(* Title: HOL/Finite_Set.thy
Author: Tobias Nipkow, Lawrence C Paulson and Markus Wenzel
with contributions by Jeremy Avigad
*)
header {* Finite sets *}
theory Finite_Set
imports Option Power
begin
subsection {* Predicate for finite sets *}
inductive finite :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> bool"
where
emptyI [simp, intro!]: "finite {}"
| insertI [simp, intro!]: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite (insert a A)"
lemma finite_induct [case_names empty insert, induct set: finite]:
-- {* Discharging @{text "x \<notin> F"} entails extra work. *}
assumes "finite F"
assumes "P {}"
and insert: "\<And>x F. finite F \<Longrightarrow> x \<notin> F \<Longrightarrow> P F \<Longrightarrow> P (insert x F)"
shows "P F"
using `finite F` proof induct
show "P {}" by fact
fix x F assume F: "finite F" and P: "P F"
show "P (insert x F)"
proof cases
assume "x \<in> F"
hence "insert x F = F" by (rule insert_absorb)
with P show ?thesis by (simp only:)
next
assume "x \<notin> F"
from F this P show ?thesis by (rule insert)
qed
qed
subsubsection {* Choice principles *}
lemma ex_new_if_finite: -- "does not depend on def of finite at all"
assumes "\<not> finite (UNIV :: 'a set)" and "finite A"
shows "\<exists>a::'a. a \<notin> A"
proof -
from assms have "A \<noteq> UNIV" by blast
then show ?thesis by blast
qed
text {* A finite choice principle. Does not need the SOME choice operator. *}
lemma finite_set_choice:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x\<in>A. \<exists>y. P x y \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>f. \<forall>x\<in>A. P x (f x)"
proof (induct rule: finite_induct)
case empty then show ?case by simp
next
case (insert a A)
then obtain f b where f: "ALL x:A. P x (f x)" and ab: "P a b" by auto
show ?case (is "EX f. ?P f")
proof
show "?P(%x. if x = a then b else f x)" using f ab by auto
qed
qed
subsubsection {* Finite sets are the images of initial segments of natural numbers *}
lemma finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on:
assumes "finite A"
shows "\<exists>(n::nat) f. A = f ` {i. i < n} \<and> inj_on f {i. i < n}"
using assms proof induct
case empty
show ?case
proof
show "\<exists>f. {} = f ` {i::nat. i < 0} \<and> inj_on f {i. i < 0}" by simp
qed
next
case (insert a A)
have notinA: "a \<notin> A" by fact
from insert.hyps obtain n f
where "A = f ` {i::nat. i < n}" "inj_on f {i. i < n}" by blast
hence "insert a A = f(n:=a) ` {i. i < Suc n}"
"inj_on (f(n:=a)) {i. i < Suc n}" using notinA
by (auto simp add: image_def Ball_def inj_on_def less_Suc_eq)
thus ?case by blast
qed
lemma nat_seg_image_imp_finite:
"A = f ` {i::nat. i < n} \<Longrightarrow> finite A"
proof (induct n arbitrary: A)
case 0 thus ?case by simp
next
case (Suc n)
let ?B = "f ` {i. i < n}"
have finB: "finite ?B" by(rule Suc.hyps[OF refl])
show ?case
proof cases
assume "\<exists>k<n. f n = f k"
hence "A = ?B" using Suc.prems by(auto simp:less_Suc_eq)
thus ?thesis using finB by simp
next
assume "\<not>(\<exists> k<n. f n = f k)"
hence "A = insert (f n) ?B" using Suc.prems by(auto simp:less_Suc_eq)
thus ?thesis using finB by simp
qed
qed
lemma finite_conv_nat_seg_image:
"finite A \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>(n::nat) f. A = f ` {i::nat. i < n})"
by (blast intro: nat_seg_image_imp_finite dest: finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on)
lemma finite_imp_inj_to_nat_seg:
assumes "finite A"
shows "\<exists>f n::nat. f ` A = {i. i < n} \<and> inj_on f A"
proof -
from finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on[OF `finite A`]
obtain f and n::nat where bij: "bij_betw f {i. i<n} A"
by (auto simp:bij_betw_def)
let ?f = "the_inv_into {i. i<n} f"
have "inj_on ?f A & ?f ` A = {i. i<n}"
by (fold bij_betw_def) (rule bij_betw_the_inv_into[OF bij])
thus ?thesis by blast
qed
lemma finite_Collect_less_nat [iff]:
"finite {n::nat. n < k}"
by (fastforce simp: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
lemma finite_Collect_le_nat [iff]:
"finite {n::nat. n \<le> k}"
by (simp add: le_eq_less_or_eq Collect_disj_eq)
subsubsection {* Finiteness and common set operations *}
lemma rev_finite_subset:
"finite B \<Longrightarrow> A \<subseteq> B \<Longrightarrow> finite A"
proof (induct arbitrary: A rule: finite_induct)
case empty
then show ?case by simp
next
case (insert x F A)
have A: "A \<subseteq> insert x F" and r: "A - {x} \<subseteq> F \<Longrightarrow> finite (A - {x})" by fact+
show "finite A"
proof cases
assume x: "x \<in> A"
with A have "A - {x} \<subseteq> F" by (simp add: subset_insert_iff)
with r have "finite (A - {x})" .
hence "finite (insert x (A - {x}))" ..
also have "insert x (A - {x}) = A" using x by (rule insert_Diff)
finally show ?thesis .
next
show "A \<subseteq> F ==> ?thesis" by fact
assume "x \<notin> A"
with A show "A \<subseteq> F" by (simp add: subset_insert_iff)
qed
qed
lemma finite_subset:
"A \<subseteq> B \<Longrightarrow> finite B \<Longrightarrow> finite A"
by (rule rev_finite_subset)
lemma finite_UnI:
assumes "finite F" and "finite G"
shows "finite (F \<union> G)"
using assms by induct simp_all
lemma finite_Un [iff]:
"finite (F \<union> G) \<longleftrightarrow> finite F \<and> finite G"
by (blast intro: finite_UnI finite_subset [of _ "F \<union> G"])
lemma finite_insert [simp]: "finite (insert a A) \<longleftrightarrow> finite A"
proof -
have "finite {a} \<and> finite A \<longleftrightarrow> finite A" by simp
then have "finite ({a} \<union> A) \<longleftrightarrow> finite A" by (simp only: finite_Un)
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma finite_Int [simp, intro]:
"finite F \<or> finite G \<Longrightarrow> finite (F \<inter> G)"
by (blast intro: finite_subset)
lemma finite_Collect_conjI [simp, intro]:
"finite {x. P x} \<or> finite {x. Q x} \<Longrightarrow> finite {x. P x \<and> Q x}"
by (simp add: Collect_conj_eq)
lemma finite_Collect_disjI [simp]:
"finite {x. P x \<or> Q x} \<longleftrightarrow> finite {x. P x} \<and> finite {x. Q x}"
by (simp add: Collect_disj_eq)
lemma finite_Diff [simp, intro]:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite (A - B)"
by (rule finite_subset, rule Diff_subset)
lemma finite_Diff2 [simp]:
assumes "finite B"
shows "finite (A - B) \<longleftrightarrow> finite A"
proof -
have "finite A \<longleftrightarrow> finite((A - B) \<union> (A \<inter> B))" by (simp add: Un_Diff_Int)
also have "\<dots> \<longleftrightarrow> finite (A - B)" using `finite B` by simp
finally show ?thesis ..
qed
lemma finite_Diff_insert [iff]:
"finite (A - insert a B) \<longleftrightarrow> finite (A - B)"
proof -
have "finite (A - B) \<longleftrightarrow> finite (A - B - {a})" by simp
moreover have "A - insert a B = A - B - {a}" by auto
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma finite_compl[simp]:
"finite (A :: 'a set) \<Longrightarrow> finite (- A) \<longleftrightarrow> finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
by (simp add: Compl_eq_Diff_UNIV)
lemma finite_Collect_not[simp]:
"finite {x :: 'a. P x} \<Longrightarrow> finite {x. \<not> P x} \<longleftrightarrow> finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
by (simp add: Collect_neg_eq)
lemma finite_Union [simp, intro]:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>M. M \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> finite M) \<Longrightarrow> finite(\<Union>A)"
by (induct rule: finite_induct) simp_all
lemma finite_UN_I [intro]:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> finite (B a)) \<Longrightarrow> finite (\<Union>a\<in>A. B a)"
by (induct rule: finite_induct) simp_all
lemma finite_UN [simp]:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite (UNION A B) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>A. finite (B x))"
by (blast intro: finite_subset)
lemma finite_Inter [intro]:
"\<exists>A\<in>M. finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite (\<Inter>M)"
by (blast intro: Inter_lower finite_subset)
lemma finite_INT [intro]:
"\<exists>x\<in>I. finite (A x) \<Longrightarrow> finite (\<Inter>x\<in>I. A x)"
by (blast intro: INT_lower finite_subset)
lemma finite_imageI [simp, intro]:
"finite F \<Longrightarrow> finite (h ` F)"
by (induct rule: finite_induct) simp_all
lemma finite_image_set [simp]:
"finite {x. P x} \<Longrightarrow> finite { f x | x. P x }"
by (simp add: image_Collect [symmetric])
lemma finite_imageD:
assumes "finite (f ` A)" and "inj_on f A"
shows "finite A"
using assms proof (induct "f ` A" arbitrary: A)
case empty then show ?case by simp
next
case (insert x B)
then have B_A: "insert x B = f ` A" by simp
then obtain y where "x = f y" and "y \<in> A" by blast
from B_A `x \<notin> B` have "B = f ` A - {x}" by blast
with B_A `x \<notin> B` `x = f y` `inj_on f A` `y \<in> A` have "B = f ` (A - {y})" by (simp add: inj_on_image_set_diff)
moreover from `inj_on f A` have "inj_on f (A - {y})" by (rule inj_on_diff)
ultimately have "finite (A - {y})" by (rule insert.hyps)
then show "finite A" by simp
qed
lemma finite_surj:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> B \<subseteq> f ` A \<Longrightarrow> finite B"
by (erule finite_subset) (rule finite_imageI)
lemma finite_range_imageI:
"finite (range g) \<Longrightarrow> finite (range (\<lambda>x. f (g x)))"
by (drule finite_imageI) (simp add: range_composition)
lemma finite_subset_image:
assumes "finite B"
shows "B \<subseteq> f ` A \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>C\<subseteq>A. finite C \<and> B = f ` C"
using assms proof induct
case empty then show ?case by simp
next
case insert then show ?case
by (clarsimp simp del: image_insert simp add: image_insert [symmetric])
blast
qed
lemma finite_vimage_IntI:
"finite F \<Longrightarrow> inj_on h A \<Longrightarrow> finite (h -` F \<inter> A)"
apply (induct rule: finite_induct)
apply simp_all
apply (subst vimage_insert)
apply (simp add: finite_subset [OF inj_on_vimage_singleton] Int_Un_distrib2)
done
lemma finite_vimageI:
"finite F \<Longrightarrow> inj h \<Longrightarrow> finite (h -` F)"
using finite_vimage_IntI[of F h UNIV] by auto
lemma finite_vimageD:
assumes fin: "finite (h -` F)" and surj: "surj h"
shows "finite F"
proof -
have "finite (h ` (h -` F))" using fin by (rule finite_imageI)
also have "h ` (h -` F) = F" using surj by (rule surj_image_vimage_eq)
finally show "finite F" .
qed
lemma finite_vimage_iff: "bij h \<Longrightarrow> finite (h -` F) \<longleftrightarrow> finite F"
unfolding bij_def by (auto elim: finite_vimageD finite_vimageI)
lemma finite_Collect_bex [simp]:
assumes "finite A"
shows "finite {x. \<exists>y\<in>A. Q x y} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>y\<in>A. finite {x. Q x y})"
proof -
have "{x. \<exists>y\<in>A. Q x y} = (\<Union>y\<in>A. {x. Q x y})" by auto
with assms show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma finite_Collect_bounded_ex [simp]:
assumes "finite {y. P y}"
shows "finite {x. \<exists>y. P y \<and> Q x y} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>y. P y \<longrightarrow> finite {x. Q x y})"
proof -
have "{x. EX y. P y & Q x y} = (\<Union>y\<in>{y. P y}. {x. Q x y})" by auto
with assms show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma finite_Plus:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite B \<Longrightarrow> finite (A <+> B)"
by (simp add: Plus_def)
lemma finite_PlusD:
fixes A :: "'a set" and B :: "'b set"
assumes fin: "finite (A <+> B)"
shows "finite A" "finite B"
proof -
have "Inl ` A \<subseteq> A <+> B" by auto
then have "finite (Inl ` A :: ('a + 'b) set)" using fin by (rule finite_subset)
then show "finite A" by (rule finite_imageD) (auto intro: inj_onI)
next
have "Inr ` B \<subseteq> A <+> B" by auto
then have "finite (Inr ` B :: ('a + 'b) set)" using fin by (rule finite_subset)
then show "finite B" by (rule finite_imageD) (auto intro: inj_onI)
qed
lemma finite_Plus_iff [simp]:
"finite (A <+> B) \<longleftrightarrow> finite A \<and> finite B"
by (auto intro: finite_PlusD finite_Plus)
lemma finite_Plus_UNIV_iff [simp]:
"finite (UNIV :: ('a + 'b) set) \<longleftrightarrow> finite (UNIV :: 'a set) \<and> finite (UNIV :: 'b set)"
by (subst UNIV_Plus_UNIV [symmetric]) (rule finite_Plus_iff)
lemma finite_SigmaI [simp, intro]:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>a. a\<in>A \<Longrightarrow> finite (B a)) ==> finite (SIGMA a:A. B a)"
by (unfold Sigma_def) blast
lemma finite_cartesian_product:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite B \<Longrightarrow> finite (A \<times> B)"
by (rule finite_SigmaI)
lemma finite_Prod_UNIV:
"finite (UNIV :: 'a set) \<Longrightarrow> finite (UNIV :: 'b set) \<Longrightarrow> finite (UNIV :: ('a \<times> 'b) set)"
by (simp only: UNIV_Times_UNIV [symmetric] finite_cartesian_product)
lemma finite_cartesian_productD1:
assumes "finite (A \<times> B)" and "B \<noteq> {}"
shows "finite A"
proof -
from assms obtain n f where "A \<times> B = f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
by (auto simp add: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
then have "fst ` (A \<times> B) = fst ` f ` {i::nat. i < n}" by simp
with `B \<noteq> {}` have "A = (fst \<circ> f) ` {i::nat. i < n}"
by (simp add: image_compose)
then have "\<exists>n f. A = f ` {i::nat. i < n}" by blast
then show ?thesis
by (auto simp add: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
qed
lemma finite_cartesian_productD2:
assumes "finite (A \<times> B)" and "A \<noteq> {}"
shows "finite B"
proof -
from assms obtain n f where "A \<times> B = f ` {i::nat. i < n}"
by (auto simp add: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
then have "snd ` (A \<times> B) = snd ` f ` {i::nat. i < n}" by simp
with `A \<noteq> {}` have "B = (snd \<circ> f) ` {i::nat. i < n}"
by (simp add: image_compose)
then have "\<exists>n f. B = f ` {i::nat. i < n}" by blast
then show ?thesis
by (auto simp add: finite_conv_nat_seg_image)
qed
lemma finite_Pow_iff [iff]:
"finite (Pow A) \<longleftrightarrow> finite A"
proof
assume "finite (Pow A)"
then have "finite ((%x. {x}) ` A)" by (blast intro: finite_subset)
then show "finite A" by (rule finite_imageD [unfolded inj_on_def]) simp
next
assume "finite A"
then show "finite (Pow A)"
by induct (simp_all add: Pow_insert)
qed
corollary finite_Collect_subsets [simp, intro]:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite {B. B \<subseteq> A}"
by (simp add: Pow_def [symmetric])
lemma finite_UnionD: "finite(\<Union>A) \<Longrightarrow> finite A"
by (blast intro: finite_subset [OF subset_Pow_Union])
subsubsection {* Further induction rules on finite sets *}
lemma finite_ne_induct [case_names singleton insert, consumes 2]:
assumes "finite F" and "F \<noteq> {}"
assumes "\<And>x. P {x}"
and "\<And>x F. finite F \<Longrightarrow> F \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> x \<notin> F \<Longrightarrow> P F \<Longrightarrow> P (insert x F)"
shows "P F"
using assms proof induct
case empty then show ?case by simp
next
case (insert x F) then show ?case by cases auto
qed
lemma finite_subset_induct [consumes 2, case_names empty insert]:
assumes "finite F" and "F \<subseteq> A"
assumes empty: "P {}"
and insert: "\<And>a F. finite F \<Longrightarrow> a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> a \<notin> F \<Longrightarrow> P F \<Longrightarrow> P (insert a F)"
shows "P F"
using `finite F` `F \<subseteq> A` proof induct
show "P {}" by fact
next
fix x F
assume "finite F" and "x \<notin> F" and
P: "F \<subseteq> A \<Longrightarrow> P F" and i: "insert x F \<subseteq> A"
show "P (insert x F)"
proof (rule insert)
from i show "x \<in> A" by blast
from i have "F \<subseteq> A" by blast
with P show "P F" .
show "finite F" by fact
show "x \<notin> F" by fact
qed
qed
lemma finite_empty_induct:
assumes "finite A"
assumes "P A"
and remove: "\<And>a A. finite A \<Longrightarrow> a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> P A \<Longrightarrow> P (A - {a})"
shows "P {}"
proof -
have "\<And>B. B \<subseteq> A \<Longrightarrow> P (A - B)"
proof -
fix B :: "'a set"
assume "B \<subseteq> A"
with `finite A` have "finite B" by (rule rev_finite_subset)
from this `B \<subseteq> A` show "P (A - B)"
proof induct
case empty
from `P A` show ?case by simp
next
case (insert b B)
have "P (A - B - {b})"
proof (rule remove)
from `finite A` show "finite (A - B)" by induct auto
from insert show "b \<in> A - B" by simp
from insert show "P (A - B)" by simp
qed
also have "A - B - {b} = A - insert b B" by (rule Diff_insert [symmetric])
finally show ?case .
qed
qed
then have "P (A - A)" by blast
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
subsection {* Class @{text finite} *}
class finite =
assumes finite_UNIV: "finite (UNIV \<Colon> 'a set)"
begin
lemma finite [simp]: "finite (A \<Colon> 'a set)"
by (rule subset_UNIV finite_UNIV finite_subset)+
lemma finite_code [code]: "finite (A \<Colon> 'a set) \<longleftrightarrow> True"
by simp
end
instance prod :: (finite, finite) finite proof
qed (simp only: UNIV_Times_UNIV [symmetric] finite_cartesian_product finite)
lemma inj_graph: "inj (%f. {(x, y). y = f x})"
by (rule inj_onI, auto simp add: set_eq_iff fun_eq_iff)
instance "fun" :: (finite, finite) finite
proof
show "finite (UNIV :: ('a => 'b) set)"
proof (rule finite_imageD)
let ?graph = "%f::'a => 'b. {(x, y). y = f x}"
have "range ?graph \<subseteq> Pow UNIV" by simp
moreover have "finite (Pow (UNIV :: ('a * 'b) set))"
by (simp only: finite_Pow_iff finite)
ultimately show "finite (range ?graph)"
by (rule finite_subset)
show "inj ?graph" by (rule inj_graph)
qed
qed
instance bool :: finite proof
qed (simp add: UNIV_bool)
instance unit :: finite proof
qed (simp add: UNIV_unit)
instance sum :: (finite, finite) finite proof
qed (simp only: UNIV_Plus_UNIV [symmetric] finite_Plus finite)
lemma finite_option_UNIV [simp]:
"finite (UNIV :: 'a option set) = finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
by (auto simp add: UNIV_option_conv elim: finite_imageD intro: inj_Some)
instance option :: (finite) finite proof
qed (simp add: UNIV_option_conv)
subsection {* A basic fold functional for finite sets *}
text {* The intended behaviour is
@{text "fold f z {x\<^isub>1, ..., x\<^isub>n} = f x\<^isub>1 (\<dots> (f x\<^isub>n z)\<dots>)"}
if @{text f} is ``left-commutative'':
*}
locale comp_fun_commute =
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
assumes comp_fun_commute: "f y \<circ> f x = f x \<circ> f y"
begin
lemma fun_left_comm: "f x (f y z) = f y (f x z)"
using comp_fun_commute by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)
end
inductive fold_graph :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'a set \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> bool"
for f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b" and z :: 'b where
emptyI [intro]: "fold_graph f z {} z" |
insertI [intro]: "x \<notin> A \<Longrightarrow> fold_graph f z A y
\<Longrightarrow> fold_graph f z (insert x A) (f x y)"
inductive_cases empty_fold_graphE [elim!]: "fold_graph f z {} x"
definition fold :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'a set \<Rightarrow> 'b" where
"fold f z A = (THE y. fold_graph f z A y)"
text{*A tempting alternative for the definiens is
@{term "if finite A then THE y. fold_graph f z A y else e"}.
It allows the removal of finiteness assumptions from the theorems
@{text fold_comm}, @{text fold_reindex} and @{text fold_distrib}.
The proofs become ugly. It is not worth the effort. (???) *}
lemma finite_imp_fold_graph: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x. fold_graph f z A x"
by (induct rule: finite_induct) auto
subsubsection{*From @{const fold_graph} to @{term fold}*}
context comp_fun_commute
begin
lemma fold_graph_insertE_aux:
"fold_graph f z A y \<Longrightarrow> a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>y'. y = f a y' \<and> fold_graph f z (A - {a}) y'"
proof (induct set: fold_graph)
case (insertI x A y) show ?case
proof (cases "x = a")
assume "x = a" with insertI show ?case by auto
next
assume "x \<noteq> a"
then obtain y' where y: "y = f a y'" and y': "fold_graph f z (A - {a}) y'"
using insertI by auto
have "f x y = f a (f x y')"
unfolding y by (rule fun_left_comm)
moreover have "fold_graph f z (insert x A - {a}) (f x y')"
using y' and `x \<noteq> a` and `x \<notin> A`
by (simp add: insert_Diff_if fold_graph.insertI)
ultimately show ?case by fast
qed
qed simp
lemma fold_graph_insertE:
assumes "fold_graph f z (insert x A) v" and "x \<notin> A"
obtains y where "v = f x y" and "fold_graph f z A y"
using assms by (auto dest: fold_graph_insertE_aux [OF _ insertI1])
lemma fold_graph_determ:
"fold_graph f z A x \<Longrightarrow> fold_graph f z A y \<Longrightarrow> y = x"
proof (induct arbitrary: y set: fold_graph)
case (insertI x A y v)
from `fold_graph f z (insert x A) v` and `x \<notin> A`
obtain y' where "v = f x y'" and "fold_graph f z A y'"
by (rule fold_graph_insertE)
from `fold_graph f z A y'` have "y' = y" by (rule insertI)
with `v = f x y'` show "v = f x y" by simp
qed fast
lemma fold_equality:
"fold_graph f z A y \<Longrightarrow> fold f z A = y"
by (unfold fold_def) (blast intro: fold_graph_determ)
lemma fold_graph_fold:
assumes "finite A"
shows "fold_graph f z A (fold f z A)"
proof -
from assms have "\<exists>x. fold_graph f z A x" by (rule finite_imp_fold_graph)
moreover note fold_graph_determ
ultimately have "\<exists>!x. fold_graph f z A x" by (rule ex_ex1I)
then have "fold_graph f z A (The (fold_graph f z A))" by (rule theI')
then show ?thesis by (unfold fold_def)
qed
text{* The base case for @{text fold}: *}
lemma (in -) fold_empty [simp]: "fold f z {} = z"
by (unfold fold_def) blast
text{* The various recursion equations for @{const fold}: *}
lemma fold_insert [simp]:
assumes "finite A" and "x \<notin> A"
shows "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z A)"
proof (rule fold_equality)
from `finite A` have "fold_graph f z A (fold f z A)" by (rule fold_graph_fold)
with `x \<notin> A`show "fold_graph f z (insert x A) (f x (fold f z A))" by (rule fold_graph.insertI)
qed
lemma fold_fun_comm:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> f x (fold f z A) = fold f (f x z) A"
proof (induct rule: finite_induct)
case empty then show ?case by simp
next
case (insert y A) then show ?case
by (simp add: fun_left_comm[of x])
qed
lemma fold_insert2:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> x \<notin> A \<Longrightarrow> fold f z (insert x A) = fold f (f x z) A"
by (simp add: fold_fun_comm)
lemma fold_rec:
assumes "finite A" and "x \<in> A"
shows "fold f z A = f x (fold f z (A - {x}))"
proof -
have A: "A = insert x (A - {x})" using `x \<in> A` by blast
then have "fold f z A = fold f z (insert x (A - {x}))" by simp
also have "\<dots> = f x (fold f z (A - {x}))"
by (rule fold_insert) (simp add: `finite A`)+
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma fold_insert_remove:
assumes "finite A"
shows "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z (A - {x}))"
proof -
from `finite A` have "finite (insert x A)" by auto
moreover have "x \<in> insert x A" by auto
ultimately have "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z (insert x A - {x}))"
by (rule fold_rec)
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
end
text{* A simplified version for idempotent functions: *}
locale comp_fun_idem = comp_fun_commute +
assumes comp_fun_idem: "f x o f x = f x"
begin
lemma fun_left_idem: "f x (f x z) = f x z"
using comp_fun_idem by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)
lemma fold_insert_idem:
assumes fin: "finite A"
shows "fold f z (insert x A) = f x (fold f z A)"
proof cases
assume "x \<in> A"
then obtain B where "A = insert x B" and "x \<notin> B" by (rule set_insert)
then show ?thesis using assms by (simp add:fun_left_idem)
next
assume "x \<notin> A" then show ?thesis using assms by simp
qed
declare fold_insert[simp del] fold_insert_idem[simp]
lemma fold_insert_idem2:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> fold f z (insert x A) = fold f (f x z) A"
by(simp add:fold_fun_comm)
end
subsubsection {* Expressing set operations via @{const fold} *}
lemma (in comp_fun_commute) comp_comp_fun_commute:
"comp_fun_commute (f \<circ> g)"
proof
qed (simp_all add: comp_fun_commute)
lemma (in comp_fun_idem) comp_comp_fun_idem:
"comp_fun_idem (f \<circ> g)"
by (rule comp_fun_idem.intro, rule comp_comp_fun_commute, unfold_locales)
(simp_all add: comp_fun_idem)
lemma comp_fun_idem_insert:
"comp_fun_idem insert"
proof
qed auto
lemma comp_fun_idem_remove:
"comp_fun_idem (\<lambda>x A. A - {x})"
proof
qed auto
lemma (in semilattice_inf) comp_fun_idem_inf:
"comp_fun_idem inf"
proof
qed (auto simp add: inf_left_commute)
lemma (in semilattice_sup) comp_fun_idem_sup:
"comp_fun_idem sup"
proof
qed (auto simp add: sup_left_commute)
lemma union_fold_insert:
assumes "finite A"
shows "A \<union> B = fold insert B A"
proof -
interpret comp_fun_idem insert by (fact comp_fun_idem_insert)
from `finite A` show ?thesis by (induct A arbitrary: B) simp_all
qed
lemma minus_fold_remove:
assumes "finite A"
shows "B - A = fold (\<lambda>x A. A - {x}) B A"
proof -
interpret comp_fun_idem "\<lambda>x A. A - {x}" by (fact comp_fun_idem_remove)
from `finite A` show ?thesis by (induct A arbitrary: B) auto
qed
context complete_lattice
begin
lemma inf_Inf_fold_inf:
assumes "finite A"
shows "inf B (Inf A) = fold inf B A"
proof -
interpret comp_fun_idem inf by (fact comp_fun_idem_inf)
from `finite A` show ?thesis by (induct A arbitrary: B)
(simp_all add: inf_commute fold_fun_comm)
qed
lemma sup_Sup_fold_sup:
assumes "finite A"
shows "sup B (Sup A) = fold sup B A"
proof -
interpret comp_fun_idem sup by (fact comp_fun_idem_sup)
from `finite A` show ?thesis by (induct A arbitrary: B)
(simp_all add: sup_commute fold_fun_comm)
qed
lemma Inf_fold_inf:
assumes "finite A"
shows "Inf A = fold inf top A"
using assms inf_Inf_fold_inf [of A top] by (simp add: inf_absorb2)
lemma Sup_fold_sup:
assumes "finite A"
shows "Sup A = fold sup bot A"
using assms sup_Sup_fold_sup [of A bot] by (simp add: sup_absorb2)
lemma inf_INFI_fold_inf:
assumes "finite A"
shows "inf B (INFI A f) = fold (inf \<circ> f) B A" (is "?inf = ?fold")
proof (rule sym)
interpret comp_fun_idem inf by (fact comp_fun_idem_inf)
interpret comp_fun_idem "inf \<circ> f" by (fact comp_comp_fun_idem)
from `finite A` show "?fold = ?inf"
by (induct A arbitrary: B)
(simp_all add: INF_def inf_left_commute)
qed
lemma sup_SUPR_fold_sup:
assumes "finite A"
shows "sup B (SUPR A f) = fold (sup \<circ> f) B A" (is "?sup = ?fold")
proof (rule sym)
interpret comp_fun_idem sup by (fact comp_fun_idem_sup)
interpret comp_fun_idem "sup \<circ> f" by (fact comp_comp_fun_idem)
from `finite A` show "?fold = ?sup"
by (induct A arbitrary: B)
(simp_all add: SUP_def sup_left_commute)
qed
lemma INFI_fold_inf:
assumes "finite A"
shows "INFI A f = fold (inf \<circ> f) top A"
using assms inf_INFI_fold_inf [of A top] by simp
lemma SUPR_fold_sup:
assumes "finite A"
shows "SUPR A f = fold (sup \<circ> f) bot A"
using assms sup_SUPR_fold_sup [of A bot] by simp
end
subsection {* The derived combinator @{text fold_image} *}
definition fold_image :: "('b \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> ('a \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'a set \<Rightarrow> 'b"
where "fold_image f g = fold (\<lambda>x y. f (g x) y)"
lemma fold_image_empty[simp]: "fold_image f g z {} = z"
by (simp add:fold_image_def)
context ab_semigroup_mult
begin
lemma fold_image_insert[simp]:
assumes "finite A" and "a \<notin> A"
shows "fold_image times g z (insert a A) = g a * (fold_image times g z A)"
proof -
interpret comp_fun_commute "%x y. (g x) * y" proof
qed (simp add: fun_eq_iff mult_ac)
show ?thesis using assms by (simp add: fold_image_def)
qed
lemma fold_image_reindex:
assumes "finite A"
shows "inj_on h A \<Longrightarrow> fold_image times g z (h ` A) = fold_image times (g \<circ> h) z A"
using assms by induct auto
lemma fold_image_cong:
assumes "finite A" and g_h: "\<And>x. x\<in>A \<Longrightarrow> g x = h x"
shows "fold_image times g z A = fold_image times h z A"
proof -
from `finite A`
have "\<And>C. C <= A --> (ALL x:C. g x = h x) --> fold_image times g z C = fold_image times h z C"
proof (induct arbitrary: C)
case empty then show ?case by simp
next
case (insert x F) then show ?case apply -
apply (simp add: subset_insert_iff, clarify)
apply (subgoal_tac "finite C")
prefer 2 apply (blast dest: finite_subset [COMP swap_prems_rl])
apply (subgoal_tac "C = insert x (C - {x})")
prefer 2 apply blast
apply (erule ssubst)
apply (simp add: Ball_def del: insert_Diff_single)
done
qed
with g_h show ?thesis by simp
qed
end
context comm_monoid_mult
begin
lemma fold_image_1:
"finite S \<Longrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>S. f x = 1) \<Longrightarrow> fold_image op * f 1 S = 1"
apply (induct rule: finite_induct)
apply simp by auto
lemma fold_image_Un_Int:
"finite A ==> finite B ==>
fold_image times g 1 A * fold_image times g 1 B =
fold_image times g 1 (A Un B) * fold_image times g 1 (A Int B)"
apply (induct rule: finite_induct)
by (induct set: finite)
(auto simp add: mult_ac insert_absorb Int_insert_left)
lemma fold_image_Un_one:
assumes fS: "finite S" and fT: "finite T"
and I0: "\<forall>x \<in> S\<inter>T. f x = 1"
shows "fold_image (op *) f 1 (S \<union> T) = fold_image (op *) f 1 S * fold_image (op *) f 1 T"
proof-
have "fold_image op * f 1 (S \<inter> T) = 1"
apply (rule fold_image_1)
using fS fT I0 by auto
with fold_image_Un_Int[OF fS fT] show ?thesis by simp
qed
corollary fold_Un_disjoint:
"finite A ==> finite B ==> A Int B = {} ==>
fold_image times g 1 (A Un B) =
fold_image times g 1 A * fold_image times g 1 B"
by (simp add: fold_image_Un_Int)
lemma fold_image_UN_disjoint:
"\<lbrakk> finite I; ALL i:I. finite (A i);
ALL i:I. ALL j:I. i \<noteq> j --> A i Int A j = {} \<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> fold_image times g 1 (UNION I A) =
fold_image times (%i. fold_image times g 1 (A i)) 1 I"
apply (induct rule: finite_induct)
apply simp
apply atomize
apply (subgoal_tac "ALL i:F. x \<noteq> i")
prefer 2 apply blast
apply (subgoal_tac "A x Int UNION F A = {}")
prefer 2 apply blast
apply (simp add: fold_Un_disjoint)
done
lemma fold_image_Sigma: "finite A ==> ALL x:A. finite (B x) ==>
fold_image times (%x. fold_image times (g x) 1 (B x)) 1 A =
fold_image times (split g) 1 (SIGMA x:A. B x)"
apply (subst Sigma_def)
apply (subst fold_image_UN_disjoint, assumption, simp)
apply blast
apply (erule fold_image_cong)
apply (subst fold_image_UN_disjoint, simp, simp)
apply blast
apply simp
done
lemma fold_image_distrib: "finite A \<Longrightarrow>
fold_image times (%x. g x * h x) 1 A =
fold_image times g 1 A * fold_image times h 1 A"
by (erule finite_induct) (simp_all add: mult_ac)
lemma fold_image_related:
assumes Re: "R e e"
and Rop: "\<forall>x1 y1 x2 y2. R x1 x2 \<and> R y1 y2 \<longrightarrow> R (x1 * y1) (x2 * y2)"
and fS: "finite S" and Rfg: "\<forall>x\<in>S. R (h x) (g x)"
shows "R (fold_image (op *) h e S) (fold_image (op *) g e S)"
using fS by (rule finite_subset_induct) (insert assms, auto)
lemma fold_image_eq_general:
assumes fS: "finite S"
and h: "\<forall>y\<in>S'. \<exists>!x. x\<in> S \<and> h(x) = y"
and f12: "\<forall>x\<in>S. h x \<in> S' \<and> f2(h x) = f1 x"
shows "fold_image (op *) f1 e S = fold_image (op *) f2 e S'"
proof-
from h f12 have hS: "h ` S = S'" by auto
{fix x y assume H: "x \<in> S" "y \<in> S" "h x = h y"
from f12 h H have "x = y" by auto }
hence hinj: "inj_on h S" unfolding inj_on_def Ex1_def by blast
from f12 have th: "\<And>x. x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> (f2 \<circ> h) x = f1 x" by auto
from hS have "fold_image (op *) f2 e S' = fold_image (op *) f2 e (h ` S)" by simp
also have "\<dots> = fold_image (op *) (f2 o h) e S"
using fold_image_reindex[OF fS hinj, of f2 e] .
also have "\<dots> = fold_image (op *) f1 e S " using th fold_image_cong[OF fS, of "f2 o h" f1 e]
by blast
finally show ?thesis ..
qed
lemma fold_image_eq_general_inverses:
assumes fS: "finite S"
and kh: "\<And>y. y \<in> T \<Longrightarrow> k y \<in> S \<and> h (k y) = y"
and hk: "\<And>x. x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> h x \<in> T \<and> k (h x) = x \<and> g (h x) = f x"
shows "fold_image (op *) f e S = fold_image (op *) g e T"
(* metis solves it, but not yet available here *)
apply (rule fold_image_eq_general[OF fS, of T h g f e])
apply (rule ballI)
apply (frule kh)
apply (rule ex1I[])
apply blast
apply clarsimp
apply (drule hk) apply simp
apply (rule sym)
apply (erule conjunct1[OF conjunct2[OF hk]])
apply (rule ballI)
apply (drule hk)
apply blast
done
end
subsection {* A fold functional for non-empty sets *}
text{* Does not require start value. *}
inductive
fold1Set :: "('a => 'a => 'a) => 'a set => 'a => bool"
for f :: "'a => 'a => 'a"
where
fold1Set_insertI [intro]:
"\<lbrakk> fold_graph f a A x; a \<notin> A \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> fold1Set f (insert a A) x"
definition fold1 :: "('a => 'a => 'a) => 'a set => 'a" where
"fold1 f A == THE x. fold1Set f A x"
lemma fold1Set_nonempty:
"fold1Set f A x \<Longrightarrow> A \<noteq> {}"
by(erule fold1Set.cases, simp_all)
inductive_cases empty_fold1SetE [elim!]: "fold1Set f {} x"
inductive_cases insert_fold1SetE [elim!]: "fold1Set f (insert a X) x"
lemma fold1Set_sing [iff]: "(fold1Set f {a} b) = (a = b)"
by (blast elim: fold_graph.cases)
lemma fold1_singleton [simp]: "fold1 f {a} = a"
by (unfold fold1_def) blast
lemma finite_nonempty_imp_fold1Set:
"\<lbrakk> finite A; A \<noteq> {} \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> EX x. fold1Set f A x"
apply (induct A rule: finite_induct)
apply (auto dest: finite_imp_fold_graph [of _ f])
done
text{*First, some lemmas about @{const fold_graph}.*}
context ab_semigroup_mult
begin
lemma comp_fun_commute: "comp_fun_commute (op *)" proof
qed (simp add: fun_eq_iff mult_ac)
lemma fold_graph_insert_swap:
assumes fold: "fold_graph times (b::'a) A y" and "b \<notin> A"
shows "fold_graph times z (insert b A) (z * y)"
proof -
interpret comp_fun_commute "op *::'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a" by (rule comp_fun_commute)
from assms show ?thesis
proof (induct rule: fold_graph.induct)
case emptyI show ?case by (subst mult_commute [of z b], fast)
next
case (insertI x A y)
have "fold_graph times z (insert x (insert b A)) (x * (z * y))"
using insertI by force --{*how does @{term id} get unfolded?*}
thus ?case by (simp add: insert_commute mult_ac)
qed
qed
lemma fold_graph_permute_diff:
assumes fold: "fold_graph times b A x"
shows "!!a. \<lbrakk>a \<in> A; b \<notin> A\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> fold_graph times a (insert b (A-{a})) x"
using fold
proof (induct rule: fold_graph.induct)
case emptyI thus ?case by simp
next
case (insertI x A y)
have "a = x \<or> a \<in> A" using insertI by simp
thus ?case
proof
assume "a = x"
with insertI show ?thesis
by (simp add: id_def [symmetric], blast intro: fold_graph_insert_swap)
next
assume ainA: "a \<in> A"
hence "fold_graph times a (insert x (insert b (A - {a}))) (x * y)"
using insertI by force
moreover
have "insert x (insert b (A - {a})) = insert b (insert x A - {a})"
using ainA insertI by blast
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed
qed
lemma fold1_eq_fold:
assumes "finite A" "a \<notin> A" shows "fold1 times (insert a A) = fold times a A"
proof -
interpret comp_fun_commute "op *::'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a" by (rule comp_fun_commute)
from assms show ?thesis
apply (simp add: fold1_def fold_def)
apply (rule the_equality)
apply (best intro: fold_graph_determ theI dest: finite_imp_fold_graph [of _ times])
apply (rule sym, clarify)
apply (case_tac "Aa=A")
apply (best intro: fold_graph_determ)
apply (subgoal_tac "fold_graph times a A x")
apply (best intro: fold_graph_determ)
apply (subgoal_tac "insert aa (Aa - {a}) = A")
prefer 2 apply (blast elim: equalityE)
apply (auto dest: fold_graph_permute_diff [where a=a])
done
qed
lemma nonempty_iff: "(A \<noteq> {}) = (\<exists>x B. A = insert x B & x \<notin> B)"
apply safe
apply simp
apply (drule_tac x=x in spec)
apply (drule_tac x="A-{x}" in spec, auto)
done
lemma fold1_insert:
assumes nonempty: "A \<noteq> {}" and A: "finite A" "x \<notin> A"
shows "fold1 times (insert x A) = x * fold1 times A"
proof -
interpret comp_fun_commute "op *::'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a" by (rule comp_fun_commute)
from nonempty obtain a A' where "A = insert a A' & a ~: A'"
by (auto simp add: nonempty_iff)
with A show ?thesis
by (simp add: insert_commute [of x] fold1_eq_fold eq_commute)
qed
end
context ab_semigroup_idem_mult
begin
lemma comp_fun_idem: "comp_fun_idem (op *)" proof
qed (simp_all add: fun_eq_iff mult_left_commute)
lemma fold1_insert_idem [simp]:
assumes nonempty: "A \<noteq> {}" and A: "finite A"
shows "fold1 times (insert x A) = x * fold1 times A"
proof -
interpret comp_fun_idem "op *::'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
by (rule comp_fun_idem)
from nonempty obtain a A' where A': "A = insert a A' & a ~: A'"
by (auto simp add: nonempty_iff)
show ?thesis
proof cases
assume a: "a = x"
show ?thesis
proof cases
assume "A' = {}"
with A' a show ?thesis by simp
next
assume "A' \<noteq> {}"
with A A' a show ?thesis
by (simp add: fold1_insert mult_assoc [symmetric])
qed
next
assume "a \<noteq> x"
with A A' show ?thesis
by (simp add: insert_commute fold1_eq_fold)
qed
qed
lemma hom_fold1_commute:
assumes hom: "!!x y. h (x * y) = h x * h y"
and N: "finite N" "N \<noteq> {}" shows "h (fold1 times N) = fold1 times (h ` N)"
using N proof (induct rule: finite_ne_induct)
case singleton thus ?case by simp
next
case (insert n N)
then have "h (fold1 times (insert n N)) = h (n * fold1 times N)" by simp
also have "\<dots> = h n * h (fold1 times N)" by(rule hom)
also have "h (fold1 times N) = fold1 times (h ` N)" by(rule insert)
also have "times (h n) \<dots> = fold1 times (insert (h n) (h ` N))"
using insert by(simp)
also have "insert (h n) (h ` N) = h ` insert n N" by simp
finally show ?case .
qed
lemma fold1_eq_fold_idem:
assumes "finite A"
shows "fold1 times (insert a A) = fold times a A"
proof (cases "a \<in> A")
case False
with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: fold1_eq_fold)
next
interpret comp_fun_idem times by (fact comp_fun_idem)
case True then obtain b B
where A: "A = insert a B" and "a \<notin> B" by (rule set_insert)
with assms have "finite B" by auto
then have "fold times a (insert a B) = fold times (a * a) B"
using `a \<notin> B` by (rule fold_insert2)
then show ?thesis
using `a \<notin> B` `finite B` by (simp add: fold1_eq_fold A)
qed
end
text{* Now the recursion rules for definitions: *}
lemma fold1_singleton_def: "g = fold1 f \<Longrightarrow> g {a} = a"
by simp
lemma (in ab_semigroup_mult) fold1_insert_def:
"\<lbrakk> g = fold1 times; finite A; x \<notin> A; A \<noteq> {} \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> g (insert x A) = x * g A"
by (simp add:fold1_insert)
lemma (in ab_semigroup_idem_mult) fold1_insert_idem_def:
"\<lbrakk> g = fold1 times; finite A; A \<noteq> {} \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> g (insert x A) = x * g A"
by simp
subsubsection{* Determinacy for @{term fold1Set} *}
(*Not actually used!!*)
(*
context ab_semigroup_mult
begin
lemma fold_graph_permute:
"[|fold_graph times id b (insert a A) x; a \<notin> A; b \<notin> A|]
==> fold_graph times id a (insert b A) x"
apply (cases "a=b")
apply (auto dest: fold_graph_permute_diff)
done
lemma fold1Set_determ:
"fold1Set times A x ==> fold1Set times A y ==> y = x"
proof (clarify elim!: fold1Set.cases)
fix A x B y a b
assume Ax: "fold_graph times id a A x"
assume By: "fold_graph times id b B y"
assume anotA: "a \<notin> A"
assume bnotB: "b \<notin> B"
assume eq: "insert a A = insert b B"
show "y=x"
proof cases
assume same: "a=b"
hence "A=B" using anotA bnotB eq by (blast elim!: equalityE)
thus ?thesis using Ax By same by (blast intro: fold_graph_determ)
next
assume diff: "a\<noteq>b"
let ?D = "B - {a}"
have B: "B = insert a ?D" and A: "A = insert b ?D"
and aB: "a \<in> B" and bA: "b \<in> A"
using eq anotA bnotB diff by (blast elim!:equalityE)+
with aB bnotB By
have "fold_graph times id a (insert b ?D) y"
by (auto intro: fold_graph_permute simp add: insert_absorb)
moreover
have "fold_graph times id a (insert b ?D) x"
by (simp add: A [symmetric] Ax)
ultimately show ?thesis by (blast intro: fold_graph_determ)
qed
qed
lemma fold1Set_equality: "fold1Set times A y ==> fold1 times A = y"
by (unfold fold1_def) (blast intro: fold1Set_determ)
end
*)
declare
empty_fold_graphE [rule del] fold_graph.intros [rule del]
empty_fold1SetE [rule del] insert_fold1SetE [rule del]
-- {* No more proofs involve these relations. *}
subsubsection {* Lemmas about @{text fold1} *}
context ab_semigroup_mult
begin
lemma fold1_Un:
assumes A: "finite A" "A \<noteq> {}"
shows "finite B \<Longrightarrow> B \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> A Int B = {} \<Longrightarrow>
fold1 times (A Un B) = fold1 times A * fold1 times B"
using A by (induct rule: finite_ne_induct)
(simp_all add: fold1_insert mult_assoc)
lemma fold1_in:
assumes A: "finite (A)" "A \<noteq> {}" and elem: "\<And>x y. x * y \<in> {x,y}"
shows "fold1 times A \<in> A"
using A
proof (induct rule:finite_ne_induct)
case singleton thus ?case by simp
next
case insert thus ?case using elem by (force simp add:fold1_insert)
qed
end
lemma (in ab_semigroup_idem_mult) fold1_Un2:
assumes A: "finite A" "A \<noteq> {}"
shows "finite B \<Longrightarrow> B \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow>
fold1 times (A Un B) = fold1 times A * fold1 times B"
using A
proof(induct rule:finite_ne_induct)
case singleton thus ?case by simp
next
case insert thus ?case by (simp add: mult_assoc)
qed
subsection {* Locales as mini-packages for fold operations *}
subsubsection {* The natural case *}
locale folding =
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
fixes F :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
assumes comp_fun_commute: "f y \<circ> f x = f x \<circ> f y"
assumes eq_fold: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> F A s = fold f s A"
begin
lemma empty [simp]:
"F {} = id"
by (simp add: eq_fold fun_eq_iff)
lemma insert [simp]:
assumes "finite A" and "x \<notin> A"
shows "F (insert x A) = F A \<circ> f x"
proof -
interpret comp_fun_commute f proof
qed (insert comp_fun_commute, simp add: fun_eq_iff)
from fold_insert2 assms
have "\<And>s. fold f s (insert x A) = fold f (f x s) A" .
with `finite A` show ?thesis by (simp add: eq_fold fun_eq_iff)
qed
lemma remove:
assumes "finite A" and "x \<in> A"
shows "F A = F (A - {x}) \<circ> f x"
proof -
from `x \<in> A` obtain B where A: "A = insert x B" and "x \<notin> B"
by (auto dest: mk_disjoint_insert)
moreover from `finite A` this have "finite B" by simp
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma insert_remove:
assumes "finite A"
shows "F (insert x A) = F (A - {x}) \<circ> f x"
using assms by (cases "x \<in> A") (simp_all add: remove insert_absorb)
lemma commute_left_comp:
"f y \<circ> (f x \<circ> g) = f x \<circ> (f y \<circ> g)"
by (simp add: o_assoc comp_fun_commute)
lemma comp_fun_commute':
assumes "finite A"
shows "f x \<circ> F A = F A \<circ> f x"
using assms by (induct A)
(simp, simp del: o_apply add: o_assoc, simp del: o_apply add: o_assoc [symmetric] comp_fun_commute)
lemma commute_left_comp':
assumes "finite A"
shows "f x \<circ> (F A \<circ> g) = F A \<circ> (f x \<circ> g)"
using assms by (simp add: o_assoc comp_fun_commute')
lemma comp_fun_commute'':
assumes "finite A" and "finite B"
shows "F B \<circ> F A = F A \<circ> F B"
using assms by (induct A)
(simp_all add: o_assoc, simp add: o_assoc [symmetric] comp_fun_commute')
lemma commute_left_comp'':
assumes "finite A" and "finite B"
shows "F B \<circ> (F A \<circ> g) = F A \<circ> (F B \<circ> g)"
using assms by (simp add: o_assoc comp_fun_commute'')
lemmas comp_fun_commutes = o_assoc [symmetric] comp_fun_commute commute_left_comp
comp_fun_commute' commute_left_comp' comp_fun_commute'' commute_left_comp''
lemma union_inter:
assumes "finite A" and "finite B"
shows "F (A \<union> B) \<circ> F (A \<inter> B) = F A \<circ> F B"
using assms by (induct A)
(simp_all del: o_apply add: insert_absorb Int_insert_left comp_fun_commutes,
simp add: o_assoc)
lemma union:
assumes "finite A" and "finite B"
and "A \<inter> B = {}"
shows "F (A \<union> B) = F A \<circ> F B"
proof -
from union_inter `finite A` `finite B` have "F (A \<union> B) \<circ> F (A \<inter> B) = F A \<circ> F B" .
with `A \<inter> B = {}` show ?thesis by simp
qed
end
subsubsection {* The natural case with idempotency *}
locale folding_idem = folding +
assumes idem_comp: "f x \<circ> f x = f x"
begin
lemma idem_left_comp:
"f x \<circ> (f x \<circ> g) = f x \<circ> g"
by (simp add: o_assoc idem_comp)
lemma in_comp_idem:
assumes "finite A" and "x \<in> A"
shows "F A \<circ> f x = F A"
using assms by (induct A)
(auto simp add: comp_fun_commutes idem_comp, simp add: commute_left_comp' [symmetric] comp_fun_commute')
lemma subset_comp_idem:
assumes "finite A" and "B \<subseteq> A"
shows "F A \<circ> F B = F A"
proof -
from assms have "finite B" by (blast dest: finite_subset)
then show ?thesis using `B \<subseteq> A` by (induct B)
(simp_all add: o_assoc in_comp_idem `finite A`)
qed
declare insert [simp del]
lemma insert_idem [simp]:
assumes "finite A"
shows "F (insert x A) = F A \<circ> f x"
using assms by (cases "x \<in> A") (simp_all add: insert in_comp_idem insert_absorb)
lemma union_idem:
assumes "finite A" and "finite B"
shows "F (A \<union> B) = F A \<circ> F B"
proof -
from assms have "finite (A \<union> B)" and "A \<inter> B \<subseteq> A \<union> B" by auto
then have "F (A \<union> B) \<circ> F (A \<inter> B) = F (A \<union> B)" by (rule subset_comp_idem)
with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: union_inter)
qed
end
subsubsection {* The image case with fixed function *}
no_notation times (infixl "*" 70)
no_notation Groups.one ("1")
locale folding_image_simple = comm_monoid +
fixes g :: "('b \<Rightarrow> 'a)"
fixes F :: "'b set \<Rightarrow> 'a"
assumes eq_fold_g: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> F A = fold_image f g 1 A"
begin
lemma empty [simp]:
"F {} = 1"
by (simp add: eq_fold_g)
lemma insert [simp]:
assumes "finite A" and "x \<notin> A"
shows "F (insert x A) = g x * F A"
proof -
interpret comp_fun_commute "%x y. (g x) * y" proof
qed (simp add: ac_simps fun_eq_iff)
with assms have "fold_image (op *) g 1 (insert x A) = g x * fold_image (op *) g 1 A"
by (simp add: fold_image_def)
with `finite A` show ?thesis by (simp add: eq_fold_g)
qed
lemma remove:
assumes "finite A" and "x \<in> A"
shows "F A = g x * F (A - {x})"
proof -
from `x \<in> A` obtain B where A: "A = insert x B" and "x \<notin> B"
by (auto dest: mk_disjoint_insert)
moreover from `finite A` this have "finite B" by simp
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma insert_remove:
assumes "finite A"
shows "F (insert x A) = g x * F (A - {x})"
using assms by (cases "x \<in> A") (simp_all add: remove insert_absorb)
lemma neutral:
assumes "finite A" and "\<forall>x\<in>A. g x = 1"
shows "F A = 1"
using assms by (induct A) simp_all
lemma union_inter:
assumes "finite A" and "finite B"
shows "F (A \<union> B) * F (A \<inter> B) = F A * F B"
using assms proof (induct A)
case empty then show ?case by simp
next
case (insert x A) then show ?case
by (auto simp add: insert_absorb Int_insert_left commute [of _ "g x"] assoc left_commute)
qed
corollary union_inter_neutral:
assumes "finite A" and "finite B"
and I0: "\<forall>x \<in> A\<inter>B. g x = 1"
shows "F (A \<union> B) = F A * F B"
using assms by (simp add: union_inter [symmetric] neutral)
corollary union_disjoint:
assumes "finite A" and "finite B"
assumes "A \<inter> B = {}"
shows "F (A \<union> B) = F A * F B"
using assms by (simp add: union_inter_neutral)
end
subsubsection {* The image case with flexible function *}
locale folding_image = comm_monoid +
fixes F :: "('b \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> 'b set \<Rightarrow> 'a"
assumes eq_fold: "\<And>g. finite A \<Longrightarrow> F g A = fold_image f g 1 A"
sublocale folding_image < folding_image_simple "op *" 1 g "F g" proof
qed (fact eq_fold)
context folding_image
begin
lemma reindex: (* FIXME polymorhism *)
assumes "finite A" and "inj_on h A"
shows "F g (h ` A) = F (g \<circ> h) A"
using assms by (induct A) auto
lemma cong:
assumes "finite A" and "\<And>x. x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> g x = h x"
shows "F g A = F h A"
proof -
from assms have "ALL C. C <= A --> (ALL x:C. g x = h x) --> F g C = F h C"
apply - apply (erule finite_induct) apply simp
apply (simp add: subset_insert_iff, clarify)
apply (subgoal_tac "finite C")
prefer 2 apply (blast dest: finite_subset [COMP swap_prems_rl])
apply (subgoal_tac "C = insert x (C - {x})")
prefer 2 apply blast
apply (erule ssubst)
apply (drule spec)
apply (erule (1) notE impE)
apply (simp add: Ball_def del: insert_Diff_single)
done
with assms show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma UNION_disjoint:
assumes "finite I" and "\<forall>i\<in>I. finite (A i)"
and "\<forall>i\<in>I. \<forall>j\<in>I. i \<noteq> j \<longrightarrow> A i \<inter> A j = {}"
shows "F g (UNION I A) = F (F g \<circ> A) I"
apply (insert assms)
apply (induct rule: finite_induct)
apply simp
apply atomize
apply (subgoal_tac "\<forall>i\<in>Fa. x \<noteq> i")
prefer 2 apply blast
apply (subgoal_tac "A x Int UNION Fa A = {}")
prefer 2 apply blast
apply (simp add: union_disjoint)
done
lemma distrib:
assumes "finite A"
shows "F (\<lambda>x. g x * h x) A = F g A * F h A"
using assms by (rule finite_induct) (simp_all add: assoc commute left_commute)
lemma related:
assumes Re: "R 1 1"
and Rop: "\<forall>x1 y1 x2 y2. R x1 x2 \<and> R y1 y2 \<longrightarrow> R (x1 * y1) (x2 * y2)"
and fS: "finite S" and Rfg: "\<forall>x\<in>S. R (h x) (g x)"
shows "R (F h S) (F g S)"
using fS by (rule finite_subset_induct) (insert assms, auto)
lemma eq_general:
assumes fS: "finite S"
and h: "\<forall>y\<in>S'. \<exists>!x. x \<in> S \<and> h x = y"
and f12: "\<forall>x\<in>S. h x \<in> S' \<and> f2 (h x) = f1 x"
shows "F f1 S = F f2 S'"
proof-
from h f12 have hS: "h ` S = S'" by blast
{fix x y assume H: "x \<in> S" "y \<in> S" "h x = h y"
from f12 h H have "x = y" by auto }
hence hinj: "inj_on h S" unfolding inj_on_def Ex1_def by blast
from f12 have th: "\<And>x. x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> (f2 \<circ> h) x = f1 x" by auto
from hS have "F f2 S' = F f2 (h ` S)" by simp
also have "\<dots> = F (f2 o h) S" using reindex [OF fS hinj, of f2] .
also have "\<dots> = F f1 S " using th cong [OF fS, of "f2 o h" f1]
by blast
finally show ?thesis ..
qed
lemma eq_general_inverses:
assumes fS: "finite S"
and kh: "\<And>y. y \<in> T \<Longrightarrow> k y \<in> S \<and> h (k y) = y"
and hk: "\<And>x. x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> h x \<in> T \<and> k (h x) = x \<and> g (h x) = j x"
shows "F j S = F g T"
(* metis solves it, but not yet available here *)
apply (rule eq_general [OF fS, of T h g j])
apply (rule ballI)
apply (frule kh)
apply (rule ex1I[])
apply blast
apply clarsimp
apply (drule hk) apply simp
apply (rule sym)
apply (erule conjunct1[OF conjunct2[OF hk]])
apply (rule ballI)
apply (drule hk)
apply blast
done
end
subsubsection {* The image case with fixed function and idempotency *}
locale folding_image_simple_idem = folding_image_simple +
assumes idem: "x * x = x"
sublocale folding_image_simple_idem < semilattice proof
qed (fact idem)
context folding_image_simple_idem
begin
lemma in_idem:
assumes "finite A" and "x \<in> A"
shows "g x * F A = F A"
using assms by (induct A) (auto simp add: left_commute)
lemma subset_idem:
assumes "finite A" and "B \<subseteq> A"
shows "F B * F A = F A"
proof -
from assms have "finite B" by (blast dest: finite_subset)
then show ?thesis using `B \<subseteq> A` by (induct B)
(auto simp add: assoc in_idem `finite A`)
qed
declare insert [simp del]
lemma insert_idem [simp]:
assumes "finite A"
shows "F (insert x A) = g x * F A"
using assms by (cases "x \<in> A") (simp_all add: insert in_idem insert_absorb)
lemma union_idem:
assumes "finite A" and "finite B"
shows "F (A \<union> B) = F A * F B"
proof -
from assms have "finite (A \<union> B)" and "A \<inter> B \<subseteq> A \<union> B" by auto
then have "F (A \<inter> B) * F (A \<union> B) = F (A \<union> B)" by (rule subset_idem)
with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: union_inter [of A B, symmetric] commute)
qed
end
subsubsection {* The image case with flexible function and idempotency *}
locale folding_image_idem = folding_image +
assumes idem: "x * x = x"
sublocale folding_image_idem < folding_image_simple_idem "op *" 1 g "F g" proof
qed (fact idem)
subsubsection {* The neutral-less case *}
locale folding_one = abel_semigroup +
fixes F :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a"
assumes eq_fold: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> F A = fold1 f A"
begin
lemma singleton [simp]:
"F {x} = x"
by (simp add: eq_fold)
lemma eq_fold':
assumes "finite A" and "x \<notin> A"
shows "F (insert x A) = fold (op *) x A"
proof -
interpret ab_semigroup_mult "op *" proof qed (simp_all add: ac_simps)
with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: eq_fold fold1_eq_fold)
qed
lemma insert [simp]:
assumes "finite A" and "x \<notin> A" and "A \<noteq> {}"
shows "F (insert x A) = x * F A"
proof -
from `A \<noteq> {}` obtain b where "b \<in> A" by blast
then obtain B where *: "A = insert b B" "b \<notin> B" by (blast dest: mk_disjoint_insert)
with `finite A` have "finite B" by simp
interpret fold: folding "op *" "\<lambda>a b. fold (op *) b a" proof
qed (simp_all add: fun_eq_iff ac_simps)
thm fold.comp_fun_commute' [of B b, simplified fun_eq_iff, simplified]
from `finite B` fold.comp_fun_commute' [of B x]
have "op * x \<circ> (\<lambda>b. fold op * b B) = (\<lambda>b. fold op * b B) \<circ> op * x" by simp
then have A: "x * fold op * b B = fold op * (b * x) B" by (simp add: fun_eq_iff commute)
from `finite B` * fold.insert [of B b]
have "(\<lambda>x. fold op * x (insert b B)) = (\<lambda>x. fold op * x B) \<circ> op * b" by simp
then have B: "fold op * x (insert b B) = fold op * (b * x) B" by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)
from A B assms * show ?thesis by (simp add: eq_fold' del: fold.insert)
qed
lemma remove:
assumes "finite A" and "x \<in> A"
shows "F A = (if A - {x} = {} then x else x * F (A - {x}))"
proof -
from assms obtain B where "A = insert x B" and "x \<notin> B" by (blast dest: mk_disjoint_insert)
with assms show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma insert_remove:
assumes "finite A"
shows "F (insert x A) = (if A - {x} = {} then x else x * F (A - {x}))"
using assms by (cases "x \<in> A") (simp_all add: insert_absorb remove)
lemma union_disjoint:
assumes "finite A" "A \<noteq> {}" and "finite B" "B \<noteq> {}" and "A \<inter> B = {}"
shows "F (A \<union> B) = F A * F B"
using assms by (induct A rule: finite_ne_induct) (simp_all add: ac_simps)
lemma union_inter:
assumes "finite A" and "finite B" and "A \<inter> B \<noteq> {}"
shows "F (A \<union> B) * F (A \<inter> B) = F A * F B"
proof -
from assms have "A \<noteq> {}" and "B \<noteq> {}" by auto
from `finite A` `A \<noteq> {}` `A \<inter> B \<noteq> {}` show ?thesis proof (induct A rule: finite_ne_induct)
case (singleton x) then show ?case by (simp add: insert_absorb ac_simps)
next
case (insert x A) show ?case proof (cases "x \<in> B")
case True then have "B \<noteq> {}" by auto
with insert True `finite B` show ?thesis by (cases "A \<inter> B = {}")
(simp_all add: insert_absorb ac_simps union_disjoint)
next
case False with insert have "F (A \<union> B) * F (A \<inter> B) = F A * F B" by simp
moreover from False `finite B` insert have "finite (A \<union> B)" "x \<notin> A \<union> B" "A \<union> B \<noteq> {}"
by auto
ultimately show ?thesis using False `finite A` `x \<notin> A` `A \<noteq> {}` by (simp add: assoc)
qed
qed
qed
lemma closed:
assumes "finite A" "A \<noteq> {}" and elem: "\<And>x y. x * y \<in> {x, y}"
shows "F A \<in> A"
using `finite A` `A \<noteq> {}` proof (induct rule: finite_ne_induct)
case singleton then show ?case by simp
next
case insert with elem show ?case by force
qed
end
subsubsection {* The neutral-less case with idempotency *}
locale folding_one_idem = folding_one +
assumes idem: "x * x = x"
sublocale folding_one_idem < semilattice proof
qed (fact idem)
context folding_one_idem
begin
lemma in_idem:
assumes "finite A" and "x \<in> A"
shows "x * F A = F A"
proof -
from assms have "A \<noteq> {}" by auto
with `finite A` show ?thesis using `x \<in> A` by (induct A rule: finite_ne_induct) (auto simp add: ac_simps)
qed
lemma subset_idem:
assumes "finite A" "B \<noteq> {}" and "B \<subseteq> A"
shows "F B * F A = F A"
proof -
from assms have "finite B" by (blast dest: finite_subset)
then show ?thesis using `B \<noteq> {}` `B \<subseteq> A` by (induct B rule: finite_ne_induct)
(simp_all add: assoc in_idem `finite A`)
qed
lemma eq_fold_idem':
assumes "finite A"
shows "F (insert a A) = fold (op *) a A"
proof -
interpret ab_semigroup_idem_mult "op *" proof qed (simp_all add: ac_simps)
with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: eq_fold fold1_eq_fold_idem)
qed
lemma insert_idem [simp]:
assumes "finite A" and "A \<noteq> {}"
shows "F (insert x A) = x * F A"
proof (cases "x \<in> A")
case False from `finite A` `x \<notin> A` `A \<noteq> {}` show ?thesis by (rule insert)
next
case True
from `finite A` `A \<noteq> {}` show ?thesis by (simp add: in_idem insert_absorb True)
qed
lemma union_idem:
assumes "finite A" "A \<noteq> {}" and "finite B" "B \<noteq> {}"
shows "F (A \<union> B) = F A * F B"
proof (cases "A \<inter> B = {}")
case True with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: union_disjoint)
next
case False
from assms have "finite (A \<union> B)" and "A \<inter> B \<subseteq> A \<union> B" by auto
with False have "F (A \<inter> B) * F (A \<union> B) = F (A \<union> B)" by (auto intro: subset_idem)
with assms False show ?thesis by (simp add: union_inter [of A B, symmetric] commute)
qed
lemma hom_commute:
assumes hom: "\<And>x y. h (x * y) = h x * h y"
and N: "finite N" "N \<noteq> {}" shows "h (F N) = F (h ` N)"
using N proof (induct rule: finite_ne_induct)
case singleton thus ?case by simp
next
case (insert n N)
then have "h (F (insert n N)) = h (n * F N)" by simp
also have "\<dots> = h n * h (F N)" by (rule hom)
also have "h (F N) = F (h ` N)" by(rule insert)
also have "h n * \<dots> = F (insert (h n) (h ` N))"
using insert by(simp)
also have "insert (h n) (h ` N) = h ` insert n N" by simp
finally show ?case .
qed
end
notation times (infixl "*" 70)
notation Groups.one ("1")
subsection {* Finite cardinality *}
text {* This definition, although traditional, is ugly to work with:
@{text "card A == LEAST n. EX f. A = {f i | i. i < n}"}.
But now that we have @{text fold_image} things are easy:
*}
definition card :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> nat" where
"card A = (if finite A then fold_image (op +) (\<lambda>x. 1) 0 A else 0)"
interpretation card: folding_image_simple "op +" 0 "\<lambda>x. 1" card proof
qed (simp add: card_def)
lemma card_infinite [simp]:
"\<not> finite A \<Longrightarrow> card A = 0"
by (simp add: card_def)
lemma card_empty:
"card {} = 0"
by (fact card.empty)
lemma card_insert_disjoint:
"finite A ==> x \<notin> A ==> card (insert x A) = Suc (card A)"
by simp
lemma card_insert_if:
"finite A ==> card (insert x A) = (if x \<in> A then card A else Suc (card A))"
by auto (simp add: card.insert_remove card.remove)
lemma card_ge_0_finite:
"card A > 0 \<Longrightarrow> finite A"
by (rule ccontr) simp
lemma card_0_eq [simp, no_atp]:
"finite A \<Longrightarrow> card A = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> A = {}"
by (auto dest: mk_disjoint_insert)
lemma finite_UNIV_card_ge_0:
"finite (UNIV :: 'a set) \<Longrightarrow> card (UNIV :: 'a set) > 0"
by (rule ccontr) simp
lemma card_eq_0_iff:
"card A = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> A = {} \<or> \<not> finite A"
by auto
lemma card_gt_0_iff:
"0 < card A \<longleftrightarrow> A \<noteq> {} \<and> finite A"
by (simp add: neq0_conv [symmetric] card_eq_0_iff)
lemma card_Suc_Diff1: "finite A ==> x: A ==> Suc (card (A - {x})) = card A"
apply(rule_tac t = A in insert_Diff [THEN subst], assumption)
apply(simp del:insert_Diff_single)
done
lemma card_Diff_singleton:
"finite A ==> x: A ==> card (A - {x}) = card A - 1"
by (simp add: card_Suc_Diff1 [symmetric])
lemma card_Diff_singleton_if:
"finite A ==> card (A-{x}) = (if x : A then card A - 1 else card A)"
by (simp add: card_Diff_singleton)
lemma card_Diff_insert[simp]:
assumes "finite A" and "a:A" and "a ~: B"
shows "card(A - insert a B) = card(A - B) - 1"
proof -
have "A - insert a B = (A - B) - {a}" using assms by blast
then show ?thesis using assms by(simp add:card_Diff_singleton)
qed
lemma card_insert: "finite A ==> card (insert x A) = Suc (card (A - {x}))"
by (simp add: card_insert_if card_Suc_Diff1 del:card_Diff_insert)
lemma card_insert_le: "finite A ==> card A <= card (insert x A)"
by (simp add: card_insert_if)
lemma card_Collect_less_nat[simp]: "card{i::nat. i < n} = n"
by (induct n) (simp_all add:less_Suc_eq Collect_disj_eq)
lemma card_Collect_le_nat[simp]: "card{i::nat. i <= n} = Suc n"
using card_Collect_less_nat[of "Suc n"] by(simp add: less_Suc_eq_le)
lemma card_mono:
assumes "finite B" and "A \<subseteq> B"
shows "card A \<le> card B"
proof -
from assms have "finite A" by (auto intro: finite_subset)
then show ?thesis using assms proof (induct A arbitrary: B)
case empty then show ?case by simp
next
case (insert x A)
then have "x \<in> B" by simp
from insert have "A \<subseteq> B - {x}" and "finite (B - {x})" by auto
with insert.hyps have "card A \<le> card (B - {x})" by auto
with `finite A` `x \<notin> A` `finite B` `x \<in> B` show ?case by simp (simp only: card.remove)
qed
qed
lemma card_seteq: "finite B ==> (!!A. A <= B ==> card B <= card A ==> A = B)"
apply (induct rule: finite_induct)
apply simp
apply clarify
apply (subgoal_tac "finite A & A - {x} <= F")
prefer 2 apply (blast intro: finite_subset, atomize)
apply (drule_tac x = "A - {x}" in spec)
apply (simp add: card_Diff_singleton_if split add: split_if_asm)
apply (case_tac "card A", auto)
done
lemma psubset_card_mono: "finite B ==> A < B ==> card A < card B"
apply (simp add: psubset_eq linorder_not_le [symmetric])
apply (blast dest: card_seteq)
done
lemma card_Un_Int: "finite A ==> finite B
==> card A + card B = card (A Un B) + card (A Int B)"
by (fact card.union_inter [symmetric])
lemma card_Un_disjoint: "finite A ==> finite B
==> A Int B = {} ==> card (A Un B) = card A + card B"
by (fact card.union_disjoint)
lemma card_Diff_subset:
assumes "finite B" and "B \<subseteq> A"
shows "card (A - B) = card A - card B"
proof (cases "finite A")
case False with assms show ?thesis by simp
next
case True with assms show ?thesis by (induct B arbitrary: A) simp_all
qed
lemma card_Diff_subset_Int:
assumes AB: "finite (A \<inter> B)" shows "card (A - B) = card A - card (A \<inter> B)"
proof -
have "A - B = A - A \<inter> B" by auto
thus ?thesis
by (simp add: card_Diff_subset AB)
qed
lemma diff_card_le_card_Diff:
assumes "finite B" shows "card A - card B \<le> card(A - B)"
proof-
have "card A - card B \<le> card A - card (A \<inter> B)"
using card_mono[OF assms Int_lower2, of A] by arith
also have "\<dots> = card(A-B)" using assms by(simp add: card_Diff_subset_Int)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma card_Diff1_less: "finite A ==> x: A ==> card (A - {x}) < card A"
apply (rule Suc_less_SucD)
apply (simp add: card_Suc_Diff1 del:card_Diff_insert)
done
lemma card_Diff2_less:
"finite A ==> x: A ==> y: A ==> card (A - {x} - {y}) < card A"
apply (case_tac "x = y")
apply (simp add: card_Diff1_less del:card_Diff_insert)
apply (rule less_trans)
prefer 2 apply (auto intro!: card_Diff1_less simp del:card_Diff_insert)
done
lemma card_Diff1_le: "finite A ==> card (A - {x}) <= card A"
apply (case_tac "x : A")
apply (simp_all add: card_Diff1_less less_imp_le)
done
lemma card_psubset: "finite B ==> A \<subseteq> B ==> card A < card B ==> A < B"
by (erule psubsetI, blast)
lemma insert_partition:
"\<lbrakk> x \<notin> F; \<forall>c1 \<in> insert x F. \<forall>c2 \<in> insert x F. c1 \<noteq> c2 \<longrightarrow> c1 \<inter> c2 = {} \<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> x \<inter> \<Union> F = {}"
by auto
lemma finite_psubset_induct[consumes 1, case_names psubset]:
assumes fin: "finite A"
and major: "\<And>A. finite A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>B. B \<subset> A \<Longrightarrow> P B) \<Longrightarrow> P A"
shows "P A"
using fin
proof (induct A taking: card rule: measure_induct_rule)
case (less A)
have fin: "finite A" by fact
have ih: "\<And>B. \<lbrakk>card B < card A; finite B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P B" by fact
{ fix B
assume asm: "B \<subset> A"
from asm have "card B < card A" using psubset_card_mono fin by blast
moreover
from asm have "B \<subseteq> A" by auto
then have "finite B" using fin finite_subset by blast
ultimately
have "P B" using ih by simp
}
with fin show "P A" using major by blast
qed
text{* main cardinality theorem *}
lemma card_partition [rule_format]:
"finite C ==>
finite (\<Union> C) -->
(\<forall>c\<in>C. card c = k) -->
(\<forall>c1 \<in> C. \<forall>c2 \<in> C. c1 \<noteq> c2 --> c1 \<inter> c2 = {}) -->
k * card(C) = card (\<Union> C)"
apply (erule finite_induct, simp)
apply (simp add: card_Un_disjoint insert_partition
finite_subset [of _ "\<Union> (insert x F)"])
done
lemma card_eq_UNIV_imp_eq_UNIV:
assumes fin: "finite (UNIV :: 'a set)"
and card: "card A = card (UNIV :: 'a set)"
shows "A = (UNIV :: 'a set)"
proof
show "A \<subseteq> UNIV" by simp
show "UNIV \<subseteq> A"
proof
fix x
show "x \<in> A"
proof (rule ccontr)
assume "x \<notin> A"
then have "A \<subset> UNIV" by auto
with fin have "card A < card (UNIV :: 'a set)" by (fact psubset_card_mono)
with card show False by simp
qed
qed
qed
text{*The form of a finite set of given cardinality*}
lemma card_eq_SucD:
assumes "card A = Suc k"
shows "\<exists>b B. A = insert b B & b \<notin> B & card B = k & (k=0 \<longrightarrow> B={})"
proof -
have fin: "finite A" using assms by (auto intro: ccontr)
moreover have "card A \<noteq> 0" using assms by auto
ultimately obtain b where b: "b \<in> A" by auto
show ?thesis
proof (intro exI conjI)
show "A = insert b (A-{b})" using b by blast
show "b \<notin> A - {b}" by blast
show "card (A - {b}) = k" and "k = 0 \<longrightarrow> A - {b} = {}"
using assms b fin by(fastforce dest:mk_disjoint_insert)+
qed
qed
lemma card_Suc_eq:
"(card A = Suc k) =
(\<exists>b B. A = insert b B & b \<notin> B & card B = k & (k=0 \<longrightarrow> B={}))"
apply(rule iffI)
apply(erule card_eq_SucD)
apply(auto)
apply(subst card_insert)
apply(auto intro:ccontr)
done
lemma card_le_Suc_iff: "finite A \<Longrightarrow>
Suc n \<le> card A = (\<exists>a B. A = insert a B \<and> a \<notin> B \<and> n \<le> card B \<and> finite B)"
by (fastforce simp: card_Suc_eq less_eq_nat.simps(2) insert_eq_iff
dest: subset_singletonD split: nat.splits if_splits)
lemma finite_fun_UNIVD2:
assumes fin: "finite (UNIV :: ('a \<Rightarrow> 'b) set)"
shows "finite (UNIV :: 'b set)"
proof -
from fin have "finite (range (\<lambda>f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b. f arbitrary))"
by(rule finite_imageI)
moreover have "UNIV = range (\<lambda>f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b. f arbitrary)"
by(rule UNIV_eq_I) auto
ultimately show "finite (UNIV :: 'b set)" by simp
qed
lemma card_UNIV_unit: "card (UNIV :: unit set) = 1"
unfolding UNIV_unit by simp
subsubsection {* Cardinality of image *}
lemma card_image_le: "finite A ==> card (f ` A) <= card A"
apply (induct rule: finite_induct)
apply simp
apply (simp add: le_SucI card_insert_if)
done
lemma card_image:
assumes "inj_on f A"
shows "card (f ` A) = card A"
proof (cases "finite A")
case True then show ?thesis using assms by (induct A) simp_all
next
case False then have "\<not> finite (f ` A)" using assms by (auto dest: finite_imageD)
with False show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma bij_betw_same_card: "bij_betw f A B \<Longrightarrow> card A = card B"
by(auto simp: card_image bij_betw_def)
lemma endo_inj_surj: "finite A ==> f ` A \<subseteq> A ==> inj_on f A ==> f ` A = A"
by (simp add: card_seteq card_image)
lemma eq_card_imp_inj_on:
"[| finite A; card(f ` A) = card A |] ==> inj_on f A"
apply (induct rule:finite_induct)
apply simp
apply(frule card_image_le[where f = f])
apply(simp add:card_insert_if split:if_splits)
done
lemma inj_on_iff_eq_card:
"finite A ==> inj_on f A = (card(f ` A) = card A)"
by(blast intro: card_image eq_card_imp_inj_on)
lemma card_inj_on_le:
"[|inj_on f A; f ` A \<subseteq> B; finite B |] ==> card A \<le> card B"
apply (subgoal_tac "finite A")
apply (force intro: card_mono simp add: card_image [symmetric])
apply (blast intro: finite_imageD dest: finite_subset)
done
lemma card_bij_eq:
"[|inj_on f A; f ` A \<subseteq> B; inj_on g B; g ` B \<subseteq> A;
finite A; finite B |] ==> card A = card B"
by (auto intro: le_antisym card_inj_on_le)
lemma bij_betw_finite:
assumes "bij_betw f A B"
shows "finite A \<longleftrightarrow> finite B"
using assms unfolding bij_betw_def
using finite_imageD[of f A] by auto
subsubsection {* Pigeonhole Principles *}
lemma pigeonhole: "card A > card(f ` A) \<Longrightarrow> ~ inj_on f A "
by (auto dest: card_image less_irrefl_nat)
lemma pigeonhole_infinite:
assumes "~ finite A" and "finite(f`A)"
shows "EX a0:A. ~finite{a:A. f a = f a0}"
proof -
have "finite(f`A) \<Longrightarrow> ~ finite A \<Longrightarrow> EX a0:A. ~finite{a:A. f a = f a0}"
proof(induct "f`A" arbitrary: A rule: finite_induct)
case empty thus ?case by simp
next
case (insert b F)
show ?case
proof cases
assume "finite{a:A. f a = b}"
hence "~ finite(A - {a:A. f a = b})" using `\<not> finite A` by simp
also have "A - {a:A. f a = b} = {a:A. f a \<noteq> b}" by blast
finally have "~ finite({a:A. f a \<noteq> b})" .
from insert(3)[OF _ this]
show ?thesis using insert(2,4) by simp (blast intro: rev_finite_subset)
next
assume 1: "~finite{a:A. f a = b}"
hence "{a \<in> A. f a = b} \<noteq> {}" by force
thus ?thesis using 1 by blast
qed
qed
from this[OF assms(2,1)] show ?thesis .
qed
lemma pigeonhole_infinite_rel:
assumes "~finite A" and "finite B" and "ALL a:A. EX b:B. R a b"
shows "EX b:B. ~finite{a:A. R a b}"
proof -
let ?F = "%a. {b:B. R a b}"
from finite_Pow_iff[THEN iffD2, OF `finite B`]
have "finite(?F ` A)" by(blast intro: rev_finite_subset)
from pigeonhole_infinite[where f = ?F, OF assms(1) this]
obtain a0 where "a0\<in>A" and 1: "\<not> finite {a\<in>A. ?F a = ?F a0}" ..
obtain b0 where "b0 : B" and "R a0 b0" using `a0:A` assms(3) by blast
{ assume "finite{a:A. R a b0}"
then have "finite {a\<in>A. ?F a = ?F a0}"
using `b0 : B` `R a0 b0` by(blast intro: rev_finite_subset)
}
with 1 `b0 : B` show ?thesis by blast
qed
subsubsection {* Cardinality of sums *}
lemma card_Plus:
assumes "finite A" and "finite B"
shows "card (A <+> B) = card A + card B"
proof -
have "Inl`A \<inter> Inr`B = {}" by fast
with assms show ?thesis
unfolding Plus_def
by (simp add: card_Un_disjoint card_image)
qed
lemma card_Plus_conv_if:
"card (A <+> B) = (if finite A \<and> finite B then card A + card B else 0)"
by (auto simp add: card_Plus)
subsubsection {* Cardinality of the Powerset *}
lemma card_Pow: "finite A ==> card (Pow A) = Suc (Suc 0) ^ card A" (* FIXME numeral 2 (!?) *)
apply (induct rule: finite_induct)
apply (simp_all add: Pow_insert)
apply (subst card_Un_disjoint, blast)
apply (blast, blast)
apply (subgoal_tac "inj_on (insert x) (Pow F)")
apply (simp add: card_image Pow_insert)
apply (unfold inj_on_def)
apply (blast elim!: equalityE)
done
text {* Relates to equivalence classes. Based on a theorem of F. Kamm\"uller. *}
lemma dvd_partition:
"finite (Union C) ==>
ALL c : C. k dvd card c ==>
(ALL c1: C. ALL c2: C. c1 \<noteq> c2 --> c1 Int c2 = {}) ==>
k dvd card (Union C)"
apply (frule finite_UnionD)
apply (rotate_tac -1)
apply (induct rule: finite_induct)
apply simp_all
apply clarify
apply (subst card_Un_disjoint)
apply (auto simp add: disjoint_eq_subset_Compl)
done
subsubsection {* Relating injectivity and surjectivity *}
lemma finite_surj_inj: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> A \<subseteq> f ` A \<Longrightarrow> inj_on f A"
apply(rule eq_card_imp_inj_on, assumption)
apply(frule finite_imageI)
apply(drule (1) card_seteq)
apply(erule card_image_le)
apply simp
done
lemma finite_UNIV_surj_inj: fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
shows "finite(UNIV:: 'a set) \<Longrightarrow> surj f \<Longrightarrow> inj f"
by (blast intro: finite_surj_inj subset_UNIV)
lemma finite_UNIV_inj_surj: fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
shows "finite(UNIV:: 'a set) \<Longrightarrow> inj f \<Longrightarrow> surj f"
by(fastforce simp:surj_def dest!: endo_inj_surj)
corollary infinite_UNIV_nat[iff]: "~finite(UNIV::nat set)"
proof
assume "finite(UNIV::nat set)"
with finite_UNIV_inj_surj[of Suc]
show False by simp (blast dest: Suc_neq_Zero surjD)
qed
(* Often leads to bogus ATP proofs because of reduced type information, hence no_atp *)
lemma infinite_UNIV_char_0[no_atp]:
"\<not> finite (UNIV::'a::semiring_char_0 set)"
proof
assume "finite (UNIV::'a set)"
with subset_UNIV have "finite (range of_nat::'a set)"
by (rule finite_subset)
moreover have "inj (of_nat::nat \<Rightarrow> 'a)"
by (simp add: inj_on_def)
ultimately have "finite (UNIV::nat set)"
by (rule finite_imageD)
then show "False"
by simp
qed
end