doc-src/Codegen/Thy/document/Refinement.tex

updated generated files;

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\def\isabellecontext{Refinement}%
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\ Refinement\isanewline
\isakeyword{imports}\ Setup\isanewline
\isakeyword{begin}%
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\isamarkupsection{Program and datatype refinement \label{sec:refinement}%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
Code generation by shallow embedding (cf.~\secref{sec:principle})
  allows to choose code equations and datatype constructors freely,
  given that some very basic syntactic properties are met; this
  flexibility opens up mechanisms for refinement which allow to extend
  the scope and quality of generated code dramatically.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Program refinement%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
Program refinement works by choosing appropriate code equations
  explicitly (cf.~\secref{sec:equations}); as example, we use Fibonacci
  numbers:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isacommand{fun}\isamarkupfalse%
\ fib\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}fib\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}fib\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Suc\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}fib\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ fib\ n\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ fib\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent The runtime of the corresponding code grows exponential due
  to two recursive calls:%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
fib\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
fib\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
fib\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Suc\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
fib\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ plus{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fib\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fib\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent A more efficient implementation would use dynamic
  programming, e.g.~sharing of common intermediate results between
  recursive calls.  This idea is expressed by an auxiliary operation
  which computes a Fibonacci number and its successor simultaneously:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isacommand{definition}\isamarkupfalse%
\ fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fib\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ fib\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent This operation can be implemented by recursion using
  dynamic programming:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}code{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}let\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}m{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step\ n\ in\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}m\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ q{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent What remains is to implement \isa{fib} by \isa{fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step} as follows:%
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\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}code{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}fib\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}fib\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ fst\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent The resulting code shows only linear growth of runtime:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Nat{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ let\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}m{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step\ n{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\ in\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}plus{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ m\ q{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fib\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
fib\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ fst\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fib{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}step\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
fib\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Datatype refinement%
}
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
Selecting specific code equations \emph{and} datatype constructors
  leads to datatype refinement.  As an example, we will develop an
  alternative representation of the queue example given in
  \secref{sec:queue_example}.  The amortised representation is
  convenient for generating code but exposes its \qt{implementation}
  details, which may be cumbersome when proving theorems about it.
  Therefore, here is a simple, straightforward representation of
  queues:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isacommand{datatype}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Queue\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{definition}\isamarkupfalse%
\ empty\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}empty\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Queue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
\ enqueue\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}enqueue\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Queue\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Queue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}xs\ {\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{fun}\isamarkupfalse%
\ dequeue\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ option\ {\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Queue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}None{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Queue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Queue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Some\ x{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Queue\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent This we can use directly for proving;  for executing,
  we provide an alternative characterisation:%
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\isacommand{definition}\isamarkupfalse%
\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}AQueue\ xs\ ys\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Queue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}ys\ {\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}\ rev\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}datatype}\isamarkupfalse%
\ AQueue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent Here we define a \qt{constructor} \isa{AQueue} which
  is defined in terms of \isa{Queue} and interprets its arguments
  according to what the \emph{content} of an amortised queue is supposed
  to be.

  The prerequisite for datatype constructors is only syntactical: a
  constructor must be of type \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6B617070613E}{\isasymkappa}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n} where \isa{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}} is exactly the set of \emph{all} type variables in
  \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}}; then \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6B617070613E}{\isasymkappa}}} is its corresponding datatype.  The
  HOL datatype package by default registers any new datatype with its
  constructors, but this may be changed using \indexdef{}{command}{code\_datatype}\hypertarget{command.code-datatype}{\hyperlink{command.code-datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}datatype}}}}}; the currently chosen constructors can be inspected
  using the \hyperlink{command.print-codesetup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}codesetup}}}} command.

  Equipped with this, we are able to prove the following equations
  for our primitive queue operations which \qt{implement} the simple
  queues in an amortised fashion:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ empty{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}code{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}empty\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ AQueue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def\ empty{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ enqueue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}code{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}enqueue\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ xs\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ ys{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ AQueue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ dequeue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}code{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ xs\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}if\ xs\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ then\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}None{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ else\ dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rev\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ xs\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Some\ y{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ xs\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ AQueue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
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\noindent It is good style, although no absolute requirement, to
  provide code equations for the original artefacts of the implemented
  type, if possible; in our case, these are the datatype constructor
  \isa{Queue} and the case combinator \isa{queue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}case}:%
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\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ Queue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}code{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Queue\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ AQueue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def\ fun{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}eq{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}iff{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ queue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}code{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}queue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}case\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ xs\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}ys\ {\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}\ rev\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ AQueue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
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\noindent The resulting code looks as expected:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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structure\ Example\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ sig\isanewline
\ \ val\ id\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\isanewline
\ \ val\ fold\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\isanewline
\ \ val\ rev\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\isanewline
\ \ val\ null\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ bool\isanewline
\ \ datatype\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ of\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\isanewline
\ \ val\ empty\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\isanewline
\ \ val\ queue\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\isanewline
\ \ val\ dequeue\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ option\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\isanewline
\ \ val\ enqueue\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\isanewline
\ \ val\ queue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}case\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\isanewline
end\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ struct\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ id\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ xa\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ xa{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ x{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ fold\ f\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ id\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ fold\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ fold\ f\ xs\ o\ f\ x{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ rev\ xs\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ fold\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ fn\ b\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ xs\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ null\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ true\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ null\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ false{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
datatype\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ of\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
val\ empty\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ queue\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}xs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}SOME\ y{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}xs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}xs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}if\ null\ xs\ then\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}NONE{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \ \ else\ dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ rev\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ enqueue\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}xs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ xs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ queue{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}case\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}xs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}ys\ {\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}\ rev\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
end{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}struct\ Example{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
The same techniques can also be applied to types which are not
  specified as datatypes, e.g.~type \isa{int} is originally specified
  as quotient type by means of \indexdef{}{command}{typedef}\hypertarget{command.typedef}{\hyperlink{command.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}}}, but for code
  generation constants allowing construction of binary numeral values
  are used as constructors for \isa{int}.

  This approach however fails if the representation of a type demands
  invariants; this issue is discussed in the next section.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Datatype refinement involving invariants \label{sec:invariant}%
}
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
Datatype representation involving invariants require a dedicated
  setup for the type and its primitive operations.  As a running
  example, we implement a type \isa{{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ dlist} of list consisting
  of distinct elements.

  The first step is to decide on which representation the abstract
  type (in our example \isa{{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ dlist}) should be implemented.
  Here we choose \isa{{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list}.  Then a conversion from the concrete
  type to the abstract type must be specified, here:%
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\isa{Dlist\ {\isaliteral{5C3C436F6C6F6E3E}{\isasymColon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ dlist}%
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\noindent Next follows the specification of a suitable \emph{projection},
  i.e.~a conversion from abstract to concrete type:%
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\isa{list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist\ {\isaliteral{5C3C436F6C6F6E3E}{\isasymColon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ dlist\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list}%
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\noindent This projection must be specified such that the following
  \emph{abstract datatype certificate} can be proven:%
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\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}code\ abstype{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Dlist\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist\ dxs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ dxs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fact\ Dlist{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
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\noindent Note that so far the invariant on representations
  (\isa{distinct\ {\isaliteral{5C3C436F6C6F6E3E}{\isasymColon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool}) has never been mentioned explicitly:
  the invariant is only referred to implicitly: all values in
  set \isa{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}xs{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Dlist\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ xs{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}} are invariant,
  and in our example this is exactly \isa{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}xs{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ distinct\ xs{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}.
  
  The primitive operations on \isa{{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ dlist} are specified
  indirectly using the projection \isa{list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist}.  For
  the empty \isa{dlist}, \isa{Dlist{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}empty}, we finally want
  the code equation%
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\isa{Dlist{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}empty\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Dlist\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}%
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\noindent This we have to prove indirectly as follows:%
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\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}code\ abstract{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist\ Dlist{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}empty\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fact\ list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}empty{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent This equation logically encodes both the desired code
  equation and that the expression \isa{Dlist} is applied to obeys
  the implicit invariant.  Equations for insertion and removal are
  similar:%
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\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}code\ abstract{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Dlist{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}insert\ x\ dxs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ List{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}insert\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist\ dxs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fact\ list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}insert{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}code\ abstract{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Dlist{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}remove\ x\ dxs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ remove{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist\ dxs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fact\ list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}remove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent Then the corresponding code is as follows:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
module\ Example\ where\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}\isanewline
\isanewline
import\ Prelude\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2F}{\isacharslash}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2F}{\isacharslash}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{26}{\isacharampersand}}{\isaliteral{26}{\isacharampersand}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5E}{\isacharcircum}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5E}{\isacharcircum}}{\isaliteral{5E}{\isacharcircum}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{24}{\isachardollar}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{24}{\isachardollar}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Eq{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ error{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ id{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ return{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ not{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ fst{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ snd{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ map{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ filter{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ concat{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\isanewline
\ \ concatMap{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ reverse{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ zip{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ null{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ takeWhile{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ dropWhile{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ all{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ any{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Integer{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\isanewline
\ \ negate{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ abs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ divMod{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ String{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Bool{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}True{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ False{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Maybe{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Nothing{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Just{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
import\ qualified\ Prelude{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
newtype\ Dlist\ a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Dlist\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}a{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
empty\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ forall\ a{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ Dlist\ a{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
empty\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Dlist\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
member\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ forall\ a{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Eq\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}a{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Bool{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
member\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ False{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
member\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ member\ xs\ y{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
insert\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ forall\ a{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Eq\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}a{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}a{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
insert\ x\ xs\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}if\ member\ xs\ x\ then\ xs\ else\ x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ forall\ a{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ Dlist\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}a{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Dlist\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
inserta\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ forall\ a{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Eq\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Dlist\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Dlist\ a{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
inserta\ x\ dxs\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Dlist\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}insert\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist\ dxs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
remove{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ forall\ a{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Eq\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}a{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}a{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
remove{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
remove{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}if\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y\ then\ xs\ else\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ remove{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
remove\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ forall\ a{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Eq\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Dlist\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Dlist\ a{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
remove\ x\ dxs\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Dlist\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}remove{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dlist\ dxs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\isanewline%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
Typical data structures implemented by representations involving
  invariants are available in the library, theory \isa{Mapping}
  specifies key-value-mappings (type \isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ mapping});
  these can be implemented by red-black-trees (theory \isa{RBT}).%
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