(* Title: HOL/Unix/Unix.thy
ID: $Id$
Author: Markus Wenzel, TU Muenchen
License: GPL (GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE)
*)
header {* Unix file-systems \label{sec:unix-file-system} *}
theory Unix = Nested_Environment + List_Prefix:
text {*
We give a simple mathematical model of the basic structures
underlying the Unix file-system, together with a few fundamental
operations that could be imagined to be performed internally by the
Unix kernel. This forms the basis for the set of Unix system-calls
to be introduced later (see \secref{sec:unix-trans}), which are the
actual interface offered to processes running in user-space.
\medskip Basically, any Unix file is either a \emph{plain file} or a
\emph{directory}, consisting of some \emph{content} plus
\emph{attributes}. The content of a plain file is plain text. The
content of a directory is a mapping from names to further
files.\footnote{In fact, this is the only way that names get
associated with files. In Unix files do \emph{not} have a name in
itself. Even more, any number of names may be associated with the
very same file due to \emph{hard links} (although this is excluded
from our model).} Attributes include information to control various
ways to access the file (read, write etc.).
Our model will be quite liberal in omitting excessive detail that is
easily seen to be ``irrelevant'' for the aspects of Unix
file-systems to be discussed here. First of all, we ignore
character and block special files, pipes, sockets, hard links,
symbolic links, and mount points.
*}
subsection {* Names *}
text {*
User ids and file name components shall be represented by natural
numbers (without loss of generality). We do not bother about
encoding of actual names (e.g.\ strings), nor a mapping between user
names and user ids as would be present in a reality.
*}
types
uid = nat
name = nat
path = "name list"
subsection {* Attributes *}
text {*
Unix file attributes mainly consist of \emph{owner} information and
a number of \emph{permission} bits which control access for
``user'', ``group'', and ``others'' (see the Unix man pages @{text
"chmod(2)"} and @{text "stat(2)"} for more details).
\medskip Our model of file permissions only considers the ``others''
part. The ``user'' field may be omitted without loss of overall
generality, since the owner is usually able to change it anyway by
performing @{text chmod}.\footnote{The inclined Unix expert may try
to figure out some exotic arrangements of a real-world Unix
file-system such that the owner of a file is unable to apply the
@{text chmod} system call.} We omit ``group'' permissions as a
genuine simplification as we just do not intend to discuss a model
of multiple groups and group membership, but pretend that everyone
is member of a single global group.\footnote{A general HOL model of
user group structures and related issues is given in
\cite{Naraschewski:2001}.}
*}
datatype perm =
Readable
| Writable
| Executable -- "(ignored)"
types perms = "perm set"
record att =
owner :: uid
others :: perms
text {*
For plain files @{term Readable} and @{term Writable} specify read
and write access to the actual content, i.e.\ the string of text
stored here. For directories @{term Readable} determines if the set
of entry names may be accessed, and @{term Writable} controls the
ability to create or delete any entries (both plain files or
sub-directories).
As another simplification, we ignore the @{term Executable}
permission altogether. In reality it would indicate executable
plain files (also known as ``binaries''), or control actual lookup
of directory entries (recall that mere directory browsing is
controlled via @{term Readable}). Note that the latter means that
in order to perform any file-system operation whatsoever, all
directories encountered on the path would have to grant @{term
Executable}. We ignore this detail and pretend that all directories
give @{term Executable} permission to anybody.
*}
subsection {* Files *}
text {*
In order to model the general tree structure of a Unix file-system
we use the arbitrarily branching datatype @{typ "('a, 'b, 'c) env"}
from the standard library of Isabelle/HOL
\cite{Bauer-et-al:2001:HOL-Library}. This type provides
constructors @{term Val} and @{term Env} as follows:
\medskip
{\def\isastyleminor{\isastyle}
\begin{tabular}{l}
@{term [source] "Val :: 'a \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b, 'c) env"} \\
@{term [source] "Env :: 'b \<Rightarrow> ('c \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b, 'c) env option) \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b, 'c) env"} \\
\end{tabular}}
\medskip
Here the parameter @{typ 'a} refers to plain values occurring at
leaf positions, parameter @{typ 'b} to information kept with inner
branch nodes, and parameter @{typ 'c} to the branching type of the
tree structure. For our purpose we use the type instance with @{typ
"att \<times> string"} (representing plain files), @{typ att} (for
attributes of directory nodes), and @{typ name} (for the index type
of directory nodes).
*}
types
file = "(att \<times> string, att, name) env"
text {*
\medskip The HOL library also provides @{term lookup} and @{term
update} operations for general tree structures with the subsequent
primitive recursive characterizations.
\medskip
{\def\isastyleminor{\isastyle}
\begin{tabular}{l}
@{term [source] "lookup :: ('a, 'b, 'c) env \<Rightarrow> 'c list \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b, 'c) env option"} \\
@{term [source]
"update :: 'c list \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b, 'c) env option \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b, 'c) env \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b, 'c) env"} \\
\end{tabular}}
@{thm [display, indent = 2, eta_contract = false] lookup_eq [no_vars]}
@{thm [display, indent = 2, eta_contract = false] update_eq [no_vars]}
Several further properties of these operations are proven in
\cite{Bauer-et-al:2001:HOL-Library}. These will be routinely used
later on without further notice.
\bigskip Apparently, the elements of type @{typ file} contain an
@{typ att} component in either case. We now define a few auxiliary
operations to manipulate this field uniformly, following the
conventions for record types in Isabelle/HOL
\cite{Nipkow-et-al:2000:HOL}.
*}
constdefs
attributes :: "file \<Rightarrow> att"
"attributes file \<equiv>
(case file of
Val (att, text) \<Rightarrow> att
| Env att dir \<Rightarrow> att)"
attributes_update :: "att \<Rightarrow> file \<Rightarrow> file"
"attributes_update att file \<equiv>
(case file of
Val (att', text) \<Rightarrow> Val (att, text)
| Env att' dir \<Rightarrow> Env att dir)"
lemma [simp]: "attributes (Val (att, text)) = att"
by (simp add: attributes_def)
lemma [simp]: "attributes (Env att dir) = att"
by (simp add: attributes_def)
lemma [simp]: "attributes (file \<lparr>attributes := att\<rparr>) = att"
by (cases file) (simp_all add: attributes_def attributes_update_def
split_tupled_all)
lemma [simp]: "(Val (att, text)) \<lparr>attributes := att'\<rparr> = Val (att', text)"
by (simp add: attributes_update_def)
lemma [simp]: "(Env att dir) \<lparr>attributes := att'\<rparr> = Env att' dir"
by (simp add: attributes_update_def)
subsection {* Initial file-systems *}
text {*
Given a set of \emph{known users} a file-system shall be initialized
by providing an empty home directory for each user, with read-only
access for everyone else. (Note that we may directly use the user
id as home directory name, since both types have been identified.)
Certainly, the very root directory is owned by the super user (who
has user id 0).
*}
constdefs
init :: "uid set \<Rightarrow> file"
"init users \<equiv>
Env \<lparr>owner = 0, others = {Readable}\<rparr>
(\<lambda>u. if u \<in> users then Some (Env \<lparr>owner = u, others = {Readable}\<rparr> empty)
else None)"
subsection {* Accessing file-systems *}
text {*
The main internal file-system operation is access of a file by a
user, requesting a certain set of permissions. The resulting @{typ
"file option"} indicates if a file had been present at the
corresponding @{typ path} and if access was granted according to the
permissions recorded within the file-system.
Note that by the rules of Unix file-system security (e.g.\
\cite{Tanenbaum:1992}) both the super-user and owner may always
access a file unconditionally (in our simplified model).
*}
constdefs
access :: "file \<Rightarrow> path \<Rightarrow> uid \<Rightarrow> perms \<Rightarrow> file option"
"access root path uid perms \<equiv>
(case lookup root path of
None \<Rightarrow> None
| Some file \<Rightarrow>
if uid = 0
\<or> uid = owner (attributes file)
\<or> perms \<subseteq> others (attributes file)
then Some file
else None)"
text {*
\medskip Successful access to a certain file is the main
prerequisite for system-calls to be applicable (cf.\
\secref{sec:unix-trans}). Any modification of the file-system is
then performed using the basic @{term update} operation.
\medskip We see that @{term access} is just a wrapper for the basic
@{term lookup} function, with additional checking of
attributes. Subsequently we establish a few auxiliary facts that
stem from the primitive @{term lookup} used within @{term access}.
*}
lemma access_empty_lookup: "access root path uid {} = lookup root path"
by (simp add: access_def split: option.splits)
lemma access_some_lookup:
"access root path uid perms = Some file \<Longrightarrow>
lookup root path = Some file"
by (simp add: access_def split: option.splits if_splits)
lemma access_update_other: "path' \<parallel> path \<Longrightarrow>
access (update path' opt root) path uid perms = access root path uid perms"
proof -
assume "path' \<parallel> path"
then obtain y z xs ys zs where
"y \<noteq> z" and "path' = xs @ y # ys" and "path = xs @ z # zs"
by (blast dest: parallel_decomp)
hence "lookup (update path' opt root) path = lookup root path"
by (blast intro: lookup_update_other)
thus ?thesis by (simp only: access_def)
qed
section {* File-system transitions \label{sec:unix-trans} *}
subsection {* Unix system calls \label{sec:unix-syscall} *}
text {*
According to established operating system design (cf.\
\cite{Tanenbaum:1992}) user space processes may only initiate system
operations by a fixed set of \emph{system-calls}. This enables the
kernel to enforce certain security policies in the first
place.\footnote{Incidently, this is the very same principle employed
by any ``LCF-style'' theorem proving system according to Milner's
principle of ``correctness by construction'', such as Isabelle/HOL
itself.}
\medskip In our model of Unix we give a fixed datatype @{text
operation} for the syntax of system-calls, together with an
inductive definition of file-system state transitions of the form
@{text "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root'"} for the operational semantics.
*}
datatype operation =
Read uid string path
| Write uid string path
| Chmod uid perms path
| Creat uid perms path
| Unlink uid path
| Mkdir uid perms path
| Rmdir uid path
| Readdir uid "name set" path
text {*
The @{typ uid} field of an operation corresponds to the
\emph{effective user id} of the underlying process, although our
model never mentions processes explicitly. The other parameters are
provided as arguments by the caller; the @{term path} one is common
to all kinds of system-calls.
*}
consts
uid_of :: "operation \<Rightarrow> uid"
primrec
"uid_of (Read uid text path) = uid"
"uid_of (Write uid text path) = uid"
"uid_of (Chmod uid perms path) = uid"
"uid_of (Creat uid perms path) = uid"
"uid_of (Unlink uid path) = uid"
"uid_of (Mkdir uid path perms) = uid"
"uid_of (Rmdir uid path) = uid"
"uid_of (Readdir uid names path) = uid"
consts
path_of :: "operation \<Rightarrow> path"
primrec
"path_of (Read uid text path) = path"
"path_of (Write uid text path) = path"
"path_of (Chmod uid perms path) = path"
"path_of (Creat uid perms path) = path"
"path_of (Unlink uid path) = path"
"path_of (Mkdir uid perms path) = path"
"path_of (Rmdir uid path) = path"
"path_of (Readdir uid names path) = path"
text {*
\medskip Note that we have omitted explicit @{text Open} and @{text
Close} operations, pretending that @{term Read} and @{term Write}
would already take care of this behind the scenes. Thus we have
basically treated actual sequences of real system-calls @{text
open}--@{text read}/@{text write}--@{text close} as atomic.
In principle, this could make big a difference in a model with
explicit concurrent processes. On the other hand, even on a real
Unix system the exact scheduling of concurrent @{text open} and
@{text close} operations does \emph{not} directly affect the success
of corresponding @{text read} or @{text write}. Unix allows several
processes to have files opened at the same time, even for writing!
Certainly, the result from reading the contents later may be hard to
predict, but the system-calls involved here will succeed in any
case.
\bigskip The operational semantics of system calls is now specified
via transitions of the file-system configuration. This is expressed
as an inductive relation (although there is no actual recursion
involved here).
*}
consts
transition :: "(file \<times> operation \<times> file) set"
syntax
"_transition" :: "file \<Rightarrow> operation \<Rightarrow> file \<Rightarrow> bool"
("_ \<midarrow>_\<rightarrow> _" [90, 1000, 90] 100)
translations
"root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root'" \<rightleftharpoons> "(root, x, root') \<in> transition"
inductive transition
intros
read:
"access root path uid {Readable} = Some (Val (att, text)) \<Longrightarrow>
root \<midarrow>(Read uid text path)\<rightarrow> root"
write:
"access root path uid {Writable} = Some (Val (att, text')) \<Longrightarrow>
root \<midarrow>(Write uid text path)\<rightarrow> update path (Some (Val (att, text))) root"
chmod:
"access root path uid {} = Some file \<Longrightarrow>
uid = 0 \<or> uid = owner (attributes file) \<Longrightarrow>
root \<midarrow>(Chmod uid perms path)\<rightarrow> update path
(Some (file \<lparr>attributes := attributes file \<lparr>others := perms\<rparr>\<rparr>)) root"
creat:
"path = parent_path @ [name] \<Longrightarrow>
access root parent_path uid {Writable} = Some (Env att parent) \<Longrightarrow>
access root path uid {} = None \<Longrightarrow>
root \<midarrow>(Creat uid perms path)\<rightarrow> update path
(Some (Val (\<lparr>owner = uid, others = perms\<rparr>, []))) root"
unlink:
"path = parent_path @ [name] \<Longrightarrow>
access root parent_path uid {Writable} = Some (Env att parent) \<Longrightarrow>
access root path uid {} = Some (Val plain) \<Longrightarrow>
root \<midarrow>(Unlink uid path)\<rightarrow> update path None root"
mkdir:
"path = parent_path @ [name] \<Longrightarrow>
access root parent_path uid {Writable} = Some (Env att parent) \<Longrightarrow>
access root path uid {} = None \<Longrightarrow>
root \<midarrow>(Mkdir uid perms path)\<rightarrow> update path
(Some (Env \<lparr>owner = uid, others = perms\<rparr> empty)) root"
rmdir:
"path = parent_path @ [name] \<Longrightarrow>
access root parent_path uid {Writable} = Some (Env att parent) \<Longrightarrow>
access root path uid {} = Some (Env att' empty) \<Longrightarrow>
root \<midarrow>(Rmdir uid path)\<rightarrow> update path None root"
readdir:
"access root path uid {Readable} = Some (Env att dir) \<Longrightarrow>
names = dom dir \<Longrightarrow>
root \<midarrow>(Readdir uid names path)\<rightarrow> root"
text {*
\medskip Certainly, the above specification is central to the whole
formal development. Any of the results to be established later on
are only meaningful to the outside world if this transition system
provides an adequate model of real Unix systems. This kind of
``reality-check'' of a formal model is the well-known problem of
\emph{validation}.
If in doubt, one may consider to compare our definition with the
informal specifications given the corresponding Unix man pages, or
even peek at an actual implementation such as
\cite{Torvalds-et-al:Linux}. Another common way to gain confidence
into the formal model is to run simple simulations (see
\secref{sec:unix-examples}), and check the results with that of
experiments performed on a real Unix system.
*}
subsection {* Basic properties of single transitions \label{sec:unix-single-trans} *}
text {*
The transition system @{text "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root'"} defined above
determines a unique result @{term root'} from given @{term root} and
@{term x} (this is holds rather trivially, since there is even only
one clause for each operation). This uniqueness statement will
simplify our subsequent development to some extent, since we only
have to reason about a partial function rather than a general
relation.
*}
theorem transition_uniq: "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root' \<Longrightarrow> root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root'' \<Longrightarrow> root' = root''"
proof -
assume root: "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root'"
assume "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root''"
thus "root' = root''"
proof cases
case read
with root show ?thesis by cases auto
next
case write
with root show ?thesis by cases auto
next
case chmod
with root show ?thesis by cases auto
next
case creat
with root show ?thesis by cases auto
next
case unlink
with root show ?thesis by cases auto
next
case mkdir
with root show ?thesis by cases auto
next
case rmdir
with root show ?thesis by cases auto
next
case readdir
with root show ?thesis by cases auto
qed
qed
text {*
\medskip Apparently, file-system transitions are \emph{type-safe} in
the sense that the result of transforming an actual directory yields
again a directory.
*}
theorem transition_type_safe:
"root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root' \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>att dir. root = Env att dir
\<Longrightarrow> \<exists>att dir. root' = Env att dir"
proof -
assume tr: "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root'"
assume inv: "\<exists>att dir. root = Env att dir"
show ?thesis
proof (cases "path_of x")
case Nil
with tr inv show ?thesis
by cases (auto simp add: access_def split: if_splits)
next
case Cons
from tr obtain opt where
"root' = root \<or> root' = update (path_of x) opt root"
by cases auto
with inv Cons show ?thesis
by (auto simp add: update_eq split: list.splits)
qed
qed
text {*
The previous result may be seen as the most basic invariant on the
file-system state that is enforced by any proper kernel
implementation. So user processes --- being bound to the
system-call interface --- may never mess up a file-system such that
the root becomes a plain file instead of a directory, which would be
a strange situation indeed.
*}
subsection {* Iterated transitions *}
text {*
Iterated system transitions via finite sequences of system
operations are modeled inductively as follows. In a sense, this
relation describes the cumulative effect of the sequence of
system-calls issued by a number of running processes over a finite
amount of time.
*}
consts
transitions :: "(file \<times> operation list \<times> file) set"
syntax
"_transitions" :: "file \<Rightarrow> operation list \<Rightarrow> file \<Rightarrow> bool"
("_ =_\<Rightarrow> _" [90, 1000, 90] 100)
translations
"root =xs\<Rightarrow> root'" \<rightleftharpoons> "(root, xs, root') \<in> transitions"
inductive transitions
intros
nil: "root =[]\<Rightarrow> root"
cons: "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root' \<Longrightarrow> root' =xs\<Rightarrow> root'' \<Longrightarrow> root =(x # xs)\<Rightarrow> root''"
text {*
\medskip We establish a few basic facts relating iterated
transitions with single ones, according to the recursive structure
of lists.
*}
lemma transitions_nil_eq: "root =[]\<Rightarrow> root' = (root = root')"
proof
assume "root =[]\<Rightarrow> root'"
thus "root = root'" by cases simp_all
next
assume "root = root'"
thus "root =[]\<Rightarrow> root'" by (simp only: transitions.nil)
qed
lemma transitions_cons_eq:
"root =(x # xs)\<Rightarrow> root'' = (\<exists>root'. root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root' \<and> root' =xs\<Rightarrow> root'')"
proof
assume "root =(x # xs)\<Rightarrow> root''"
thus "\<exists>root'. root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root' \<and> root' =xs\<Rightarrow> root''"
by cases auto
next
assume "\<exists>root'. root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root' \<and> root' =xs\<Rightarrow> root''"
thus "root =(x # xs)\<Rightarrow> root''"
by (blast intro: transitions.cons)
qed
text {*
The next two rules show how to ``destruct'' known transition
sequences. Note that the second one actually relies on the
uniqueness property of the basic transition system (see
\secref{sec:unix-single-trans}).
*}
lemma transitions_nilD: "root =[]\<Rightarrow> root' \<Longrightarrow> root' = root"
by (simp add: transitions_nil_eq)
lemma transitions_consD:
"root =(x # xs)\<Rightarrow> root'' \<Longrightarrow> root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root' \<Longrightarrow> root' =xs\<Rightarrow> root''"
proof -
assume "root =(x # xs)\<Rightarrow> root''"
then obtain r' where r': "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> r'" and root'': "r' =xs\<Rightarrow> root''"
by cases simp_all
assume "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root'"
with r' have "r' = root'" by (rule transition_uniq)
with root'' show "root' =xs\<Rightarrow> root''" by simp
qed
text {*
\medskip The following fact shows how an invariant @{term Q} of
single transitions with property @{term P} may be transferred to
iterated transitions. The proof is rather obvious by rule induction
over the definition of @{term "root =xs\<Rightarrow> root'"}.
*}
lemma transitions_invariant:
"(\<And>r x r'. r \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> r' \<Longrightarrow> Q r \<Longrightarrow> P x \<Longrightarrow> Q r') \<Longrightarrow>
root =xs\<Rightarrow> root' \<Longrightarrow> Q root \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x \<in> set xs. P x \<Longrightarrow> Q root'"
proof -
assume r: "\<And>r x r'. r \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> r' \<Longrightarrow> Q r \<Longrightarrow> P x \<Longrightarrow> Q r'"
assume "root =xs\<Rightarrow> root'"
thus "Q root \<Longrightarrow> (\<forall>x \<in> set xs. P x) \<Longrightarrow> Q root'" (is "PROP ?P root xs root'")
proof (induct root xs root')
fix root assume "Q root"
thus "Q root" .
next
fix root root' root'' and x xs
assume root': "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root'"
assume hyp: "PROP ?P root' xs root''"
assume Q: "Q root"
assume P: "\<forall>x \<in> set (x # xs). P x"
hence "P x" by simp
with root' Q have Q': "Q root'" by (rule r)
from P have "\<forall>x \<in> set xs. P x" by simp
with Q' show "Q root''" by (rule hyp)
qed
qed
text {*
As an example of applying the previous result, we transfer the basic
type-safety property (see \secref{sec:unix-single-trans}) from
single transitions to iterated ones, which is a rather obvious
result indeed.
*}
theorem transitions_type_safe:
"root =xs\<Rightarrow> root' \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>att dir. root = Env att dir
\<Longrightarrow> \<exists>att dir. root' = Env att dir"
proof -
case rule_context
with transition_type_safe show ?thesis
proof (rule transitions_invariant)
show "\<forall>x \<in> set xs. True" by blast
qed
qed
section {* Executable sequences *}
text {*
An inductively defined relation such as the one of
@{text "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root'"} (see \secref{sec:unix-syscall}) has two
main aspects. First of all, the resulting system admits a certain
set of transition rules (introductions) as given in the
specification. Furthermore, there is an explicit least-fixed-point
construction involved, which results in induction (and
case-analysis) rules to eliminate known transitions in an exhaustive
manner.
\medskip Subsequently, we explore our transition system in an
experimental style, mainly using the introduction rules with basic
algebraic properties of the underlying structures. The technique
closely resembles that of Prolog combined with functional evaluation
in a very simple manner.
Just as the ``closed-world assumption'' is left implicit in Prolog,
we do not refer to induction over the whole transition system here.
So this is still purely positive reasoning about possible
executions; exhaustive reasoning will be employed only later on (see
\secref{sec:unix-bogosity}), when we shall demonstrate that certain
behavior is \emph{not} possible.
*}
subsection {* Possible transitions *}
text {*
Rather obviously, a list of system operations can be executed within
a certain state if there is a result state reached by an iterated
transition.
*}
constdefs
can_exec :: "file \<Rightarrow> operation list \<Rightarrow> bool"
"can_exec root xs \<equiv> \<exists>root'. root =xs\<Rightarrow> root'"
lemma can_exec_nil: "can_exec root []"
by (unfold can_exec_def) (blast intro: transitions.intros)
lemma can_exec_cons:
"root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root' \<Longrightarrow> can_exec root' xs \<Longrightarrow> can_exec root (x # xs)"
by (unfold can_exec_def) (blast intro: transitions.intros)
text {*
\medskip In case that we already know that a certain sequence can be
executed we may destruct it backwardly into individual transitions.
*}
lemma can_exec_snocD: "\<And>root. can_exec root (xs @ [y])
\<Longrightarrow> \<exists>root' root''. root =xs\<Rightarrow> root' \<and> root' \<midarrow>y\<rightarrow> root''"
(is "PROP ?P xs" is "\<And>root. ?A root xs \<Longrightarrow> ?C root xs")
proof (induct xs)
fix root
{
assume "?A root []"
thus "?C root []"
by (simp add: can_exec_def transitions_nil_eq transitions_cons_eq)
next
fix x xs
assume hyp: "PROP ?P xs"
assume asm: "?A root (x # xs)"
show "?C root (x # xs)"
proof -
from asm obtain r root'' where x: "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> r" and
xs_y: "r =(xs @ [y])\<Rightarrow> root''"
by (auto simp add: can_exec_def transitions_nil_eq transitions_cons_eq)
from xs_y hyp obtain root' r' where xs: "r =xs\<Rightarrow> root'" and y: "root' \<midarrow>y\<rightarrow> r'"
by (unfold can_exec_def) blast
from x xs have "root =(x # xs)\<Rightarrow> root'"
by (rule transitions.cons)
with y show ?thesis by blast
qed
}
qed
subsection {* Example executions \label{sec:unix-examples} *}
text {*
We are now ready to perform a few experiments within our formal
model of Unix system-calls. The common technique is to alternate
introduction rules of the transition system (see
\secref{sec:unix-trans}), and steps to solve any emerging side
conditions using algebraic properties of the underlying file-system
structures (see \secref{sec:unix-file-system}).
*}
lemmas eval = access_def init_def
theorem "u \<in> users \<Longrightarrow> can_exec (init users)
[Mkdir u perms [u, name]]"
apply (rule can_exec_cons)
-- {* back-chain @{term can_exec} (of @{term [source] Cons}) *}
apply (rule mkdir)
-- {* back-chain @{term Mkdir} *}
apply (force simp add: eval)+
-- {* solve preconditions of @{term Mkdir} *}
apply (simp add: eval)
-- {* peek at resulting dir (optional) *}
txt {* @{subgoals [display]} *}
apply (rule can_exec_nil)
-- {* back-chain @{term can_exec} (of @{term [source] Nil}) *}
done
text {*
By inspecting the result shown just before the final step above, we
may gain confidence that our specification of Unix system-calls
actually makes sense. Further common errors are usually exhibited
when preconditions of transition rules fail unexpectedly.
\medskip Here are a few further experiments, using the same
techniques as before.
*}
theorem "u \<in> users \<Longrightarrow> can_exec (init users)
[Creat u perms [u, name],
Unlink u [u, name]]"
apply (rule can_exec_cons)
apply (rule creat)
apply (force simp add: eval)+
apply (simp add: eval)
apply (rule can_exec_cons)
apply (rule unlink)
apply (force simp add: eval)+
apply (simp add: eval)
txt {* peek at result: @{subgoals [display]} *}
apply (rule can_exec_nil)
done
theorem "u \<in> users \<Longrightarrow> Writable \<in> perms1 \<Longrightarrow>
Readable \<in> perms2 \<Longrightarrow> name3 \<noteq> name4 \<Longrightarrow>
can_exec (init users)
[Mkdir u perms1 [u, name1],
Mkdir u' perms2 [u, name1, name2],
Creat u' perms3 [u, name1, name2, name3],
Creat u' perms3 [u, name1, name2, name4],
Readdir u {name3, name4} [u, name1, name2]]"
apply (rule can_exec_cons, rule transition.intros,
(force simp add: eval)+, (simp add: eval)?)+
txt {* peek at result: @{subgoals [display]} *}
apply (rule can_exec_nil)
done
theorem "u \<in> users \<Longrightarrow> Writable \<in> perms1 \<Longrightarrow> Readable \<in> perms3 \<Longrightarrow>
can_exec (init users)
[Mkdir u perms1 [u, name1],
Mkdir u' perms2 [u, name1, name2],
Creat u' perms3 [u, name1, name2, name3],
Write u' ''foo'' [u, name1, name2, name3],
Read u ''foo'' [u, name1, name2, name3]]"
apply (rule can_exec_cons, rule transition.intros,
(force simp add: eval)+, (simp add: eval)?)+
txt {* peek at result: @{subgoals [display]} *}
apply (rule can_exec_nil)
done
section {* Odd effects --- treated formally \label{sec:unix-bogosity} *}
text {*
We are now ready to give a completely formal treatment of the
slightly odd situation discussed in the introduction (see
\secref{sec:unix-intro}): the file-system can easily reach a state
where a user is unable to remove his very own directory, because it
is still populated by items placed there by another user in an
uncouth manner.
*}
subsection {* The general procedure \label{sec:unix-inv-procedure} *}
text {*
The following theorem expresses the general procedure we are
following to achieve the main result.
*}
theorem general_procedure:
"(\<And>r r'. Q r \<Longrightarrow> r \<midarrow>y\<rightarrow> r' \<Longrightarrow> False) \<Longrightarrow>
(\<And>root. init users =bs\<Rightarrow> root \<Longrightarrow> Q root) \<Longrightarrow>
(\<And>r x r'. r \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> r' \<Longrightarrow> Q r \<Longrightarrow> P x \<Longrightarrow> Q r') \<Longrightarrow>
init users =bs\<Rightarrow> root \<Longrightarrow>
\<not> (\<exists>xs. (\<forall>x \<in> set xs. P x) \<and> can_exec root (xs @ [y]))"
proof -
assume cannot_y: "\<And>r r'. Q r \<Longrightarrow> r \<midarrow>y\<rightarrow> r' \<Longrightarrow> False"
assume init_inv: "\<And>root. init users =bs\<Rightarrow> root \<Longrightarrow> Q root"
assume preserve_inv: "\<And>r x r'. r \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> r' \<Longrightarrow> Q r \<Longrightarrow> P x \<Longrightarrow> Q r'"
assume init_result: "init users =bs\<Rightarrow> root"
{
fix xs
assume Ps: "\<forall>x \<in> set xs. P x"
assume can_exec: "can_exec root (xs @ [y])"
then obtain root' root'' where
xs: "root =xs\<Rightarrow> root'" and y: "root' \<midarrow>y\<rightarrow> root''"
by (blast dest: can_exec_snocD)
from init_result have "Q root" by (rule init_inv)
from preserve_inv xs this Ps have "Q root'"
by (rule transitions_invariant)
from this y have False by (rule cannot_y)
}
thus ?thesis by blast
qed
text {*
Here @{prop "P x"} refers to the restriction on file-system
operations that are admitted after having reached the critical
configuration; according to the problem specification this will
become @{prop "uid_of x = user1"} later on. Furthermore, @{term y}
refers to the operations we claim to be impossible to perform
afterwards, we will take @{term Rmdir} later. Moreover @{term Q} is
a suitable (auxiliary) invariant over the file-system; choosing
@{term Q} adequately is very important to make the proof work (see
\secref{sec:unix-inv-lemmas}).
*}
subsection {* The particular setup *}
text {*
We introduce a few global declarations and axioms to describe our
particular setup considered here. Thus we avoid excessive use of
local parameters in the subsequent development.
*}
consts
users :: "uid set"
user1 :: uid
user2 :: uid
name1 :: name
name2 :: name
name3 :: name
perms1 :: perms
perms2 :: perms
axioms
user1_known: "user1 \<in> users"
user1_not_root: "user1 \<noteq> 0"
users_neq: "user1 \<noteq> user2"
perms1_writable: "Writable \<in> perms1"
perms2_not_writable: "Writable \<notin> perms2"
lemmas "setup" =
user1_known user1_not_root users_neq
perms1_writable perms2_not_writable
text {*
\medskip The @{term bogus} operations are the ones that lead into
the uncouth situation; @{term bogus_path} is the key position within
the file-system where things go awry.
*}
constdefs
bogus :: "operation list"
"bogus \<equiv>
[Mkdir user1 perms1 [user1, name1],
Mkdir user2 perms2 [user1, name1, name2],
Creat user2 perms2 [user1, name1, name2, name3]]"
bogus_path :: path
"bogus_path \<equiv> [user1, name1, name2]"
subsection {* Invariance lemmas \label{sec:unix-inv-lemmas} *}
text {*
The following invariant over the root file-system describes the
bogus situation in an abstract manner: located at a certain @{term
path} within the file-system is a non-empty directory that is
neither owned and nor writable by @{term user1}.
*}
constdefs
invariant :: "file \<Rightarrow> path \<Rightarrow> bool"
"invariant root path \<equiv>
(\<exists>att dir.
access root path user1 {} = Some (Env att dir) \<and> dir \<noteq> empty \<and>
user1 \<noteq> owner att \<and>
access root path user1 {Writable} = None)"
text {*
Following the general procedure (see
\secref{sec:unix-inv-procedure}) we
will now establish the three key lemmas required to yield the final
result.
\begin{enumerate}
\item The invariant is sufficiently strong to entail the
pathological case that @{term user1} is unable to remove the (owned)
directory at @{term "[user1, name1]"}.
\item The invariant does hold after having executed the @{term
bogus} list of operations (starting with an initial file-system
configuration).
\item The invariant is preserved by any file-system operation
performed by @{term user1} alone, without any help by other users.
\end{enumerate}
As the invariant appears both as assumptions and conclusions in the
course of proof, its formulation is rather critical for the whole
development to work out properly. In particular, the third step is
very sensitive to the invariant being either too strong or too weak.
Moreover the invariant has to be sufficiently abstract, lest the
proof become cluttered by confusing detail.
\medskip The first two lemmas are technically straight forward ---
we just have to inspect rather special cases.
*}
lemma cannot_rmdir: "invariant root bogus_path \<Longrightarrow>
root \<midarrow>(Rmdir user1 [user1, name1])\<rightarrow> root' \<Longrightarrow> False"
proof -
assume "invariant root bogus_path"
then obtain file where "access root bogus_path user1 {} = Some file"
by (unfold invariant_def) blast
moreover
assume "root \<midarrow>(Rmdir user1 [user1, name1])\<rightarrow> root'"
then obtain att where
"access root [user1, name1] user1 {} = Some (Env att empty)"
by cases auto
hence "access root ([user1, name1] @ [name2]) user1 {} = empty name2"
by (simp only: access_empty_lookup lookup_append_some) simp
ultimately show False by (simp add: bogus_path_def)
qed
lemma init_invariant: "init users =bogus\<Rightarrow> root \<Longrightarrow> invariant root bogus_path"
proof -
note eval = "setup" access_def init_def
case rule_context thus ?thesis
apply (unfold bogus_def bogus_path_def)
apply (drule transitions_consD, rule transition.intros,
(force simp add: eval)+, (simp add: eval)?)+
-- "evaluate all operations"
apply (drule transitions_nilD)
-- "reach final result"
apply (simp add: invariant_def eval)
-- "check the invariant"
done
qed
text {*
\medskip At last we are left with the main effort to show that the
``bogosity'' invariant is preserved by any file-system operation
performed by @{term user1} alone. Note that this holds for any
@{term path} given, the particular @{term bogus_path} is not
required here.
*}
lemma preserve_invariant: "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root' \<Longrightarrow>
invariant root path \<Longrightarrow> uid_of x = user1 \<Longrightarrow> invariant root' path"
proof -
assume tr: "root \<midarrow>x\<rightarrow> root'"
assume inv: "invariant root path"
assume uid: "uid_of x = user1"
from inv obtain att dir where
inv1: "access root path user1 {} = Some (Env att dir)" and
inv2: "dir \<noteq> empty" and
inv3: "user1 \<noteq> owner att" and
inv4: "access root path user1 {Writable} = None"
by (auto simp add: invariant_def)
from inv1 have lookup: "lookup root path = Some (Env att dir)"
by (simp only: access_empty_lookup)
from inv1 inv3 inv4 and user1_not_root
have not_writable: "Writable \<notin> others att"
by (auto simp add: access_def split: option.splits if_splits)
show ?thesis
proof cases
assume "root' = root"
with inv show "invariant root' path" by (simp only:)
next
assume changed: "root' \<noteq> root"
with tr obtain opt where root': "root' = update (path_of x) opt root"
by cases auto
show ?thesis
proof (rule prefix_cases)
assume "path_of x \<parallel> path"
with inv root'
have "\<And>perms. access root' path user1 perms = access root path user1 perms"
by (simp only: access_update_other)
with inv show "invariant root' path"
by (simp only: invariant_def)
next
assume "path_of x \<le> path"
then obtain ys where path: "path = path_of x @ ys" ..
show ?thesis
proof (cases ys)
assume "ys = []"
with tr uid inv2 inv3 lookup changed path and user1_not_root
have False
by cases (auto simp add: access_empty_lookup dest: access_some_lookup)
thus ?thesis ..
next
fix z zs assume ys: "ys = z # zs"
have "lookup root' path = lookup root path"
proof -
from inv2 lookup path ys
have look: "lookup root (path_of x @ z # zs) = Some (Env att dir)"
by (simp only:)
then obtain att' dir' file' where
look': "lookup root (path_of x) = Some (Env att' dir')" and
dir': "dir' z = Some file'" and
file': "lookup file' zs = Some (Env att dir)"
by (blast dest: lookup_some_upper)
from tr uid changed look' dir' obtain att'' where
look'': "lookup root' (path_of x) = Some (Env att'' dir')"
by cases (auto simp add: access_empty_lookup lookup_update_some
dest: access_some_lookup)
with dir' file' have "lookup root' (path_of x @ z # zs) =
Some (Env att dir)"
by (simp add: lookup_append_some)
with look path ys show ?thesis
by simp
qed
with inv show "invariant root' path"
by (simp only: invariant_def access_def)
qed
next
assume "path < path_of x"
then obtain y ys where path: "path_of x = path @ y # ys" ..
obtain dir' where
lookup': "lookup root' path = Some (Env att dir')" and
inv2': "dir' \<noteq> empty"
proof (cases ys)
assume "ys = []"
with path have parent: "path_of x = path @ [y]" by simp
with tr uid inv4 changed obtain file where
"root' = update (path_of x) (Some file) root"
by cases auto
with lookup parent have "lookup root' path = Some (Env att (dir(y\<mapsto>file)))"
by (simp only: update_append_some update_cons_nil_env)
moreover have "dir(y\<mapsto>file) \<noteq> empty" by simp
ultimately show ?thesis ..
next
fix z zs assume ys: "ys = z # zs"
with lookup root' path
have "lookup root' path = Some (update (y # ys) opt (Env att dir))"
by (simp only: update_append_some)
also obtain file' where
"update (y # ys) opt (Env att dir) = Env att (dir(y\<mapsto>file'))"
proof -
have "dir y \<noteq> None"
proof -
have "dir y = lookup (Env att dir) [y]"
by (simp split: option.splits)
also from lookup have "\<dots> = lookup root (path @ [y])"
by (simp only: lookup_append_some)
also have "\<dots> \<noteq> None"
proof -
from ys obtain us u where rev_ys: "ys = us @ [u]"
by (cases ys rule: rev_cases) auto
with tr path
have "lookup root ((path @ [y]) @ (us @ [u])) \<noteq> None \<or>
lookup root ((path @ [y]) @ us) \<noteq> None"
by cases (auto dest: access_some_lookup)
thus ?thesis by (blast dest!: lookup_some_append)
qed
finally show ?thesis .
qed
with ys show ?thesis
by (insert that, auto simp add: update_cons_cons_env)
qed
also have "dir(y\<mapsto>file') \<noteq> empty" by simp
ultimately show ?thesis ..
qed
from lookup' have inv1': "access root' path user1 {} = Some (Env att dir')"
by (simp only: access_empty_lookup)
from inv3 lookup' and not_writable user1_not_root
have "access root' path user1 {Writable} = None"
by (simp add: access_def)
with inv1' inv2' inv3 show ?thesis by (unfold invariant_def) blast
qed
qed
qed
subsection {* Putting it all together \label{sec:unix-main-result} *}
text {*
The main result is now imminent, just by composing the three
invariance lemmas (see \secref{sec:unix-inv-lemmas}) according the the
overall procedure (see \secref{sec:unix-inv-procedure}).
*}
corollary
"init users =bogus\<Rightarrow> root \<Longrightarrow>
\<not> (\<exists>xs. (\<forall>x \<in> set xs. uid_of x = user1) \<and>
can_exec root (xs @ [Rmdir user1 [user1, name1]]))"
proof -
case rule_context
with cannot_rmdir init_invariant preserve_invariant
show ?thesis by (rule general_procedure)
qed
end