Back to original example theorem.
theory Examples3
imports Examples
begin
subsection \<open>Third Version: Local Interpretation
\label{sec:local-interpretation}\<close>
text \<open>In the above example, the fact that @{term "op \<le>"} is a partial
order for the integers was used in the second goal to
discharge the premise in the definition of @{text "op \<sqsubset>"}. In
general, proofs of the equations not only may involve definitions
from the interpreted locale but arbitrarily complex arguments in the
context of the locale. Therefore it would be convenient to have the
interpreted locale conclusions temporarily available in the proof.
This can be achieved by a locale interpretation in the proof body.
The command for local interpretations is \isakeyword{interpret}. We
repeat the example from the previous section to illustrate this.\<close>
interpretation %visible int: partial_order "op \<le> :: int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> bool"
rewrites "int.less x y = (x < y)"
proof -
show "partial_order (op \<le> :: int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> bool)"
by unfold_locales auto
then interpret int: partial_order "op \<le> :: [int, int] \<Rightarrow> bool" .
show "int.less x y = (x < y)"
unfolding int.less_def by auto
qed
text \<open>The inner interpretation is immediate from the preceding fact
and proved by assumption (Isar short hand ``.''). It enriches the
local proof context by the theorems
also obtained in the interpretation from Section~\ref{sec:po-first},
and @{text int.less_def} may directly be used to unfold the
definition. Theorems from the local interpretation disappear after
leaving the proof context --- that is, after the succeeding
\isakeyword{next} or \isakeyword{qed} statement.\<close>
subsection \<open>Further Interpretations\<close>
text \<open>Further interpretations are necessary for
the other locales. In @{text lattice} the operations~@{text \<sqinter>}
and~@{text \<squnion>} are substituted by @{term "min :: int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> int"}
and @{term "max :: int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> int"}. The entire proof for the
interpretation is reproduced to give an example of a more
elaborate interpretation proof. Note that the equations are named
so they can be used in a later example.\<close>
interpretation %visible int: lattice "op \<le> :: int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> bool"
rewrites int_min_eq: "int.meet x y = min x y"
and int_max_eq: "int.join x y = max x y"
proof -
show "lattice (op \<le> :: int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> bool)"
txt \<open>\normalsize We have already shown that this is a partial
order,\<close>
apply unfold_locales
txt \<open>\normalsize hence only the lattice axioms remain to be
shown.
@{subgoals [display]}
By @{text is_inf} and @{text is_sup},\<close>
apply (unfold int.is_inf_def int.is_sup_def)
txt \<open>\normalsize the goals are transformed to these
statements:
@{subgoals [display]}
This is Presburger arithmetic, which can be solved by the
method @{text arith}.\<close>
by arith+
txt \<open>\normalsize In order to show the equations, we put ourselves
in a situation where the lattice theorems can be used in a
convenient way.\<close>
then interpret int: lattice "op \<le> :: int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> bool" .
show "int.meet x y = min x y"
by (bestsimp simp: int.meet_def int.is_inf_def)
show "int.join x y = max x y"
by (bestsimp simp: int.join_def int.is_sup_def)
qed
text \<open>Next follows that @{text "op \<le>"} is a total order, again for
the integers.\<close>
interpretation %visible int: total_order "op \<le> :: int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> bool"
by unfold_locales arith
text \<open>Theorems that are available in the theory at this point are shown in
Table~\ref{tab:int-lattice}. Two points are worth noting:
\begin{table}
\hrule
\vspace{2ex}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l}
@{thm [source] int.less_def} from locale @{text partial_order}: \\
\quad @{thm int.less_def} \\
@{thm [source] int.meet_left} from locale @{text lattice}: \\
\quad @{thm int.meet_left} \\
@{thm [source] int.join_distr} from locale @{text distrib_lattice}: \\
\quad @{thm int.join_distr} \\
@{thm [source] int.less_total} from locale @{text total_order}: \\
\quad @{thm int.less_total}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\hrule
\caption{Interpreted theorems for~@{text \<le>} on the integers.}
\label{tab:int-lattice}
\end{table}
\begin{itemize}
\item
Locale @{text distrib_lattice} was also interpreted. Since the
locale hierarchy reflects that total orders are distributive
lattices, the interpretation of the latter was inserted
automatically with the interpretation of the former. In general,
interpretation traverses the locale hierarchy upwards and interprets
all encountered locales, regardless whether imported or proved via
the \isakeyword{sublocale} command. Existing interpretations are
skipped avoiding duplicate work.
\item
The predicate @{term "op <"} appears in theorem @{thm [source]
int.less_total}
although an equation for the replacement of @{text "op \<sqsubset>"} was only
given in the interpretation of @{text partial_order}. The
interpretation equations are pushed downwards the hierarchy for
related interpretations --- that is, for interpretations that share
the instances of parameters they have in common.
\end{itemize}
\<close>
text \<open>The interpretations for a locale $n$ within the current
theory may be inspected with \isakeyword{print\_interps}~$n$. This
prints the list of instances of $n$, for which interpretations exist.
For example, \isakeyword{print\_interps} @{term partial_order}
outputs the following:
\begin{small}
\begin{alltt}
int : partial_order "op \(\le\)"
\end{alltt}
\end{small}
Of course, there is only one interpretation.
The interpretation qualifier on the left is mandatory. Qualifiers
can either be \emph{mandatory} or \emph{optional}. Optional qualifiers
are designated by ``?''. Mandatory qualifiers must occur in
name references while optional ones need not. Mandatory qualifiers
prevent accidental hiding of names, while optional qualifiers can be
more convenient to use. The default is mandatory.
\<close>
section \<open>Locale Expressions \label{sec:expressions}\<close>
text \<open>
A map~@{term \<phi>} between partial orders~@{text \<sqsubseteq>} and~@{text \<preceq>}
is called order preserving if @{text "x \<sqsubseteq> y"} implies @{text "\<phi> x \<preceq>
\<phi> y"}. This situation is more complex than those encountered so
far: it involves two partial orders, and it is desirable to use the
existing locale for both.
A locale for order preserving maps requires three parameters: @{text
le}~(\isakeyword{infixl}~@{text \<sqsubseteq>}) and @{text
le'}~(\isakeyword{infixl}~@{text \<preceq>}) for the orders and~@{text \<phi>}
for the map.
In order to reuse the existing locale for partial orders, which has
the single parameter~@{text le}, it must be imported twice, once
mapping its parameter to~@{text le} from the new locale and once
to~@{text le'}. This can be achieved with a compound locale
expression.
In general, a locale expression is a sequence of \emph{locale instances}
separated by~``$\textbf{+}$'' and followed by a \isakeyword{for}
clause.
An instance has the following format:
\begin{quote}
\textit{qualifier} \textbf{:} \textit{locale-name}
\textit{parameter-instantiation}
\end{quote}
We have already seen locale instances as arguments to
\isakeyword{interpretation} in Section~\ref{sec:interpretation}.
As before, the qualifier serves to disambiguate names from
different instances of the same locale, and unless designated with a
``?'' it must occur in name references.
Since the parameters~@{text le} and~@{text le'} are to be partial
orders, our locale for order preserving maps will import the these
instances:
\begin{small}
\begin{alltt}
le: partial_order le
le': partial_order le'
\end{alltt}
\end{small}
For matter of convenience we choose to name parameter names and
qualifiers alike. This is an arbitrary decision. Technically, qualifiers
and parameters are unrelated.
Having determined the instances, let us turn to the \isakeyword{for}
clause. It serves to declare locale parameters in the same way as
the context element \isakeyword{fixes} does. Context elements can
only occur after the import section, and therefore the parameters
referred to in the instances must be declared in the \isakeyword{for}
clause. The \isakeyword{for} clause is also where the syntax of these
parameters is declared.
Two context elements for the map parameter~@{text \<phi>} and the
assumptions that it is order preserving complete the locale
declaration.\<close>
locale order_preserving =
le: partial_order le + le': partial_order le'
for le (infixl "\<sqsubseteq>" 50) and le' (infixl "\<preceq>" 50) +
fixes \<phi>
assumes hom_le: "x \<sqsubseteq> y \<Longrightarrow> \<phi> x \<preceq> \<phi> y"
text (in order_preserving) \<open>Here are examples of theorems that are
available in the locale:
\hspace*{1em}@{thm [source] hom_le}: @{thm hom_le}
\hspace*{1em}@{thm [source] le.less_le_trans}: @{thm le.less_le_trans}
\hspace*{1em}@{thm [source] le'.less_le_trans}:
@{thm [display, indent=4] le'.less_le_trans}
While there is infix syntax for the strict operation associated with
@{term "op \<sqsubseteq>"}, there is none for the strict version of @{term
"op \<preceq>"}. The syntax @{text "\<sqsubset>"} for @{text less} is only
available for the original instance it was declared for. We may
introduce infix syntax for @{text le'.less} with the following declaration:\<close>
notation (in order_preserving) le'.less (infixl "\<prec>" 50)
text (in order_preserving) \<open>Now the theorem is displayed nicely as
@{thm [source] le'.less_le_trans}:
@{thm [display, indent=2] le'.less_le_trans}\<close>
text \<open>There are short notations for locale expressions. These are
discussed in the following.\<close>
subsection \<open>Default Instantiations\<close>
text \<open>
It is possible to omit parameter instantiations. The
instantiation then defaults to the name of
the parameter itself. For example, the locale expression @{text
partial_order} is short for @{text "partial_order le"}, since the
locale's single parameter is~@{text le}. We took advantage of this
in the \isakeyword{sublocale} declarations of
Section~\ref{sec:changing-the-hierarchy}.\<close>
subsection \<open>Implicit Parameters \label{sec:implicit-parameters}\<close>
text \<open>In a locale expression that occurs within a locale
declaration, omitted parameters additionally extend the (possibly
empty) \isakeyword{for} clause.
The \isakeyword{for} clause is a general construct of Isabelle/Isar
to mark names occurring in the preceding declaration as ``arbitrary
but fixed''. This is necessary for example, if the name is already
bound in a surrounding context. In a locale expression, names
occurring in parameter instantiations should be bound by a
\isakeyword{for} clause whenever these names are not introduced
elsewhere in the context --- for example, on the left hand side of a
\isakeyword{sublocale} declaration.
There is an exception to this rule in locale declarations, where the
\isakeyword{for} clause serves to declare locale parameters. Here,
locale parameters for which no parameter instantiation is given are
implicitly added, with their mixfix syntax, at the beginning of the
\isakeyword{for} clause. For example, in a locale declaration, the
expression @{text partial_order} is short for
\begin{small}
\begin{alltt}
partial_order le \isakeyword{for} le (\isakeyword{infixl} "\(\sqsubseteq\)" 50)\textrm{.}
\end{alltt}
\end{small}
This short hand was used in the locale declarations throughout
Section~\ref{sec:import}.
\<close>
text\<open>
The following locale declarations provide more examples. A
map~@{text \<phi>} is a lattice homomorphism if it preserves meet and
join.\<close>
locale lattice_hom =
le: lattice + le': lattice le' for le' (infixl "\<preceq>" 50) +
fixes \<phi>
assumes hom_meet: "\<phi> (x \<sqinter> y) = le'.meet (\<phi> x) (\<phi> y)"
and hom_join: "\<phi> (x \<squnion> y) = le'.join (\<phi> x) (\<phi> y)"
text \<open>The parameter instantiation in the first instance of @{term
lattice} is omitted. This causes the parameter~@{text le} to be
added to the \isakeyword{for} clause, and the locale has
parameters~@{text le},~@{text le'} and, of course,~@{text \<phi>}.
Before turning to the second example, we complete the locale by
providing infix syntax for the meet and join operations of the
second lattice.
\<close>
context lattice_hom
begin
notation le'.meet (infixl "\<sqinter>''" 50)
notation le'.join (infixl "\<squnion>''" 50)
end
text \<open>The next example makes radical use of the short hand
facilities. A homomorphism is an endomorphism if both orders
coincide.\<close>
locale lattice_end = lattice_hom _ le
text \<open>The notation~@{text _} enables to omit a parameter in a
positional instantiation. The omitted parameter,~@{text le} becomes
the parameter of the declared locale and is, in the following
position, used to instantiate the second parameter of @{text
lattice_hom}. The effect is that of identifying the first in second
parameter of the homomorphism locale.\<close>
text \<open>The inheritance diagram of the situation we have now is shown
in Figure~\ref{fig:hom}, where the dashed line depicts an
interpretation which is introduced below. Parameter instantiations
are indicated by $\sqsubseteq \mapsto \preceq$ etc. By looking at
the inheritance diagram it would seem
that two identical copies of each of the locales @{text
partial_order} and @{text lattice} are imported by @{text
lattice_end}. This is not the case! Inheritance paths with
identical morphisms are automatically detected and
the conclusions of the respective locales appear only once.
\begin{figure}
\hrule \vspace{2ex}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node (o) at (0,0) {@{text partial_order}};
\node (oh) at (1.5,-2) {@{text order_preserving}};
\node (oh1) at (1.5,-0.7) {$\scriptscriptstyle \sqsubseteq \mapsto \sqsubseteq$};
\node (oh2) at (0,-1.3) {$\scriptscriptstyle \sqsubseteq \mapsto \preceq$};
\node (l) at (-1.5,-2) {@{text lattice}};
\node (lh) at (0,-4) {@{text lattice_hom}};
\node (lh1) at (0,-2.7) {$\scriptscriptstyle \sqsubseteq \mapsto \sqsubseteq$};
\node (lh2) at (-1.5,-3.3) {$\scriptscriptstyle \sqsubseteq \mapsto \preceq$};
\node (le) at (0,-6) {@{text lattice_end}};
\node (le1) at (0,-4.8)
[anchor=west]{$\scriptscriptstyle \sqsubseteq \mapsto \sqsubseteq$};
\node (le2) at (0,-5.2)
[anchor=west]{$\scriptscriptstyle \preceq \mapsto \sqsubseteq$};
\draw (o) -- (l);
\draw[dashed] (oh) -- (lh);
\draw (lh) -- (le);
\draw (o) .. controls (oh1.south west) .. (oh);
\draw (o) .. controls (oh2.north east) .. (oh);
\draw (l) .. controls (lh1.south west) .. (lh);
\draw (l) .. controls (lh2.north east) .. (lh);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\hrule
\caption{Hierarchy of Homomorphism Locales.}
\label{fig:hom}
\end{figure}
\<close>
text \<open>It can be shown easily that a lattice homomorphism is order
preserving. As the final example of this section, a locale
interpretation is used to assert this:\<close>
sublocale lattice_hom \<subseteq> order_preserving
proof unfold_locales
fix x y
assume "x \<sqsubseteq> y"
then have "y = (x \<squnion> y)" by (simp add: le.join_connection)
then have "\<phi> y = (\<phi> x \<squnion>' \<phi> y)" by (simp add: hom_join [symmetric])
then show "\<phi> x \<preceq> \<phi> y" by (simp add: le'.join_connection)
qed
text (in lattice_hom) \<open>
Theorems and other declarations --- syntax, in particular --- from
the locale @{text order_preserving} are now active in @{text
lattice_hom}, for example
@{thm [source] hom_le}:
@{thm [display, indent=2] hom_le}
This theorem will be useful in the following section.
\<close>
section \<open>Conditional Interpretation\<close>
text \<open>There are situations where an interpretation is not possible
in the general case since the desired property is only valid if
certain conditions are fulfilled. Take, for example, the function
@{text "\<lambda>i. n * i"} that scales its argument by a constant factor.
This function is order preserving (and even a lattice endomorphism)
with respect to @{term "op \<le>"} provided @{text "n \<ge> 0"}.
It is not possible to express this using a global interpretation,
because it is in general unspecified whether~@{term n} is
non-negative, but one may make an interpretation in an inner context
of a proof where full information is available.
This is not fully satisfactory either, since potentially
interpretations may be required to make interpretations in many
contexts. What is
required is an interpretation that depends on the condition --- and
this can be done with the \isakeyword{sublocale} command. For this
purpose, we introduce a locale for the condition.\<close>
locale non_negative =
fixes n :: int
assumes non_neg: "0 \<le> n"
text \<open>It is again convenient to make the interpretation in an
incremental fashion, first for order preserving maps, then for
lattice endomorphisms.\<close>
sublocale non_negative \<subseteq>
order_preserving "op \<le>" "op \<le>" "\<lambda>i. n * i"
using non_neg by unfold_locales (rule mult_left_mono)
text \<open>While the proof of the previous interpretation
is straightforward from monotonicity lemmas for~@{term "op *"}, the
second proof follows a useful pattern.\<close>
sublocale %visible non_negative \<subseteq> lattice_end "op \<le>" "\<lambda>i. n * i"
proof (unfold_locales, unfold int_min_eq int_max_eq)
txt \<open>\normalsize Unfolding the locale predicates \emph{and} the
interpretation equations immediately yields two subgoals that
reflect the core conjecture.
@{subgoals [display]}
It is now necessary to show, in the context of @{term
non_negative}, that multiplication by~@{term n} commutes with
@{term min} and @{term max}.\<close>
qed (auto simp: hom_le)
text (in order_preserving) \<open>The lemma @{thm [source] hom_le}
simplifies a proof that would have otherwise been lengthy and we may
consider making it a default rule for the simplifier:\<close>
lemmas (in order_preserving) hom_le [simp]
subsection \<open>Avoiding Infinite Chains of Interpretations
\label{sec:infinite-chains}\<close>
text \<open>Similar situations arise frequently in formalisations of
abstract algebra where it is desirable to express that certain
constructions preserve certain properties. For example, polynomials
over rings are rings, or --- an example from the domain where the
illustrations of this tutorial are taken from --- a partial order
may be obtained for a function space by point-wise lifting of the
partial order of the co-domain. This corresponds to the following
interpretation:\<close>
sublocale %visible partial_order \<subseteq> f: partial_order "\<lambda>f g. \<forall>x. f x \<sqsubseteq> g x"
oops
text \<open>Unfortunately this is a cyclic interpretation that leads to an
infinite chain, namely
@{text [display, indent=2] "partial_order \<subseteq> partial_order (\<lambda>f g. \<forall>x. f x \<sqsubseteq> g x) \<subseteq>
partial_order (\<lambda>f g. \<forall>x y. f x y \<sqsubseteq> g x y) \<subseteq> \<dots>"}
and the interpretation is rejected.
Instead it is necessary to declare a locale that is logically
equivalent to @{term partial_order} but serves to collect facts
about functions spaces where the co-domain is a partial order, and
to make the interpretation in its context:\<close>
locale fun_partial_order = partial_order
sublocale fun_partial_order \<subseteq>
f: partial_order "\<lambda>f g. \<forall>x. f x \<sqsubseteq> g x"
by unfold_locales (fast,rule,fast,blast intro: trans)
text \<open>It is quite common in abstract algebra that such a construction
maps a hierarchy of algebraic structures (or specifications) to a
related hierarchy. By means of the same lifting, a function space
is a lattice if its co-domain is a lattice:\<close>
locale fun_lattice = fun_partial_order + lattice
sublocale fun_lattice \<subseteq> f: lattice "\<lambda>f g. \<forall>x. f x \<sqsubseteq> g x"
proof unfold_locales
fix f g
have "partial_order.is_inf (\<lambda>f g. \<forall>x. f x \<sqsubseteq> g x) f g (\<lambda>x. f x \<sqinter> g x)"
apply (rule f.is_infI) apply rule+ apply (drule spec, assumption)+ done
then show "\<exists>inf. partial_order.is_inf (\<lambda>f g. \<forall>x. f x \<sqsubseteq> g x) f g inf"
by fast
next
fix f g
have "partial_order.is_sup (\<lambda>f g. \<forall>x. f x \<sqsubseteq> g x) f g (\<lambda>x. f x \<squnion> g x)"
apply (rule f.is_supI) apply rule+ apply (drule spec, assumption)+ done
then show "\<exists>sup. partial_order.is_sup (\<lambda>f g. \<forall>x. f x \<sqsubseteq> g x) f g sup"
by fast
qed
section \<open>Further Reading\<close>
text \<open>More information on locales and their interpretation is
available. For the locale hierarchy of import and interpretation
dependencies see~@{cite Ballarin2006a}; interpretations in theories
and proofs are covered in~@{cite Ballarin2006b}. In the latter, I
show how interpretation in proofs enables to reason about families
of algebraic structures, which cannot be expressed with locales
directly.
Haftmann and Wenzel~@{cite HaftmannWenzel2007} overcome a restriction
of axiomatic type classes through a combination with locale
interpretation. The result is a Haskell-style class system with a
facility to generate ML and Haskell code. Classes are sufficient for
simple specifications with a single type parameter. The locales for
orders and lattices presented in this tutorial fall into this
category. Order preserving maps, homomorphisms and vector spaces,
on the other hand, do not.
The locales reimplementation for Isabelle 2009 provides, among other
improvements, a clean integration with Isabelle/Isar's local theory
mechanisms, which are described in another paper by Haftmann and
Wenzel~@{cite HaftmannWenzel2009}.
The original work of Kamm\"uller on locales~@{cite KammullerEtAl1999}
may be of interest from a historical perspective. My previous
report on locales and locale expressions~@{cite Ballarin2004a}
describes a simpler form of expressions than available now and is
outdated. The mathematical background on orders and lattices is
taken from Jacobson's textbook on algebra~@{cite \<open>Chapter~8\<close> Jacobson1985}.
The sources of this tutorial, which include all proofs, are
available with the Isabelle distribution at
\<^url>\<open>http://isabelle.in.tum.de\<close>.
\<close>
text \<open>
\begin{table}
\hrule
\vspace{2ex}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l>$c<$l}
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Miscellaneous} \\
\textit{attr-name} & ::=
& \textit{name} $|$ \textit{attribute} $|$
\textit{name} \textit{attribute} \\
\textit{qualifier} & ::=
& \textit{name} [``\textbf{?}''] \\[2ex]
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Context Elements} \\
\textit{fixes} & ::=
& \textit{name} [ ``\textbf{::}'' \textit{type} ]
[ ``\textbf{(}'' \textbf{structure} ``\textbf{)}'' $|$
\textit{mixfix} ] \\
\begin{comment}
\textit{constrains} & ::=
& \textit{name} ``\textbf{::}'' \textit{type} \\
\end{comment}
\textit{assumes} & ::=
& [ \textit{attr-name} ``\textbf{:}'' ] \textit{proposition} \\
\begin{comment}
\textit{defines} & ::=
& [ \textit{attr-name} ``\textbf{:}'' ] \textit{proposition} \\
\textit{notes} & ::=
& [ \textit{attr-name} ``\textbf{=}'' ]
( \textit{qualified-name} [ \textit{attribute} ] )$^+$ \\
\end{comment}
\textit{element} & ::=
& \textbf{fixes} \textit{fixes} ( \textbf{and} \textit{fixes} )$^*$ \\
\begin{comment}
& |
& \textbf{constrains} \textit{constrains}
( \textbf{and} \textit{constrains} )$^*$ \\
\end{comment}
& |
& \textbf{assumes} \textit{assumes} ( \textbf{and} \textit{assumes} )$^*$ \\[2ex]
%\begin{comment}
% & |
% & \textbf{defines} \textit{defines} ( \textbf{and} \textit{defines} )$^*$ \\
% & |
% & \textbf{notes} \textit{notes} ( \textbf{and} \textit{notes} )$^*$ \\
%\end{comment}
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Locale Expressions} \\
\textit{pos-insts} & ::=
& ( \textit{term} $|$ ``\textbf{\_}'' )$^*$ \\
\textit{named-insts} & ::=
& \textbf{where} \textit{name} ``\textbf{=}'' \textit{term}
( \textbf{and} \textit{name} ``\textbf{=}'' \textit{term} )$^*$ \\
\textit{instance} & ::=
& [ \textit{qualifier} ``\textbf{:}'' ]
\textit{name} ( \textit{pos-insts} $|$ \textit{named-inst} ) \\
\textit{expression} & ::=
& \textit{instance} ( ``\textbf{+}'' \textit{instance} )$^*$
[ \textbf{for} \textit{fixes} ( \textbf{and} \textit{fixes} )$^*$ ] \\[2ex]
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Declaration of Locales} \\
\textit{locale} & ::=
& \textit{element}$^+$ \\
& | & \textit{expression} [ ``\textbf{+}'' \textit{element}$^+$ ] \\
\textit{toplevel} & ::=
& \textbf{locale} \textit{name} [ ``\textbf{=}''
\textit{locale} ] \\[2ex]
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Interpretation} \\
\textit{equation} & ::= & [ \textit{attr-name} ``\textbf{:}'' ]
\textit{prop} \\
\textit{equations} & ::= & \textbf{rewrites} \textit{equation} ( \textbf{and}
\textit{equation} )$^*$ \\
\textit{toplevel} & ::=
& \textbf{sublocale} \textit{name} ( ``$<$'' $|$
``$\subseteq$'' ) \textit{expression} \textit{proof} \\
& |
& \textbf{interpretation}
\textit{expression} [ \textit{equations} ] \textit{proof} \\
& |
& \textbf{interpret}
\textit{expression} \textit{proof} \\[2ex]
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Diagnostics} \\
\textit{toplevel} & ::=
& \textbf{print\_locales} \\
& | & \textbf{print\_locale} [ ``\textbf{!}'' ] \textit{name} \\
& | & \textbf{print\_interps} \textit{name}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\hrule
\caption{Syntax of Locale Commands.}
\label{tab:commands}
\end{table}
\<close>
text \<open>\textbf{Revision History.} The present fourth revision of the
tutorial accommodates minor updates to the syntax of the locale commands
and the handling of notation under morphisms introduced with Isabelle 2016.
For the third revision of the tutorial, which corresponds to the published
version, much of the explanatory text was rewritten. Inheritance of
interpretation equations was made available with Isabelle 2009-1.
The second revision accommodates changes introduced by the locales
reimplementation for Isabelle 2009. Most notably locale expressions
were generalised from renaming to instantiation.\<close>
text \<open>\textbf{Acknowledgements.} Alexander Krauss, Tobias Nipkow,
Randy Pollack, Andreas Schropp, Christian Sternagel and Makarius Wenzel
have made
useful comments on earlier versions of this document. The section
on conditional interpretation was inspired by a number of e-mail
enquiries the author received from locale users, and which suggested
that this use case is important enough to deserve explicit
explanation. The term \emph{conditional interpretation} is due to
Larry Paulson.\<close>
end