < Suc i} \<noteq> {}" by auto
with finite_M_bounded_by_nat show ?thesis by (auto simp add: card_eq_0_iff)
qed
lemma card_less_Suc2: "0 \<notin> M \<Longrightarrow> card {k. Suc k \<in> M \<and> k < i} = card {k \<in> M. k < Suc i}"
apply (rule card_bij_eq [of "Suc" _ _ "\<lambda>x. x - Suc 0"])
apply simp
apply fastsimp
apply auto
apply (rule inj_on_diff_nat)
apply auto
apply (case_tac x)
apply auto
apply (case_tac xa)
apply auto
apply (case_tac xa)
apply auto
done
lemma card_less_Suc:
assumes zero_in_M: "0 \<in> M"
shows "Suc (card {k. Suc k \<in> M \<and> k < i}) = card {k \<in> M. k < Suc i}"
proof -
from assms have a: "0 \<in> {k \<in> M. k < Suc i}" by simp
hence c: "{k \<in> M. k < Suc i} = insert 0 ({k \<in> M. k < Suc i} - {0})"
by (auto simp only: insert_Diff)
have b: "{k \<in> M. k < Suc i} - {0} = {k \<in> M - {0}. k < Suc i}" by auto
from finite_M_bounded_by_nat[of "\<lambda>x. x \<in> M" "Suc i"] have "Suc (card {k. Suc k \<in> M \<and> k < i}) = card (insert 0 ({k \<in> M. k < Suc i} - {0}))"
apply (subst card_insert)
apply simp_all
apply (subst b)
apply (subst card_less_Suc2[symmetric])
apply simp_all
done
with c show ?thesis by simp
qed
subsection {*Lemmas useful with the summation operator setsum*}
text {* For examples, see Algebra/poly/UnivPoly2.thy *}
subsubsection {* Disjoint Unions *}
text {* Singletons and open intervals *}
lemma ivl_disj_un_singleton:
"{l::'a::linorder} Un {l<..} = {l..}"
"{..<u} Un {u::'a::linorder} = {..u}"
"(l::'a::linorder) < u ==> {l} Un {l<..<u} = {l..<u}"
"(l::'a::linorder) < u ==> {l<..<u} Un {u} = {l<..u}"
"(l::'a::linorder) <= u ==> {l} Un {l<..u} = {l..u}"
"(l::'a::linorder) <= u ==> {l..<u} Un {u} = {l..u}"
by auto
text {* One- and two-sided intervals *}
lemma ivl_disj_un_one:
"(l::'a::linorder) < u ==> {..l} Un {l<..<u} = {..<u}"
"(l::'a::linorder) <= u ==> {..<l} Un {l..<u} = {..<u}"
"(l::'a::linorder) <= u ==> {..l} Un {l<..u} = {..u}"
"(l::'a::linorder) <= u ==> {..<l} Un {l..u} = {..u}"
"(l::'a::linorder) <= u ==> {l<..u} Un {u<..} = {l<..}"
"(l::'a::linorder) < u ==> {l<..<u} Un {u..} = {l<..}"
"(l::'a::linorder) <= u ==> {l..u} Un {u<..} = {l..}"
"(l::'a::linorder) <= u ==> {l..<u} Un {u..} = {l..}"
by auto
text {* Two- and two-sided intervals *}
lemma ivl_disj_un_two:
"[| (l::'a::linorder) < m; m <= u |] ==> {l<..<m} Un {m..<u} = {l<..<u}"
"[| (l::'a::linorder) <= m; m < u |] ==> {l<..m} Un {m<..<u} = {l<..<u}"
"[| (l::'a::linorder) <= m; m <= u |] ==> {l..<m} Un {m..<u} = {l..<u}"
"[| (l::'a::linorder) <= m; m < u |] ==> {l..m} Un {m<..<u} = {l..<u}"
"[| (l::'a::linorder) < m; m <= u |] ==> {l<..<m} Un {m..u} = {l<..u}"
"[| (l::'a::linorder) <= m; m <= u |] ==> {l<..m} Un {m<..u} = {l<..u}"
"[| (l::'a::linorder) <= m; m <= u |] ==> {l..<m} Un {m..u} = {l..u}"
"[| (l::'a::linorder) <= m; m <= u |] ==> {l..m} Un {m<..u} = {l..u}"
by auto
lemmas ivl_disj_un = ivl_disj_un_singleton ivl_disj_un_one ivl_disj_un_two
subsubsection {* Disjoint Intersections *}
text {* Singletons and open intervals *}
lemma ivl_disj_int_singleton:
"{l::'a::order} Int {l<..} = {}"
"{..<u} Int {u} = {}"
"{l} Int {l<..<u} = {}"
"{l<..<u} Int {u} = {}"
"{l} Int {l<..u} = {}"
"{l..<u} Int {u} = {}"
by simp+
text {* One- and two-sided intervals *}
lemma ivl_disj_int_one:
"{..l::'a::order} Int {l<..<u} = {}"
"{..<l} Int {l..<u} = {}"
"{..l} Int {l<..u} = {}"
"{..<l} Int {l..u} = {}"
"{l<..u} Int {u<..} = {}"
"{l<..<u} Int {u..} = {}"
"{l..u} Int {u<..} = {}"
"{l..<u} Int {u..} = {}"
by auto
text {* Two- and two-sided intervals *}
lemma ivl_disj_int_two:
"{l::'a::order<..<m} Int {m..<u} = {}"
"{l<..m} Int {m<..<u} = {}"
"{l..<m} Int {m..<u} = {}"
"{l..m} Int {m<..<u} = {}"
"{l<..<m} Int {m..u} = {}"
"{l<..m} Int {m<..u} = {}"
"{l..<m} Int {m..u} = {}"
"{l..m} Int {m<..u} = {}"
by auto
lemmas ivl_disj_int = ivl_disj_int_singleton ivl_disj_int_one ivl_disj_int_two
subsubsection {* Some Differences *}
lemma ivl_diff[simp]:
"i \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> {i..<m} - {i..<n} = {n..<(m::'a::linorder)}"
by(auto)
subsubsection {* Some Subset Conditions *}
lemma ivl_subset [simp,noatp]:
"({i..<j} \<subseteq> {m..<n}) = (j \<le> i | m \<le> i & j \<le> (n::'a::linorder))"
apply(auto simp:linorder_not_le)
apply(rule ccontr)
apply(insert linorder_le_less_linear[of i n])
apply(clarsimp simp:linorder_not_le)
apply(fastsimp)
done
subsection {* Summation indexed over intervals *}
syntax
"_from_to_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(SUM _ = _.._./ _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_from_upto_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(SUM _ = _..<_./ _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_upt_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(SUM _<_./ _)" [0,0,10] 10)
"_upto_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(SUM _<=_./ _)" [0,0,10] 10)
syntax (xsymbols)
"_from_to_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Sum>_ = _.._./ _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_from_upto_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Sum>_ = _..<_./ _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_upt_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Sum>_<_./ _)" [0,0,10] 10)
"_upto_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Sum>_\<le>_./ _)" [0,0,10] 10)
syntax (HTML output)
"_from_to_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Sum>_ = _.._./ _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_from_upto_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Sum>_ = _..<_./ _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_upt_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Sum>_<_./ _)" [0,0,10] 10)
"_upto_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Sum>_\<le>_./ _)" [0,0,10] 10)
syntax (latex_sum output)
"_from_to_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
("(3\<^raw:$\sum_{>_ = _\<^raw:}^{>_\<^raw:}$> _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_from_upto_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
("(3\<^raw:$\sum_{>_ = _\<^raw:}^{<>_\<^raw:}$> _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_upt_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
("(3\<^raw:$\sum_{>_ < _\<^raw:}$> _)" [0,0,10] 10)
"_upto_setsum" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
("(3\<^raw:$\sum_{>_ \<le> _\<^raw:}$> _)" [0,0,10] 10)
translations
"\<Sum>x=a..b. t" == "CONST setsum (%x. t) {a..b}"
"\<Sum>x=a..<b. t" == "CONST setsum (%x. t) {a..<b}"
"\<Sum>i\<le>n. t" == "CONST setsum (\<lambda>i. t) {..n}"
"\<Sum>i<n. t" == "CONST setsum (\<lambda>i. t) {..<n}"
text{* The above introduces some pretty alternative syntaxes for
summation over intervals:
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{lll}
Old & New & \LaTeX\\
@{term[source]"\<Sum>x\<in>{a..b}. e"} & @{term"\<Sum>x=a..b. e"} & @{term[mode=latex_sum]"\<Sum>x=a..b. e"}\\
@{term[source]"\<Sum>x\<in>{a..<b}. e"} & @{term"\<Sum>x=a..<b. e"} & @{term[mode=latex_sum]"\<Sum>x=a..<b. e"}\\
@{term[source]"\<Sum>x\<in>{..b}. e"} & @{term"\<Sum>x\<le>b. e"} & @{term[mode=latex_sum]"\<Sum>x\<le>b. e"}\\
@{term[source]"\<Sum>x\<in>{..<b}. e"} & @{term"\<Sum>x<b. e"} & @{term[mode=latex_sum]"\<Sum>x<b. e"}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
The left column shows the term before introduction of the new syntax,
the middle column shows the new (default) syntax, and the right column
shows a special syntax. The latter is only meaningful for latex output
and has to be activated explicitly by setting the print mode to
@{text latex_sum} (e.g.\ via @{text "mode = latex_sum"} in
antiquotations). It is not the default \LaTeX\ output because it only
works well with italic-style formulae, not tt-style.
Note that for uniformity on @{typ nat} it is better to use
@{term"\<Sum>x::nat=0..<n. e"} rather than @{text"\<Sum>x<n. e"}: @{text setsum} may
not provide all lemmas available for @{term"{m..<n}"} also in the
special form for @{term"{..<n}"}. *}
text{* This congruence rule should be used for sums over intervals as
the standard theorem @{text[source]setsum_cong} does not work well
with the simplifier who adds the unsimplified premise @{term"x:B"} to
the context. *}
lemma setsum_ivl_cong:
"\<lbrakk>a = c; b = d; !!x. \<lbrakk> c \<le> x; x < d \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
setsum f {a..<b} = setsum g {c..<d}"
by(rule setsum_cong, simp_all)
(* FIXME why are the following simp rules but the corresponding eqns
on intervals are not? *)
lemma setsum_atMost_Suc[simp]: "(\<Sum>i \<le> Suc n. f i) = (\<Sum>i \<le> n. f i) + f(Suc n)"
by (simp add:atMost_Suc add_ac)
lemma setsum_lessThan_Suc[simp]: "(\<Sum>i < Suc n. f i) = (\<Sum>i < n. f i) + f n"
by (simp add:lessThan_Suc add_ac)
lemma setsum_cl_ivl_Suc[simp]:
"setsum f {m..Suc n} = (if Suc n < m then 0 else setsum f {m..n} + f(Suc n))"
by (auto simp:add_ac atLeastAtMostSuc_conv)
lemma setsum_op_ivl_Suc[simp]:
"setsum f {m..<Suc n} = (if n < m then 0 else setsum f {m..<n} + f(n))"
by (auto simp:add_ac atLeastLessThanSuc)
(*
lemma setsum_cl_ivl_add_one_nat: "(n::nat) <= m + 1 ==>
(\<Sum>i=n..m+1. f i) = (\<Sum>i=n..m. f i) + f(m + 1)"
by (auto simp:add_ac atLeastAtMostSuc_conv)
*)
lemma setsum_head:
fixes n :: nat
assumes mn: "m <= n"
shows "(\<Sum>x\<in>{m..n}. P x) = P m + (\<Sum>x\<in>{m<..n}. P x)" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
from mn
have "{m..n} = {m} \<union> {m<..n}"
by (auto intro: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
hence "?lhs = (\<Sum>x\<in>{m} \<union> {m<..n}. P x)"
by (simp add: atLeast0LessThan)
also have "\<dots> = ?rhs" by simp
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma setsum_head_Suc:
"m \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> setsum f {m..n} = f m + setsum f {Suc m..n}"
by (simp add: setsum_head atLeastSucAtMost_greaterThanAtMost)
lemma setsum_head_upt_Suc:
"m < n \<Longrightarrow> setsum f {m..<n} = f m + setsum f {Suc m..<n}"
apply(insert setsum_head_Suc[of m "n - Suc 0" f])
apply (simp add: atLeastLessThanSuc_atLeastAtMost[symmetric] algebra_simps)
done
lemma setsum_add_nat_ivl: "\<lbrakk> m \<le> n; n \<le> p \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
setsum f {m..<n} + setsum f {n..<p} = setsum f {m..<p::nat}"
by (simp add:setsum_Un_disjoint[symmetric] ivl_disj_int ivl_disj_un)
lemma setsum_diff_nat_ivl:
fixes f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::ab_group_add"
shows "\<lbrakk> m \<le> n; n \<le> p \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
setsum f {m..<p} - setsum f {m..<n} = setsum f {n..<p}"
using setsum_add_nat_ivl [of m n p f,symmetric]
apply (simp add: add_ac)
done
subsection{* Shifting bounds *}
lemma setsum_shift_bounds_nat_ivl:
"setsum f {m+k..<n+k} = setsum (%i. f(i + k)){m..<n::nat}"
by (induct "n", auto simp:atLeastLessThanSuc)
lemma setsum_shift_bounds_cl_nat_ivl:
"setsum f {m+k..n+k} = setsum (%i. f(i + k)){m..n::nat}"
apply (insert setsum_reindex[OF inj_on_add_nat, where h=f and B = "{m..n}"])
apply (simp add:image_add_atLeastAtMost o_def)
done
corollary setsum_shift_bounds_cl_Suc_ivl:
"setsum f {Suc m..Suc n} = setsum (%i. f(Suc i)){m..n}"
by (simp add:setsum_shift_bounds_cl_nat_ivl[where k="Suc 0", simplified])
corollary setsum_shift_bounds_Suc_ivl:
"setsum f {Suc m..<Suc n} = setsum (%i. f(Suc i)){m..<n}"
by (simp add:setsum_shift_bounds_nat_ivl[where k="Suc 0", simplified])
lemma setsum_shift_lb_Suc0_0:
"f(0::nat) = (0::nat) \<Longrightarrow> setsum f {Suc 0..k} = setsum f {0..k}"
by(simp add:setsum_head_Suc)
lemma setsum_shift_lb_Suc0_0_upt:
"f(0::nat) = 0 \<Longrightarrow> setsum f {Suc 0..<k} = setsum f {0..<k}"
apply(cases k)apply simp
apply(simp add:setsum_head_upt_Suc)
done
subsection {* The formula for geometric sums *}
lemma geometric_sum:
"x ~= 1 ==> (\<Sum>i=0..<n. x ^ i) =
(x ^ n - 1) / (x - 1::'a::{field})"
by (induct "n") (simp_all add:field_simps power_Suc)
subsection {* The formula for arithmetic sums *}
lemma gauss_sum:
"((1::'a::comm_semiring_1) + 1)*(\<Sum>i\<in>{1..n}. of_nat i) =
of_nat n*((of_nat n)+1)"
proof (induct n)
case 0
show ?case by simp
next
case (Suc n)
then show ?case by (simp add: algebra_simps)
qed
theorem arith_series_general:
"((1::'a::comm_semiring_1) + 1) * (\<Sum>i\<in>{..<n}. a + of_nat i * d) =
of_nat n * (a + (a + of_nat(n - 1)*d))"
proof cases
assume ngt1: "n > 1"
let ?I = "\<lambda>i. of_nat i" and ?n = "of_nat n"
have
"(\<Sum>i\<in>{..<n}. a+?I i*d) =
((\<Sum>i\<in>{..<n}. a) + (\<Sum>i\<in>{..<n}. ?I i*d))"
by (rule setsum_addf)
also from ngt1 have "\<dots> = ?n*a + (\<Sum>i\<in>{..<n}. ?I i*d)" by simp
also from ngt1 have "\<dots> = (?n*a + d*(\<Sum>i\<in>{1..<n}. ?I i))"
unfolding One_nat_def
by (simp add: setsum_right_distrib atLeast0LessThan[symmetric] setsum_shift_lb_Suc0_0_upt mult_ac)
also have "(1+1)*\<dots> = (1+1)*?n*a + d*(1+1)*(\<Sum>i\<in>{1..<n}. ?I i)"
by (simp add: left_distrib right_distrib)
also from ngt1 have "{1..<n} = {1..n - 1}"
by (cases n) (auto simp: atLeastLessThanSuc_atLeastAtMost)
also from ngt1
have "(1+1)*?n*a + d*(1+1)*(\<Sum>i\<in>{1..n - 1}. ?I i) = ((1+1)*?n*a + d*?I (n - 1)*?I n)"
by (simp only: mult_ac gauss_sum [of "n - 1"], unfold One_nat_def)
(simp add: mult_ac trans [OF add_commute of_nat_Suc [symmetric]])
finally show ?thesis by (simp add: algebra_simps)
next
assume "\<not>(n > 1)"
hence "n = 1 \<or> n = 0" by auto
thus ?thesis by (auto simp: algebra_simps)
qed
lemma arith_series_nat:
"Suc (Suc 0) * (\<Sum>i\<in>{..<n}. a+i*d) = n * (a + (a+(n - 1)*d))"
proof -
have
"((1::nat) + 1) * (\<Sum>i\<in>{..<n::nat}. a + of_nat(i)*d) =
of_nat(n) * (a + (a + of_nat(n - 1)*d))"
by (rule arith_series_general)
thus ?thesis
unfolding One_nat_def by (auto simp add: of_nat_id)
qed
lemma arith_series_int:
"(2::int) * (\<Sum>i\<in>{..<n}. a + of_nat i * d) =
of_nat n * (a + (a + of_nat(n - 1)*d))"
proof -
have
"((1::int) + 1) * (\<Sum>i\<in>{..<n}. a + of_nat i * d) =
of_nat(n) * (a + (a + of_nat(n - 1)*d))"
by (rule arith_series_general)
thus ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma sum_diff_distrib:
fixes P::"nat\<Rightarrow>nat"
shows
"\<forall>x. Q x \<le> P x \<Longrightarrow>
(\<Sum>x<n. P x) - (\<Sum>x<n. Q x) = (\<Sum>x<n. P x - Q x)"
proof (induct n)
case 0 show ?case by simp
next
case (Suc n)
let ?lhs = "(\<Sum>x<n. P x) - (\<Sum>x<n. Q x)"
let ?rhs = "\<Sum>x<n. P x - Q x"
from Suc have "?lhs = ?rhs" by simp
moreover
from Suc have "?lhs + P n - Q n = ?rhs + (P n - Q n)" by simp
moreover
from Suc have
"(\<Sum>x<n. P x) + P n - ((\<Sum>x<n. Q x) + Q n) = ?rhs + (P n - Q n)"
by (subst diff_diff_left[symmetric],
subst diff_add_assoc2)
(auto simp: diff_add_assoc2 intro: setsum_mono)
ultimately
show ?case by simp
qed
subsection {* Products indexed over intervals *}
syntax
"_from_to_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(PROD _ = _.._./ _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_from_upto_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(PROD _ = _..<_./ _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_upt_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(PROD _<_./ _)" [0,0,10] 10)
"_upto_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(PROD _<=_./ _)" [0,0,10] 10)
syntax (xsymbols)
"_from_to_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Prod>_ = _.._./ _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_from_upto_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Prod>_ = _..<_./ _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_upt_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Prod>_<_./ _)" [0,0,10] 10)
"_upto_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Prod>_\<le>_./ _)" [0,0,10] 10)
syntax (HTML output)
"_from_to_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Prod>_ = _.._./ _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_from_upto_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Prod>_ = _..<_./ _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_upt_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Prod>_<_./ _)" [0,0,10] 10)
"_upto_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" ("(3\<Prod>_\<le>_./ _)" [0,0,10] 10)
syntax (latex_prod output)
"_from_to_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
("(3\<^raw:$\prod_{>_ = _\<^raw:}^{>_\<^raw:}$> _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_from_upto_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
("(3\<^raw:$\prod_{>_ = _\<^raw:}^{<>_\<^raw:}$> _)" [0,0,0,10] 10)
"_upt_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
("(3\<^raw:$\prod_{>_ < _\<^raw:}$> _)" [0,0,10] 10)
"_upto_setprod" :: "idt \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
("(3\<^raw:$\prod_{>_ \<le> _\<^raw:}$> _)" [0,0,10] 10)
translations
"\<Prod>x=a..b. t" == "CONST setprod (%x. t) {a..b}"
"\<Prod>x=a..<b. t" == "CONST setprod (%x. t) {a..<b}"
"\<Prod>i\<le>n. t" == "CONST setprod (\<lambda>i. t) {..n}"
"\<Prod>i<n. t" == "CONST setprod (\<lambda>i. t) {..<n}"
end