new material;' strengthened material; moved proofs out of Function_Topology in order to lessen its dependencies
(* Author: L C Paulson, University of Cambridge
Author: Amine Chaieb, University of Cambridge
Author: Robert Himmelmann, TU Muenchen
Author: Brian Huffman, Portland State University
*)
chapter \<open>Vector Analysis\<close>
theory Topology_Euclidean_Space
imports
Elementary_Normed_Spaces
Linear_Algebra
Norm_Arith
begin
section \<open>Elementary Topology in Euclidean Space\<close>
lemma euclidean_dist_l2:
fixes x y :: "'a :: euclidean_space"
shows "dist x y = L2_set (\<lambda>i. dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i)) Basis"
unfolding dist_norm norm_eq_sqrt_inner L2_set_def
by (subst euclidean_inner) (simp add: power2_eq_square inner_diff_left)
lemma norm_nth_le: "norm (x \<bullet> i) \<le> norm x" if "i \<in> Basis"
proof -
have "(x \<bullet> i)\<^sup>2 = (\<Sum>i\<in>{i}. (x \<bullet> i)\<^sup>2)"
by simp
also have "\<dots> \<le> (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (x \<bullet> i)\<^sup>2)"
by (intro sum_mono2) (auto simp: that)
finally show ?thesis
unfolding norm_conv_dist euclidean_dist_l2[of x] L2_set_def
by (auto intro!: real_le_rsqrt)
qed
subsection%unimportant\<open>Balls in Euclidean Space\<close>
lemma cball_subset_cball_iff:
fixes a :: "'a :: euclidean_space"
shows "cball a r \<subseteq> cball a' r' \<longleftrightarrow> dist a a' + r \<le> r' \<or> r < 0"
(is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
then show ?rhs
proof (cases "r < 0")
case True
then show ?rhs by simp
next
case False
then have [simp]: "r \<ge> 0" by simp
have "norm (a - a') + r \<le> r'"
proof (cases "a = a'")
case True
then show ?thesis
using subsetD [where c = "a + r *\<^sub>R (SOME i. i \<in> Basis)", OF \<open>?lhs\<close>] subsetD [where c = a, OF \<open>?lhs\<close>]
by (force simp: SOME_Basis dist_norm)
next
case False
have "norm (a' - (a + (r / norm (a - a')) *\<^sub>R (a - a'))) = norm (a' - a - (r / norm (a - a')) *\<^sub>R (a - a'))"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
also have "... = norm ((-1 - (r / norm (a - a'))) *\<^sub>R (a - a'))"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
also from \<open>a \<noteq> a'\<close> have "... = \<bar>- norm (a - a') - r\<bar>"
by (simp add: abs_mult_pos field_simps)
finally have [simp]: "norm (a' - (a + (r / norm (a - a')) *\<^sub>R (a - a'))) = \<bar>norm (a - a') + r\<bar>"
by linarith
from \<open>a \<noteq> a'\<close> show ?thesis
using subsetD [where c = "a' + (1 + r / norm(a - a')) *\<^sub>R (a - a')", OF \<open>?lhs\<close>]
by (simp add: dist_norm scaleR_add_left)
qed
then show ?rhs
by (simp add: dist_norm)
qed
next
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs
by (auto simp: ball_def dist_norm)
(metis add.commute add_le_cancel_right dist_norm dist_triangle3 order_trans)
qed
lemma cball_subset_ball_iff: "cball a r \<subseteq> ball a' r' \<longleftrightarrow> dist a a' + r < r' \<or> r < 0"
(is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
for a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
proof
assume ?lhs
then show ?rhs
proof (cases "r < 0")
case True then
show ?rhs by simp
next
case False
then have [simp]: "r \<ge> 0" by simp
have "norm (a - a') + r < r'"
proof (cases "a = a'")
case True
then show ?thesis
using subsetD [where c = "a + r *\<^sub>R (SOME i. i \<in> Basis)", OF \<open>?lhs\<close>] subsetD [where c = a, OF \<open>?lhs\<close>]
by (force simp: SOME_Basis dist_norm)
next
case False
have False if "norm (a - a') + r \<ge> r'"
proof -
from that have "\<bar>r' - norm (a - a')\<bar> \<le> r"
by (simp split: abs_split)
(metis \<open>0 \<le> r\<close> \<open>?lhs\<close> centre_in_cball dist_commute dist_norm less_asym mem_ball subset_eq)
then show ?thesis
using subsetD [where c = "a + (r' / norm(a - a') - 1) *\<^sub>R (a - a')", OF \<open>?lhs\<close>] \<open>a \<noteq> a'\<close>
by (simp add: dist_norm field_simps)
(simp add: diff_divide_distrib scaleR_left_diff_distrib)
qed
then show ?thesis by force
qed
then show ?rhs by (simp add: dist_norm)
qed
next
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs
by (auto simp: ball_def dist_norm)
(metis add.commute add_le_cancel_right dist_norm dist_triangle3 le_less_trans)
qed
lemma ball_subset_cball_iff: "ball a r \<subseteq> cball a' r' \<longleftrightarrow> dist a a' + r \<le> r' \<or> r \<le> 0"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
for a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
proof (cases "r \<le> 0")
case True
then show ?thesis
using dist_not_less_zero less_le_trans by force
next
case False
show ?thesis
proof
assume ?lhs
then have "(cball a r \<subseteq> cball a' r')"
by (metis False closed_cball closure_ball closure_closed closure_mono not_less)
with False show ?rhs
by (fastforce iff: cball_subset_cball_iff)
next
assume ?rhs
with False show ?lhs
using ball_subset_cball cball_subset_cball_iff by blast
qed
qed
lemma ball_subset_ball_iff:
fixes a :: "'a :: euclidean_space"
shows "ball a r \<subseteq> ball a' r' \<longleftrightarrow> dist a a' + r \<le> r' \<or> r \<le> 0"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof (cases "r \<le> 0")
case True then show ?thesis
using dist_not_less_zero less_le_trans by force
next
case False show ?thesis
proof
assume ?lhs
then have "0 < r'"
by (metis (no_types) False \<open>?lhs\<close> centre_in_ball dist_norm le_less_trans mem_ball norm_ge_zero not_less subsetD)
then have "(cball a r \<subseteq> cball a' r')"
by (metis False\<open>?lhs\<close> closure_ball closure_mono not_less)
then show ?rhs
using False cball_subset_cball_iff by fastforce
next
assume ?rhs then show ?lhs
apply (auto simp: ball_def)
apply (metis add.commute add_le_cancel_right dist_commute dist_triangle_lt not_le order_trans)
using dist_not_less_zero order.strict_trans2 apply blast
done
qed
qed
lemma ball_eq_ball_iff:
fixes x :: "'a :: euclidean_space"
shows "ball x d = ball y e \<longleftrightarrow> d \<le> 0 \<and> e \<le> 0 \<or> x=y \<and> d=e"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
then show ?rhs
proof (cases "d \<le> 0 \<or> e \<le> 0")
case True
with \<open>?lhs\<close> show ?rhs
by safe (simp_all only: ball_eq_empty [of y e, symmetric] ball_eq_empty [of x d, symmetric])
next
case False
with \<open>?lhs\<close> show ?rhs
apply (auto simp: set_eq_subset ball_subset_ball_iff dist_norm norm_minus_commute algebra_simps)
apply (metis add_le_same_cancel1 le_add_same_cancel1 norm_ge_zero norm_pths(2) order_trans)
apply (metis add_increasing2 add_le_imp_le_right eq_iff norm_ge_zero)
done
qed
next
assume ?rhs then show ?lhs
by (auto simp: set_eq_subset ball_subset_ball_iff)
qed
lemma cball_eq_cball_iff:
fixes x :: "'a :: euclidean_space"
shows "cball x d = cball y e \<longleftrightarrow> d < 0 \<and> e < 0 \<or> x=y \<and> d=e"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
then show ?rhs
proof (cases "d < 0 \<or> e < 0")
case True
with \<open>?lhs\<close> show ?rhs
by safe (simp_all only: cball_eq_empty [of y e, symmetric] cball_eq_empty [of x d, symmetric])
next
case False
with \<open>?lhs\<close> show ?rhs
apply (auto simp: set_eq_subset cball_subset_cball_iff dist_norm norm_minus_commute algebra_simps)
apply (metis add_le_same_cancel1 le_add_same_cancel1 norm_ge_zero norm_pths(2) order_trans)
apply (metis add_increasing2 add_le_imp_le_right eq_iff norm_ge_zero)
done
qed
next
assume ?rhs then show ?lhs
by (auto simp: set_eq_subset cball_subset_cball_iff)
qed
lemma ball_eq_cball_iff:
fixes x :: "'a :: euclidean_space"
shows "ball x d = cball y e \<longleftrightarrow> d \<le> 0 \<and> e < 0" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
then show ?rhs
apply (auto simp: set_eq_subset ball_subset_cball_iff cball_subset_ball_iff algebra_simps)
apply (metis add_increasing2 add_le_cancel_right add_less_same_cancel1 dist_not_less_zero less_le_trans zero_le_dist)
apply (metis add_less_same_cancel1 dist_not_less_zero less_le_trans not_le)
using \<open>?lhs\<close> ball_eq_empty cball_eq_empty apply blast+
done
next
assume ?rhs then show ?lhs by auto
qed
lemma cball_eq_ball_iff:
fixes x :: "'a :: euclidean_space"
shows "cball x d = ball y e \<longleftrightarrow> d < 0 \<and> e \<le> 0"
using ball_eq_cball_iff by blast
lemma finite_ball_avoid:
fixes S :: "'a :: euclidean_space set"
assumes "open S" "finite X" "p \<in> S"
shows "\<exists>e>0. \<forall>w\<in>ball p e. w\<in>S \<and> (w\<noteq>p \<longrightarrow> w\<notin>X)"
proof -
obtain e1 where "0 < e1" and e1_b:"ball p e1 \<subseteq> S"
using open_contains_ball_eq[OF \<open>open S\<close>] assms by auto
obtain e2 where "0 < e2" and "\<forall>x\<in>X. x \<noteq> p \<longrightarrow> e2 \<le> dist p x"
using finite_set_avoid[OF \<open>finite X\<close>,of p] by auto
hence "\<forall>w\<in>ball p (min e1 e2). w\<in>S \<and> (w\<noteq>p \<longrightarrow> w\<notin>X)" using e1_b by auto
thus "\<exists>e>0. \<forall>w\<in>ball p e. w \<in> S \<and> (w \<noteq> p \<longrightarrow> w \<notin> X)" using \<open>e2>0\<close> \<open>e1>0\<close>
apply (rule_tac x="min e1 e2" in exI)
by auto
qed
lemma finite_cball_avoid:
fixes S :: "'a :: euclidean_space set"
assumes "open S" "finite X" "p \<in> S"
shows "\<exists>e>0. \<forall>w\<in>cball p e. w\<in>S \<and> (w\<noteq>p \<longrightarrow> w\<notin>X)"
proof -
obtain e1 where "e1>0" and e1: "\<forall>w\<in>ball p e1. w\<in>S \<and> (w\<noteq>p \<longrightarrow> w\<notin>X)"
using finite_ball_avoid[OF assms] by auto
define e2 where "e2 \<equiv> e1/2"
have "e2>0" and "e2 < e1" unfolding e2_def using \<open>e1>0\<close> by auto
then have "cball p e2 \<subseteq> ball p e1" by (subst cball_subset_ball_iff,auto)
then show "\<exists>e>0. \<forall>w\<in>cball p e. w \<in> S \<and> (w \<noteq> p \<longrightarrow> w \<notin> X)" using \<open>e2>0\<close> e1 by auto
qed
lemma dim_cball:
assumes "e > 0"
shows "dim (cball (0 :: 'n::euclidean_space) e) = DIM('n)"
proof -
{
fix x :: "'n::euclidean_space"
define y where "y = (e / norm x) *\<^sub>R x"
then have "y \<in> cball 0 e"
using assms by auto
moreover have *: "x = (norm x / e) *\<^sub>R y"
using y_def assms by simp
moreover from * have "x = (norm x/e) *\<^sub>R y"
by auto
ultimately have "x \<in> span (cball 0 e)"
using span_scale[of y "cball 0 e" "norm x/e"]
span_superset[of "cball 0 e"]
by (simp add: span_base)
}
then have "span (cball 0 e) = (UNIV :: 'n::euclidean_space set)"
by auto
then show ?thesis
using dim_span[of "cball (0 :: 'n::euclidean_space) e"] by (auto simp: dim_UNIV)
qed
subsection \<open>Boxes\<close>
abbreviation One :: "'a::euclidean_space"
where "One \<equiv> \<Sum>Basis"
lemma One_non_0: assumes "One = (0::'a::euclidean_space)" shows False
proof -
have "dependent (Basis :: 'a set)"
apply (simp add: dependent_finite)
apply (rule_tac x="\<lambda>i. 1" in exI)
using SOME_Basis apply (auto simp: assms)
done
with independent_Basis show False by force
qed
corollary One_neq_0[iff]: "One \<noteq> 0"
by (metis One_non_0)
corollary Zero_neq_One[iff]: "0 \<noteq> One"
by (metis One_non_0)
definition%important (in euclidean_space) eucl_less (infix "<e" 50)
where "eucl_less a b \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i < b \<bullet> i)"
definition%important box_eucl_less: "box a b = {x. a <e x \<and> x <e b}"
definition%important "cbox a b = {x. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<le> x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i}"
lemma box_def: "box a b = {x. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i < x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i < b \<bullet> i}"
and in_box_eucl_less: "x \<in> box a b \<longleftrightarrow> a <e x \<and> x <e b"
and mem_box: "x \<in> box a b \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i < x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i < b \<bullet> i)"
"x \<in> cbox a b \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<le> x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i)"
by (auto simp: box_eucl_less eucl_less_def cbox_def)
lemma cbox_Pair_eq: "cbox (a, c) (b, d) = cbox a b \<times> cbox c d"
by (force simp: cbox_def Basis_prod_def)
lemma cbox_Pair_iff [iff]: "(x, y) \<in> cbox (a, c) (b, d) \<longleftrightarrow> x \<in> cbox a b \<and> y \<in> cbox c d"
by (force simp: cbox_Pair_eq)
lemma cbox_Complex_eq: "cbox (Complex a c) (Complex b d) = (\<lambda>(x,y). Complex x y) ` (cbox a b \<times> cbox c d)"
apply (auto simp: cbox_def Basis_complex_def)
apply (rule_tac x = "(Re x, Im x)" in image_eqI)
using complex_eq by auto
lemma cbox_Pair_eq_0: "cbox (a, c) (b, d) = {} \<longleftrightarrow> cbox a b = {} \<or> cbox c d = {}"
by (force simp: cbox_Pair_eq)
lemma swap_cbox_Pair [simp]: "prod.swap ` cbox (c, a) (d, b) = cbox (a,c) (b,d)"
by auto
lemma mem_box_real[simp]:
"(x::real) \<in> box a b \<longleftrightarrow> a < x \<and> x < b"
"(x::real) \<in> cbox a b \<longleftrightarrow> a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b"
by (auto simp: mem_box)
lemma box_real[simp]:
fixes a b:: real
shows "box a b = {a <..< b}" "cbox a b = {a .. b}"
by auto
lemma box_Int_box:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "box a b \<inter> box c d =
box (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. max (a\<bullet>i) (c\<bullet>i) *\<^sub>R i) (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. min (b\<bullet>i) (d\<bullet>i) *\<^sub>R i)"
unfolding set_eq_iff and Int_iff and mem_box by auto
lemma rational_boxes:
fixes x :: "'a::euclidean_space"
assumes "e > 0"
shows "\<exists>a b. (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<in> \<rat> \<and> b \<bullet> i \<in> \<rat>) \<and> x \<in> box a b \<and> box a b \<subseteq> ball x e"
proof -
define e' where "e' = e / (2 * sqrt (real (DIM ('a))))"
then have e: "e' > 0"
using assms by (auto simp: DIM_positive)
have "\<forall>i. \<exists>y. y \<in> \<rat> \<and> y < x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i - y < e'" (is "\<forall>i. ?th i")
proof
fix i
from Rats_dense_in_real[of "x \<bullet> i - e'" "x \<bullet> i"] e
show "?th i" by auto
qed
from choice[OF this] obtain a where
a: "\<forall>xa. a xa \<in> \<rat> \<and> a xa < x \<bullet> xa \<and> x \<bullet> xa - a xa < e'" ..
have "\<forall>i. \<exists>y. y \<in> \<rat> \<and> x \<bullet> i < y \<and> y - x \<bullet> i < e'" (is "\<forall>i. ?th i")
proof
fix i
from Rats_dense_in_real[of "x \<bullet> i" "x \<bullet> i + e'"] e
show "?th i" by auto
qed
from choice[OF this] obtain b where
b: "\<forall>xa. b xa \<in> \<rat> \<and> x \<bullet> xa < b xa \<and> b xa - x \<bullet> xa < e'" ..
let ?a = "\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. a i *\<^sub>R i" and ?b = "\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. b i *\<^sub>R i"
show ?thesis
proof (rule exI[of _ ?a], rule exI[of _ ?b], safe)
fix y :: 'a
assume *: "y \<in> box ?a ?b"
have "dist x y = sqrt (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i))\<^sup>2)"
unfolding L2_set_def[symmetric] by (rule euclidean_dist_l2)
also have "\<dots> < sqrt (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. e^2 / real (DIM('a)))"
proof (rule real_sqrt_less_mono, rule sum_strict_mono)
fix i :: "'a"
assume i: "i \<in> Basis"
have "a i < y\<bullet>i \<and> y\<bullet>i < b i"
using * i by (auto simp: box_def)
moreover have "a i < x\<bullet>i" "x\<bullet>i - a i < e'"
using a by auto
moreover have "x\<bullet>i < b i" "b i - x\<bullet>i < e'"
using b by auto
ultimately have "\<bar>x\<bullet>i - y\<bullet>i\<bar> < 2 * e'"
by auto
then have "dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i) < e/sqrt (real (DIM('a)))"
unfolding e'_def by (auto simp: dist_real_def)
then have "(dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i))\<^sup>2 < (e/sqrt (real (DIM('a))))\<^sup>2"
by (rule power_strict_mono) auto
then show "(dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i))\<^sup>2 < e\<^sup>2 / real DIM('a)"
by (simp add: power_divide)
qed auto
also have "\<dots> = e"
using \<open>0 < e\<close> by simp
finally show "y \<in> ball x e"
by (auto simp: ball_def)
qed (insert a b, auto simp: box_def)
qed
lemma open_UNION_box:
fixes M :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "open M"
defines "a' \<equiv> \<lambda>f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> real \<times> real. (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. fst (f i) *\<^sub>R i)"
defines "b' \<equiv> \<lambda>f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> real \<times> real. (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. snd (f i) *\<^sub>R i)"
defines "I \<equiv> {f\<in>Basis \<rightarrow>\<^sub>E \<rat> \<times> \<rat>. box (a' f) (b' f) \<subseteq> M}"
shows "M = (\<Union>f\<in>I. box (a' f) (b' f))"
proof -
have "x \<in> (\<Union>f\<in>I. box (a' f) (b' f))" if "x \<in> M" for x
proof -
obtain e where e: "e > 0" "ball x e \<subseteq> M"
using openE[OF \<open>open M\<close> \<open>x \<in> M\<close>] by auto
moreover obtain a b where ab:
"x \<in> box a b"
"\<forall>i \<in> Basis. a \<bullet> i \<in> \<rat>"
"\<forall>i\<in>Basis. b \<bullet> i \<in> \<rat>"
"box a b \<subseteq> ball x e"
using rational_boxes[OF e(1)] by metis
ultimately show ?thesis
by (intro UN_I[of "\<lambda>i\<in>Basis. (a \<bullet> i, b \<bullet> i)"])
(auto simp: euclidean_representation I_def a'_def b'_def)
qed
then show ?thesis by (auto simp: I_def)
qed
corollary open_countable_Union_open_box:
fixes S :: "'a :: euclidean_space set"
assumes "open S"
obtains \<D> where "countable \<D>" "\<D> \<subseteq> Pow S" "\<And>X. X \<in> \<D> \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>a b. X = box a b" "\<Union>\<D> = S"
proof -
let ?a = "\<lambda>f. (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. fst (f i) *\<^sub>R i)"
let ?b = "\<lambda>f. (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. snd (f i) *\<^sub>R i)"
let ?I = "{f\<in>Basis \<rightarrow>\<^sub>E \<rat> \<times> \<rat>. box (?a f) (?b f) \<subseteq> S}"
let ?\<D> = "(\<lambda>f. box (?a f) (?b f)) ` ?I"
show ?thesis
proof
have "countable ?I"
by (simp add: countable_PiE countable_rat)
then show "countable ?\<D>"
by blast
show "\<Union>?\<D> = S"
using open_UNION_box [OF assms] by metis
qed auto
qed
lemma rational_cboxes:
fixes x :: "'a::euclidean_space"
assumes "e > 0"
shows "\<exists>a b. (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<in> \<rat> \<and> b \<bullet> i \<in> \<rat>) \<and> x \<in> cbox a b \<and> cbox a b \<subseteq> ball x e"
proof -
define e' where "e' = e / (2 * sqrt (real (DIM ('a))))"
then have e: "e' > 0"
using assms by auto
have "\<forall>i. \<exists>y. y \<in> \<rat> \<and> y < x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i - y < e'" (is "\<forall>i. ?th i")
proof
fix i
from Rats_dense_in_real[of "x \<bullet> i - e'" "x \<bullet> i"] e
show "?th i" by auto
qed
from choice[OF this] obtain a where
a: "\<forall>u. a u \<in> \<rat> \<and> a u < x \<bullet> u \<and> x \<bullet> u - a u < e'" ..
have "\<forall>i. \<exists>y. y \<in> \<rat> \<and> x \<bullet> i < y \<and> y - x \<bullet> i < e'" (is "\<forall>i. ?th i")
proof
fix i
from Rats_dense_in_real[of "x \<bullet> i" "x \<bullet> i + e'"] e
show "?th i" by auto
qed
from choice[OF this] obtain b where
b: "\<forall>u. b u \<in> \<rat> \<and> x \<bullet> u < b u \<and> b u - x \<bullet> u < e'" ..
let ?a = "\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. a i *\<^sub>R i" and ?b = "\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. b i *\<^sub>R i"
show ?thesis
proof (rule exI[of _ ?a], rule exI[of _ ?b], safe)
fix y :: 'a
assume *: "y \<in> cbox ?a ?b"
have "dist x y = sqrt (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i))\<^sup>2)"
unfolding L2_set_def[symmetric] by (rule euclidean_dist_l2)
also have "\<dots> < sqrt (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. e^2 / real (DIM('a)))"
proof (rule real_sqrt_less_mono, rule sum_strict_mono)
fix i :: "'a"
assume i: "i \<in> Basis"
have "a i \<le> y\<bullet>i \<and> y\<bullet>i \<le> b i"
using * i by (auto simp: cbox_def)
moreover have "a i < x\<bullet>i" "x\<bullet>i - a i < e'"
using a by auto
moreover have "x\<bullet>i < b i" "b i - x\<bullet>i < e'"
using b by auto
ultimately have "\<bar>x\<bullet>i - y\<bullet>i\<bar> < 2 * e'"
by auto
then have "dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i) < e/sqrt (real (DIM('a)))"
unfolding e'_def by (auto simp: dist_real_def)
then have "(dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i))\<^sup>2 < (e/sqrt (real (DIM('a))))\<^sup>2"
by (rule power_strict_mono) auto
then show "(dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i))\<^sup>2 < e\<^sup>2 / real DIM('a)"
by (simp add: power_divide)
qed auto
also have "\<dots> = e"
using \<open>0 < e\<close> by simp
finally show "y \<in> ball x e"
by (auto simp: ball_def)
next
show "x \<in> cbox (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. a i *\<^sub>R i) (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. b i *\<^sub>R i)"
using a b less_imp_le by (auto simp: cbox_def)
qed (use a b cbox_def in auto)
qed
lemma open_UNION_cbox:
fixes M :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "open M"
defines "a' \<equiv> \<lambda>f. (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. fst (f i) *\<^sub>R i)"
defines "b' \<equiv> \<lambda>f. (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. snd (f i) *\<^sub>R i)"
defines "I \<equiv> {f\<in>Basis \<rightarrow>\<^sub>E \<rat> \<times> \<rat>. cbox (a' f) (b' f) \<subseteq> M}"
shows "M = (\<Union>f\<in>I. cbox (a' f) (b' f))"
proof -
have "x \<in> (\<Union>f\<in>I. cbox (a' f) (b' f))" if "x \<in> M" for x
proof -
obtain e where e: "e > 0" "ball x e \<subseteq> M"
using openE[OF \<open>open M\<close> \<open>x \<in> M\<close>] by auto
moreover obtain a b where ab: "x \<in> cbox a b" "\<forall>i \<in> Basis. a \<bullet> i \<in> \<rat>"
"\<forall>i \<in> Basis. b \<bullet> i \<in> \<rat>" "cbox a b \<subseteq> ball x e"
using rational_cboxes[OF e(1)] by metis
ultimately show ?thesis
by (intro UN_I[of "\<lambda>i\<in>Basis. (a \<bullet> i, b \<bullet> i)"])
(auto simp: euclidean_representation I_def a'_def b'_def)
qed
then show ?thesis by (auto simp: I_def)
qed
corollary open_countable_Union_open_cbox:
fixes S :: "'a :: euclidean_space set"
assumes "open S"
obtains \<D> where "countable \<D>" "\<D> \<subseteq> Pow S" "\<And>X. X \<in> \<D> \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>a b. X = cbox a b" "\<Union>\<D> = S"
proof -
let ?a = "\<lambda>f. (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. fst (f i) *\<^sub>R i)"
let ?b = "\<lambda>f. (\<Sum>(i::'a)\<in>Basis. snd (f i) *\<^sub>R i)"
let ?I = "{f\<in>Basis \<rightarrow>\<^sub>E \<rat> \<times> \<rat>. cbox (?a f) (?b f) \<subseteq> S}"
let ?\<D> = "(\<lambda>f. cbox (?a f) (?b f)) ` ?I"
show ?thesis
proof
have "countable ?I"
by (simp add: countable_PiE countable_rat)
then show "countable ?\<D>"
by blast
show "\<Union>?\<D> = S"
using open_UNION_cbox [OF assms] by metis
qed auto
qed
lemma box_eq_empty:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "(box a b = {} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>i\<in>Basis. b\<bullet>i \<le> a\<bullet>i))" (is ?th1)
and "(cbox a b = {} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>i\<in>Basis. b\<bullet>i < a\<bullet>i))" (is ?th2)
proof -
{
fix i x
assume i: "i\<in>Basis" and as:"b\<bullet>i \<le> a\<bullet>i" and x:"x\<in>box a b"
then have "a \<bullet> i < x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i < b \<bullet> i"
unfolding mem_box by (auto simp: box_def)
then have "a\<bullet>i < b\<bullet>i" by auto
then have False using as by auto
}
moreover
{
assume as: "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. \<not> (b\<bullet>i \<le> a\<bullet>i)"
let ?x = "(1/2) *\<^sub>R (a + b)"
{
fix i :: 'a
assume i: "i \<in> Basis"
have "a\<bullet>i < b\<bullet>i"
using as[THEN bspec[where x=i]] i by auto
then have "a\<bullet>i < ((1/2) *\<^sub>R (a+b)) \<bullet> i" "((1/2) *\<^sub>R (a+b)) \<bullet> i < b\<bullet>i"
by (auto simp: inner_add_left)
}
then have "box a b \<noteq> {}"
using mem_box(1)[of "?x" a b] by auto
}
ultimately show ?th1 by blast
{
fix i x
assume i: "i \<in> Basis" and as:"b\<bullet>i < a\<bullet>i" and x:"x\<in>cbox a b"
then have "a \<bullet> i \<le> x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i"
unfolding mem_box by auto
then have "a\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i" by auto
then have False using as by auto
}
moreover
{
assume as:"\<forall>i\<in>Basis. \<not> (b\<bullet>i < a\<bullet>i)"
let ?x = "(1/2) *\<^sub>R (a + b)"
{
fix i :: 'a
assume i:"i \<in> Basis"
have "a\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i"
using as[THEN bspec[where x=i]] i by auto
then have "a\<bullet>i \<le> ((1/2) *\<^sub>R (a+b)) \<bullet> i" "((1/2) *\<^sub>R (a+b)) \<bullet> i \<le> b\<bullet>i"
by (auto simp: inner_add_left)
}
then have "cbox a b \<noteq> {}"
using mem_box(2)[of "?x" a b] by auto
}
ultimately show ?th2 by blast
qed
lemma box_ne_empty:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "cbox a b \<noteq> {} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i)"
and "box a b \<noteq> {} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a\<bullet>i < b\<bullet>i)"
unfolding box_eq_empty[of a b] by fastforce+
lemma
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows cbox_sing [simp]: "cbox a a = {a}"
and box_sing [simp]: "box a a = {}"
unfolding set_eq_iff mem_box eq_iff [symmetric]
by (auto intro!: euclidean_eqI[where 'a='a])
(metis all_not_in_conv nonempty_Basis)
lemma subset_box_imp:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "(\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<and> d\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i) \<Longrightarrow> cbox c d \<subseteq> cbox a b"
and "(\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a\<bullet>i < c\<bullet>i \<and> d\<bullet>i < b\<bullet>i) \<Longrightarrow> cbox c d \<subseteq> box a b"
and "(\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<and> d\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i) \<Longrightarrow> box c d \<subseteq> cbox a b"
and "(\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<and> d\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i) \<Longrightarrow> box c d \<subseteq> box a b"
unfolding subset_eq[unfolded Ball_def] unfolding mem_box
by (best intro: order_trans less_le_trans le_less_trans less_imp_le)+
lemma box_subset_cbox:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "box a b \<subseteq> cbox a b"
unfolding subset_eq [unfolded Ball_def] mem_box
by (fast intro: less_imp_le)
lemma subset_box:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "cbox c d \<subseteq> cbox a b \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. c\<bullet>i \<le> d\<bullet>i) \<longrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<and> d\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i)" (is ?th1)
and "cbox c d \<subseteq> box a b \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. c\<bullet>i \<le> d\<bullet>i) \<longrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a\<bullet>i < c\<bullet>i \<and> d\<bullet>i < b\<bullet>i)" (is ?th2)
and "box c d \<subseteq> cbox a b \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. c\<bullet>i < d\<bullet>i) \<longrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<and> d\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i)" (is ?th3)
and "box c d \<subseteq> box a b \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. c\<bullet>i < d\<bullet>i) \<longrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<and> d\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i)" (is ?th4)
proof -
let ?lesscd = "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. c\<bullet>i < d\<bullet>i"
let ?lerhs = "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<and> d\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i"
show ?th1 ?th2
by (fastforce simp: mem_box)+
have acdb: "a\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<and> d\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i"
if i: "i \<in> Basis" and box: "box c d \<subseteq> cbox a b" and cd: "\<And>i. i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> c\<bullet>i < d\<bullet>i" for i
proof -
have "box c d \<noteq> {}"
using that
unfolding box_eq_empty by force
{ let ?x = "(\<Sum>j\<in>Basis. (if j=i then ((min (a\<bullet>j) (d\<bullet>j))+c\<bullet>j)/2 else (c\<bullet>j+d\<bullet>j)/2) *\<^sub>R j)::'a"
assume *: "a\<bullet>i > c\<bullet>i"
then have "c \<bullet> j < ?x \<bullet> j \<and> ?x \<bullet> j < d \<bullet> j" if "j \<in> Basis" for j
using cd that by (fastforce simp add: i *)
then have "?x \<in> box c d"
unfolding mem_box by auto
moreover have "?x \<notin> cbox a b"
using i cd * by (force simp: mem_box)
ultimately have False using box by auto
}
then have "a\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i" by force
moreover
{ let ?x = "(\<Sum>j\<in>Basis. (if j=i then ((max (b\<bullet>j) (c\<bullet>j))+d\<bullet>j)/2 else (c\<bullet>j+d\<bullet>j)/2) *\<^sub>R j)::'a"
assume *: "b\<bullet>i < d\<bullet>i"
then have "d \<bullet> j > ?x \<bullet> j \<and> ?x \<bullet> j > c \<bullet> j" if "j \<in> Basis" for j
using cd that by (fastforce simp add: i *)
then have "?x \<in> box c d"
unfolding mem_box by auto
moreover have "?x \<notin> cbox a b"
using i cd * by (force simp: mem_box)
ultimately have False using box by auto
}
then have "b\<bullet>i \<ge> d\<bullet>i" by (rule ccontr) auto
ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed
show ?th3
using acdb by (fastforce simp add: mem_box)
have acdb': "a\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<and> d\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i"
if "i \<in> Basis" "box c d \<subseteq> box a b" "\<And>i. i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> c\<bullet>i < d\<bullet>i" for i
using box_subset_cbox[of a b] that acdb by auto
show ?th4
using acdb' by (fastforce simp add: mem_box)
qed
lemma eq_cbox: "cbox a b = cbox c d \<longleftrightarrow> cbox a b = {} \<and> cbox c d = {} \<or> a = c \<and> b = d"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
then have "cbox a b \<subseteq> cbox c d" "cbox c d \<subseteq> cbox a b"
by auto
then show ?rhs
by (force simp: subset_box box_eq_empty intro: antisym euclidean_eqI)
next
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs
by force
qed
lemma eq_cbox_box [simp]: "cbox a b = box c d \<longleftrightarrow> cbox a b = {} \<and> box c d = {}"
(is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
proof
assume L: ?lhs
then have "cbox a b \<subseteq> box c d" "box c d \<subseteq> cbox a b"
by auto
then show ?rhs
apply (simp add: subset_box)
using L box_ne_empty box_sing apply (fastforce simp add:)
done
qed force
lemma eq_box_cbox [simp]: "box a b = cbox c d \<longleftrightarrow> box a b = {} \<and> cbox c d = {}"
by (metis eq_cbox_box)
lemma eq_box: "box a b = box c d \<longleftrightarrow> box a b = {} \<and> box c d = {} \<or> a = c \<and> b = d"
(is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
proof
assume L: ?lhs
then have "box a b \<subseteq> box c d" "box c d \<subseteq> box a b"
by auto
then show ?rhs
apply (simp add: subset_box)
using box_ne_empty(2) L
apply auto
apply (meson euclidean_eqI less_eq_real_def not_less)+
done
qed force
lemma subset_box_complex:
"cbox a b \<subseteq> cbox c d \<longleftrightarrow>
(Re a \<le> Re b \<and> Im a \<le> Im b) \<longrightarrow> Re a \<ge> Re c \<and> Im a \<ge> Im c \<and> Re b \<le> Re d \<and> Im b \<le> Im d"
"cbox a b \<subseteq> box c d \<longleftrightarrow>
(Re a \<le> Re b \<and> Im a \<le> Im b) \<longrightarrow> Re a > Re c \<and> Im a > Im c \<and> Re b < Re d \<and> Im b < Im d"
"box a b \<subseteq> cbox c d \<longleftrightarrow>
(Re a < Re b \<and> Im a < Im b) \<longrightarrow> Re a \<ge> Re c \<and> Im a \<ge> Im c \<and> Re b \<le> Re d \<and> Im b \<le> Im d"
"box a b \<subseteq> box c d \<longleftrightarrow>
(Re a < Re b \<and> Im a < Im b) \<longrightarrow> Re a \<ge> Re c \<and> Im a \<ge> Im c \<and> Re b \<le> Re d \<and> Im b \<le> Im d"
by (subst subset_box; force simp: Basis_complex_def)+
lemma Int_interval:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "cbox a b \<inter> cbox c d =
cbox (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. max (a\<bullet>i) (c\<bullet>i) *\<^sub>R i) (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. min (b\<bullet>i) (d\<bullet>i) *\<^sub>R i)"
unfolding set_eq_iff and Int_iff and mem_box
by auto
lemma disjoint_interval:
fixes a::"'a::euclidean_space"
shows "cbox a b \<inter> cbox c d = {} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>i\<in>Basis. (b\<bullet>i < a\<bullet>i \<or> d\<bullet>i < c\<bullet>i \<or> b\<bullet>i < c\<bullet>i \<or> d\<bullet>i < a\<bullet>i))" (is ?th1)
and "cbox a b \<inter> box c d = {} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>i\<in>Basis. (b\<bullet>i < a\<bullet>i \<or> d\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<or> b\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<or> d\<bullet>i \<le> a\<bullet>i))" (is ?th2)
and "box a b \<inter> cbox c d = {} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>i\<in>Basis. (b\<bullet>i \<le> a\<bullet>i \<or> d\<bullet>i < c\<bullet>i \<or> b\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<or> d\<bullet>i \<le> a\<bullet>i))" (is ?th3)
and "box a b \<inter> box c d = {} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>i\<in>Basis. (b\<bullet>i \<le> a\<bullet>i \<or> d\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<or> b\<bullet>i \<le> c\<bullet>i \<or> d\<bullet>i \<le> a\<bullet>i))" (is ?th4)
proof -
let ?z = "(\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (((max (a\<bullet>i) (c\<bullet>i)) + (min (b\<bullet>i) (d\<bullet>i))) / 2) *\<^sub>R i)::'a"
have **: "\<And>P Q. (\<And>i :: 'a. i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> Q ?z i \<Longrightarrow> P i) \<Longrightarrow>
(\<And>i x :: 'a. i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> P i \<Longrightarrow> Q x i) \<Longrightarrow> (\<forall>x. \<exists>i\<in>Basis. Q x i) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>i\<in>Basis. P i)"
by blast
note * = set_eq_iff Int_iff empty_iff mem_box ball_conj_distrib[symmetric] eq_False ball_simps(10)
show ?th1 unfolding * by (intro **) auto
show ?th2 unfolding * by (intro **) auto
show ?th3 unfolding * by (intro **) auto
show ?th4 unfolding * by (intro **) auto
qed
lemma UN_box_eq_UNIV: "(\<Union>i::nat. box (- (real i *\<^sub>R One)) (real i *\<^sub>R One)) = UNIV"
proof -
have "\<bar>x \<bullet> b\<bar> < real_of_int (\<lceil>Max ((\<lambda>b. \<bar>x \<bullet> b\<bar>)`Basis)\<rceil> + 1)"
if [simp]: "b \<in> Basis" for x b :: 'a
proof -
have "\<bar>x \<bullet> b\<bar> \<le> real_of_int \<lceil>\<bar>x \<bullet> b\<bar>\<rceil>"
by (rule le_of_int_ceiling)
also have "\<dots> \<le> real_of_int \<lceil>Max ((\<lambda>b. \<bar>x \<bullet> b\<bar>)`Basis)\<rceil>"
by (auto intro!: ceiling_mono)
also have "\<dots> < real_of_int (\<lceil>Max ((\<lambda>b. \<bar>x \<bullet> b\<bar>)`Basis)\<rceil> + 1)"
by simp
finally show ?thesis .
qed
then have "\<exists>n::nat. \<forall>b\<in>Basis. \<bar>x \<bullet> b\<bar> < real n" for x :: 'a
by (metis order.strict_trans reals_Archimedean2)
moreover have "\<And>x b::'a. \<And>n::nat. \<bar>x \<bullet> b\<bar> < real n \<longleftrightarrow> - real n < x \<bullet> b \<and> x \<bullet> b < real n"
by auto
ultimately show ?thesis
by (auto simp: box_def inner_sum_left inner_Basis sum.If_cases)
qed
lemma image_affinity_cbox: fixes m::real
fixes a b c :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "(\<lambda>x. m *\<^sub>R x + c) ` cbox a b =
(if cbox a b = {} then {}
else (if 0 \<le> m then cbox (m *\<^sub>R a + c) (m *\<^sub>R b + c)
else cbox (m *\<^sub>R b + c) (m *\<^sub>R a + c)))"
proof (cases "m = 0")
case True
{
fix x
assume "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. x \<bullet> i \<le> c \<bullet> i" "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. c \<bullet> i \<le> x \<bullet> i"
then have "x = c"
by (simp add: dual_order.antisym euclidean_eqI)
}
moreover have "c \<in> cbox (m *\<^sub>R a + c) (m *\<^sub>R b + c)"
unfolding True by (auto simp: cbox_sing)
ultimately show ?thesis using True by (auto simp: cbox_def)
next
case False
{
fix y
assume "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<le> y \<bullet> i" "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. y \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i" "m > 0"
then have "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. (m *\<^sub>R a + c) \<bullet> i \<le> (m *\<^sub>R y + c) \<bullet> i" and "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. (m *\<^sub>R y + c) \<bullet> i \<le> (m *\<^sub>R b + c) \<bullet> i"
by (auto simp: inner_distrib)
}
moreover
{
fix y
assume "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<le> y \<bullet> i" "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. y \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i" "m < 0"
then have "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. (m *\<^sub>R b + c) \<bullet> i \<le> (m *\<^sub>R y + c) \<bullet> i" and "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. (m *\<^sub>R y + c) \<bullet> i \<le> (m *\<^sub>R a + c) \<bullet> i"
by (auto simp: mult_left_mono_neg inner_distrib)
}
moreover
{
fix y
assume "m > 0" and "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. (m *\<^sub>R a + c) \<bullet> i \<le> y \<bullet> i" and "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. y \<bullet> i \<le> (m *\<^sub>R b + c) \<bullet> i"
then have "y \<in> (\<lambda>x. m *\<^sub>R x + c) ` cbox a b"
unfolding image_iff Bex_def mem_box
apply (intro exI[where x="(1 / m) *\<^sub>R (y - c)"])
apply (auto simp: pos_le_divide_eq pos_divide_le_eq mult.commute inner_distrib inner_diff_left)
done
}
moreover
{
fix y
assume "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. (m *\<^sub>R b + c) \<bullet> i \<le> y \<bullet> i" "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. y \<bullet> i \<le> (m *\<^sub>R a + c) \<bullet> i" "m < 0"
then have "y \<in> (\<lambda>x. m *\<^sub>R x + c) ` cbox a b"
unfolding image_iff Bex_def mem_box
apply (intro exI[where x="(1 / m) *\<^sub>R (y - c)"])
apply (auto simp: neg_le_divide_eq neg_divide_le_eq mult.commute inner_distrib inner_diff_left)
done
}
ultimately show ?thesis using False by (auto simp: cbox_def)
qed
lemma image_smult_cbox:"(\<lambda>x. m *\<^sub>R (x::_::euclidean_space)) ` cbox a b =
(if cbox a b = {} then {} else if 0 \<le> m then cbox (m *\<^sub>R a) (m *\<^sub>R b) else cbox (m *\<^sub>R b) (m *\<^sub>R a))"
using image_affinity_cbox[of m 0 a b] by auto
lemma swap_continuous:
assumes "continuous_on (cbox (a,c) (b,d)) (\<lambda>(x,y). f x y)"
shows "continuous_on (cbox (c,a) (d,b)) (\<lambda>(x, y). f y x)"
proof -
have "(\<lambda>(x, y). f y x) = (\<lambda>(x, y). f x y) \<circ> prod.swap"
by auto
then show ?thesis
apply (rule ssubst)
apply (rule continuous_on_compose)
apply (simp add: split_def)
apply (rule continuous_intros | simp add: assms)+
done
qed
subsection \<open>General Intervals\<close>
definition%important "is_interval (s::('a::euclidean_space) set) \<longleftrightarrow>
(\<forall>a\<in>s. \<forall>b\<in>s. \<forall>x. (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. ((a\<bullet>i \<le> x\<bullet>i \<and> x\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i) \<or> (b\<bullet>i \<le> x\<bullet>i \<and> x\<bullet>i \<le> a\<bullet>i))) \<longrightarrow> x \<in> s)"
lemma is_interval_1:
"is_interval (s::real set) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>a\<in>s. \<forall>b\<in>s. \<forall> x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> x \<in> s)"
unfolding is_interval_def by auto
lemma is_interval_inter: "is_interval X \<Longrightarrow> is_interval Y \<Longrightarrow> is_interval (X \<inter> Y)"
unfolding is_interval_def
by blast
lemma is_interval_cbox [simp]: "is_interval (cbox a (b::'a::euclidean_space))" (is ?th1)
and is_interval_box [simp]: "is_interval (box a b)" (is ?th2)
unfolding is_interval_def mem_box Ball_def atLeastAtMost_iff
by (meson order_trans le_less_trans less_le_trans less_trans)+
lemma is_interval_empty [iff]: "is_interval {}"
unfolding is_interval_def by simp
lemma is_interval_univ [iff]: "is_interval UNIV"
unfolding is_interval_def by simp
lemma mem_is_intervalI:
assumes "is_interval s"
and "a \<in> s" "b \<in> s"
and "\<And>i. i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> a \<bullet> i \<le> x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i \<or> b \<bullet> i \<le> x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i \<le> a \<bullet> i"
shows "x \<in> s"
by (rule assms(1)[simplified is_interval_def, rule_format, OF assms(2,3,4)])
lemma interval_subst:
fixes S::"'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "is_interval S"
and "x \<in> S" "y j \<in> S"
and "j \<in> Basis"
shows "(\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (if i = j then y i \<bullet> i else x \<bullet> i) *\<^sub>R i) \<in> S"
by (rule mem_is_intervalI[OF assms(1,2)]) (auto simp: assms)
lemma mem_box_componentwiseI:
fixes S::"'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "is_interval S"
assumes "\<And>i. i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> x \<bullet> i \<in> ((\<lambda>x. x \<bullet> i) ` S)"
shows "x \<in> S"
proof -
from assms have "\<forall>i \<in> Basis. \<exists>s \<in> S. x \<bullet> i = s \<bullet> i"
by auto
with finite_Basis obtain s and bs::"'a list"
where s: "\<And>i. i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> x \<bullet> i = s i \<bullet> i" "\<And>i. i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> s i \<in> S"
and bs: "set bs = Basis" "distinct bs"
by (metis finite_distinct_list)
from nonempty_Basis s obtain j where j: "j \<in> Basis" "s j \<in> S"
by blast
define y where
"y = rec_list (s j) (\<lambda>j _ Y. (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (if i = j then s i \<bullet> i else Y \<bullet> i) *\<^sub>R i))"
have "x = (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (if i \<in> set bs then s i \<bullet> i else s j \<bullet> i) *\<^sub>R i)"
using bs by (auto simp: s(1)[symmetric] euclidean_representation)
also have [symmetric]: "y bs = \<dots>"
using bs(2) bs(1)[THEN equalityD1]
by (induct bs) (auto simp: y_def euclidean_representation intro!: euclidean_eqI[where 'a='a])
also have "y bs \<in> S"
using bs(1)[THEN equalityD1]
apply (induct bs)
apply (auto simp: y_def j)
apply (rule interval_subst[OF assms(1)])
apply (auto simp: s)
done
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma cbox01_nonempty [simp]: "cbox 0 One \<noteq> {}"
by (simp add: box_ne_empty inner_Basis inner_sum_left sum_nonneg)
lemma box01_nonempty [simp]: "box 0 One \<noteq> {}"
by (simp add: box_ne_empty inner_Basis inner_sum_left)
lemma empty_as_interval: "{} = cbox One (0::'a::euclidean_space)"
using nonempty_Basis box01_nonempty box_eq_empty(1) box_ne_empty(1) by blast
lemma interval_subset_is_interval:
assumes "is_interval S"
shows "cbox a b \<subseteq> S \<longleftrightarrow> cbox a b = {} \<or> a \<in> S \<and> b \<in> S" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
then show ?rhs using box_ne_empty(1) mem_box(2) by fastforce
next
assume ?rhs
have "cbox a b \<subseteq> S" if "a \<in> S" "b \<in> S"
using assms unfolding is_interval_def
apply (clarsimp simp add: mem_box)
using that by blast
with \<open>?rhs\<close> show ?lhs
by blast
qed
lemma is_real_interval_union:
"is_interval (X \<union> Y)"
if X: "is_interval X" and Y: "is_interval Y" and I: "(X \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> Y \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> X \<inter> Y \<noteq> {})"
for X Y::"real set"
proof -
consider "X \<noteq> {}" "Y \<noteq> {}" | "X = {}" | "Y = {}" by blast
then show ?thesis
proof cases
case 1
then obtain r where "r \<in> X \<or> X \<inter> Y = {}" "r \<in> Y \<or> X \<inter> Y = {}"
by blast
then show ?thesis
using I 1 X Y unfolding is_interval_1
by (metis (full_types) Un_iff le_cases)
qed (use that in auto)
qed
lemma is_interval_translationI:
assumes "is_interval X"
shows "is_interval ((+) x ` X)"
unfolding is_interval_def
proof safe
fix b d e
assume "b \<in> X" "d \<in> X"
"\<forall>i\<in>Basis. (x + b) \<bullet> i \<le> e \<bullet> i \<and> e \<bullet> i \<le> (x + d) \<bullet> i \<or>
(x + d) \<bullet> i \<le> e \<bullet> i \<and> e \<bullet> i \<le> (x + b) \<bullet> i"
hence "e - x \<in> X"
by (intro mem_is_intervalI[OF assms \<open>b \<in> X\<close> \<open>d \<in> X\<close>, of "e - x"])
(auto simp: algebra_simps)
thus "e \<in> (+) x ` X" by force
qed
lemma is_interval_uminusI:
assumes "is_interval X"
shows "is_interval (uminus ` X)"
unfolding is_interval_def
proof safe
fix b d e
assume "b \<in> X" "d \<in> X"
"\<forall>i\<in>Basis. (- b) \<bullet> i \<le> e \<bullet> i \<and> e \<bullet> i \<le> (- d) \<bullet> i \<or>
(- d) \<bullet> i \<le> e \<bullet> i \<and> e \<bullet> i \<le> (- b) \<bullet> i"
hence "- e \<in> X"
by (intro mem_is_intervalI[OF assms \<open>b \<in> X\<close> \<open>d \<in> X\<close>, of "- e"])
(auto simp: algebra_simps)
thus "e \<in> uminus ` X" by force
qed
lemma is_interval_uminus[simp]: "is_interval (uminus ` x) = is_interval x"
using is_interval_uminusI[of x] is_interval_uminusI[of "uminus ` x"]
by (auto simp: image_image)
lemma is_interval_neg_translationI:
assumes "is_interval X"
shows "is_interval ((-) x ` X)"
proof -
have "(-) x ` X = (+) x ` uminus ` X"
by (force simp: algebra_simps)
also have "is_interval \<dots>"
by (metis is_interval_uminusI is_interval_translationI assms)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma is_interval_translation[simp]:
"is_interval ((+) x ` X) = is_interval X"
using is_interval_neg_translationI[of "(+) x ` X" x]
by (auto intro!: is_interval_translationI simp: image_image)
lemma is_interval_minus_translation[simp]:
shows "is_interval ((-) x ` X) = is_interval X"
proof -
have "(-) x ` X = (+) x ` uminus ` X"
by (force simp: algebra_simps)
also have "is_interval \<dots> = is_interval X"
by simp
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma is_interval_minus_translation'[simp]:
shows "is_interval ((\<lambda>x. x - c) ` X) = is_interval X"
using is_interval_translation[of "-c" X]
by (metis image_cong uminus_add_conv_diff)
subsection%unimportant \<open>Bounded Projections\<close>
lemma bounded_inner_imp_bdd_above:
assumes "bounded s"
shows "bdd_above ((\<lambda>x. x \<bullet> a) ` s)"
by (simp add: assms bounded_imp_bdd_above bounded_linear_image bounded_linear_inner_left)
lemma bounded_inner_imp_bdd_below:
assumes "bounded s"
shows "bdd_below ((\<lambda>x. x \<bullet> a) ` s)"
by (simp add: assms bounded_imp_bdd_below bounded_linear_image bounded_linear_inner_left)
subsection%unimportant \<open>Structural rules for pointwise continuity\<close>
lemma continuous_infnorm[continuous_intros]:
"continuous F f \<Longrightarrow> continuous F (\<lambda>x. infnorm (f x))"
unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_infnorm)
lemma continuous_inner[continuous_intros]:
assumes "continuous F f"
and "continuous F g"
shows "continuous F (\<lambda>x. inner (f x) (g x))"
using assms unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_inner)
subsection%unimportant \<open>Structural rules for setwise continuity\<close>
lemma continuous_on_infnorm[continuous_intros]:
"continuous_on s f \<Longrightarrow> continuous_on s (\<lambda>x. infnorm (f x))"
unfolding continuous_on by (fast intro: tendsto_infnorm)
lemma continuous_on_inner[continuous_intros]:
fixes g :: "'a::topological_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_inner"
assumes "continuous_on s f"
and "continuous_on s g"
shows "continuous_on s (\<lambda>x. inner (f x) (g x))"
using bounded_bilinear_inner assms
by (rule bounded_bilinear.continuous_on)
subsection%unimportant \<open>Openness of halfspaces.\<close>
lemma open_halfspace_lt: "open {x. inner a x < b}"
by (simp add: open_Collect_less continuous_on_inner continuous_on_const continuous_on_id)
lemma open_halfspace_gt: "open {x. inner a x > b}"
by (simp add: open_Collect_less continuous_on_inner continuous_on_const continuous_on_id)
lemma open_halfspace_component_lt: "open {x::'a::euclidean_space. x\<bullet>i < a}"
by (simp add: open_Collect_less continuous_on_inner continuous_on_const continuous_on_id)
lemma open_halfspace_component_gt: "open {x::'a::euclidean_space. x\<bullet>i > a}"
by (simp add: open_Collect_less continuous_on_inner continuous_on_const continuous_on_id)
lemma eucl_less_eq_halfspaces:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "{x. x <e a} = (\<Inter>i\<in>Basis. {x. x \<bullet> i < a \<bullet> i})"
"{x. a <e x} = (\<Inter>i\<in>Basis. {x. a \<bullet> i < x \<bullet> i})"
by (auto simp: eucl_less_def)
lemma open_Collect_eucl_less[simp, intro]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "open {x. x <e a}" "open {x. a <e x}"
by (auto simp: eucl_less_eq_halfspaces open_halfspace_component_lt open_halfspace_component_gt)
subsection%unimportant \<open>Closure of halfspaces and hyperplanes\<close>
lemma continuous_at_inner: "continuous (at x) (inner a)"
unfolding continuous_at by (intro tendsto_intros)
lemma closed_halfspace_le: "closed {x. inner a x \<le> b}"
by (simp add: closed_Collect_le continuous_on_inner continuous_on_const continuous_on_id)
lemma closed_halfspace_ge: "closed {x. inner a x \<ge> b}"
by (simp add: closed_Collect_le continuous_on_inner continuous_on_const continuous_on_id)
lemma closed_hyperplane: "closed {x. inner a x = b}"
by (simp add: closed_Collect_eq continuous_on_inner continuous_on_const continuous_on_id)
lemma closed_halfspace_component_le: "closed {x::'a::euclidean_space. x\<bullet>i \<le> a}"
by (simp add: closed_Collect_le continuous_on_inner continuous_on_const continuous_on_id)
lemma closed_halfspace_component_ge: "closed {x::'a::euclidean_space. x\<bullet>i \<ge> a}"
by (simp add: closed_Collect_le continuous_on_inner continuous_on_const continuous_on_id)
lemma closed_interval_left:
fixes b :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "closed {x::'a. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. x\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i}"
by (simp add: Collect_ball_eq closed_INT closed_Collect_le continuous_on_inner continuous_on_const continuous_on_id)
lemma closed_interval_right:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "closed {x::'a. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. a\<bullet>i \<le> x\<bullet>i}"
by (simp add: Collect_ball_eq closed_INT closed_Collect_le continuous_on_inner continuous_on_const continuous_on_id)
subsection%unimportant\<open>Some more convenient intermediate-value theorem formulations\<close>
lemma connected_ivt_hyperplane:
assumes "connected S" and xy: "x \<in> S" "y \<in> S" and b: "inner a x \<le> b" "b \<le> inner a y"
shows "\<exists>z \<in> S. inner a z = b"
proof (rule ccontr)
assume as:"\<not> (\<exists>z\<in>S. inner a z = b)"
let ?A = "{x. inner a x < b}"
let ?B = "{x. inner a x > b}"
have "open ?A" "open ?B"
using open_halfspace_lt and open_halfspace_gt by auto
moreover have "?A \<inter> ?B = {}" by auto
moreover have "S \<subseteq> ?A \<union> ?B" using as by auto
ultimately show False
using \<open>connected S\<close>[unfolded connected_def not_ex,
THEN spec[where x="?A"], THEN spec[where x="?B"]]
using xy b by auto
qed
lemma connected_ivt_component:
fixes x::"'a::euclidean_space"
shows "connected S \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> x\<bullet>k \<le> a \<Longrightarrow> a \<le> y\<bullet>k \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>z\<in>S. z\<bullet>k = a)"
using connected_ivt_hyperplane[of S x y "k::'a" a]
by (auto simp: inner_commute)
subsection \<open>Limit Component Bounds\<close>
lemma Lim_component_le:
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) net"
and "\<not> (trivial_limit net)"
and "eventually (\<lambda>x. f(x)\<bullet>i \<le> b) net"
shows "l\<bullet>i \<le> b"
by (rule tendsto_le[OF assms(2) tendsto_const tendsto_inner[OF assms(1) tendsto_const] assms(3)])
lemma Lim_component_ge:
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) net"
and "\<not> (trivial_limit net)"
and "eventually (\<lambda>x. b \<le> (f x)\<bullet>i) net"
shows "b \<le> l\<bullet>i"
by (rule tendsto_le[OF assms(2) tendsto_inner[OF assms(1) tendsto_const] tendsto_const assms(3)])
lemma Lim_component_eq:
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes net: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) net" "\<not> trivial_limit net"
and ev:"eventually (\<lambda>x. f(x)\<bullet>i = b) net"
shows "l\<bullet>i = b"
using ev[unfolded order_eq_iff eventually_conj_iff]
using Lim_component_ge[OF net, of b i]
using Lim_component_le[OF net, of i b]
by auto
lemma open_box[intro]: "open (box a b)"
proof -
have "open (\<Inter>i\<in>Basis. ((\<bullet>) i) -` {a \<bullet> i <..< b \<bullet> i})"
by (auto intro!: continuous_open_vimage continuous_inner continuous_ident continuous_const)
also have "(\<Inter>i\<in>Basis. ((\<bullet>) i) -` {a \<bullet> i <..< b \<bullet> i}) = box a b"
by (auto simp: box_def inner_commute)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma closed_cbox[intro]:
fixes a b :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "closed (cbox a b)"
proof -
have "closed (\<Inter>i\<in>Basis. (\<lambda>x. x\<bullet>i) -` {a\<bullet>i .. b\<bullet>i})"
by (intro closed_INT ballI continuous_closed_vimage allI
linear_continuous_at closed_real_atLeastAtMost finite_Basis bounded_linear_inner_left)
also have "(\<Inter>i\<in>Basis. (\<lambda>x. x\<bullet>i) -` {a\<bullet>i .. b\<bullet>i}) = cbox a b"
by (auto simp: cbox_def)
finally show "closed (cbox a b)" .
qed
lemma interior_cbox [simp]:
fixes a b :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "interior (cbox a b) = box a b" (is "?L = ?R")
proof(rule subset_antisym)
show "?R \<subseteq> ?L"
using box_subset_cbox open_box
by (rule interior_maximal)
{
fix x
assume "x \<in> interior (cbox a b)"
then obtain s where s: "open s" "x \<in> s" "s \<subseteq> cbox a b" ..
then obtain e where "e>0" and e:"\<forall>x'. dist x' x < e \<longrightarrow> x' \<in> cbox a b"
unfolding open_dist and subset_eq by auto
{
fix i :: 'a
assume i: "i \<in> Basis"
have "dist (x - (e / 2) *\<^sub>R i) x < e"
and "dist (x + (e / 2) *\<^sub>R i) x < e"
unfolding dist_norm
apply auto
unfolding norm_minus_cancel
using norm_Basis[OF i] \<open>e>0\<close>
apply auto
done
then have "a \<bullet> i \<le> (x - (e / 2) *\<^sub>R i) \<bullet> i" and "(x + (e / 2) *\<^sub>R i) \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i"
using e[THEN spec[where x="x - (e/2) *\<^sub>R i"]]
and e[THEN spec[where x="x + (e/2) *\<^sub>R i"]]
unfolding mem_box
using i
by blast+
then have "a \<bullet> i < x \<bullet> i" and "x \<bullet> i < b \<bullet> i"
using \<open>e>0\<close> i
by (auto simp: inner_diff_left inner_Basis inner_add_left)
}
then have "x \<in> box a b"
unfolding mem_box by auto
}
then show "?L \<subseteq> ?R" ..
qed
lemma bounded_cbox [simp]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "bounded (cbox a b)"
proof -
let ?b = "\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. \<bar>a\<bullet>i\<bar> + \<bar>b\<bullet>i\<bar>"
{
fix x :: "'a"
assume "\<And>i. i\<in>Basis \<Longrightarrow> a \<bullet> i \<le> x \<bullet> i \<and> x \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i"
then have "(\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. \<bar>x \<bullet> i\<bar>) \<le> ?b"
by (force simp: intro!: sum_mono)
then have "norm x \<le> ?b"
using norm_le_l1[of x] by auto
}
then show ?thesis
unfolding cbox_def bounded_iff by force
qed
lemma bounded_box [simp]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "bounded (box a b)"
using bounded_cbox[of a b] box_subset_cbox[of a b] bounded_subset[of "cbox a b" "box a b"]
by simp
lemma not_interval_UNIV [simp]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "cbox a b \<noteq> UNIV" "box a b \<noteq> UNIV"
using bounded_box[of a b] bounded_cbox[of a b] by force+
lemma not_interval_UNIV2 [simp]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "UNIV \<noteq> cbox a b" "UNIV \<noteq> box a b"
using bounded_box[of a b] bounded_cbox[of a b] by force+
lemma box_midpoint:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
assumes "box a b \<noteq> {}"
shows "((1/2) *\<^sub>R (a + b)) \<in> box a b"
proof -
have "a \<bullet> i < ((1 / 2) *\<^sub>R (a + b)) \<bullet> i \<and> ((1 / 2) *\<^sub>R (a + b)) \<bullet> i < b \<bullet> i" if "i \<in> Basis" for i
using assms that by (auto simp: inner_add_left box_ne_empty)
then show ?thesis unfolding mem_box by auto
qed
lemma open_cbox_convex:
fixes x :: "'a::euclidean_space"
assumes x: "x \<in> box a b"
and y: "y \<in> cbox a b"
and e: "0 < e" "e \<le> 1"
shows "(e *\<^sub>R x + (1 - e) *\<^sub>R y) \<in> box a b"
proof -
{
fix i :: 'a
assume i: "i \<in> Basis"
have "a \<bullet> i = e * (a \<bullet> i) + (1 - e) * (a \<bullet> i)"
unfolding left_diff_distrib by simp
also have "\<dots> < e * (x \<bullet> i) + (1 - e) * (y \<bullet> i)"
proof (rule add_less_le_mono)
show "e * (a \<bullet> i) < e * (x \<bullet> i)"
using \<open>0 < e\<close> i mem_box(1) x by auto
show "(1 - e) * (a \<bullet> i) \<le> (1 - e) * (y \<bullet> i)"
by (meson diff_ge_0_iff_ge \<open>e \<le> 1\<close> i mem_box(2) mult_left_mono y)
qed
finally have "a \<bullet> i < (e *\<^sub>R x + (1 - e) *\<^sub>R y) \<bullet> i"
unfolding inner_simps by auto
moreover
{
have "b \<bullet> i = e * (b\<bullet>i) + (1 - e) * (b\<bullet>i)"
unfolding left_diff_distrib by simp
also have "\<dots> > e * (x \<bullet> i) + (1 - e) * (y \<bullet> i)"
proof (rule add_less_le_mono)
show "e * (x \<bullet> i) < e * (b \<bullet> i)"
using \<open>0 < e\<close> i mem_box(1) x by auto
show "(1 - e) * (y \<bullet> i) \<le> (1 - e) * (b \<bullet> i)"
by (meson diff_ge_0_iff_ge \<open>e \<le> 1\<close> i mem_box(2) mult_left_mono y)
qed
finally have "(e *\<^sub>R x + (1 - e) *\<^sub>R y) \<bullet> i < b \<bullet> i"
unfolding inner_simps by auto
}
ultimately have "a \<bullet> i < (e *\<^sub>R x + (1 - e) *\<^sub>R y) \<bullet> i \<and> (e *\<^sub>R x + (1 - e) *\<^sub>R y) \<bullet> i < b \<bullet> i"
by auto
}
then show ?thesis
unfolding mem_box by auto
qed
lemma closure_cbox [simp]: "closure (cbox a b) = cbox a b"
by (simp add: closed_cbox)
lemma closure_box [simp]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
assumes "box a b \<noteq> {}"
shows "closure (box a b) = cbox a b"
proof -
have ab: "a <e b"
using assms by (simp add: eucl_less_def box_ne_empty)
let ?c = "(1 / 2) *\<^sub>R (a + b)"
{
fix x
assume as:"x \<in> cbox a b"
define f where [abs_def]: "f n = x + (inverse (real n + 1)) *\<^sub>R (?c - x)" for n
{
fix n
assume fn: "f n <e b \<longrightarrow> a <e f n \<longrightarrow> f n = x" and xc: "x \<noteq> ?c"
have *: "0 < inverse (real n + 1)" "inverse (real n + 1) \<le> 1"
unfolding inverse_le_1_iff by auto
have "(inverse (real n + 1)) *\<^sub>R ((1 / 2) *\<^sub>R (a + b)) + (1 - inverse (real n + 1)) *\<^sub>R x =
x + (inverse (real n + 1)) *\<^sub>R (((1 / 2) *\<^sub>R (a + b)) - x)"
by (auto simp: algebra_simps)
then have "f n <e b" and "a <e f n"
using open_cbox_convex[OF box_midpoint[OF assms] as *]
unfolding f_def by (auto simp: box_def eucl_less_def)
then have False
using fn unfolding f_def using xc by auto
}
moreover
{
assume "\<not> (f \<longlongrightarrow> x) sequentially"
{
fix e :: real
assume "e > 0"
then obtain N :: nat where N: "inverse (real (N + 1)) < e"
using reals_Archimedean by auto
have "inverse (real n + 1) < e" if "N \<le> n" for n
by (auto intro!: that le_less_trans [OF _ N])
then have "\<exists>N::nat. \<forall>n\<ge>N. inverse (real n + 1) < e" by auto
}
then have "((\<lambda>n. inverse (real n + 1)) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) sequentially"
unfolding lim_sequentially by(auto simp: dist_norm)
then have "(f \<longlongrightarrow> x) sequentially"
unfolding f_def
using tendsto_add[OF tendsto_const, of "\<lambda>n::nat. (inverse (real n + 1)) *\<^sub>R ((1 / 2) *\<^sub>R (a + b) - x)" 0 sequentially x]
using tendsto_scaleR [OF _ tendsto_const, of "\<lambda>n::nat. inverse (real n + 1)" 0 sequentially "((1 / 2) *\<^sub>R (a + b) - x)"]
by auto
}
ultimately have "x \<in> closure (box a b)"
using as box_midpoint[OF assms]
unfolding closure_def islimpt_sequential
by (cases "x=?c") (auto simp: in_box_eucl_less)
}
then show ?thesis
using closure_minimal[OF box_subset_cbox, of a b] by blast
qed
lemma bounded_subset_box_symmetric:
fixes S :: "('a::euclidean_space) set"
assumes "bounded S"
obtains a where "S \<subseteq> box (-a) a"
proof -
obtain b where "b>0" and b: "\<forall>x\<in>S. norm x \<le> b"
using assms[unfolded bounded_pos] by auto
define a :: 'a where "a = (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (b + 1) *\<^sub>R i)"
have "(-a)\<bullet>i < x\<bullet>i" and "x\<bullet>i < a\<bullet>i" if "x \<in> S" and i: "i \<in> Basis" for x i
using b Basis_le_norm[OF i, of x] that by (auto simp: a_def)
then have "S \<subseteq> box (-a) a"
by (auto simp: simp add: box_def)
then show ?thesis ..
qed
lemma bounded_subset_cbox_symmetric:
fixes S :: "('a::euclidean_space) set"
assumes "bounded S"
obtains a where "S \<subseteq> cbox (-a) a"
proof -
obtain a where "S \<subseteq> box (-a) a"
using bounded_subset_box_symmetric[OF assms] by auto
then show ?thesis
by (meson box_subset_cbox dual_order.trans that)
qed
lemma frontier_cbox:
fixes a b :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "frontier (cbox a b) = cbox a b - box a b"
unfolding frontier_def unfolding interior_cbox and closure_closed[OF closed_cbox] ..
lemma frontier_box:
fixes a b :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "frontier (box a b) = (if box a b = {} then {} else cbox a b - box a b)"
proof (cases "box a b = {}")
case True
then show ?thesis
using frontier_empty by auto
next
case False
then show ?thesis
unfolding frontier_def and closure_box[OF False] and interior_open[OF open_box]
by auto
qed
lemma Int_interval_mixed_eq_empty:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
assumes "box c d \<noteq> {}"
shows "box a b \<inter> cbox c d = {} \<longleftrightarrow> box a b \<inter> box c d = {}"
unfolding closure_box[OF assms, symmetric]
unfolding open_Int_closure_eq_empty[OF open_box] ..
subsection \<open>Class Instances\<close>
lemma compact_lemma:
fixes f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::euclidean_space"
assumes "bounded (range f)"
shows "\<forall>d\<subseteq>Basis. \<exists>l::'a. \<exists> r.
strict_mono r \<and> (\<forall>e>0. eventually (\<lambda>n. \<forall>i\<in>d. dist (f (r n) \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i) < e) sequentially)"
by (rule compact_lemma_general[where unproj="\<lambda>e. \<Sum>i\<in>Basis. e i *\<^sub>R i"])
(auto intro!: assms bounded_linear_inner_left bounded_linear_image
simp: euclidean_representation)
instance%important euclidean_space \<subseteq> heine_borel
proof%unimportant
fix f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a"
assume f: "bounded (range f)"
then obtain l::'a and r where r: "strict_mono r"
and l: "\<forall>e>0. eventually (\<lambda>n. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. dist (f (r n) \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i) < e) sequentially"
using compact_lemma [OF f] by blast
{
fix e::real
assume "e > 0"
hence "e / real_of_nat DIM('a) > 0" by (simp add: DIM_positive)
with l have "eventually (\<lambda>n. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. dist (f (r n) \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i) < e / (real_of_nat DIM('a))) sequentially"
by simp
moreover
{
fix n
assume n: "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. dist (f (r n) \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i) < e / (real_of_nat DIM('a))"
have "dist (f (r n)) l \<le> (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. dist (f (r n) \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i))"
apply (subst euclidean_dist_l2)
using zero_le_dist
apply (rule L2_set_le_sum)
done
also have "\<dots> < (\<Sum>i\<in>(Basis::'a set). e / (real_of_nat DIM('a)))"
apply (rule sum_strict_mono)
using n
apply auto
done
finally have "dist (f (r n)) l < e"
by auto
}
ultimately have "eventually (\<lambda>n. dist (f (r n)) l < e) sequentially"
by (rule eventually_mono)
}
then have *: "((f \<circ> r) \<longlongrightarrow> l) sequentially"
unfolding o_def tendsto_iff by simp
with r show "\<exists>l r. strict_mono r \<and> ((f \<circ> r) \<longlongrightarrow> l) sequentially"
by auto
qed
instance%important euclidean_space \<subseteq> banach ..
instance euclidean_space \<subseteq> second_countable_topology
proof
define a where "a f = (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. fst (f i) *\<^sub>R i)" for f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> real \<times> real"
then have a: "\<And>f. (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. fst (f i) *\<^sub>R i) = a f"
by simp
define b where "b f = (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. snd (f i) *\<^sub>R i)" for f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> real \<times> real"
then have b: "\<And>f. (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. snd (f i) *\<^sub>R i) = b f"
by simp
define B where "B = (\<lambda>f. box (a f) (b f)) ` (Basis \<rightarrow>\<^sub>E (\<rat> \<times> \<rat>))"
have "Ball B open" by (simp add: B_def open_box)
moreover have "(\<forall>A. open A \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>B'\<subseteq>B. \<Union>B' = A))"
proof safe
fix A::"'a set"
assume "open A"
show "\<exists>B'\<subseteq>B. \<Union>B' = A"
apply (rule exI[of _ "{b\<in>B. b \<subseteq> A}"])
apply (subst (3) open_UNION_box[OF \<open>open A\<close>])
apply (auto simp: a b B_def)
done
qed
ultimately
have "topological_basis B"
unfolding topological_basis_def by blast
moreover
have "countable B"
unfolding B_def
by (intro countable_image countable_PiE finite_Basis countable_SIGMA countable_rat)
ultimately show "\<exists>B::'a set set. countable B \<and> open = generate_topology B"
by (blast intro: topological_basis_imp_subbasis)
qed
instance euclidean_space \<subseteq> polish_space ..
subsection \<open>Compact Boxes\<close>
lemma compact_cbox [simp]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "compact (cbox a b)"
using bounded_closed_imp_seq_compact[of "cbox a b"] using bounded_cbox[of a b]
by (auto simp: compact_eq_seq_compact_metric)
proposition is_interval_compact:
"is_interval S \<and> compact S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>a b. S = cbox a b)" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof (cases "S = {}")
case True
with empty_as_interval show ?thesis by auto
next
case False
show ?thesis
proof
assume L: ?lhs
then have "is_interval S" "compact S" by auto
define a where "a \<equiv> \<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (INF x\<in>S. x \<bullet> i) *\<^sub>R i"
define b where "b \<equiv> \<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (SUP x\<in>S. x \<bullet> i) *\<^sub>R i"
have 1: "\<And>x i. \<lbrakk>x \<in> S; i \<in> Basis\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (INF x\<in>S. x \<bullet> i) \<le> x \<bullet> i"
by (simp add: cInf_lower bounded_inner_imp_bdd_below compact_imp_bounded L)
have 2: "\<And>x i. \<lbrakk>x \<in> S; i \<in> Basis\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<bullet> i \<le> (SUP x\<in>S. x \<bullet> i)"
by (simp add: cSup_upper bounded_inner_imp_bdd_above compact_imp_bounded L)
have 3: "x \<in> S" if inf: "\<And>i. i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> (INF x\<in>S. x \<bullet> i) \<le> x \<bullet> i"
and sup: "\<And>i. i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> x \<bullet> i \<le> (SUP x\<in>S. x \<bullet> i)" for x
proof (rule mem_box_componentwiseI [OF \<open>is_interval S\<close>])
fix i::'a
assume i: "i \<in> Basis"
have cont: "continuous_on S (\<lambda>x. x \<bullet> i)"
by (intro continuous_intros)
obtain a where "a \<in> S" and a: "\<And>y. y\<in>S \<Longrightarrow> a \<bullet> i \<le> y \<bullet> i"
using continuous_attains_inf [OF \<open>compact S\<close> False cont] by blast
obtain b where "b \<in> S" and b: "\<And>y. y\<in>S \<Longrightarrow> y \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i"
using continuous_attains_sup [OF \<open>compact S\<close> False cont] by blast
have "a \<bullet> i \<le> (INF x\<in>S. x \<bullet> i)"
by (simp add: False a cINF_greatest)
also have "\<dots> \<le> x \<bullet> i"
by (simp add: i inf)
finally have ai: "a \<bullet> i \<le> x \<bullet> i" .
have "x \<bullet> i \<le> (SUP x\<in>S. x \<bullet> i)"
by (simp add: i sup)
also have "(SUP x\<in>S. x \<bullet> i) \<le> b \<bullet> i"
by (simp add: False b cSUP_least)
finally have bi: "x \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i" .
show "x \<bullet> i \<in> (\<lambda>x. x \<bullet> i) ` S"
apply (rule_tac x="\<Sum>j\<in>Basis. (if j = i then x \<bullet> i else a \<bullet> j) *\<^sub>R j" in image_eqI)
apply (simp add: i)
apply (rule mem_is_intervalI [OF \<open>is_interval S\<close> \<open>a \<in> S\<close> \<open>b \<in> S\<close>])
using i ai bi apply force
done
qed
have "S = cbox a b"
by (auto simp: a_def b_def mem_box intro: 1 2 3)
then show ?rhs
by blast
next
assume R: ?rhs
then show ?lhs
using compact_cbox is_interval_cbox by blast
qed
qed
subsection%unimportant\<open>Componentwise limits and continuity\<close>
text\<open>But is the premise really necessary? Need to generalise @{thm euclidean_dist_l2}\<close>
lemma Euclidean_dist_upper: "i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i) \<le> dist x y"
by (metis (no_types) member_le_L2_set euclidean_dist_l2 finite_Basis)
text\<open>But is the premise \<^term>\<open>i \<in> Basis\<close> really necessary?\<close>
lemma open_preimage_inner:
assumes "open S" "i \<in> Basis"
shows "open {x. x \<bullet> i \<in> S}"
proof (rule openI, simp)
fix x
assume x: "x \<bullet> i \<in> S"
with assms obtain e where "0 < e" and e: "ball (x \<bullet> i) e \<subseteq> S"
by (auto simp: open_contains_ball_eq)
have "\<exists>e>0. ball (y \<bullet> i) e \<subseteq> S" if dxy: "dist x y < e / 2" for y
proof (intro exI conjI)
have "dist (x \<bullet> i) (y \<bullet> i) < e / 2"
by (meson \<open>i \<in> Basis\<close> dual_order.trans Euclidean_dist_upper not_le that)
then have "dist (x \<bullet> i) z < e" if "dist (y \<bullet> i) z < e / 2" for z
by (metis dist_commute dist_triangle_half_l that)
then have "ball (y \<bullet> i) (e / 2) \<subseteq> ball (x \<bullet> i) e"
using mem_ball by blast
with e show "ball (y \<bullet> i) (e / 2) \<subseteq> S"
by (metis order_trans)
qed (simp add: \<open>0 < e\<close>)
then show "\<exists>e>0. ball x e \<subseteq> {s. s \<bullet> i \<in> S}"
by (metis (no_types, lifting) \<open>0 < e\<close> \<open>open S\<close> half_gt_zero_iff mem_Collect_eq mem_ball open_contains_ball_eq subsetI)
qed
proposition tendsto_componentwise_iff:
fixes f :: "_ \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
shows "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) F \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i \<in> Basis. ((\<lambda>x. (f x \<bullet> i)) \<longlongrightarrow> (l \<bullet> i)) F)"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
then show ?rhs
unfolding tendsto_def
apply clarify
apply (drule_tac x="{s. s \<bullet> i \<in> S}" in spec)
apply (auto simp: open_preimage_inner)
done
next
assume R: ?rhs
then have "\<And>e. e > 0 \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>i\<in>Basis. \<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. dist (f x \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i) < e"
unfolding tendsto_iff by blast
then have R': "\<And>e. e > 0 \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. dist (f x \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i) < e"
by (simp add: eventually_ball_finite_distrib [symmetric])
show ?lhs
unfolding tendsto_iff
proof clarify
fix e::real
assume "0 < e"
have *: "L2_set (\<lambda>i. dist (f x \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i)) Basis < e"
if "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. dist (f x \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i) < e / real DIM('b)" for x
proof -
have "L2_set (\<lambda>i. dist (f x \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i)) Basis \<le> sum (\<lambda>i. dist (f x \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i)) Basis"
by (simp add: L2_set_le_sum)
also have "... < DIM('b) * (e / real DIM('b))"
apply (rule sum_bounded_above_strict)
using that by auto
also have "... = e"
by (simp add: field_simps)
finally show "L2_set (\<lambda>i. dist (f x \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i)) Basis < e" .
qed
have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. dist (f x \<bullet> i) (l \<bullet> i) < e / DIM('b)"
apply (rule R')
using \<open>0 < e\<close> by simp
then show "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. dist (f x) l < e"
apply (rule eventually_mono)
apply (subst euclidean_dist_l2)
using * by blast
qed
qed
corollary continuous_componentwise:
"continuous F f \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i \<in> Basis. continuous F (\<lambda>x. (f x \<bullet> i)))"
by (simp add: continuous_def tendsto_componentwise_iff [symmetric])
corollary continuous_on_componentwise:
fixes S :: "'a :: t2_space set"
shows "continuous_on S f \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i \<in> Basis. continuous_on S (\<lambda>x. (f x \<bullet> i)))"
apply (simp add: continuous_on_eq_continuous_within)
using continuous_componentwise by blast
lemma linear_componentwise_iff:
"(linear f') \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. linear (\<lambda>x. f' x \<bullet> i))"
apply (auto simp: linear_iff inner_left_distrib)
apply (metis inner_left_distrib euclidean_eq_iff)
by (metis euclidean_eqI inner_scaleR_left)
lemma bounded_linear_componentwise_iff:
"(bounded_linear f') \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. bounded_linear (\<lambda>x. f' x \<bullet> i))"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs then show ?rhs
by (simp add: bounded_linear_inner_left_comp)
next
assume ?rhs
then have "(\<forall>i\<in>Basis. \<exists>K. \<forall>x. \<bar>f' x \<bullet> i\<bar> \<le> norm x * K)" "linear f'"
by (auto simp: bounded_linear_def bounded_linear_axioms_def linear_componentwise_iff [symmetric] ball_conj_distrib)
then obtain F where F: "\<And>i x. i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> \<bar>f' x \<bullet> i\<bar> \<le> norm x * F i"
by metis
have "norm (f' x) \<le> norm x * sum F Basis" for x
proof -
have "norm (f' x) \<le> (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. \<bar>f' x \<bullet> i\<bar>)"
by (rule norm_le_l1)
also have "... \<le> (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. norm x * F i)"
by (metis F sum_mono)
also have "... = norm x * sum F Basis"
by (simp add: sum_distrib_left)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
then show ?lhs
by (force simp: bounded_linear_def bounded_linear_axioms_def \<open>linear f'\<close>)
qed
subsection%unimportant \<open>Continuous Extension\<close>
definition clamp :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a" where
"clamp a b x = (if (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i)
then (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (if x\<bullet>i < a\<bullet>i then a\<bullet>i else if x\<bullet>i \<le> b\<bullet>i then x\<bullet>i else b\<bullet>i) *\<^sub>R i)
else a)"
lemma clamp_in_interval[simp]:
assumes "\<And>i. i \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> a \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i"
shows "clamp a b x \<in> cbox a b"
unfolding clamp_def
using box_ne_empty(1)[of a b] assms by (auto simp: cbox_def)
lemma clamp_cancel_cbox[simp]:
fixes x a b :: "'a::euclidean_space"
assumes x: "x \<in> cbox a b"
shows "clamp a b x = x"
using assms
by (auto simp: clamp_def mem_box intro!: euclidean_eqI[where 'a='a])
lemma clamp_empty_interval:
assumes "i \<in> Basis" "a \<bullet> i > b \<bullet> i"
shows "clamp a b = (\<lambda>_. a)"
using assms
by (force simp: clamp_def[abs_def] split: if_splits intro!: ext)
lemma dist_clamps_le_dist_args:
fixes x :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "dist (clamp a b y) (clamp a b x) \<le> dist y x"
proof cases
assume le: "(\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i)"
then have "(\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (dist (clamp a b y \<bullet> i) (clamp a b x \<bullet> i))\<^sup>2) \<le>
(\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (dist (y \<bullet> i) (x \<bullet> i))\<^sup>2)"
by (auto intro!: sum_mono simp: clamp_def dist_real_def abs_le_square_iff[symmetric])
then show ?thesis
by (auto intro: real_sqrt_le_mono
simp: euclidean_dist_l2[where y=x] euclidean_dist_l2[where y="clamp a b x"] L2_set_def)
qed (auto simp: clamp_def)
lemma clamp_continuous_at:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space"
and x :: 'a
assumes f_cont: "continuous_on (cbox a b) f"
shows "continuous (at x) (\<lambda>x. f (clamp a b x))"
proof cases
assume le: "(\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i)"
show ?thesis
unfolding continuous_at_eps_delta
proof safe
fix x :: 'a
fix e :: real
assume "e > 0"
moreover have "clamp a b x \<in> cbox a b"
by (simp add: clamp_in_interval le)
moreover note f_cont[simplified continuous_on_iff]
ultimately
obtain d where d: "0 < d"
"\<And>x'. x' \<in> cbox a b \<Longrightarrow> dist x' (clamp a b x) < d \<Longrightarrow> dist (f x') (f (clamp a b x)) < e"
by force
show "\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x'. dist x' x < d \<longrightarrow>
dist (f (clamp a b x')) (f (clamp a b x)) < e"
using le
by (auto intro!: d clamp_in_interval dist_clamps_le_dist_args[THEN le_less_trans])
qed
qed (auto simp: clamp_empty_interval)
lemma clamp_continuous_on:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space"
assumes f_cont: "continuous_on (cbox a b) f"
shows "continuous_on S (\<lambda>x. f (clamp a b x))"
using assms
by (auto intro: continuous_at_imp_continuous_on clamp_continuous_at)
lemma clamp_bounded:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space"
assumes bounded: "bounded (f ` (cbox a b))"
shows "bounded (range (\<lambda>x. f (clamp a b x)))"
proof cases
assume le: "(\<forall>i\<in>Basis. a \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i)"
from bounded obtain c where f_bound: "\<forall>x\<in>f ` cbox a b. dist undefined x \<le> c"
by (auto simp: bounded_any_center[where a=undefined])
then show ?thesis
by (auto intro!: exI[where x=c] clamp_in_interval[OF le[rule_format]]
simp: bounded_any_center[where a=undefined])
qed (auto simp: clamp_empty_interval image_def)
definition ext_cont :: "('a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space) \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b"
where "ext_cont f a b = (\<lambda>x. f (clamp a b x))"
lemma ext_cont_cancel_cbox[simp]:
fixes x a b :: "'a::euclidean_space"
assumes x: "x \<in> cbox a b"
shows "ext_cont f a b x = f x"
using assms
unfolding ext_cont_def
by (auto simp: clamp_def mem_box intro!: euclidean_eqI[where 'a='a] arg_cong[where f=f])
lemma continuous_on_ext_cont[continuous_intros]:
"continuous_on (cbox a b) f \<Longrightarrow> continuous_on S (ext_cont f a b)"
by (auto intro!: clamp_continuous_on simp: ext_cont_def)
subsection \<open>Separability\<close>
lemma univ_second_countable_sequence:
obtains B :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::euclidean_space set"
where "inj B" "\<And>n. open(B n)" "\<And>S. open S \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>k. S = \<Union>{B n |n. n \<in> k}"
proof -
obtain \<B> :: "'a set set"
where "countable \<B>"
and opn: "\<And>C. C \<in> \<B> \<Longrightarrow> open C"
and Un: "\<And>S. open S \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>U. U \<subseteq> \<B> \<and> S = \<Union>U"
using univ_second_countable by blast
have *: "infinite (range (\<lambda>n. ball (0::'a) (inverse(Suc n))))"
apply (rule Infinite_Set.range_inj_infinite)
apply (simp add: inj_on_def ball_eq_ball_iff)
done
have "infinite \<B>"
proof
assume "finite \<B>"
then have "finite (Union ` (Pow \<B>))"
by simp
then have "finite (range (\<lambda>n. ball (0::'a) (inverse(Suc n))))"
apply (rule rev_finite_subset)
by (metis (no_types, lifting) PowI image_eqI image_subset_iff Un [OF open_ball])
with * show False by simp
qed
obtain f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a set" where "\<B> = range f" "inj f"
by (blast intro: countable_as_injective_image [OF \<open>countable \<B>\<close> \<open>infinite \<B>\<close>])
have *: "\<exists>k. S = \<Union>{f n |n. n \<in> k}" if "open S" for S
using Un [OF that]
apply clarify
apply (rule_tac x="f-`U" in exI)
using \<open>inj f\<close> \<open>\<B> = range f\<close> apply force
done
show ?thesis
apply (rule that [OF \<open>inj f\<close> _ *])
apply (auto simp: \<open>\<B> = range f\<close> opn)
done
qed
proposition separable:
fixes S :: "'a::{metric_space, second_countable_topology} set"
obtains T where "countable T" "T \<subseteq> S" "S \<subseteq> closure T"
proof -
obtain \<B> :: "'a set set"
where "countable \<B>"
and "{} \<notin> \<B>"
and ope: "\<And>C. C \<in> \<B> \<Longrightarrow> openin(subtopology euclidean S) C"
and if_ope: "\<And>T. openin(subtopology euclidean S) T \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>\<U>. \<U> \<subseteq> \<B> \<and> T = \<Union>\<U>"
by (meson subset_second_countable)
then obtain f where f: "\<And>C. C \<in> \<B> \<Longrightarrow> f C \<in> C"
by (metis equals0I)
show ?thesis
proof
show "countable (f ` \<B>)"
by (simp add: \<open>countable \<B>\<close>)
show "f ` \<B> \<subseteq> S"
using ope f openin_imp_subset by blast
show "S \<subseteq> closure (f ` \<B>)"
proof (clarsimp simp: closure_approachable)
fix x and e::real
assume "x \<in> S" "0 < e"
have "openin (subtopology euclidean S) (S \<inter> ball x e)"
by (simp add: openin_Int_open)
with if_ope obtain \<U> where \<U>: "\<U> \<subseteq> \<B>" "S \<inter> ball x e = \<Union>\<U>"
by meson
show "\<exists>C \<in> \<B>. dist (f C) x < e"
proof (cases "\<U> = {}")
case True
then show ?thesis
using \<open>0 < e\<close> \<U> \<open>x \<in> S\<close> by auto
next
case False
then obtain C where "C \<in> \<U>" by blast
show ?thesis
proof
show "dist (f C) x < e"
by (metis Int_iff Union_iff \<U> \<open>C \<in> \<U>\<close> dist_commute f mem_ball subsetCE)
show "C \<in> \<B>"
using \<open>\<U> \<subseteq> \<B>\<close> \<open>C \<in> \<U>\<close> by blast
qed
qed
qed
qed
qed
subsection%unimportant \<open>Diameter\<close>
lemma diameter_cball [simp]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "diameter(cball a r) = (if r < 0 then 0 else 2*r)"
proof -
have "diameter(cball a r) = 2*r" if "r \<ge> 0"
proof (rule order_antisym)
show "diameter (cball a r) \<le> 2*r"
proof (rule diameter_le)
fix x y assume "x \<in> cball a r" "y \<in> cball a r"
then have "norm (x - a) \<le> r" "norm (a - y) \<le> r"
by (auto simp: dist_norm norm_minus_commute)
then have "norm (x - y) \<le> r+r"
using norm_diff_triangle_le by blast
then show "norm (x - y) \<le> 2*r" by simp
qed (simp add: that)
have "2*r = dist (a + r *\<^sub>R (SOME i. i \<in> Basis)) (a - r *\<^sub>R (SOME i. i \<in> Basis))"
apply (simp add: dist_norm)
by (metis abs_of_nonneg mult.right_neutral norm_numeral norm_scaleR norm_some_Basis real_norm_def scaleR_2 that)
also have "... \<le> diameter (cball a r)"
apply (rule diameter_bounded_bound)
using that by (auto simp: dist_norm)
finally show "2*r \<le> diameter (cball a r)" .
qed
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma diameter_ball [simp]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "diameter(ball a r) = (if r < 0 then 0 else 2*r)"
proof -
have "diameter(ball a r) = 2*r" if "r > 0"
by (metis bounded_ball diameter_closure closure_ball diameter_cball less_eq_real_def linorder_not_less that)
then show ?thesis
by (simp add: diameter_def)
qed
lemma diameter_closed_interval [simp]: "diameter {a..b} = (if b < a then 0 else b-a)"
proof -
have "{a .. b} = cball ((a+b)/2) ((b-a)/2)"
by (auto simp: dist_norm abs_if divide_simps split: if_split_asm)
then show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma diameter_open_interval [simp]: "diameter {a<..<b} = (if b < a then 0 else b-a)"
proof -
have "{a <..< b} = ball ((a+b)/2) ((b-a)/2)"
by (auto simp: dist_norm abs_if divide_simps split: if_split_asm)
then show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma diameter_cbox:
fixes a b::"'a::euclidean_space"
shows "(\<forall>i \<in> Basis. a \<bullet> i \<le> b \<bullet> i) \<Longrightarrow> diameter (cbox a b) = dist a b"
by (force simp: diameter_def intro!: cSup_eq_maximum L2_set_mono
simp: euclidean_dist_l2[where 'a='a] cbox_def dist_norm)
subsection%unimportant\<open>Relating linear images to open/closed/interior/closure/connected\<close>
proposition open_surjective_linear_image:
fixes f :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "open A" "linear f" "surj f"
shows "open(f ` A)"
unfolding open_dist
proof clarify
fix x
assume "x \<in> A"
have "bounded (inv f ` Basis)"
by (simp add: finite_imp_bounded)
with bounded_pos obtain B where "B > 0" and B: "\<And>x. x \<in> inv f ` Basis \<Longrightarrow> norm x \<le> B"
by metis
obtain e where "e > 0" and e: "\<And>z. dist z x < e \<Longrightarrow> z \<in> A"
by (metis open_dist \<open>x \<in> A\<close> \<open>open A\<close>)
define \<delta> where "\<delta> \<equiv> e / B / DIM('b)"
show "\<exists>e>0. \<forall>y. dist y (f x) < e \<longrightarrow> y \<in> f ` A"
proof (intro exI conjI)
show "\<delta> > 0"
using \<open>e > 0\<close> \<open>B > 0\<close> by (simp add: \<delta>_def divide_simps)
have "y \<in> f ` A" if "dist y (f x) * (B * real DIM('b)) < e" for y
proof -
define u where "u \<equiv> y - f x"
show ?thesis
proof (rule image_eqI)
show "y = f (x + (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (u \<bullet> i) *\<^sub>R inv f i))"
apply (simp add: linear_add linear_sum linear.scaleR \<open>linear f\<close> surj_f_inv_f \<open>surj f\<close>)
apply (simp add: euclidean_representation u_def)
done
have "dist (x + (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (u \<bullet> i) *\<^sub>R inv f i)) x \<le> (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. norm ((u \<bullet> i) *\<^sub>R inv f i))"
by (simp add: dist_norm sum_norm_le)
also have "... = (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. \<bar>u \<bullet> i\<bar> * norm (inv f i))"
by simp
also have "... \<le> (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. \<bar>u \<bullet> i\<bar>) * B"
by (simp add: B sum_distrib_right sum_mono mult_left_mono)
also have "... \<le> DIM('b) * dist y (f x) * B"
apply (rule mult_right_mono [OF sum_bounded_above])
using \<open>0 < B\<close> by (auto simp: Basis_le_norm dist_norm u_def)
also have "... < e"
by (metis mult.commute mult.left_commute that)
finally show "x + (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (u \<bullet> i) *\<^sub>R inv f i) \<in> A"
by (rule e)
qed
qed
then show "\<forall>y. dist y (f x) < \<delta> \<longrightarrow> y \<in> f ` A"
using \<open>e > 0\<close> \<open>B > 0\<close>
by (auto simp: \<delta>_def divide_simps mult_less_0_iff)
qed
qed
corollary open_bijective_linear_image_eq:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "linear f" "bij f"
shows "open(f ` A) \<longleftrightarrow> open A"
proof
assume "open(f ` A)"
then have "open(f -` (f ` A))"
using assms by (force simp: linear_continuous_at linear_conv_bounded_linear continuous_open_vimage)
then show "open A"
by (simp add: assms bij_is_inj inj_vimage_image_eq)
next
assume "open A"
then show "open(f ` A)"
by (simp add: assms bij_is_surj open_surjective_linear_image)
qed
corollary interior_bijective_linear_image:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "linear f" "bij f"
shows "interior (f ` S) = f ` interior S" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof safe
fix x
assume x: "x \<in> ?lhs"
then obtain T where "open T" and "x \<in> T" and "T \<subseteq> f ` S"
by (metis interiorE)
then show "x \<in> ?rhs"
by (metis (no_types, hide_lams) assms subsetD interior_maximal open_bijective_linear_image_eq subset_image_iff)
next
fix x
assume x: "x \<in> interior S"
then show "f x \<in> interior (f ` S)"
by (meson assms imageI image_mono interiorI interior_subset open_bijective_linear_image_eq open_interior)
qed
lemma interior_injective_linear_image:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'a::euclidean_space"
assumes "linear f" "inj f"
shows "interior(f ` S) = f ` (interior S)"
by (simp add: linear_injective_imp_surjective assms bijI interior_bijective_linear_image)
lemma interior_surjective_linear_image:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'a::euclidean_space"
assumes "linear f" "surj f"
shows "interior(f ` S) = f ` (interior S)"
by (simp add: assms interior_injective_linear_image linear_surjective_imp_injective)
lemma interior_negations:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "interior(uminus ` S) = image uminus (interior S)"
by (simp add: bij_uminus interior_bijective_linear_image linear_uminus)
lemma connected_linear_image:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
assumes "linear f" and "connected s"
shows "connected (f ` s)"
using connected_continuous_image assms linear_continuous_on linear_conv_bounded_linear by blast
subsection%unimportant \<open>"Isometry" (up to constant bounds) of Injective Linear Map\<close>
proposition injective_imp_isometric:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes s: "closed s" "subspace s"
and f: "bounded_linear f" "\<forall>x\<in>s. f x = 0 \<longrightarrow> x = 0"
shows "\<exists>e>0. \<forall>x\<in>s. norm (f x) \<ge> e * norm x"
proof (cases "s \<subseteq> {0::'a}")
case True
have "norm x \<le> norm (f x)" if "x \<in> s" for x
proof -
from True that have "x = 0" by auto
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
then show ?thesis
by (auto intro!: exI[where x=1])
next
case False
interpret f: bounded_linear f by fact
from False obtain a where a: "a \<noteq> 0" "a \<in> s"
by auto
from False have "s \<noteq> {}"
by auto
let ?S = "{f x| x. x \<in> s \<and> norm x = norm a}"
let ?S' = "{x::'a. x\<in>s \<and> norm x = norm a}"
let ?S'' = "{x::'a. norm x = norm a}"
have "?S'' = frontier (cball 0 (norm a))"
by (simp add: sphere_def dist_norm)
then have "compact ?S''" by (metis compact_cball compact_frontier)
moreover have "?S' = s \<inter> ?S''" by auto
ultimately have "compact ?S'"
using closed_Int_compact[of s ?S''] using s(1) by auto
moreover have *:"f ` ?S' = ?S" by auto
ultimately have "compact ?S"
using compact_continuous_image[OF linear_continuous_on[OF f(1)], of ?S'] by auto
then have "closed ?S"
using compact_imp_closed by auto
moreover from a have "?S \<noteq> {}" by auto
ultimately obtain b' where "b'\<in>?S" "\<forall>y\<in>?S. norm b' \<le> norm y"
using distance_attains_inf[of ?S 0] unfolding dist_0_norm by auto
then obtain b where "b\<in>s"
and ba: "norm b = norm a"
and b: "\<forall>x\<in>{x \<in> s. norm x = norm a}. norm (f b) \<le> norm (f x)"
unfolding *[symmetric] unfolding image_iff by auto
let ?e = "norm (f b) / norm b"
have "norm b > 0"
using ba and a and norm_ge_zero by auto
moreover have "norm (f b) > 0"
using f(2)[THEN bspec[where x=b], OF \<open>b\<in>s\<close>]
using \<open>norm b >0\<close> by simp
ultimately have "0 < norm (f b) / norm b" by simp
moreover
have "norm (f b) / norm b * norm x \<le> norm (f x)" if "x\<in>s" for x
proof (cases "x = 0")
case True
then show "norm (f b) / norm b * norm x \<le> norm (f x)"
by auto
next
case False
with \<open>a \<noteq> 0\<close> have *: "0 < norm a / norm x"
unfolding zero_less_norm_iff[symmetric] by simp
have "\<forall>x\<in>s. c *\<^sub>R x \<in> s" for c
using s[unfolded subspace_def] by simp
with \<open>x \<in> s\<close> \<open>x \<noteq> 0\<close> have "(norm a / norm x) *\<^sub>R x \<in> {x \<in> s. norm x = norm a}"
by simp
with \<open>x \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>a \<noteq> 0\<close> show "norm (f b) / norm b * norm x \<le> norm (f x)"
using b[THEN bspec[where x="(norm a / norm x) *\<^sub>R x"]]
unfolding f.scaleR and ba
by (auto simp: mult.commute pos_le_divide_eq pos_divide_le_eq)
qed
ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed
proposition closed_injective_image_subspace:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "subspace s" "bounded_linear f" "\<forall>x\<in>s. f x = 0 \<longrightarrow> x = 0" "closed s"
shows "closed(f ` s)"
proof -
obtain e where "e > 0" and e: "\<forall>x\<in>s. e * norm x \<le> norm (f x)"
using injective_imp_isometric[OF assms(4,1,2,3)] by auto
show ?thesis
using complete_isometric_image[OF \<open>e>0\<close> assms(1,2) e] and assms(4)
unfolding complete_eq_closed[symmetric] by auto
qed
subsection%unimportant \<open>Some properties of a canonical subspace\<close>
lemma closed_substandard: "closed {x::'a::euclidean_space. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. P i \<longrightarrow> x\<bullet>i = 0}"
(is "closed ?A")
proof -
let ?D = "{i\<in>Basis. P i}"
have "closed (\<Inter>i\<in>?D. {x::'a. x\<bullet>i = 0})"
by (simp add: closed_INT closed_Collect_eq continuous_on_inner
continuous_on_const continuous_on_id)
also have "(\<Inter>i\<in>?D. {x::'a. x\<bullet>i = 0}) = ?A"
by auto
finally show "closed ?A" .
qed
lemma closed_subspace:
fixes s :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "subspace s"
shows "closed s"
proof -
have "dim s \<le> card (Basis :: 'a set)"
using dim_subset_UNIV by auto
with ex_card[OF this] obtain d :: "'a set" where t: "card d = dim s" and d: "d \<subseteq> Basis"
by auto
let ?t = "{x::'a. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. i \<notin> d \<longrightarrow> x\<bullet>i = 0}"
have "\<exists>f. linear f \<and> f ` {x::'a. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. i \<notin> d \<longrightarrow> x \<bullet> i = 0} = s \<and>
inj_on f {x::'a. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. i \<notin> d \<longrightarrow> x \<bullet> i = 0}"
using dim_substandard[of d] t d assms
by (intro subspace_isomorphism[OF subspace_substandard[of "\<lambda>i. i \<notin> d"]]) (auto simp: inner_Basis)
then obtain f where f:
"linear f"
"f ` {x. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. i \<notin> d \<longrightarrow> x \<bullet> i = 0} = s"
"inj_on f {x. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. i \<notin> d \<longrightarrow> x \<bullet> i = 0}"
by blast
interpret f: bounded_linear f
using f by (simp add: linear_conv_bounded_linear)
have "x \<in> ?t \<Longrightarrow> f x = 0 \<Longrightarrow> x = 0" for x
using f.zero d f(3)[THEN inj_onD, of x 0] by auto
moreover have "closed ?t" by (rule closed_substandard)
moreover have "subspace ?t" by (rule subspace_substandard)
ultimately show ?thesis
using closed_injective_image_subspace[of ?t f]
unfolding f(2) using f(1) unfolding linear_conv_bounded_linear by auto
qed
lemma complete_subspace: "subspace s \<Longrightarrow> complete s"
for s :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
using complete_eq_closed closed_subspace by auto
lemma closed_span [iff]: "closed (span s)"
for s :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
by (simp add: closed_subspace subspace_span)
lemma dim_closure [simp]: "dim (closure s) = dim s" (is "?dc = ?d")
for s :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
proof -
have "?dc \<le> ?d"
using closure_minimal[OF span_superset, of s]
using closed_subspace[OF subspace_span, of s]
using dim_subset[of "closure s" "span s"]
by simp
then show ?thesis
using dim_subset[OF closure_subset, of s]
by simp
qed
subsection \<open>Set Distance\<close>
lemma setdist_compact_closed:
fixes A :: "'a::heine_borel set"
assumes A: "compact A" and B: "closed B"
and "A \<noteq> {}" "B \<noteq> {}"
shows "\<exists>x \<in> A. \<exists>y \<in> B. dist x y = setdist A B"
proof -
obtain x where "x \<in> A" "setdist A B = infdist x B"
by (metis A assms(3) setdist_attains_inf setdist_sym)
moreover
obtain y where"y \<in> B" "infdist x B = dist x y"
using B \<open>B \<noteq> {}\<close> infdist_attains_inf by blast
ultimately show ?thesis
using \<open>x \<in> A\<close> \<open>y \<in> B\<close> by auto
qed
lemma setdist_closed_compact:
fixes S :: "'a::heine_borel set"
assumes S: "closed S" and T: "compact T"
and "S \<noteq> {}" "T \<noteq> {}"
shows "\<exists>x \<in> S. \<exists>y \<in> T. dist x y = setdist S T"
using setdist_compact_closed [OF T S \<open>T \<noteq> {}\<close> \<open>S \<noteq> {}\<close>]
by (metis dist_commute setdist_sym)
lemma setdist_eq_0_compact_closed:
assumes S: "compact S" and T: "closed T"
shows "setdist S T = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> S = {} \<or> T = {} \<or> S \<inter> T \<noteq> {}"
proof (cases "S = {} \<or> T = {}")
case True
then show ?thesis
by force
next
case False
then show ?thesis
by (metis S T disjoint_iff_not_equal in_closed_iff_infdist_zero setdist_attains_inf setdist_eq_0I setdist_sym)
qed
corollary setdist_gt_0_compact_closed:
assumes S: "compact S" and T: "closed T"
shows "setdist S T > 0 \<longleftrightarrow> (S \<noteq> {} \<and> T \<noteq> {} \<and> S \<inter> T = {})"
using setdist_pos_le [of S T] setdist_eq_0_compact_closed [OF assms] by linarith
lemma setdist_eq_0_closed_compact:
assumes S: "closed S" and T: "compact T"
shows "setdist S T = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> S = {} \<or> T = {} \<or> S \<inter> T \<noteq> {}"
using setdist_eq_0_compact_closed [OF T S]
by (metis Int_commute setdist_sym)
lemma setdist_eq_0_bounded:
fixes S :: "'a::heine_borel set"
assumes "bounded S \<or> bounded T"
shows "setdist S T = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> S = {} \<or> T = {} \<or> closure S \<inter> closure T \<noteq> {}"
proof (cases "S = {} \<or> T = {}")
case False
then show ?thesis
using setdist_eq_0_compact_closed [of "closure S" "closure T"]
setdist_eq_0_closed_compact [of "closure S" "closure T"] assms
by (force simp: bounded_closure compact_eq_bounded_closed)
qed force
lemma setdist_eq_0_sing_1:
"setdist {x} S = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> S = {} \<or> x \<in> closure S"
by (metis in_closure_iff_infdist_zero infdist_def infdist_eq_setdist)
lemma setdist_eq_0_sing_2:
"setdist S {x} = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> S = {} \<or> x \<in> closure S"
by (metis setdist_eq_0_sing_1 setdist_sym)
lemma setdist_neq_0_sing_1:
"\<lbrakk>setdist {x} S = a; a \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> S \<noteq> {} \<and> x \<notin> closure S"
by (metis setdist_closure_2 setdist_empty2 setdist_eq_0I singletonI)
lemma setdist_neq_0_sing_2:
"\<lbrakk>setdist S {x} = a; a \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> S \<noteq> {} \<and> x \<notin> closure S"
by (simp add: setdist_neq_0_sing_1 setdist_sym)
lemma setdist_sing_in_set:
"x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> setdist {x} S = 0"
by (simp add: setdist_eq_0I)
lemma setdist_eq_0_closed:
"closed S \<Longrightarrow> (setdist {x} S = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> S = {} \<or> x \<in> S)"
by (simp add: setdist_eq_0_sing_1)
lemma setdist_eq_0_closedin:
shows "\<lbrakk>closedin (subtopology euclidean U) S; x \<in> U\<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> (setdist {x} S = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> S = {} \<or> x \<in> S)"
by (auto simp: closedin_limpt setdist_eq_0_sing_1 closure_def)
lemma setdist_gt_0_closedin:
shows "\<lbrakk>closedin (subtopology euclidean U) S; x \<in> U; S \<noteq> {}; x \<notin> S\<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> setdist {x} S > 0"
using less_eq_real_def setdist_eq_0_closedin by fastforce
no_notation
eucl_less (infix "<e" 50)
end