(* Title: HOL/Library/Permutation.thy
Author: Lawrence C Paulson and Thomas M Rasmussen and Norbert Voelker
*)
header {* Permutations *}
theory Permutation
imports Main Multiset
begin
inductive
perm :: "'a list => 'a list => bool" ("_ <~~> _" [50, 50] 50)
where
Nil [intro!]: "[] <~~> []"
| swap [intro!]: "y # x # l <~~> x # y # l"
| Cons [intro!]: "xs <~~> ys ==> z # xs <~~> z # ys"
| trans [intro]: "xs <~~> ys ==> ys <~~> zs ==> xs <~~> zs"
lemma perm_refl [iff]: "l <~~> l"
by (induct l) auto
subsection {* Some examples of rule induction on permutations *}
lemma xperm_empty_imp: "[] <~~> ys ==> ys = []"
by (induct xs == "[]::'a list" ys pred: perm) simp_all
text {*
\medskip This more general theorem is easier to understand!
*}
lemma perm_length: "xs <~~> ys ==> length xs = length ys"
by (induct pred: perm) simp_all
lemma perm_empty_imp: "[] <~~> xs ==> xs = []"
by (drule perm_length) auto
lemma perm_sym: "xs <~~> ys ==> ys <~~> xs"
by (induct pred: perm) auto
subsection {* Ways of making new permutations *}
text {*
We can insert the head anywhere in the list.
*}
lemma perm_append_Cons: "a # xs @ ys <~~> xs @ a # ys"
by (induct xs) auto
lemma perm_append_swap: "xs @ ys <~~> ys @ xs"
apply (induct xs)
apply simp_all
apply (blast intro: perm_append_Cons)
done
lemma perm_append_single: "a # xs <~~> xs @ [a]"
by (rule perm.trans [OF _ perm_append_swap]) simp
lemma perm_rev: "rev xs <~~> xs"
apply (induct xs)
apply simp_all
apply (blast intro!: perm_append_single intro: perm_sym)
done
lemma perm_append1: "xs <~~> ys ==> l @ xs <~~> l @ ys"
by (induct l) auto
lemma perm_append2: "xs <~~> ys ==> xs @ l <~~> ys @ l"
by (blast intro!: perm_append_swap perm_append1)
subsection {* Further results *}
lemma perm_empty [iff]: "([] <~~> xs) = (xs = [])"
by (blast intro: perm_empty_imp)
lemma perm_empty2 [iff]: "(xs <~~> []) = (xs = [])"
apply auto
apply (erule perm_sym [THEN perm_empty_imp])
done
lemma perm_sing_imp: "ys <~~> xs ==> xs = [y] ==> ys = [y]"
by (induct pred: perm) auto
lemma perm_sing_eq [iff]: "(ys <~~> [y]) = (ys = [y])"
by (blast intro: perm_sing_imp)
lemma perm_sing_eq2 [iff]: "([y] <~~> ys) = (ys = [y])"
by (blast dest: perm_sym)
subsection {* Removing elements *}
lemma perm_remove: "x \<in> set ys ==> ys <~~> x # remove1 x ys"
by (induct ys) auto
text {* \medskip Congruence rule *}
lemma perm_remove_perm: "xs <~~> ys ==> remove1 z xs <~~> remove1 z ys"
by (induct pred: perm) auto
lemma remove_hd [simp]: "remove1 z (z # xs) = xs"
by auto
lemma cons_perm_imp_perm: "z # xs <~~> z # ys ==> xs <~~> ys"
by (drule_tac z = z in perm_remove_perm) auto
lemma cons_perm_eq [iff]: "(z#xs <~~> z#ys) = (xs <~~> ys)"
by (blast intro: cons_perm_imp_perm)
lemma append_perm_imp_perm: "zs @ xs <~~> zs @ ys ==> xs <~~> ys"
apply (induct zs arbitrary: xs ys rule: rev_induct)
apply (simp_all (no_asm_use))
apply blast
done
lemma perm_append1_eq [iff]: "(zs @ xs <~~> zs @ ys) = (xs <~~> ys)"
by (blast intro: append_perm_imp_perm perm_append1)
lemma perm_append2_eq [iff]: "(xs @ zs <~~> ys @ zs) = (xs <~~> ys)"
apply (safe intro!: perm_append2)
apply (rule append_perm_imp_perm)
apply (rule perm_append_swap [THEN perm.trans])
-- {* the previous step helps this @{text blast} call succeed quickly *}
apply (blast intro: perm_append_swap)
done
lemma multiset_of_eq_perm: "(multiset_of xs = multiset_of ys) = (xs <~~> ys) "
apply (rule iffI)
apply (erule_tac [2] perm.induct, simp_all add: union_ac)
apply (erule rev_mp, rule_tac x=ys in spec)
apply (induct_tac xs, auto)
apply (erule_tac x = "remove1 a x" in allE, drule sym, simp)
apply (subgoal_tac "a \<in> set x")
apply (drule_tac z=a in perm.Cons)
apply (erule perm.trans, rule perm_sym, erule perm_remove)
apply (drule_tac f=set_of in arg_cong, simp)
done
lemma multiset_of_le_perm_append:
"multiset_of xs \<le> multiset_of ys \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>zs. xs @ zs <~~> ys)"
apply (auto simp: multiset_of_eq_perm[THEN sym] mset_le_exists_conv)
apply (insert surj_multiset_of, drule surjD)
apply (blast intro: sym)+
done
lemma perm_set_eq: "xs <~~> ys ==> set xs = set ys"
by (metis multiset_of_eq_perm multiset_of_eq_setD)
lemma perm_distinct_iff: "xs <~~> ys ==> distinct xs = distinct ys"
apply (induct pred: perm)
apply simp_all
apply fastsimp
apply (metis perm_set_eq)
done
lemma eq_set_perm_remdups: "set xs = set ys ==> remdups xs <~~> remdups ys"
apply (induct xs arbitrary: ys rule: length_induct)
apply (case_tac "remdups xs", simp, simp)
apply (subgoal_tac "a : set (remdups ys)")
prefer 2 apply (metis set.simps(2) insert_iff set_remdups)
apply (drule split_list) apply(elim exE conjE)
apply (drule_tac x=list in spec) apply(erule impE) prefer 2
apply (drule_tac x="ysa@zs" in spec) apply(erule impE) prefer 2
apply simp
apply (subgoal_tac "a#list <~~> a#ysa@zs")
apply (metis Cons_eq_appendI perm_append_Cons trans)
apply (metis Cons Cons_eq_appendI distinct.simps(2)
distinct_remdups distinct_remdups_id perm_append_swap perm_distinct_iff)
apply (subgoal_tac "set (a#list) = set (ysa@a#zs) & distinct (a#list) & distinct (ysa@a#zs)")
apply (fastsimp simp add: insert_ident)
apply (metis distinct_remdups set_remdups)
apply (subgoal_tac "length (remdups xs) < Suc (length xs)")
apply simp
apply (subgoal_tac "length (remdups xs) \<le> length xs")
apply simp
apply (rule length_remdups_leq)
done
lemma perm_remdups_iff_eq_set: "remdups x <~~> remdups y = (set x = set y)"
by (metis List.set_remdups perm_set_eq eq_set_perm_remdups)
lemma permutation_Ex_bij:
assumes "xs <~~> ys"
shows "\<exists>f. bij_betw f {..<length xs} {..<length ys} \<and> (\<forall>i<length xs. xs ! i = ys ! (f i))"
using assms proof induct
case Nil then show ?case unfolding bij_betw_def by simp
next
case (swap y x l)
show ?case
proof (intro exI[of _ "Fun.swap 0 1 id"] conjI allI impI)
show "bij_betw (Fun.swap 0 1 id) {..<length (y # x # l)} {..<length (x # y # l)}"
by (rule bij_betw_swap) (auto simp: bij_betw_def)
fix i assume "i < length(y#x#l)"
show "(y # x # l) ! i = (x # y # l) ! (Fun.swap 0 1 id) i"
by (cases i) (auto simp: Fun.swap_def gr0_conv_Suc)
qed
next
case (Cons xs ys z)
then obtain f where bij: "bij_betw f {..<length xs} {..<length ys}" and
perm: "\<forall>i<length xs. xs ! i = ys ! (f i)" by blast
let "?f i" = "case i of Suc n \<Rightarrow> Suc (f n) | 0 \<Rightarrow> 0"
show ?case
proof (intro exI[of _ ?f] allI conjI impI)
have *: "{..<length (z#xs)} = {0} \<union> Suc ` {..<length xs}"
"{..<length (z#ys)} = {0} \<union> Suc ` {..<length ys}"
by (simp_all add: lessThan_eq_Suc_image)
show "bij_betw ?f {..<length (z#xs)} {..<length (z#ys)}" unfolding *
proof (rule bij_betw_combine)
show "bij_betw ?f (Suc ` {..<length xs}) (Suc ` {..<length ys})"
using bij unfolding bij_betw_def
by (auto intro!: inj_onI imageI dest: inj_onD simp: image_compose[symmetric] comp_def)
qed (auto simp: bij_betw_def)
fix i assume "i < length (z#xs)"
then show "(z # xs) ! i = (z # ys) ! (?f i)"
using perm by (cases i) auto
qed
next
case (trans xs ys zs)
then obtain f g where
bij: "bij_betw f {..<length xs} {..<length ys}" "bij_betw g {..<length ys} {..<length zs}" and
perm: "\<forall>i<length xs. xs ! i = ys ! (f i)" "\<forall>i<length ys. ys ! i = zs ! (g i)" by blast
show ?case
proof (intro exI[of _ "g\<circ>f"] conjI allI impI)
show "bij_betw (g \<circ> f) {..<length xs} {..<length zs}"
using bij by (rule bij_betw_trans)
fix i assume "i < length xs"
with bij have "f i < length ys" unfolding bij_betw_def by force
with `i < length xs` show "xs ! i = zs ! (g \<circ> f) i"
using trans(1,3)[THEN perm_length] perm by force
qed
qed
end