(*
Title: HOL/Algebra/UnivPoly.thy
Id: $Id$
Author: Clemens Ballarin, started 9 December 1996
Copyright: Clemens Ballarin
*)
header {* Univariate Polynomials *}
theory UnivPoly imports Module begin
text {*
Polynomials are formalised as modules with additional operations for
extracting coefficients from polynomials and for obtaining monomials
from coefficients and exponents (record @{text "up_ring"}). The
carrier set is a set of bounded functions from Nat to the
coefficient domain. Bounded means that these functions return zero
above a certain bound (the degree). There is a chapter on the
formalisation of polynomials in the PhD thesis \cite{Ballarin:1999},
which was implemented with axiomatic type classes. This was later
ported to Locales.
*}
subsection {* The Constructor for Univariate Polynomials *}
text {*
Functions with finite support.
*}
locale bound =
fixes z :: 'a
and n :: nat
and f :: "nat => 'a"
assumes bound: "!!m. n < m \<Longrightarrow> f m = z"
declare bound.intro [intro!]
and bound.bound [dest]
lemma bound_below:
assumes bound: "bound z m f" and nonzero: "f n \<noteq> z" shows "n \<le> m"
proof (rule classical)
assume "~ ?thesis"
then have "m < n" by arith
with bound have "f n = z" ..
with nonzero show ?thesis by contradiction
qed
record ('a, 'p) up_ring = "('a, 'p) module" +
monom :: "['a, nat] => 'p"
coeff :: "['p, nat] => 'a"
constdefs (structure R)
up :: "('a, 'm) ring_scheme => (nat => 'a) set"
"up R == {f. f \<in> UNIV -> carrier R & (EX n. bound \<zero> n f)}"
UP :: "('a, 'm) ring_scheme => ('a, nat => 'a) up_ring"
"UP R == (|
carrier = up R,
mult = (%p:up R. %q:up R. %n. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..n}. p i \<otimes> q (n-i)),
one = (%i. if i=0 then \<one> else \<zero>),
zero = (%i. \<zero>),
add = (%p:up R. %q:up R. %i. p i \<oplus> q i),
smult = (%a:carrier R. %p:up R. %i. a \<otimes> p i),
monom = (%a:carrier R. %n i. if i=n then a else \<zero>),
coeff = (%p:up R. %n. p n) |)"
text {*
Properties of the set of polynomials @{term up}.
*}
lemma mem_upI [intro]:
"[| !!n. f n \<in> carrier R; EX n. bound (zero R) n f |] ==> f \<in> up R"
by (simp add: up_def Pi_def)
lemma mem_upD [dest]:
"f \<in> up R ==> f n \<in> carrier R"
by (simp add: up_def Pi_def)
lemma (in cring) bound_upD [dest]:
"f \<in> up R ==> EX n. bound \<zero> n f"
by (simp add: up_def)
lemma (in cring) up_one_closed:
"(%n. if n = 0 then \<one> else \<zero>) \<in> up R"
using up_def by force
lemma (in cring) up_smult_closed:
"[| a \<in> carrier R; p \<in> up R |] ==> (%i. a \<otimes> p i) \<in> up R"
by force
lemma (in cring) up_add_closed:
"[| p \<in> up R; q \<in> up R |] ==> (%i. p i \<oplus> q i) \<in> up R"
proof
fix n
assume "p \<in> up R" and "q \<in> up R"
then show "p n \<oplus> q n \<in> carrier R"
by auto
next
assume UP: "p \<in> up R" "q \<in> up R"
show "EX n. bound \<zero> n (%i. p i \<oplus> q i)"
proof -
from UP obtain n where boundn: "bound \<zero> n p" by fast
from UP obtain m where boundm: "bound \<zero> m q" by fast
have "bound \<zero> (max n m) (%i. p i \<oplus> q i)"
proof
fix i
assume "max n m < i"
with boundn and boundm and UP show "p i \<oplus> q i = \<zero>" by fastsimp
qed
then show ?thesis ..
qed
qed
lemma (in cring) up_a_inv_closed:
"p \<in> up R ==> (%i. \<ominus> (p i)) \<in> up R"
proof
assume R: "p \<in> up R"
then obtain n where "bound \<zero> n p" by auto
then have "bound \<zero> n (%i. \<ominus> p i)" by auto
then show "EX n. bound \<zero> n (%i. \<ominus> p i)" by auto
qed auto
lemma (in cring) up_mult_closed:
"[| p \<in> up R; q \<in> up R |] ==>
(%n. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..n}. p i \<otimes> q (n-i)) \<in> up R"
proof
fix n
assume "p \<in> up R" "q \<in> up R"
then show "(\<Oplus>i \<in> {..n}. p i \<otimes> q (n-i)) \<in> carrier R"
by (simp add: mem_upD funcsetI)
next
assume UP: "p \<in> up R" "q \<in> up R"
show "EX n. bound \<zero> n (%n. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..n}. p i \<otimes> q (n-i))"
proof -
from UP obtain n where boundn: "bound \<zero> n p" by fast
from UP obtain m where boundm: "bound \<zero> m q" by fast
have "bound \<zero> (n + m) (%n. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..n}. p i \<otimes> q (n - i))"
proof
fix k assume bound: "n + m < k"
{
fix i
have "p i \<otimes> q (k-i) = \<zero>"
proof (cases "n < i")
case True
with boundn have "p i = \<zero>" by auto
moreover from UP have "q (k-i) \<in> carrier R" by auto
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
with bound have "m < k-i" by arith
with boundm have "q (k-i) = \<zero>" by auto
moreover from UP have "p i \<in> carrier R" by auto
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed
}
then show "(\<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. p i \<otimes> q (k-i)) = \<zero>"
by (simp add: Pi_def)
qed
then show ?thesis by fast
qed
qed
subsection {* Effect of operations on coefficients *}
locale UP = struct R + struct P +
defines P_def: "P == UP R"
locale UP_cring = UP + cring R
locale UP_domain = UP_cring + "domain" R
text {*
Temporarily declare @{thm [locale=UP] P_def} as simp rule.
*}
declare (in UP) P_def [simp]
lemma (in UP_cring) coeff_monom [simp]:
"a \<in> carrier R ==>
coeff P (monom P a m) n = (if m=n then a else \<zero>)"
proof -
assume R: "a \<in> carrier R"
then have "(%n. if n = m then a else \<zero>) \<in> up R"
using up_def by force
with R show ?thesis by (simp add: UP_def)
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) coeff_zero [simp]:
"coeff P \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> n = \<zero>"
by (auto simp add: UP_def)
lemma (in UP_cring) coeff_one [simp]:
"coeff P \<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> n = (if n=0 then \<one> else \<zero>)"
using up_one_closed by (simp add: UP_def)
lemma (in UP_cring) coeff_smult [simp]:
"[| a \<in> carrier R; p \<in> carrier P |] ==>
coeff P (a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n = a \<otimes> coeff P p n"
by (simp add: UP_def up_smult_closed)
lemma (in UP_cring) coeff_add [simp]:
"[| p \<in> carrier P; q \<in> carrier P |] ==>
coeff P (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) n = coeff P p n \<oplus> coeff P q n"
by (simp add: UP_def up_add_closed)
lemma (in UP_cring) coeff_mult [simp]:
"[| p \<in> carrier P; q \<in> carrier P |] ==>
coeff P (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) n = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..n}. coeff P p i \<otimes> coeff P q (n-i))"
by (simp add: UP_def up_mult_closed)
lemma (in UP) up_eqI:
assumes prem: "!!n. coeff P p n = coeff P q n"
and R: "p \<in> carrier P" "q \<in> carrier P"
shows "p = q"
proof
fix x
from prem and R show "p x = q x" by (simp add: UP_def)
qed
subsection {* Polynomials form a commutative ring. *}
text {* Operations are closed over @{term P}. *}
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_mult_closed [simp]:
"[| p \<in> carrier P; q \<in> carrier P |] ==> p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q \<in> carrier P"
by (simp add: UP_def up_mult_closed)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_one_closed [simp]:
"\<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \<in> carrier P"
by (simp add: UP_def up_one_closed)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_zero_closed [intro, simp]:
"\<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \<in> carrier P"
by (auto simp add: UP_def)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_a_closed [intro, simp]:
"[| p \<in> carrier P; q \<in> carrier P |] ==> p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q \<in> carrier P"
by (simp add: UP_def up_add_closed)
lemma (in UP_cring) monom_closed [simp]:
"a \<in> carrier R ==> monom P a n \<in> carrier P"
by (auto simp add: UP_def up_def Pi_def)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_smult_closed [simp]:
"[| a \<in> carrier R; p \<in> carrier P |] ==> a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p \<in> carrier P"
by (simp add: UP_def up_smult_closed)
lemma (in UP) coeff_closed [simp]:
"p \<in> carrier P ==> coeff P p n \<in> carrier R"
by (auto simp add: UP_def)
declare (in UP) P_def [simp del]
text {* Algebraic ring properties *}
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_a_assoc:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P" "q \<in> carrier P" "r \<in> carrier P"
shows "(p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r = p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (q \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r)"
by (rule up_eqI, simp add: a_assoc R, simp_all add: R)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_l_zero [simp]:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P"
shows "\<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = p"
by (rule up_eqI, simp_all add: R)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_l_neg_ex:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P"
shows "EX q : carrier P. q \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
proof -
let ?q = "%i. \<ominus> (p i)"
from R have closed: "?q \<in> carrier P"
by (simp add: UP_def P_def up_a_inv_closed)
from R have coeff: "!!n. coeff P ?q n = \<ominus> (coeff P p n)"
by (simp add: UP_def P_def up_a_inv_closed)
show ?thesis
proof
show "?q \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
by (auto intro!: up_eqI simp add: R closed coeff R.l_neg)
qed (rule closed)
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_a_comm:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P" "q \<in> carrier P"
shows "p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q = q \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p"
by (rule up_eqI, simp add: a_comm R, simp_all add: R)
ML_setup {*
simpset_ref() := simpset() setsubgoaler asm_full_simp_tac;
*}
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_m_assoc:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P" "q \<in> carrier P" "r \<in> carrier P"
shows "(p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r = p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (q \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r)"
proof (rule up_eqI)
fix n
{
fix k and a b c :: "nat=>'a"
assume R: "a \<in> UNIV -> carrier R" "b \<in> UNIV -> carrier R"
"c \<in> UNIV -> carrier R"
then have "k <= n ==>
(\<Oplus>j \<in> {..k}. (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..j}. a i \<otimes> b (j-i)) \<otimes> c (n-j)) =
(\<Oplus>j \<in> {..k}. a j \<otimes> (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..k-j}. b i \<otimes> c (n-j-i)))"
(concl is "?eq k")
proof (induct k)
case 0 then show ?case by (simp add: Pi_def m_assoc)
next
case (Suc k)
then have "k <= n" by arith
then have "?eq k" by (rule Suc)
with R show ?case
by (simp cong: finsum_cong
add: Suc_diff_le Pi_def l_distr r_distr m_assoc)
(simp cong: finsum_cong add: Pi_def a_ac finsum_ldistr m_assoc)
qed
}
with R show "coeff P ((p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r) n = coeff P (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (q \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r)) n"
by (simp add: Pi_def)
qed (simp_all add: R)
ML_setup {*
simpset_ref() := simpset() setsubgoaler asm_simp_tac;
*}
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_l_one [simp]:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P"
shows "\<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = p"
proof (rule up_eqI)
fix n
show "coeff P (\<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n = coeff P p n"
proof (cases n)
case 0 with R show ?thesis by simp
next
case Suc with R show ?thesis
by (simp del: finsum_Suc add: finsum_Suc2 Pi_def)
qed
qed (simp_all add: R)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_l_distr:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P" "q \<in> carrier P" "r \<in> carrier P"
shows "(p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r = (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r) \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (q \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r)"
by (rule up_eqI) (simp add: l_distr R Pi_def, simp_all add: R)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_m_comm:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P" "q \<in> carrier P"
shows "p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q = q \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p"
proof (rule up_eqI)
fix n
{
fix k and a b :: "nat=>'a"
assume R: "a \<in> UNIV -> carrier R" "b \<in> UNIV -> carrier R"
then have "k <= n ==>
(\<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. a i \<otimes> b (n-i)) =
(\<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. a (k-i) \<otimes> b (i+n-k))"
(concl is "?eq k")
proof (induct k)
case 0 then show ?case by (simp add: Pi_def)
next
case (Suc k) then show ?case
by (subst (2) finsum_Suc2) (simp add: Pi_def a_comm)+
qed
}
note l = this
from R show "coeff P (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) n = coeff P (q \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n"
apply (simp add: Pi_def)
apply (subst l)
apply (auto simp add: Pi_def)
apply (simp add: m_comm)
done
qed (simp_all add: R)
(*
Strange phenomenon in Isar:
theorem (in UP_cring) UP_cring:
"cring P"
proof (rule cringI)
show "abelian_group P" proof (rule abelian_groupI)
fix x y z
assume "x \<in> carrier P" and "y \<in> carrier P" and "z \<in> carrier P"
{
show "x \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> y \<in> carrier P" sorry
next
show "x \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> y \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> z = x \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (y \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> z)" sorry
next
show "x \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> y = y \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> x" sorry
next
show "\<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> x = x" sorry
next
show "\<exists>y\<in>carrier P. y \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> x = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" sorry
next
show "\<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \<in> carrier P" sorry last goal rejected!!!
*)
theorem (in UP_cring) UP_cring:
"cring P"
by (auto intro!: cringI abelian_groupI comm_monoidI UP_a_assoc UP_l_zero
UP_l_neg_ex UP_a_comm UP_m_assoc UP_l_one UP_m_comm UP_l_distr)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_ring: (* preliminary *)
"ring P"
by (auto intro: ring.intro cring.axioms UP_cring)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_a_inv_closed [intro, simp]:
"p \<in> carrier P ==> \<ominus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p \<in> carrier P"
by (rule abelian_group.a_inv_closed
[OF ring.is_abelian_group [OF UP_ring]])
lemma (in UP_cring) coeff_a_inv [simp]:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P"
shows "coeff P (\<ominus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n = \<ominus> (coeff P p n)"
proof -
from R coeff_closed UP_a_inv_closed have
"coeff P (\<ominus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n = \<ominus> coeff P p n \<oplus> (coeff P p n \<oplus> coeff P (\<ominus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n)"
by algebra
also from R have "... = \<ominus> (coeff P p n)"
by (simp del: coeff_add add: coeff_add [THEN sym]
abelian_group.r_neg [OF ring.is_abelian_group [OF UP_ring]])
finally show ?thesis .
qed
text {*
Instantiation of lemmas from @{term cring}.
*}
(* TODO: this should be automated with an instantiation command. *)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_monoid:
"monoid P"
by (fast intro!: cring.is_comm_monoid comm_monoid.axioms monoid.intro
UP_cring)
(* TODO: provide cring.is_monoid *)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_comm_monoid:
"comm_monoid P"
by (fast intro!: cring.is_comm_monoid UP_cring)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_abelian_monoid:
"abelian_monoid P"
by (fast intro!: abelian_group.axioms ring.is_abelian_group UP_ring)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_abelian_group:
"abelian_group P"
by (fast intro!: ring.is_abelian_group UP_ring)
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_r_one [simp] =
monoid.r_one [OF UP_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_nat_pow_closed [intro, simp] =
monoid.nat_pow_closed [OF UP_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_nat_pow_0 [simp] =
monoid.nat_pow_0 [OF UP_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_nat_pow_Suc [simp] =
monoid.nat_pow_Suc [OF UP_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_nat_pow_one [simp] =
monoid.nat_pow_one [OF UP_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_nat_pow_mult =
monoid.nat_pow_mult [OF UP_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_nat_pow_pow =
monoid.nat_pow_pow [OF UP_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_m_lcomm =
comm_monoid.m_lcomm [OF UP_comm_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_m_ac = UP_m_assoc UP_m_comm UP_m_lcomm
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_nat_pow_distr =
comm_monoid.nat_pow_distr [OF UP_comm_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_a_lcomm = abelian_monoid.a_lcomm [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_r_zero [simp] =
abelian_monoid.r_zero [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_a_ac = UP_a_assoc UP_a_comm UP_a_lcomm
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_empty [simp] =
abelian_monoid.finsum_empty [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_insert [simp] =
abelian_monoid.finsum_insert [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_zero [simp] =
abelian_monoid.finsum_zero [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_closed [simp] =
abelian_monoid.finsum_closed [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_Un_Int =
abelian_monoid.finsum_Un_Int [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_Un_disjoint =
abelian_monoid.finsum_Un_disjoint [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_addf =
abelian_monoid.finsum_addf [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_cong' =
abelian_monoid.finsum_cong' [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_0 [simp] =
abelian_monoid.finsum_0 [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_Suc [simp] =
abelian_monoid.finsum_Suc [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_Suc2 =
abelian_monoid.finsum_Suc2 [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_add [simp] =
abelian_monoid.finsum_add [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_cong =
abelian_monoid.finsum_cong [OF UP_abelian_monoid]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_minus_closed [intro, simp] =
abelian_group.minus_closed [OF UP_abelian_group]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_a_l_cancel [simp] =
abelian_group.a_l_cancel [OF UP_abelian_group]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_a_r_cancel [simp] =
abelian_group.a_r_cancel [OF UP_abelian_group]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_l_neg =
abelian_group.l_neg [OF UP_abelian_group]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_r_neg =
abelian_group.r_neg [OF UP_abelian_group]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_minus_zero [simp] =
abelian_group.minus_zero [OF UP_abelian_group]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_minus_minus [simp] =
abelian_group.minus_minus [OF UP_abelian_group]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_minus_add =
abelian_group.minus_add [OF UP_abelian_group]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_r_neg2 =
abelian_group.r_neg2 [OF UP_abelian_group]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_r_neg1 =
abelian_group.r_neg1 [OF UP_abelian_group]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_r_distr =
ring.r_distr [OF UP_ring]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_l_null [simp] =
ring.l_null [OF UP_ring]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_r_null [simp] =
ring.r_null [OF UP_ring]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_l_minus =
ring.l_minus [OF UP_ring]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_r_minus =
ring.r_minus [OF UP_ring]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_ldistr =
cring.finsum_ldistr [OF UP_cring]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_finsum_rdistr =
cring.finsum_rdistr [OF UP_cring]
subsection {* Polynomials form an Algebra *}
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_smult_l_distr:
"[| a \<in> carrier R; b \<in> carrier R; p \<in> carrier P |] ==>
(a \<oplus> b) \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> b \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p"
by (rule up_eqI) (simp_all add: R.l_distr)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_smult_r_distr:
"[| a \<in> carrier R; p \<in> carrier P; q \<in> carrier P |] ==>
a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q"
by (rule up_eqI) (simp_all add: R.r_distr)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_smult_assoc1:
"[| a \<in> carrier R; b \<in> carrier R; p \<in> carrier P |] ==>
(a \<otimes> b) \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (b \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p)"
by (rule up_eqI) (simp_all add: R.m_assoc)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_smult_one [simp]:
"p \<in> carrier P ==> \<one> \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = p"
by (rule up_eqI) simp_all
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_smult_assoc2:
"[| a \<in> carrier R; p \<in> carrier P; q \<in> carrier P |] ==>
(a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)"
by (rule up_eqI) (simp_all add: R.finsum_rdistr R.m_assoc Pi_def)
text {*
Instantiation of lemmas from @{term algebra}.
*}
(* TODO: this should be automated with an instantiation command. *)
(* TODO: move to CRing.thy, really a fact missing from the locales package *)
lemma (in cring) cring:
"cring R"
by (fast intro: cring.intro prems)
lemma (in UP_cring) UP_algebra:
"algebra R P"
by (auto intro: algebraI cring UP_cring UP_smult_l_distr UP_smult_r_distr
UP_smult_assoc1 UP_smult_assoc2)
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_smult_l_null [simp] =
algebra.smult_l_null [OF UP_algebra]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_smult_r_null [simp] =
algebra.smult_r_null [OF UP_algebra]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_smult_l_minus =
algebra.smult_l_minus [OF UP_algebra]
lemmas (in UP_cring) UP_smult_r_minus =
algebra.smult_r_minus [OF UP_algebra]
subsection {* Further lemmas involving monomials *}
lemma (in UP_cring) monom_zero [simp]:
"monom P \<zero> n = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
by (simp add: UP_def P_def)
ML_setup {*
simpset_ref() := simpset() setsubgoaler asm_full_simp_tac;
*}
lemma (in UP_cring) monom_mult_is_smult:
assumes R: "a \<in> carrier R" "p \<in> carrier P"
shows "monom P a 0 \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p"
proof (rule up_eqI)
fix n
have "coeff P (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P a 0) n = coeff P (a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n"
proof (cases n)
case 0 with R show ?thesis by (simp add: R.m_comm)
next
case Suc with R show ?thesis
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: R.r_null Pi_def)
(simp add: m_comm)
qed
with R show "coeff P (monom P a 0 \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n = coeff P (a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n"
by (simp add: UP_m_comm)
qed (simp_all add: R)
ML_setup {*
simpset_ref() := simpset() setsubgoaler asm_simp_tac;
*}
lemma (in UP_cring) monom_add [simp]:
"[| a \<in> carrier R; b \<in> carrier R |] ==>
monom P (a \<oplus> b) n = monom P a n \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P b n"
by (rule up_eqI) simp_all
ML_setup {*
simpset_ref() := simpset() setsubgoaler asm_full_simp_tac;
*}
lemma (in UP_cring) monom_one_Suc:
"monom P \<one> (Suc n) = monom P \<one> n \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> 1"
proof (rule up_eqI)
fix k
show "coeff P (monom P \<one> (Suc n)) k = coeff P (monom P \<one> n \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> 1) k"
proof (cases "k = Suc n")
case True show ?thesis
proof -
from True have less_add_diff:
"!!i. [| n < i; i <= n + m |] ==> n + m - i < m" by arith
from True have "coeff P (monom P \<one> (Suc n)) k = \<one>" by simp
also from True
have "... = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..<n} \<union> {n}. coeff P (monom P \<one> n) i \<otimes>
coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) (k - i))"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: finsum_Un_disjoint Pi_def)
also have "... = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..n}. coeff P (monom P \<one> n) i \<otimes>
coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) (k - i))"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
also from True
have "... = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..n} \<union> {n<..k}. coeff P (monom P \<one> n) i \<otimes>
coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) (k - i))"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one
order_less_imp_not_eq Pi_def)
also from True have "... = coeff P (monom P \<one> n \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> 1) k"
by (simp add: ivl_disj_un_one)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
next
case False
note neq = False
let ?s =
"\<lambda>i. (if n = i then \<one> else \<zero>) \<otimes> (if Suc 0 = k - i then \<one> else \<zero>)"
from neq have "coeff P (monom P \<one> (Suc n)) k = \<zero>" by simp
also have "... = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. ?s i)"
proof -
have f1: "(\<Oplus>i \<in> {..<n}. ?s i) = \<zero>"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: Pi_def)
from neq have f2: "(\<Oplus>i \<in> {n}. ?s i) = \<zero>"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: Pi_def) arith
have f3: "n < k ==> (\<Oplus>i \<in> {n<..k}. ?s i) = \<zero>"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: order_less_imp_not_eq Pi_def)
show ?thesis
proof (cases "k < n")
case True then show ?thesis by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: Pi_def)
next
case False then have n_le_k: "n <= k" by arith
show ?thesis
proof (cases "n = k")
case True
then have "\<zero> = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..<n} \<union> {n}. ?s i)"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: finsum_Un_disjoint
ivl_disj_int_singleton Pi_def)
also from True have "... = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. ?s i)"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
finally show ?thesis .
next
case False with n_le_k have n_less_k: "n < k" by arith
with neq have "\<zero> = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..<n} \<union> {n}. ?s i)"
by (simp add: finsum_Un_disjoint f1 f2
ivl_disj_int_singleton Pi_def del: Un_insert_right)
also have "... = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..n}. ?s i)"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
also from n_less_k neq have "... = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..n} \<union> {n<..k}. ?s i)"
by (simp add: finsum_Un_disjoint f3 ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def)
also from n_less_k have "... = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. ?s i)"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
qed
qed
also have "... = coeff P (monom P \<one> n \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> 1) k" by simp
finally show ?thesis .
qed
qed (simp_all)
ML_setup {*
simpset_ref() := simpset() setsubgoaler asm_simp_tac;
*}
lemma (in UP_cring) monom_mult_smult:
"[| a \<in> carrier R; b \<in> carrier R |] ==> monom P (a \<otimes> b) n = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P b n"
by (rule up_eqI) simp_all
lemma (in UP_cring) monom_one [simp]:
"monom P \<one> 0 = \<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
by (rule up_eqI) simp_all
lemma (in UP_cring) monom_one_mult:
"monom P \<one> (n + m) = monom P \<one> n \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> m"
proof (induct n)
case 0 show ?case by simp
next
case Suc then show ?case
by (simp only: add_Suc monom_one_Suc) (simp add: UP_m_ac)
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) monom_mult [simp]:
assumes R: "a \<in> carrier R" "b \<in> carrier R"
shows "monom P (a \<otimes> b) (n + m) = monom P a n \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P b m"
proof -
from R have "monom P (a \<otimes> b) (n + m) = monom P (a \<otimes> b \<otimes> \<one>) (n + m)" by simp
also from R have "... = a \<otimes> b \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> (n + m)"
by (simp add: monom_mult_smult del: r_one)
also have "... = a \<otimes> b \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (monom P \<one> n \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> m)"
by (simp only: monom_one_mult)
also from R have "... = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (b \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (monom P \<one> n \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> m))"
by (simp add: UP_smult_assoc1)
also from R have "... = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (b \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (monom P \<one> m \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> n))"
by (simp add: UP_m_comm)
also from R have "... = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> ((b \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> m) \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> n)"
by (simp add: UP_smult_assoc2)
also from R have "... = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (monom P \<one> n \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (b \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> m))"
by (simp add: UP_m_comm)
also from R have "... = (a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> n) \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (b \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> m)"
by (simp add: UP_smult_assoc2)
also from R have "... = monom P (a \<otimes> \<one>) n \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P (b \<otimes> \<one>) m"
by (simp add: monom_mult_smult del: r_one)
also from R have "... = monom P a n \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P b m" by simp
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) monom_a_inv [simp]:
"a \<in> carrier R ==> monom P (\<ominus> a) n = \<ominus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P a n"
by (rule up_eqI) simp_all
lemma (in UP_cring) monom_inj:
"inj_on (%a. monom P a n) (carrier R)"
proof (rule inj_onI)
fix x y
assume R: "x \<in> carrier R" "y \<in> carrier R" and eq: "monom P x n = monom P y n"
then have "coeff P (monom P x n) n = coeff P (monom P y n) n" by simp
with R show "x = y" by simp
qed
subsection {* The degree function *}
constdefs (structure R)
deg :: "[('a, 'm) ring_scheme, nat => 'a] => nat"
"deg R p == LEAST n. bound \<zero> n (coeff (UP R) p)"
lemma (in UP_cring) deg_aboveI:
"[| (!!m. n < m ==> coeff P p m = \<zero>); p \<in> carrier P |] ==> deg R p <= n"
by (unfold deg_def P_def) (fast intro: Least_le)
(*
lemma coeff_bound_ex: "EX n. bound n (coeff p)"
proof -
have "(%n. coeff p n) : UP" by (simp add: coeff_def Rep_UP)
then obtain n where "bound n (coeff p)" by (unfold UP_def) fast
then show ?thesis ..
qed
lemma bound_coeff_obtain:
assumes prem: "(!!n. bound n (coeff p) ==> P)" shows "P"
proof -
have "(%n. coeff p n) : UP" by (simp add: coeff_def Rep_UP)
then obtain n where "bound n (coeff p)" by (unfold UP_def) fast
with prem show P .
qed
*)
lemma (in UP_cring) deg_aboveD:
"[| deg R p < m; p \<in> carrier P |] ==> coeff P p m = \<zero>"
proof -
assume R: "p \<in> carrier P" and "deg R p < m"
from R obtain n where "bound \<zero> n (coeff P p)"
by (auto simp add: UP_def P_def)
then have "bound \<zero> (deg R p) (coeff P p)"
by (auto simp: deg_def P_def dest: LeastI)
then show ?thesis ..
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) deg_belowI:
assumes non_zero: "n ~= 0 ==> coeff P p n ~= \<zero>"
and R: "p \<in> carrier P"
shows "n <= deg R p"
-- {* Logically, this is a slightly stronger version of
@{thm [source] deg_aboveD} *}
proof (cases "n=0")
case True then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False then have "coeff P p n ~= \<zero>" by (rule non_zero)
then have "~ deg R p < n" by (fast dest: deg_aboveD intro: R)
then show ?thesis by arith
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) lcoeff_nonzero_deg:
assumes deg: "deg R p ~= 0" and R: "p \<in> carrier P"
shows "coeff P p (deg R p) ~= \<zero>"
proof -
from R obtain m where "deg R p <= m" and m_coeff: "coeff P p m ~= \<zero>"
proof -
have minus: "!!(n::nat) m. n ~= 0 ==> (n - Suc 0 < m) = (n <= m)"
by arith
(* TODO: why does simplification below not work with "1" *)
from deg have "deg R p - 1 < (LEAST n. bound \<zero> n (coeff P p))"
by (unfold deg_def P_def) arith
then have "~ bound \<zero> (deg R p - 1) (coeff P p)" by (rule not_less_Least)
then have "EX m. deg R p - 1 < m & coeff P p m ~= \<zero>"
by (unfold bound_def) fast
then have "EX m. deg R p <= m & coeff P p m ~= \<zero>" by (simp add: deg minus)
then show ?thesis by auto
qed
with deg_belowI R have "deg R p = m" by fastsimp
with m_coeff show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) lcoeff_nonzero_nonzero:
assumes deg: "deg R p = 0" and nonzero: "p ~= \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" and R: "p \<in> carrier P"
shows "coeff P p 0 ~= \<zero>"
proof -
have "EX m. coeff P p m ~= \<zero>"
proof (rule classical)
assume "~ ?thesis"
with R have "p = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" by (auto intro: up_eqI)
with nonzero show ?thesis by contradiction
qed
then obtain m where coeff: "coeff P p m ~= \<zero>" ..
then have "m <= deg R p" by (rule deg_belowI)
then have "m = 0" by (simp add: deg)
with coeff show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) lcoeff_nonzero:
assumes neq: "p ~= \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" and R: "p \<in> carrier P"
shows "coeff P p (deg R p) ~= \<zero>"
proof (cases "deg R p = 0")
case True with neq R show ?thesis by (simp add: lcoeff_nonzero_nonzero)
next
case False with neq R show ?thesis by (simp add: lcoeff_nonzero_deg)
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) deg_eqI:
"[| !!m. n < m ==> coeff P p m = \<zero>;
!!n. n ~= 0 ==> coeff P p n ~= \<zero>; p \<in> carrier P |] ==> deg R p = n"
by (fast intro: le_anti_sym deg_aboveI deg_belowI)
(* Degree and polynomial operations *)
lemma (in UP_cring) deg_add [simp]:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P" "q \<in> carrier P"
shows "deg R (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) <= max (deg R p) (deg R q)"
proof (cases "deg R p <= deg R q")
case True show ?thesis
by (rule deg_aboveI) (simp_all add: True R deg_aboveD)
next
case False show ?thesis
by (rule deg_aboveI) (simp_all add: False R deg_aboveD)
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) deg_monom_le:
"a \<in> carrier R ==> deg R (monom P a n) <= n"
by (intro deg_aboveI) simp_all
lemma (in UP_cring) deg_monom [simp]:
"[| a ~= \<zero>; a \<in> carrier R |] ==> deg R (monom P a n) = n"
by (fastsimp intro: le_anti_sym deg_aboveI deg_belowI)
lemma (in UP_cring) deg_const [simp]:
assumes R: "a \<in> carrier R" shows "deg R (monom P a 0) = 0"
proof (rule le_anti_sym)
show "deg R (monom P a 0) <= 0" by (rule deg_aboveI) (simp_all add: R)
next
show "0 <= deg R (monom P a 0)" by (rule deg_belowI) (simp_all add: R)
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) deg_zero [simp]:
"deg R \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> = 0"
proof (rule le_anti_sym)
show "deg R \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> <= 0" by (rule deg_aboveI) simp_all
next
show "0 <= deg R \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" by (rule deg_belowI) simp_all
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) deg_one [simp]:
"deg R \<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> = 0"
proof (rule le_anti_sym)
show "deg R \<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> <= 0" by (rule deg_aboveI) simp_all
next
show "0 <= deg R \<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" by (rule deg_belowI) simp_all
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) deg_uminus [simp]:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P" shows "deg R (\<ominus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) = deg R p"
proof (rule le_anti_sym)
show "deg R (\<ominus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) <= deg R p" by (simp add: deg_aboveI deg_aboveD R)
next
show "deg R p <= deg R (\<ominus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p)"
by (simp add: deg_belowI lcoeff_nonzero_deg
inj_on_iff [OF a_inv_inj, of _ "\<zero>", simplified] R)
qed
lemma (in UP_domain) deg_smult_ring:
"[| a \<in> carrier R; p \<in> carrier P |] ==>
deg R (a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) <= (if a = \<zero> then 0 else deg R p)"
by (cases "a = \<zero>") (simp add: deg_aboveI deg_aboveD)+
lemma (in UP_domain) deg_smult [simp]:
assumes R: "a \<in> carrier R" "p \<in> carrier P"
shows "deg R (a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) = (if a = \<zero> then 0 else deg R p)"
proof (rule le_anti_sym)
show "deg R (a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) <= (if a = \<zero> then 0 else deg R p)"
by (rule deg_smult_ring)
next
show "(if a = \<zero> then 0 else deg R p) <= deg R (a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p)"
proof (cases "a = \<zero>")
qed (simp, simp add: deg_belowI lcoeff_nonzero_deg integral_iff R)
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) deg_mult_cring:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P" "q \<in> carrier P"
shows "deg R (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) <= deg R p + deg R q"
proof (rule deg_aboveI)
fix m
assume boundm: "deg R p + deg R q < m"
{
fix k i
assume boundk: "deg R p + deg R q < k"
then have "coeff P p i \<otimes> coeff P q (k - i) = \<zero>"
proof (cases "deg R p < i")
case True then show ?thesis by (simp add: deg_aboveD R)
next
case False with boundk have "deg R q < k - i" by arith
then show ?thesis by (simp add: deg_aboveD R)
qed
}
with boundm R show "coeff P (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) m = \<zero>" by simp
qed (simp add: R)
ML_setup {*
simpset_ref() := simpset() setsubgoaler asm_full_simp_tac;
*}
lemma (in UP_domain) deg_mult [simp]:
"[| p ~= \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>; q ~= \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>; p \<in> carrier P; q \<in> carrier P |] ==>
deg R (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) = deg R p + deg R q"
proof (rule le_anti_sym)
assume "p \<in> carrier P" " q \<in> carrier P"
show "deg R (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) <= deg R p + deg R q" by (rule deg_mult_cring)
next
let ?s = "(%i. coeff P p i \<otimes> coeff P q (deg R p + deg R q - i))"
assume R: "p \<in> carrier P" "q \<in> carrier P" and nz: "p ~= \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" "q ~= \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
have less_add_diff: "!!(k::nat) n m. k < n ==> m < n + m - k" by arith
show "deg R p + deg R q <= deg R (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)"
proof (rule deg_belowI, simp add: R)
have "(\<Oplus>i \<in> {.. deg R p + deg R q}. ?s i)
= (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..< deg R p} \<union> {deg R p .. deg R p + deg R q}. ?s i)"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one)
also have "... = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {deg R p .. deg R p + deg R q}. ?s i)"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one
deg_aboveD less_add_diff R Pi_def)
also have "...= (\<Oplus>i \<in> {deg R p} \<union> {deg R p <.. deg R p + deg R q}. ?s i)"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
also have "... = coeff P p (deg R p) \<otimes> coeff P q (deg R q)"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: finsum_Un_disjoint
ivl_disj_int_singleton deg_aboveD R Pi_def)
finally have "(\<Oplus>i \<in> {.. deg R p + deg R q}. ?s i)
= coeff P p (deg R p) \<otimes> coeff P q (deg R q)" .
with nz show "(\<Oplus>i \<in> {.. deg R p + deg R q}. ?s i) ~= \<zero>"
by (simp add: integral_iff lcoeff_nonzero R)
qed (simp add: R)
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) coeff_finsum:
assumes fin: "finite A"
shows "p \<in> A -> carrier P ==>
coeff P (finsum P p A) k = (\<Oplus>i \<in> A. coeff P (p i) k)"
using fin by induct (auto simp: Pi_def)
ML_setup {*
simpset_ref() := simpset() setsubgoaler asm_full_simp_tac;
*}
lemma (in UP_cring) up_repr:
assumes R: "p \<in> carrier P"
shows "(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p}. monom P (coeff P p i) i) = p"
proof (rule up_eqI)
let ?s = "(%i. monom P (coeff P p i) i)"
fix k
from R have RR: "!!i. (if i = k then coeff P p i else \<zero>) \<in> carrier R"
by simp
show "coeff P (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p}. ?s i) k = coeff P p k"
proof (cases "k <= deg R p")
case True
hence "coeff P (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p}. ?s i) k =
coeff P (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..k} \<union> {k<..deg R p}. ?s i) k"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one)
also from True
have "... = coeff P (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..k}. ?s i) k"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: finsum_Un_disjoint
ivl_disj_int_one order_less_imp_not_eq2 coeff_finsum R RR Pi_def)
also
have "... = coeff P (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..<k} \<union> {k}. ?s i) k"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
also have "... = coeff P p k"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: setsum_Un_disjoint
ivl_disj_int_singleton coeff_finsum deg_aboveD R RR Pi_def)
finally show ?thesis .
next
case False
hence "coeff P (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p}. ?s i) k =
coeff P (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..<deg R p} \<union> {deg R p}. ?s i) k"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
also from False have "... = coeff P p k"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: setsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_singleton
coeff_finsum deg_aboveD R Pi_def)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
qed (simp_all add: R Pi_def)
lemma (in UP_cring) up_repr_le:
"[| deg R p <= n; p \<in> carrier P |] ==>
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..n}. monom P (coeff P p i) i) = p"
proof -
let ?s = "(%i. monom P (coeff P p i) i)"
assume R: "p \<in> carrier P" and "deg R p <= n"
then have "finsum P ?s {..n} = finsum P ?s ({..deg R p} \<union> {deg R p<..n})"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one)
also have "... = finsum P ?s {..deg R p}"
by (simp cong: UP_finsum_cong add: UP_finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one
deg_aboveD R Pi_def)
also have "... = p" by (rule up_repr)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
ML_setup {*
simpset_ref() := simpset() setsubgoaler asm_simp_tac;
*}
subsection {* Polynomials over an integral domain form an integral domain *}
lemma domainI:
assumes cring: "cring R"
and one_not_zero: "one R ~= zero R"
and integral: "!!a b. [| mult R a b = zero R; a \<in> carrier R;
b \<in> carrier R |] ==> a = zero R | b = zero R"
shows "domain R"
by (auto intro!: domain.intro domain_axioms.intro cring.axioms prems
del: disjCI)
lemma (in UP_domain) UP_one_not_zero:
"\<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> ~= \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
proof
assume "\<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
hence "coeff P \<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> 0 = (coeff P \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> 0)" by simp
hence "\<one> = \<zero>" by simp
with one_not_zero show "False" by contradiction
qed
lemma (in UP_domain) UP_integral:
"[| p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>; p \<in> carrier P; q \<in> carrier P |] ==> p = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> | q = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
proof -
fix p q
assume pq: "p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" and R: "p \<in> carrier P" "q \<in> carrier P"
show "p = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> | q = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
proof (rule classical)
assume c: "~ (p = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> | q = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>)"
with R have "deg R p + deg R q = deg R (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)" by simp
also from pq have "... = 0" by simp
finally have "deg R p + deg R q = 0" .
then have f1: "deg R p = 0 & deg R q = 0" by simp
from f1 R have "p = (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..0}. monom P (coeff P p i) i)"
by (simp only: up_repr_le)
also from R have "... = monom P (coeff P p 0) 0" by simp
finally have p: "p = monom P (coeff P p 0) 0" .
from f1 R have "q = (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..0}. monom P (coeff P q i) i)"
by (simp only: up_repr_le)
also from R have "... = monom P (coeff P q 0) 0" by simp
finally have q: "q = monom P (coeff P q 0) 0" .
from R have "coeff P p 0 \<otimes> coeff P q 0 = coeff P (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) 0" by simp
also from pq have "... = \<zero>" by simp
finally have "coeff P p 0 \<otimes> coeff P q 0 = \<zero>" .
with R have "coeff P p 0 = \<zero> | coeff P q 0 = \<zero>"
by (simp add: R.integral_iff)
with p q show "p = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> | q = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" by fastsimp
qed
qed
theorem (in UP_domain) UP_domain:
"domain P"
by (auto intro!: domainI UP_cring UP_one_not_zero UP_integral del: disjCI)
text {*
Instantiation of theorems from @{term domain}.
*}
(* TODO: this should be automated with an instantiation command. *)
lemmas (in UP_domain) UP_zero_not_one [simp] =
domain.zero_not_one [OF UP_domain]
lemmas (in UP_domain) UP_integral_iff =
domain.integral_iff [OF UP_domain]
lemmas (in UP_domain) UP_m_lcancel =
domain.m_lcancel [OF UP_domain]
lemmas (in UP_domain) UP_m_rcancel =
domain.m_rcancel [OF UP_domain]
lemma (in UP_domain) smult_integral:
"[| a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>; a \<in> carrier R; p \<in> carrier P |] ==> a = \<zero> | p = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
by (simp add: monom_mult_is_smult [THEN sym] UP_integral_iff
inj_on_iff [OF monom_inj, of _ "\<zero>", simplified])
subsection {* Evaluation Homomorphism and Universal Property*}
(* alternative congruence rule (possibly more efficient)
lemma (in abelian_monoid) finsum_cong2:
"[| !!i. i \<in> A ==> f i \<in> carrier G = True; A = B;
!!i. i \<in> B ==> f i = g i |] ==> finsum G f A = finsum G g B"
sorry*)
ML_setup {*
simpset_ref() := simpset() setsubgoaler asm_full_simp_tac;
*}
theorem (in cring) diagonal_sum:
"[| f \<in> {..n + m::nat} -> carrier R; g \<in> {..n + m} -> carrier R |] ==>
(\<Oplus>k \<in> {..n + m}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. f i \<otimes> g (k - i)) =
(\<Oplus>k \<in> {..n + m}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..n + m - k}. f k \<otimes> g i)"
proof -
assume Rf: "f \<in> {..n + m} -> carrier R" and Rg: "g \<in> {..n + m} -> carrier R"
{
fix j
have "j <= n + m ==>
(\<Oplus>k \<in> {..j}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. f i \<otimes> g (k - i)) =
(\<Oplus>k \<in> {..j}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..j - k}. f k \<otimes> g i)"
proof (induct j)
case 0 from Rf Rg show ?case by (simp add: Pi_def)
next
case (Suc j)
have R6: "!!i k. [| k <= j; i <= Suc j - k |] ==> g i \<in> carrier R"
using Suc by (auto intro!: funcset_mem [OF Rg]) arith
have R8: "!!i k. [| k <= Suc j; i <= k |] ==> g (k - i) \<in> carrier R"
using Suc by (auto intro!: funcset_mem [OF Rg]) arith
have R9: "!!i k. [| k <= Suc j |] ==> f k \<in> carrier R"
using Suc by (auto intro!: funcset_mem [OF Rf])
have R10: "!!i k. [| k <= Suc j; i <= Suc j - k |] ==> g i \<in> carrier R"
using Suc by (auto intro!: funcset_mem [OF Rg]) arith
have R11: "g 0 \<in> carrier R"
using Suc by (auto intro!: funcset_mem [OF Rg])
from Suc show ?case
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: Suc_diff_le a_ac
Pi_def R6 R8 R9 R10 R11)
qed
}
then show ?thesis by fast
qed
lemma (in abelian_monoid) boundD_carrier:
"[| bound \<zero> n f; n < m |] ==> f m \<in> carrier G"
by auto
theorem (in cring) cauchy_product:
assumes bf: "bound \<zero> n f" and bg: "bound \<zero> m g"
and Rf: "f \<in> {..n} -> carrier R" and Rg: "g \<in> {..m} -> carrier R"
shows "(\<Oplus>k \<in> {..n + m}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. f i \<otimes> g (k - i)) =
(\<Oplus>i \<in> {..n}. f i) \<otimes> (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..m}. g i)" (* State revese direction? *)
proof -
have f: "!!x. f x \<in> carrier R"
proof -
fix x
show "f x \<in> carrier R"
using Rf bf boundD_carrier by (cases "x <= n") (auto simp: Pi_def)
qed
have g: "!!x. g x \<in> carrier R"
proof -
fix x
show "g x \<in> carrier R"
using Rg bg boundD_carrier by (cases "x <= m") (auto simp: Pi_def)
qed
from f g have "(\<Oplus>k \<in> {..n + m}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. f i \<otimes> g (k - i)) =
(\<Oplus>k \<in> {..n + m}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..n + m - k}. f k \<otimes> g i)"
by (simp add: diagonal_sum Pi_def)
also have "... = (\<Oplus>k \<in> {..n} \<union> {n<..n + m}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..n + m - k}. f k \<otimes> g i)"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one)
also from f g have "... = (\<Oplus>k \<in> {..n}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..n + m - k}. f k \<otimes> g i)"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong
add: bound.bound [OF bf] finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def)
also from f g
have "... = (\<Oplus>k \<in> {..n}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..m} \<union> {m<..n + m - k}. f k \<otimes> g i)"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: ivl_disj_un_one le_add_diff Pi_def)
also from f g have "... = (\<Oplus>k \<in> {..n}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..m}. f k \<otimes> g i)"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong
add: bound.bound [OF bg] finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def)
also from f g have "... = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..n}. f i) \<otimes> (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..m}. g i)"
by (simp add: finsum_ldistr diagonal_sum Pi_def,
simp cong: finsum_cong add: finsum_rdistr Pi_def)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) const_ring_hom:
"(%a. monom P a 0) \<in> ring_hom R P"
by (auto intro!: ring_hom_memI intro: up_eqI simp: monom_mult_is_smult)
constdefs (structure S)
eval :: "[('a, 'm) ring_scheme, ('b, 'n) ring_scheme,
'a => 'b, 'b, nat => 'a] => 'b"
"eval R S phi s == \<lambda>p \<in> carrier (UP R).
\<Oplus>i \<in> {..deg R p}. phi (coeff (UP R) p i) \<otimes> s (^) i"
locale UP_univ_prop = ring_hom_cring R S + UP_cring R
lemma (in UP) eval_on_carrier:
includes struct S
shows "p \<in> carrier P ==>
eval R S phi s p =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p}. phi (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
by (unfold eval_def, fold P_def) simp
lemma (in UP) eval_extensional:
"eval R S phi s \<in> extensional (carrier P)"
by (unfold eval_def, fold P_def) simp
theorem (in UP_univ_prop) eval_ring_hom:
"s \<in> carrier S ==> eval R S h s \<in> ring_hom P S"
proof (rule ring_hom_memI)
fix p
assume RS: "p \<in> carrier P" "s \<in> carrier S"
then show "eval R S h s p \<in> carrier S"
by (simp only: eval_on_carrier) (simp add: Pi_def)
next
fix p q
assume RS: "p \<in> carrier P" "q \<in> carrier P" "s \<in> carrier S"
then show "eval R S h s (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) = eval R S h s p \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> eval R S h s q"
proof (simp only: eval_on_carrier UP_mult_closed)
from RS have
"(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)}. h (coeff P (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)} \<union> {deg R (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)<..deg R p + deg R q}.
h (coeff P (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong
add: deg_aboveD finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def
del: coeff_mult)
also from RS have "... =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p + deg R q}. h (coeff P (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one deg_mult_cring)
also from RS have "... =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p + deg R q}.
\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> k \<in> {..i}.
h (coeff P p k) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> h (coeff P q (i - k)) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
(s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> k \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> (i - k)))"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: nat_pow_mult Pi_def
S.m_ac S.finsum_rdistr)
also from RS have "... =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i\<in>{..deg R p}. h (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i\<in>{..deg R q}. h (coeff P q i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
by (simp add: S.cauchy_product [THEN sym] bound.intro deg_aboveD S.m_ac
Pi_def)
finally show
"(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)}. h (coeff P (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p}. h (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R q}. h (coeff P q i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)" .
qed
next
fix p q
assume RS: "p \<in> carrier P" "q \<in> carrier P" "s \<in> carrier S"
then show "eval R S h s (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) = eval R S h s p \<oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> eval R S h s q"
proof (simp only: eval_on_carrier UP_a_closed)
from RS have
"(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S \<^esub>i\<in>{..deg R (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)}. h (coeff P (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S \<^esub>i\<in>{..deg R (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)} \<union> {deg R (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)<..max (deg R p) (deg R q)}.
h (coeff P (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong
add: deg_aboveD finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def
del: coeff_add)
also from RS have "... =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..max (deg R p) (deg R q)}.
h (coeff P (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
by (simp add: ivl_disj_un_one)
also from RS have "... =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>i\<in>{..max (deg R p) (deg R q)}. h (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) \<oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>i\<in>{..max (deg R p) (deg R q)}. h (coeff P q i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong
add: l_distr deg_aboveD finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def)
also have "... =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p} \<union> {deg R p<..max (deg R p) (deg R q)}.
h (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) \<oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R q} \<union> {deg R q<..max (deg R p) (deg R q)}.
h (coeff P q i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one le_maxI1 le_maxI2)
also from RS have "... =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p}. h (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) \<oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R q}. h (coeff P q i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong
add: deg_aboveD finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def)
finally show
"(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>i \<in> {..deg R (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)}. h (coeff P (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>i \<in> {..deg R p}. h (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) \<oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>i \<in> {..deg R q}. h (coeff P q i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)" .
qed
next
assume S: "s \<in> carrier S"
then show "eval R S h s \<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> = \<one>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>"
by (simp only: eval_on_carrier UP_one_closed) simp
qed
text {* Instantiation of ring homomorphism lemmas. *}
(* TODO: again, automate with instantiation command *)
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) ring_hom_cring_P_S:
"s \<in> carrier S ==> ring_hom_cring P S (eval R S h s)"
by (fast intro!: ring_hom_cring.intro UP_cring cring.axioms prems
intro: ring_hom_cring_axioms.intro eval_ring_hom)
(*
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) UP_hom_closed [intro, simp]:
"[| s \<in> carrier S; p \<in> carrier P |] ==> eval R S h s p \<in> carrier S"
by (rule ring_hom_cring.hom_closed [OF ring_hom_cring_P_S])
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) UP_hom_mult [simp]:
"[| s \<in> carrier S; p \<in> carrier P; q \<in> carrier P |] ==>
eval R S h s (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) = eval R S h s p \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> eval R S h s q"
by (rule ring_hom_cring.hom_mult [OF ring_hom_cring_P_S])
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) UP_hom_add [simp]:
"[| s \<in> carrier S; p \<in> carrier P; q \<in> carrier P |] ==>
eval R S h s (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) = eval R S h s p \<oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> eval R S h s q"
by (rule ring_hom_cring.hom_add [OF ring_hom_cring_P_S])
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) UP_hom_one [simp]:
"s \<in> carrier S ==> eval R S h s \<one>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> = \<one>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>"
by (rule ring_hom_cring.hom_one [OF ring_hom_cring_P_S])
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) UP_hom_zero [simp]:
"s \<in> carrier S ==> eval R S h s \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> = \<zero>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>"
by (rule ring_hom_cring.hom_zero [OF ring_hom_cring_P_S])
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) UP_hom_a_inv [simp]:
"[| s \<in> carrier S; p \<in> carrier P |] ==>
(eval R S h s) (\<ominus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) = \<ominus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> (eval R S h s) p"
by (rule ring_hom_cring.hom_a_inv [OF ring_hom_cring_P_S])
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) UP_hom_finsum [simp]:
"[| s \<in> carrier S; finite A; f \<in> A -> carrier P |] ==>
(eval R S h s) (finsum P f A) = finsum S (eval R S h s o f) A"
by (rule ring_hom_cring.hom_finsum [OF ring_hom_cring_P_S])
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) UP_hom_finprod [simp]:
"[| s \<in> carrier S; finite A; f \<in> A -> carrier P |] ==>
(eval R S h s) (finprod P f A) = finprod S (eval R S h s o f) A"
by (rule ring_hom_cring.hom_finprod [OF ring_hom_cring_P_S])
*)
text {* Further properties of the evaluation homomorphism. *}
(* The following lemma could be proved in UP\_cring with the additional
assumption that h is closed. *)
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) eval_const:
"[| s \<in> carrier S; r \<in> carrier R |] ==> eval R S h s (monom P r 0) = h r"
by (simp only: eval_on_carrier monom_closed) simp
text {* The following proof is complicated by the fact that in arbitrary
rings one might have @{term "one R = zero R"}. *}
(* TODO: simplify by cases "one R = zero R" *)
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) eval_monom1:
"s \<in> carrier S ==> eval R S h s (monom P \<one> 1) = s"
proof (simp only: eval_on_carrier monom_closed R.one_closed)
assume S: "s \<in> carrier S"
then have
"(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i\<in>{..deg R (monom P \<one> 1)}. h (coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i\<in>{..deg R (monom P \<one> 1)} \<union> {deg R (monom P \<one> 1)<..1}.
h (coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
by (simp cong: finsum_cong del: coeff_monom
add: deg_aboveD finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def)
also have "... =
(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..1}. h (coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one deg_monom_le R.one_closed)
also have "... = s"
proof (cases "s = \<zero>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>")
case True then show ?thesis by (simp add: Pi_def)
next
case False with S show ?thesis by (simp add: Pi_def)
qed
finally show "(\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R (monom P \<one> 1)}.
h (coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) = s" .
qed
lemma (in UP_cring) monom_pow:
assumes R: "a \<in> carrier R"
shows "(monom P a n) (^)\<^bsub>P\<^esub> m = monom P (a (^) m) (n * m)"
proof (induct m)
case 0 from R show ?case by simp
next
case Suc with R show ?case
by (simp del: monom_mult add: monom_mult [THEN sym] add_commute)
qed
lemma (in ring_hom_cring) hom_pow [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier R ==> h (x (^) n) = h x (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> (n::nat)"
by (induct n) simp_all
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) eval_monom:
"[| s \<in> carrier S; r \<in> carrier R |] ==>
eval R S h s (monom P r n) = h r \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> n"
proof -
assume S: "s \<in> carrier S" and R: "r \<in> carrier R"
from ring_hom_cring_P_S [OF S] interpret ring_hom_cring [P S "eval R S h s"]
by - (rule ring_hom_cring.axioms, assumption)+
(* why is simplifier invoked --- in done ??? *)
from R S have "eval R S h s (monom P r n) =
eval R S h s (monom P r 0 \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (monom P \<one> 1) (^)\<^bsub>P\<^esub> n)"
by (simp del: monom_mult (* eval.hom_mult eval.hom_pow, delayed inst! *)
add: monom_mult [THEN sym] monom_pow)
also
from R S eval_monom1 have "... = h r \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s (^)\<^bsub>S\<^esub> n"
by (simp add: eval_const)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) eval_smult:
"[| s \<in> carrier S; r \<in> carrier R; p \<in> carrier P |] ==>
eval R S h s (r \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) = h r \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> eval R S h s p"
proof -
assume S: "s \<in> carrier S" and R: "r \<in> carrier R" and P: "p \<in> carrier P"
from ring_hom_cring_P_S [OF S] interpret ring_hom_cring [P S "eval R S h s"]
by - (rule ring_hom_cring.axioms, assumption)+
from S R P show ?thesis
by (simp add: monom_mult_is_smult [THEN sym] eval_const)
qed
lemma ring_hom_cringI:
assumes "cring R"
and "cring S"
and "h \<in> ring_hom R S"
shows "ring_hom_cring R S h"
by (fast intro: ring_hom_cring.intro ring_hom_cring_axioms.intro
cring.axioms prems)
lemma (in UP_univ_prop) UP_hom_unique:
assumes Phi: "Phi \<in> ring_hom P S" "Phi (monom P \<one> (Suc 0)) = s"
"!!r. r \<in> carrier R ==> Phi (monom P r 0) = h r"
and Psi: "Psi \<in> ring_hom P S" "Psi (monom P \<one> (Suc 0)) = s"
"!!r. r \<in> carrier R ==> Psi (monom P r 0) = h r"
and S: "s \<in> carrier S" and P: "p \<in> carrier P"
shows "Phi p = Psi p"
proof -
from UP_cring interpret cring [P] by - (rule cring.axioms, assumption)+
interpret Phi: ring_hom_cring [P S Phi]
by (auto intro: ring_hom_cring.axioms ring_hom_cringI UP_cring S.cring Phi)
interpret Psi: ring_hom_cring [P S Psi]
by (auto intro: ring_hom_cring.axioms ring_hom_cringI UP_cring S.cring Psi)
have "Phi p =
Phi (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P \<^esub>i \<in> {..deg R p}. monom P (coeff P p i) 0 \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> 1 (^)\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i)"
by (simp add: up_repr P S monom_mult [THEN sym] monom_pow del: monom_mult)
also
have "... =
Psi (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P \<^esub>i\<in>{..deg R p}. monom P (coeff P p i) 0 \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> 1 (^)\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i)"
by (simp add: Phi Psi P S Pi_def comp_def)
(* Without interpret, the following command would have been necessary.
by (simp add: ring_hom_cring.hom_finsum [OF Phi_hom]
ring_hom_cring.hom_mult [OF Phi_hom]
ring_hom_cring.hom_pow [OF Phi_hom] Phi
ring_hom_cring.hom_finsum [OF Psi_hom]
ring_hom_cring.hom_mult [OF Psi_hom]
ring_hom_cring.hom_pow [OF Psi_hom] Psi RS Pi_def comp_def)
*)
also have "... = Psi p"
by (simp add: up_repr P S monom_mult [THEN sym] monom_pow del: monom_mult)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
theorem (in UP_univ_prop) UP_universal_property:
"s \<in> carrier S ==>
EX! Phi. Phi \<in> ring_hom P S \<inter> extensional (carrier P) &
Phi (monom P \<one> 1) = s &
(ALL r : carrier R. Phi (monom P r 0) = h r)"
using eval_monom1
apply (auto intro: eval_ring_hom eval_const eval_extensional)
apply (rule extensionalityI)
apply (auto intro: UP_hom_unique)
done
subsection {* Sample application of evaluation homomorphism *}
lemma UP_univ_propI:
assumes "cring R"
and "cring S"
and "h \<in> ring_hom R S"
shows "UP_univ_prop R S h"
by (fast intro: UP_univ_prop.intro ring_hom_cring_axioms.intro
cring.axioms prems)
constdefs
INTEG :: "int ring"
"INTEG == (| carrier = UNIV, mult = op *, one = 1, zero = 0, add = op + |)"
lemma INTEG_cring:
"cring INTEG"
by (unfold INTEG_def) (auto intro!: cringI abelian_groupI comm_monoidI
zadd_zminus_inverse2 zadd_zmult_distrib)
lemma INTEG_id_eval:
"UP_univ_prop INTEG INTEG id"
by (fast intro: UP_univ_propI INTEG_cring id_ring_hom)
text {*
Interpretation allows now to import all theorems and lemmas
valid in the context of homomorphisms between @{term INTEG} and @{term
"UP INTEG"} globally.
*}
interpretation INTEG: UP_univ_prop [INTEG INTEG id]
using INTEG_id_eval
by - (rule UP_univ_prop.axioms, assumption)+
lemma INTEG_closed [intro, simp]:
"z \<in> carrier INTEG"
by (unfold INTEG_def) simp
lemma INTEG_mult [simp]:
"mult INTEG z w = z * w"
by (unfold INTEG_def) simp
lemma INTEG_pow [simp]:
"pow INTEG z n = z ^ n"
by (induct n) (simp_all add: INTEG_def nat_pow_def)
lemma "eval INTEG INTEG id 10 (monom (UP INTEG) 5 2) = 500"
by (simp add: INTEG.eval_monom)
end