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\begin{isabellebody}%
\def\isabellecontext{HOL{\isacharunderscore}Specific}%
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\isadelimtheory
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\endisadelimtheory
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\isatagtheory
\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
\ HOL{\isacharunderscore}Specific\isanewline
\isakeyword{imports}\ Main\isanewline
\isakeyword{begin}%
\endisatagtheory
{\isafoldtheory}%
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\isadelimtheory
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\endisadelimtheory
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\isamarkupchapter{Isabelle/HOL \label{ch:hol}%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupsection{Typedef axiomatization \label{sec:hol-typedef}%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{typedef}\hypertarget{command.HOL.typedef}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
'typedef' altname? abstype '=' repset
;
altname: '(' (name | 'open' | 'open' name) ')'
;
abstype: typespecsorts mixfix?
;
repset: term ('morphisms' name name)?
;
\end{rail}
\begin{description}
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub n{\isacharparenright}\ t\ {\isacharequal}\ A{\isachardoublequote}}
axiomatizes a Gordon/HOL-style type definition in the background
theory of the current context, depending on a non-emptiness result
of the set \isa{A} (which needs to be proven interactively).
The raw type may not depend on parameters or assumptions of the
context --- this is logically impossible in Isabelle/HOL --- but the
non-emptiness property can be local, potentially resulting in
multiple interpretations in target contexts. Thus the established
bijection between the representing set \isa{A} and the new type
\isa{t} may semantically depend on local assumptions.
By default, \hyperlink{command.HOL.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}} defines both a type \isa{t}
and a set (term constant) of the same name, unless an alternative
base name is given in parentheses, or the ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}open{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}}''
declaration is used to suppress a separate constant definition
altogether. The injection from type to set is called \isa{Rep{\isacharunderscore}t},
its inverse \isa{Abs{\isacharunderscore}t} --- this may be changed via an explicit
\hyperlink{keyword.HOL.morphisms}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{morphisms}}}} declaration.
Theorems \isa{Rep{\isacharunderscore}t}, \isa{Rep{\isacharunderscore}t{\isacharunderscore}inverse}, and \isa{Abs{\isacharunderscore}t{\isacharunderscore}inverse} provide the most basic characterization as a
corresponding injection/surjection pair (in both directions). Rules
\isa{Rep{\isacharunderscore}t{\isacharunderscore}inject} and \isa{Abs{\isacharunderscore}t{\isacharunderscore}inject} provide a slightly
more convenient view on the injectivity part, suitable for automated
proof tools (e.g.\ in \hyperlink{attribute.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} or \hyperlink{attribute.iff}{\mbox{\isa{iff}}}
declarations). Rules \isa{Rep{\isacharunderscore}t{\isacharunderscore}cases}/\isa{Rep{\isacharunderscore}t{\isacharunderscore}induct}, and
\isa{Abs{\isacharunderscore}t{\isacharunderscore}cases}/\isa{Abs{\isacharunderscore}t{\isacharunderscore}induct} provide alternative views
on surjectivity; these are already declared as set or type rules for
the generic \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} and \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} methods.
An alternative name for the set definition (and other derived
entities) may be specified in parentheses; the default is to use
\isa{t} as indicated before.
\end{description}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupsection{Adhoc tuples%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.split-format}{\mbox{\isa{split{\isacharunderscore}format}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
'split\_format' ((( name * ) + 'and') | ('(' 'complete' ')'))
;
\end{rail}
\begin{description}
\item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.split-format}{\mbox{\isa{split{\isacharunderscore}format}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}p\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ p\isactrlsub m\ {\isasymAND}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymAND}\ q\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ q\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} puts expressions of low-level tuple types into
canonical form as specified by the arguments given; the \isa{i}-th
collection of arguments refers to occurrences in premise \isa{i}
of the rule. The ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}complete{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}}'' option causes \emph{all}
arguments in function applications to be represented canonically
according to their tuple type structure.
Note that these operations tend to invent funny names for new local
parameters to be introduced.
\end{description}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupsection{Records \label{sec:hol-record}%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
In principle, records merely generalize the concept of tuples, where
components may be addressed by labels instead of just position. The
logical infrastructure of records in Isabelle/HOL is slightly more
advanced, though, supporting truly extensible record schemes. This
admits operations that are polymorphic with respect to record
extension, yielding ``object-oriented'' effects like (single)
inheritance. See also \cite{NaraschewskiW-TPHOLs98} for more
details on object-oriented verification and record subtyping in HOL.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Basic concepts%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
Isabelle/HOL supports both \emph{fixed} and \emph{schematic} records
at the level of terms and types. The notation is as follows:
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l|l|l}
& record terms & record types \\ \hline
fixed & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharequal}\ a{\isacharcomma}\ y\ {\isacharequal}\ b{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ A{\isacharcomma}\ y\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ B{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
schematic & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharequal}\ a{\isacharcomma}\ y\ {\isacharequal}\ b{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharequal}\ m{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} &
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ A{\isacharcomma}\ y\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ B{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ M{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\noindent The ASCII representation of \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharequal}\ a{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} is \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isacharbar}\ x\ {\isacharequal}\ a\ {\isacharbar}{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}}.
A fixed record \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharequal}\ a{\isacharcomma}\ y\ {\isacharequal}\ b{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} has field \isa{x} of value
\isa{a} and field \isa{y} of value \isa{b}. The corresponding
type is \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ A{\isacharcomma}\ y\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ B{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}}, assuming that \isa{{\isachardoublequote}a\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ A{\isachardoublequote}}
and \isa{{\isachardoublequote}b\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ B{\isachardoublequote}}.
A record scheme like \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharequal}\ a{\isacharcomma}\ y\ {\isacharequal}\ b{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharequal}\ m{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} contains fields
\isa{x} and \isa{y} as before, but also possibly further fields
as indicated by the ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}}'' notation (which is actually part
of the syntax). The improper field ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}}'' of a record
scheme is called the \emph{more part}. Logically it is just a free
variable, which is occasionally referred to as ``row variable'' in
the literature. The more part of a record scheme may be
instantiated by zero or more further components. For example, the
previous scheme may get instantiated to \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharequal}\ a{\isacharcomma}\ y\ {\isacharequal}\ b{\isacharcomma}\ z\ {\isacharequal}\ c{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharequal}\ m{\isacharprime}{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}}, where \isa{m{\isacharprime}} refers to a different more part.
Fixed records are special instances of record schemes, where
``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}}'' is properly terminated by the \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ unit{\isachardoublequote}}
element. In fact, \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharequal}\ a{\isacharcomma}\ y\ {\isacharequal}\ b{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} is just an abbreviation
for \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharequal}\ a{\isacharcomma}\ y\ {\isacharequal}\ b{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharparenleft}{\isacharparenright}{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}}.
\medskip Two key observations make extensible records in a simply
typed language like HOL work out:
\begin{enumerate}
\item the more part is internalized, as a free term or type
variable,
\item field names are externalized, they cannot be accessed within
the logic as first-class values.
\end{enumerate}
\medskip In Isabelle/HOL record types have to be defined explicitly,
fixing their field names and types, and their (optional) parent
record. Afterwards, records may be formed using above syntax, while
obeying the canonical order of fields as given by their declaration.
The record package provides several standard operations like
selectors and updates. The common setup for various generic proof
tools enable succinct reasoning patterns. See also the Isabelle/HOL
tutorial \cite{isabelle-hol-book} for further instructions on using
records in practice.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Record specifications%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{record}\hypertarget{command.HOL.record}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.record}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{record}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
'record' typespecsorts '=' (type '+')? (constdecl +)
;
\end{rail}
\begin{description}
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.record}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{record}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub m{\isacharparenright}\ t\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isasymtau}\ {\isacharplus}\ c\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ c\isactrlsub n\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} defines extensible record type \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub m{\isacharparenright}\ t{\isachardoublequote}},
derived from the optional parent record \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymtau}{\isachardoublequote}} by adding new
field components \isa{{\isachardoublequote}c\isactrlsub i\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub i{\isachardoublequote}} etc.
The type variables of \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymtau}{\isachardoublequote}} and \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub i{\isachardoublequote}} need to be
covered by the (distinct) parameters \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub m{\isachardoublequote}}. Type constructor \isa{t} has to be new, while \isa{{\isasymtau}} needs to specify an instance of an existing record type. At
least one new field \isa{{\isachardoublequote}c\isactrlsub i{\isachardoublequote}} has to be specified.
Basically, field names need to belong to a unique record. This is
not a real restriction in practice, since fields are qualified by
the record name internally.
The parent record specification \isa{{\isasymtau}} is optional; if omitted
\isa{t} becomes a root record. The hierarchy of all records
declared within a theory context forms a forest structure, i.e.\ a
set of trees starting with a root record each. There is no way to
merge multiple parent records!
For convenience, \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub m{\isacharparenright}\ t{\isachardoublequote}} is made a
type abbreviation for the fixed record type \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}c\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ c\isactrlsub n\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub n{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}}, likewise is \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub m{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymzeta}{\isacharparenright}\ t{\isacharunderscore}scheme{\isachardoublequote}} made an abbreviation for
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}c\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ c\isactrlsub n\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub n{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymzeta}{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}}.
\end{description}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsubsection{Record operations%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
Any record definition of the form presented above produces certain
standard operations. Selectors and updates are provided for any
field, including the improper one ``\isa{more}''. There are also
cumulative record constructor functions. To simplify the
presentation below, we assume for now that \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub m{\isacharparenright}\ t{\isachardoublequote}} is a root record with fields \isa{{\isachardoublequote}c\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ c\isactrlsub n\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}}.
\medskip \textbf{Selectors} and \textbf{updates} are available for
any field (including ``\isa{more}''):
\begin{matharray}{lll}
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}c\isactrlsub i{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymzeta}{\isasymrparr}\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub i{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}c\isactrlsub i{\isacharunderscore}update{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub i\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymzeta}{\isasymrparr}\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymzeta}{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\end{matharray}
There is special syntax for application of updates: \isa{{\isachardoublequote}r{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharequal}\ a{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} abbreviates term \isa{{\isachardoublequote}x{\isacharunderscore}update\ a\ r{\isachardoublequote}}. Further notation for
repeated updates is also available: \isa{{\isachardoublequote}r{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharequal}\ a{\isasymrparr}{\isasymlparr}y\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharequal}\ b{\isasymrparr}{\isasymlparr}z\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharequal}\ c{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} may be written \isa{{\isachardoublequote}r{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharequal}\ a{\isacharcomma}\ y\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharequal}\ b{\isacharcomma}\ z\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharequal}\ c{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}}. Note that
because of postfix notation the order of fields shown here is
reverse than in the actual term. Since repeated updates are just
function applications, fields may be freely permuted in \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}x\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharequal}\ a{\isacharcomma}\ y\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharequal}\ b{\isacharcomma}\ z\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharequal}\ c{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}}, as far as logical equality is concerned.
Thus commutativity of independent updates can be proven within the
logic for any two fields, but not as a general theorem.
\medskip The \textbf{make} operation provides a cumulative record
constructor function:
\begin{matharray}{lll}
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}make{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub n\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\end{matharray}
\medskip We now reconsider the case of non-root records, which are
derived of some parent. In general, the latter may depend on
another parent as well, resulting in a list of \emph{ancestor
records}. Appending the lists of fields of all ancestors results in
a certain field prefix. The record package automatically takes care
of this by lifting operations over this context of ancestor fields.
Assuming that \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymalpha}\isactrlsub m{\isacharparenright}\ t{\isachardoublequote}} has ancestor
fields \isa{{\isachardoublequote}b\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymrho}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ b\isactrlsub k\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymrho}\isactrlsub k{\isachardoublequote}},
the above record operations will get the following types:
\medskip
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}c\isactrlsub i{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec b\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymrho}{\isacharcomma}\ \isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymzeta}{\isasymrparr}\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub i{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}c\isactrlsub i{\isacharunderscore}update{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub i\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec b\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymrho}{\isacharcomma}\ \isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymzeta}{\isasymrparr}\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec b\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymrho}{\isacharcomma}\ \isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymzeta}{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}make{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymrho}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymrho}\isactrlsub k\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub n\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec b\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymrho}{\isacharcomma}\ \isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\end{tabular}
\medskip
\noindent Some further operations address the extension aspect of a
derived record scheme specifically: \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}fields{\isachardoublequote}} produces a
record fragment consisting of exactly the new fields introduced here
(the result may serve as a more part elsewhere); \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}extend{\isachardoublequote}}
takes a fixed record and adds a given more part; \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}truncate{\isachardoublequote}} restricts a record scheme to a fixed record.
\medskip
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}fields{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymsigma}\isactrlsub n\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}extend{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec b\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymrho}{\isacharcomma}\ \isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isasymrparr}\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymzeta}\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec b\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymrho}{\isacharcomma}\ \isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymzeta}{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}truncate{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec b\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymrho}{\isacharcomma}\ \isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymzeta}{\isasymrparr}\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isasymlparr}\isactrlvec b\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymrho}{\isacharcomma}\ \isactrlvec c\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ \isactrlvec {\isasymsigma}{\isasymrparr}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\end{tabular}
\medskip
\noindent Note that \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}make{\isachardoublequote}} and \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}fields{\isachardoublequote}} coincide
for root records.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsubsection{Derived rules and proof tools%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
The record package proves several results internally, declaring
these facts to appropriate proof tools. This enables users to
reason about record structures quite conveniently. Assume that
\isa{t} is a record type as specified above.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Standard conversions for selectors or updates applied to
record constructor terms are made part of the default Simplifier
context; thus proofs by reduction of basic operations merely require
the \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} method without further arguments. These rules
are available as \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}simps{\isachardoublequote}}, too.
\item Selectors applied to updated records are automatically reduced
by an internal simplification procedure, which is also part of the
standard Simplifier setup.
\item Inject equations of a form analogous to \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}x{\isacharcomma}\ y{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharparenleft}x{\isacharprime}{\isacharcomma}\ y{\isacharprime}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymequiv}\ x\ {\isacharequal}\ x{\isacharprime}\ {\isasymand}\ y\ {\isacharequal}\ y{\isacharprime}{\isachardoublequote}} are declared to the Simplifier and Classical
Reasoner as \hyperlink{attribute.iff}{\mbox{\isa{iff}}} rules. These rules are available as
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}iffs{\isachardoublequote}}.
\item The introduction rule for record equality analogous to \isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\ r\ {\isacharequal}\ x\ r{\isacharprime}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ y\ r\ {\isacharequal}\ y\ r{\isacharprime}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ r\ {\isacharequal}\ r{\isacharprime}{\isachardoublequote}} is declared to the Simplifier,
and as the basic rule context as ``\hyperlink{attribute.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharquery}{\isachardoublequote}}''.
The rule is called \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}equality{\isachardoublequote}}.
\item Representations of arbitrary record expressions as canonical
constructor terms are provided both in \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} and \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} format (cf.\ the generic proof methods of the same name,
\secref{sec:cases-induct}). Several variations are available, for
fixed records, record schemes, more parts etc.
The generic proof methods are sufficiently smart to pick the most
sensible rule according to the type of the indicated record
expression: users just need to apply something like ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}cases\ r{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}}'' to a certain proof problem.
\item The derived record operations \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}make{\isachardoublequote}}, \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}fields{\isachardoublequote}}, \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}extend{\isachardoublequote}}, \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}truncate{\isachardoublequote}} are \emph{not}
treated automatically, but usually need to be expanded by hand,
using the collective fact \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t{\isachardot}defs{\isachardoublequote}}.
\end{enumerate}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsection{Datatypes \label{sec:hol-datatype}%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{datatype}\hypertarget{command.HOL.datatype}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{datatype}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{rep\_datatype}\hypertarget{command.HOL.rep-datatype}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.rep-datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{rep{\isacharunderscore}datatype}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
'datatype' (dtspec + 'and')
;
'rep\_datatype' ('(' (name +) ')')? (term +)
;
dtspec: parname? typespec mixfix? '=' (cons + '|')
;
cons: name ( type * ) mixfix?
\end{rail}
\begin{description}
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{datatype}}}} defines inductive datatypes in
HOL.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.rep-datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{rep{\isacharunderscore}datatype}}}} represents existing types as
inductive ones, generating the standard infrastructure of derived
concepts (primitive recursion etc.).
\end{description}
The induction and exhaustion theorems generated provide case names
according to the constructors involved, while parameters are named
after the types (see also \secref{sec:cases-induct}).
See \cite{isabelle-HOL} for more details on datatypes, but beware of
the old-style theory syntax being used there! Apart from proper
proof methods for case-analysis and induction, there are also
emulations of ML tactics \hyperlink{method.HOL.case-tac}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isacharunderscore}tac}}} and \hyperlink{method.HOL.induct-tac}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isacharunderscore}tac}}} available, see \secref{sec:hol-induct-tac}; these admit
to refer directly to the internal structure of subgoals (including
internally bound parameters).%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsection{Recursive functions \label{sec:recursion}%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{primrec}\hypertarget{command.HOL.primrec}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.primrec}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{primrec}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{fun}\hypertarget{command.HOL.fun}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.fun}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fun}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{function}\hypertarget{command.HOL.function}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{termination}\hypertarget{command.HOL.termination}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.termination}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{termination}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
'primrec' target? fixes 'where' equations
;
equations: (thmdecl? prop + '|')
;
('fun' | 'function') target? functionopts? fixes 'where' clauses
;
clauses: (thmdecl? prop ('(' 'otherwise' ')')? + '|')
;
functionopts: '(' (('sequential' | 'domintros' | 'tailrec' | 'default' term) + ',') ')'
;
'termination' ( term )?
\end{rail}
\begin{description}
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.primrec}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{primrec}}}} defines primitive recursive
functions over datatypes, see also \cite{isabelle-HOL}.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}} defines functions by general
wellfounded recursion. A detailed description with examples can be
found in \cite{isabelle-function}. The function is specified by a
set of (possibly conditional) recursive equations with arbitrary
pattern matching. The command generates proof obligations for the
completeness and the compatibility of patterns.
The defined function is considered partial, and the resulting
simplification rules (named \isa{{\isachardoublequote}f{\isachardot}psimps{\isachardoublequote}}) and induction rule
(named \isa{{\isachardoublequote}f{\isachardot}pinduct{\isachardoublequote}}) are guarded by a generated domain
predicate \isa{{\isachardoublequote}f{\isacharunderscore}dom{\isachardoublequote}}. The \hyperlink{command.HOL.termination}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{termination}}}}
command can then be used to establish that the function is total.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.fun}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fun}}}} is a shorthand notation for ``\hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}sequential{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}}, followed by automated
proof attempts regarding pattern matching and termination. See
\cite{isabelle-function} for further details.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.termination}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{termination}}}}~\isa{f} commences a
termination proof for the previously defined function \isa{f}. If
this is omitted, the command refers to the most recent function
definition. After the proof is closed, the recursive equations and
the induction principle is established.
\end{description}
Recursive definitions introduced by the \hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}}
command accommodate
reasoning by induction (cf.\ \secref{sec:cases-induct}): rule \isa{{\isachardoublequote}c{\isachardot}induct{\isachardoublequote}} (where \isa{c} is the name of the function definition)
refers to a specific induction rule, with parameters named according
to the user-specified equations. Cases are numbered (starting from 1).
For \hyperlink{command.HOL.primrec}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{primrec}}}}, the induction principle coincides
with structural recursion on the datatype the recursion is carried
out.
The equations provided by these packages may be referred later as
theorem list \isa{{\isachardoublequote}f{\isachardot}simps{\isachardoublequote}}, where \isa{f} is the (collective)
name of the functions defined. Individual equations may be named
explicitly as well.
The \hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}} command accepts the following
options.
\begin{description}
\item \isa{sequential} enables a preprocessor which disambiguates
overlapping patterns by making them mutually disjoint. Earlier
equations take precedence over later ones. This allows to give the
specification in a format very similar to functional programming.
Note that the resulting simplification and induction rules
correspond to the transformed specification, not the one given
originally. This usually means that each equation given by the user
may result in several theorems. Also note that this automatic
transformation only works for ML-style datatype patterns.
\item \isa{domintros} enables the automated generation of
introduction rules for the domain predicate. While mostly not
needed, they can be helpful in some proofs about partial functions.
\item \isa{tailrec} generates the unconstrained recursive
equations even without a termination proof, provided that the
function is tail-recursive. This currently only works
\item \isa{{\isachardoublequote}default\ d{\isachardoublequote}} allows to specify a default value for a
(partial) function, which will ensure that \isa{{\isachardoublequote}f\ x\ {\isacharequal}\ d\ x{\isachardoublequote}}
whenever \isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\ {\isasymnotin}\ f{\isacharunderscore}dom{\isachardoublequote}}.
\end{description}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsubsection{Proof methods related to recursive definitions%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{method}{pat\_completeness}\hypertarget{method.HOL.pat-completeness}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.pat-completeness}{\mbox{\isa{pat{\isacharunderscore}completeness}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{method}{relation}\hypertarget{method.HOL.relation}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.relation}{\mbox{\isa{relation}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{method}{lexicographic\_order}\hypertarget{method.HOL.lexicographic-order}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.lexicographic-order}{\mbox{\isa{lexicographic{\isacharunderscore}order}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{method}{size\_change}\hypertarget{method.HOL.size-change}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.size-change}{\mbox{\isa{size{\isacharunderscore}change}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
'relation' term
;
'lexicographic\_order' ( clasimpmod * )
;
'size\_change' ( orders ( clasimpmod * ) )
;
orders: ( 'max' | 'min' | 'ms' ) *
\end{rail}
\begin{description}
\item \hyperlink{method.HOL.pat-completeness}{\mbox{\isa{pat{\isacharunderscore}completeness}}} is a specialized method to
solve goals regarding the completeness of pattern matching, as
required by the \hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}} package (cf.\
\cite{isabelle-function}).
\item \hyperlink{method.HOL.relation}{\mbox{\isa{relation}}}~\isa{R} introduces a termination
proof using the relation \isa{R}. The resulting proof state will
contain goals expressing that \isa{R} is wellfounded, and that the
arguments of recursive calls decrease with respect to \isa{R}.
Usually, this method is used as the initial proof step of manual
termination proofs.
\item \hyperlink{method.HOL.lexicographic-order}{\mbox{\isa{lexicographic{\isacharunderscore}order}}} attempts a fully
automated termination proof by searching for a lexicographic
combination of size measures on the arguments of the function. The
method accepts the same arguments as the \hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}} method,
which it uses internally to prove local descents. The same context
modifiers as for \hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}} are accepted, see
\secref{sec:clasimp}.
In case of failure, extensive information is printed, which can help
to analyse the situation (cf.\ \cite{isabelle-function}).
\item \hyperlink{method.HOL.size-change}{\mbox{\isa{size{\isacharunderscore}change}}} also works on termination goals,
using a variation of the size-change principle, together with a
graph decomposition technique (see \cite{krauss_phd} for details).
Three kinds of orders are used internally: \isa{max}, \isa{min},
and \isa{ms} (multiset), which is only available when the theory
\isa{Multiset} is loaded. When no order kinds are given, they are
tried in order. The search for a termination proof uses SAT solving
internally.
For local descent proofs, the same context modifiers as for \hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}} are accepted, see \secref{sec:clasimp}.
\end{description}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsubsection{Old-style recursive function definitions (TFL)%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
The old TFL commands \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}} and \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef-tc}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef{\isacharunderscore}tc}}}} for defining recursive are mostly obsolete; \hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}} or \hyperlink{command.HOL.fun}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fun}}}} should be used instead.
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{recdef}\hypertarget{command.HOL.recdef}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{recdef\_tc}\hypertarget{command.HOL.recdef-tc}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef-tc}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef{\isacharunderscore}tc}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
'recdef' ('(' 'permissive' ')')? \\ name term (prop +) hints?
;
recdeftc thmdecl? tc
;
hints: '(' 'hints' ( recdefmod * ) ')'
;
recdefmod: (('recdef\_simp' | 'recdef\_cong' | 'recdef\_wf') (() | 'add' | 'del') ':' thmrefs) | clasimpmod
;
tc: nameref ('(' nat ')')?
;
\end{rail}
\begin{description}
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}} defines general well-founded
recursive functions (using the TFL package), see also
\cite{isabelle-HOL}. The ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}permissive{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}}'' option tells
TFL to recover from failed proof attempts, returning unfinished
results. The \isa{recdef{\isacharunderscore}simp}, \isa{recdef{\isacharunderscore}cong}, and \isa{recdef{\isacharunderscore}wf} hints refer to auxiliary rules to be used in the internal
automated proof process of TFL. Additional \hyperlink{syntax.clasimpmod}{\mbox{\isa{clasimpmod}}}
declarations (cf.\ \secref{sec:clasimp}) may be given to tune the
context of the Simplifier (cf.\ \secref{sec:simplifier}) and
Classical reasoner (cf.\ \secref{sec:classical}).
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef-tc}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef{\isacharunderscore}tc}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}c\ {\isacharparenleft}i{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} recommences the
proof for leftover termination condition number \isa{i} (default
1) as generated by a \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}} definition of
constant \isa{c}.
Note that in most cases, \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}} is able to finish
its internal proofs without manual intervention.
\end{description}
\medskip Hints for \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}} may be also declared
globally, using the following attributes.
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{recdef\_simp}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.recdef-simp}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.recdef-simp}{\mbox{\isa{recdef{\isacharunderscore}simp}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{recdef\_cong}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.recdef-cong}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.recdef-cong}{\mbox{\isa{recdef{\isacharunderscore}cong}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{recdef\_wf}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.recdef-wf}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.recdef-wf}{\mbox{\isa{recdef{\isacharunderscore}wf}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
('recdef\_simp' | 'recdef\_cong' | 'recdef\_wf') (() | 'add' | 'del')
;
\end{rail}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsection{Inductive and coinductive definitions \label{sec:hol-inductive}%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
An \textbf{inductive definition} specifies the least predicate (or
set) \isa{R} closed under given rules: applying a rule to elements
of \isa{R} yields a result within \isa{R}. For example, a
structural operational semantics is an inductive definition of an
evaluation relation.
Dually, a \textbf{coinductive definition} specifies the greatest
predicate~/ set \isa{R} that is consistent with given rules: every
element of \isa{R} can be seen as arising by applying a rule to
elements of \isa{R}. An important example is using bisimulation
relations to formalise equivalence of processes and infinite data
structures.
\medskip The HOL package is related to the ZF one, which is
described in a separate paper,\footnote{It appeared in CADE
\cite{paulson-CADE}; a longer version is distributed with Isabelle.}
which you should refer to in case of difficulties. The package is
simpler than that of ZF thanks to implicit type-checking in HOL.
The types of the (co)inductive predicates (or sets) determine the
domain of the fixedpoint definition, and the package does not have
to use inference rules for type-checking.
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{inductive}\hypertarget{command.HOL.inductive}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{inductive\_set}\hypertarget{command.HOL.inductive-set}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive-set}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive{\isacharunderscore}set}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{coinductive}\hypertarget{command.HOL.coinductive}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.coinductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{coinductive}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{coinductive\_set}\hypertarget{command.HOL.coinductive-set}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.coinductive-set}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{coinductive{\isacharunderscore}set}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{mono}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.mono}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.mono}{\mbox{\isa{mono}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
('inductive' | 'inductive\_set' | 'coinductive' | 'coinductive\_set') target? fixes ('for' fixes)? \\
('where' clauses)? ('monos' thmrefs)?
;
clauses: (thmdecl? prop + '|')
;
'mono' (() | 'add' | 'del')
;
\end{rail}
\begin{description}
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive}}}} and \hyperlink{command.HOL.coinductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{coinductive}}}} define (co)inductive predicates from the
introduction rules given in the \hyperlink{keyword.where}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}} part. The
optional \hyperlink{keyword.for}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{for}}}} part contains a list of parameters of the
(co)inductive predicates that remain fixed throughout the
definition. The optional \hyperlink{keyword.monos}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{monos}}}} section contains
\emph{monotonicity theorems}, which are required for each operator
applied to a recursive set in the introduction rules. There
\emph{must} be a theorem of the form \isa{{\isachardoublequote}A\ {\isasymle}\ B\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ M\ A\ {\isasymle}\ M\ B{\isachardoublequote}},
for each premise \isa{{\isachardoublequote}M\ R\isactrlsub i\ t{\isachardoublequote}} in an introduction rule!
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive-set}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive{\isacharunderscore}set}}}} and \hyperlink{command.HOL.coinductive-set}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{coinductive{\isacharunderscore}set}}}} are wrappers for to the previous commands,
allowing the definition of (co)inductive sets.
\item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.mono}{\mbox{\isa{mono}}} declares monotonicity rules. These
rule are involved in the automated monotonicity proof of \hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive}}}}.
\end{description}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsubsection{Derived rules%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
Each (co)inductive definition \isa{R} adds definitions to the
theory and also proves some theorems:
\begin{description}
\item \isa{R{\isachardot}intros} is the list of introduction rules as proven
theorems, for the recursive predicates (or sets). The rules are
also available individually, using the names given them in the
theory file;
\item \isa{R{\isachardot}cases} is the case analysis (or elimination) rule;
\item \isa{R{\isachardot}induct} or \isa{R{\isachardot}coinduct} is the (co)induction
rule.
\end{description}
When several predicates \isa{{\isachardoublequote}R\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ R\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} are
defined simultaneously, the list of introduction rules is called
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}R\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharunderscore}{\isasymdots}{\isacharunderscore}R\isactrlsub n{\isachardot}intros{\isachardoublequote}}, the case analysis rules are
called \isa{{\isachardoublequote}R\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardot}cases{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ R\isactrlsub n{\isachardot}cases{\isachardoublequote}}, and the list
of mutual induction rules is called \isa{{\isachardoublequote}R\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharunderscore}{\isasymdots}{\isacharunderscore}R\isactrlsub n{\isachardot}inducts{\isachardoublequote}}.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsubsection{Monotonicity theorems%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
Each theory contains a default set of theorems that are used in
monotonicity proofs. New rules can be added to this set via the
\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.mono}{\mbox{\isa{mono}}} attribute. The HOL theory \isa{Inductive}
shows how this is done. In general, the following monotonicity
theorems may be added:
\begin{itemize}
\item Theorems of the form \isa{{\isachardoublequote}A\ {\isasymle}\ B\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ M\ A\ {\isasymle}\ M\ B{\isachardoublequote}}, for proving
monotonicity of inductive definitions whose introduction rules have
premises involving terms such as \isa{{\isachardoublequote}M\ R\isactrlsub i\ t{\isachardoublequote}}.
\item Monotonicity theorems for logical operators, which are of the
general form \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isasymdots}\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isacharparenleft}{\isasymdots}\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}}. For example, in
the case of the operator \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymor}{\isachardoublequote}}, the corresponding theorem is
\[
\infer{\isa{{\isachardoublequote}P\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymor}\ P\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ Q\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymor}\ Q\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardoublequote}}}{\isa{{\isachardoublequote}P\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ Q\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequote}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}P\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ Q\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardoublequote}}}
\]
\item De Morgan style equations for reasoning about the ``polarity''
of expressions, e.g.
\[
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymnot}\ {\isasymnot}\ P\ {\isasymlongleftrightarrow}\ P{\isachardoublequote}} \qquad\qquad
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymnot}\ {\isacharparenleft}P\ {\isasymand}\ Q{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymlongleftrightarrow}\ {\isasymnot}\ P\ {\isasymor}\ {\isasymnot}\ Q{\isachardoublequote}}
\]
\item Equations for reducing complex operators to more primitive
ones whose monotonicity can easily be proved, e.g.
\[
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}P\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ Q{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymlongleftrightarrow}\ {\isasymnot}\ P\ {\isasymor}\ Q{\isachardoublequote}} \qquad\qquad
\isa{{\isachardoublequote}Ball\ A\ P\ {\isasymequiv}\ {\isasymforall}x{\isachardot}\ x\ {\isasymin}\ A\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ P\ x{\isachardoublequote}}
\]
\end{itemize}
%FIXME: Example of an inductive definition%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsection{Arithmetic proof support%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{method}{arith}\hypertarget{method.HOL.arith}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.arith}{\mbox{\isa{arith}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{arith}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.arith}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.arith}{\mbox{\isa{arith}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{arith\_split}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.arith-split}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.arith-split}{\mbox{\isa{arith{\isacharunderscore}split}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
\end{matharray}
The \hyperlink{method.HOL.arith}{\mbox{\isa{arith}}} method decides linear arithmetic problems
(on types \isa{nat}, \isa{int}, \isa{real}). Any current
facts are inserted into the goal before running the procedure.
The \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.arith}{\mbox{\isa{arith}}} attribute declares facts that are
always supplied to the arithmetic provers implicitly.
The \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.arith-split}{\mbox{\isa{arith{\isacharunderscore}split}}} attribute declares case split
rules to be expanded before \hyperlink{method.HOL.arith}{\mbox{\isa{arith}}} is invoked.
Note that a simpler (but faster) arithmetic prover is
already invoked by the Simplifier.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsection{Intuitionistic proof search%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{method}{iprover}\hypertarget{method.HOL.iprover}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.iprover}{\mbox{\isa{iprover}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
'iprover' ( rulemod * )
;
\end{rail}
The \hyperlink{method.HOL.iprover}{\mbox{\isa{iprover}}} method performs intuitionistic proof
search, depending on specifically declared rules from the context,
or given as explicit arguments. Chained facts are inserted into the
goal before commencing proof search.
Rules need to be classified as \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}},
\hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}, or \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}}; here the
``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharbang}{\isachardoublequote}}'' indicator refers to ``safe'' rules, which may be
applied aggressively (without considering back-tracking later).
Rules declared with ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharquery}{\isachardoublequote}}'' are ignored in proof search (the
single-step \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} method still observes these). An
explicit weight annotation may be given as well; otherwise the
number of rule premises will be taken into account here.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsection{Coherent Logic%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{method}{coherent}\hypertarget{method.HOL.coherent}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.coherent}{\mbox{\isa{coherent}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
'coherent' thmrefs?
;
\end{rail}
The \hyperlink{method.HOL.coherent}{\mbox{\isa{coherent}}} method solves problems of
\emph{Coherent Logic} \cite{Bezem-Coquand:2005}, which covers
applications in confluence theory, lattice theory and projective
geometry. See \hyperlink{file.~~/src/HOL/ex/Coherent.thy}{\mbox{\isa{\isatt{{\isachartilde}{\isachartilde}{\isacharslash}src{\isacharslash}HOL{\isacharslash}ex{\isacharslash}Coherent{\isachardot}thy}}}} for some
examples.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsection{Checking and refuting propositions%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
Identifying incorrect propositions usually involves evaluation of
particular assignments and systematic counter example search. This
is supported by the following commands.
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{value}\hypertarget{command.HOL.value}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.value}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{value}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}context\ {\isasymrightarrow}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{quickcheck}\hypertarget{command.HOL.quickcheck}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof\ {\isasymrightarrow}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{quickcheck\_params}\hypertarget{command.HOL.quickcheck-params}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck{\isacharunderscore}params}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}}
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
'value' ( ( '[' name ']' ) ? ) modes? term
;
'quickcheck' ( ( '[' args ']' ) ? ) nat?
;
'quickcheck_params' ( ( '[' args ']' ) ? )
;
modes: '(' (name + ) ')'
;
args: ( name '=' value + ',' )
;
\end{rail}
\begin{description}
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.value}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{value}}}}~\isa{t} evaluates and prints a
term; optionally \isa{modes} can be specified, which are
appended to the current print mode (see also \cite{isabelle-ref}).
Internally, the evaluation is performed by registered evaluators,
which are invoked sequentially until a result is returned.
Alternatively a specific evaluator can be selected using square
brackets; available evaluators include \isa{nbe} for
\emph{normalization by evaluation} and \emph{code} for code
generation in SML.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck}}}} tests the current goal for
counter examples using a series of arbitrary assignments for its
free variables; by default the first subgoal is tested, an other
can be selected explicitly using an optional goal index.
A number of configuration options are supported for
\hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck}}}}, notably:
\begin{description}
\item[size] specifies the maximum size of the search space for
assignment values.
\item[iterations] sets how many sets of assignments are
generated for each particular size.
\item[no\_assms] specifies whether assumptions in
structured proofs should be ignored.
\end{description}
These option can be given within square brackets.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck{\isacharunderscore}params}}}} changes quickcheck
configuration options persitently.
\end{description}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsection{Unstructured case analysis and induction \label{sec:hol-induct-tac}%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
The following tools of Isabelle/HOL support cases analysis and
induction in unstructured tactic scripts; see also
\secref{sec:cases-induct} for proper Isar versions of similar ideas.
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{method}{case\_tac}\hypertarget{method.HOL.case-tac}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.case-tac}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isacharunderscore}tac}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{method} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{method}{induct\_tac}\hypertarget{method.HOL.induct-tac}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.induct-tac}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isacharunderscore}tac}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{method} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{method}{ind\_cases}\hypertarget{method.HOL.ind-cases}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.ind-cases}{\mbox{\isa{ind{\isacharunderscore}cases}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{method} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{inductive\_cases}\hypertarget{command.HOL.inductive-cases}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive{\isacharunderscore}cases}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
'case\_tac' goalspec? term rule?
;
'induct\_tac' goalspec? (insts * 'and') rule?
;
'ind\_cases' (prop +) ('for' (name +)) ?
;
'inductive\_cases' (thmdecl? (prop +) + 'and')
;
rule: ('rule' ':' thmref)
;
\end{rail}
\begin{description}
\item \hyperlink{method.HOL.case-tac}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isacharunderscore}tac}}} and \hyperlink{method.HOL.induct-tac}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isacharunderscore}tac}}} admit
to reason about inductive types. Rules are selected according to
the declarations by the \hyperlink{attribute.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} and \hyperlink{attribute.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}
attributes, cf.\ \secref{sec:cases-induct}. The \hyperlink{command.HOL.datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{datatype}}}} package already takes care of this.
These unstructured tactics feature both goal addressing and dynamic
instantiation. Note that named rule cases are \emph{not} provided
as would be by the proper \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} and \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} proof
methods (see \secref{sec:cases-induct}). Unlike the \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} method, \hyperlink{method.induct-tac}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isacharunderscore}tac}}} does not handle structured rule
statements, only the compact object-logic conclusion of the subgoal
being addressed.
\item \hyperlink{method.HOL.ind-cases}{\mbox{\isa{ind{\isacharunderscore}cases}}} and \hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive{\isacharunderscore}cases}}}} provide an interface to the internal \verb|mk_cases| operation. Rules are simplified in an unrestricted
forward manner.
While \hyperlink{method.HOL.ind-cases}{\mbox{\isa{ind{\isacharunderscore}cases}}} is a proof method to apply the
result immediately as elimination rules, \hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive{\isacharunderscore}cases}}}} provides case split theorems at the theory level
for later use. The \hyperlink{keyword.for}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{for}}}} argument of the \hyperlink{method.HOL.ind-cases}{\mbox{\isa{ind{\isacharunderscore}cases}}} method allows to specify a list of variables that should
be generalized before applying the resulting rule.
\end{description}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsection{Executable code%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
Isabelle/Pure provides two generic frameworks to support code
generation from executable specifications. Isabelle/HOL
instantiates these mechanisms in a way that is amenable to end-user
applications.
One framework generates code from both functional and relational
programs to SML. See \cite{isabelle-HOL} for further information
(this actually covers the new-style theory format as well).
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_module}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-module}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-module}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}module}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_library}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-library}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-library}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}library}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{consts\_code}\hypertarget{command.HOL.consts-code}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.consts-code}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{consts{\isacharunderscore}code}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{types\_code}\hypertarget{command.HOL.types-code}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.types-code}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{types{\isacharunderscore}code}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{code}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.code}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code}{\mbox{\isa{code}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
( 'code\_module' | 'code\_library' ) modespec ? name ? \\
( 'file' name ) ? ( 'imports' ( name + ) ) ? \\
'contains' ( ( name '=' term ) + | term + )
;
modespec: '(' ( name * ) ')'
;
'consts\_code' (codespec +)
;
codespec: const template attachment ?
;
'types\_code' (tycodespec +)
;
tycodespec: name template attachment ?
;
const: term
;
template: '(' string ')'
;
attachment: 'attach' modespec ? verblbrace text verbrbrace
;
'code' (name)?
;
\end{rail}
\medskip The other framework generates code from functional programs
(including overloading using type classes) to SML \cite{SML}, OCaml
\cite{OCaml} and Haskell \cite{haskell-revised-report}.
Conceptually, code generation is split up in three steps:
\emph{selection} of code theorems, \emph{translation} into an
abstract executable view and \emph{serialization} to a specific
\emph{target language}. See \cite{isabelle-codegen} for an
introduction on how to use it.
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{export\_code}\hypertarget{command.HOL.export-code}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.export-code}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{export{\isacharunderscore}code}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}context\ {\isasymrightarrow}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_thms}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-thms}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-thms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}thms}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}context\ {\isasymrightarrow}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_deps}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-deps}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-deps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}deps}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}context\ {\isasymrightarrow}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_datatype}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-datatype}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}datatype}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_const}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-const}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-const}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}const}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_type}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-type}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}type}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_class}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-class}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}class}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_instance}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-instance}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}instance}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_monad}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-monad}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-monad}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}monad}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_reserved}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-reserved}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-reserved}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}reserved}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_include}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-include}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-include}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}include}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_modulename}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-modulename}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-modulename}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}modulename}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_abort}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-abort}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-abort}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}abort}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{print\_codesetup}\hypertarget{command.HOL.print-codesetup}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.print-codesetup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}codesetup}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}context\ {\isasymrightarrow}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{print\_codeproc}\hypertarget{command.HOL.print-codeproc}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.print-codeproc}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}codeproc}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}context\ {\isasymrightarrow}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{code}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.code}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code}{\mbox{\isa{code}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
'export\_code' ( constexpr + ) \\
( ( 'in' target ( 'module\_name' string ) ? \\
( 'file' ( string | '-' ) ) ? ( '(' args ')' ) ?) + ) ?
;
'code\_thms' ( constexpr + ) ?
;
'code\_deps' ( constexpr + ) ?
;
const: term
;
constexpr: ( const | 'name.*' | '*' )
;
typeconstructor: nameref
;
class: nameref
;
target: 'OCaml' | 'SML' | 'Haskell'
;
'code\_datatype' ( const + )
;
'code\_const' (const + 'and') \\
( ( '(' target ( syntax ? + 'and' ) ')' ) + )
;
'code\_type' (typeconstructor + 'and') \\
( ( '(' target ( syntax ? + 'and' ) ')' ) + )
;
'code\_class' (class + 'and') \\
( ( '(' target \\ ( string ? + 'and' ) ')' ) + )
;
'code\_instance' (( typeconstructor '::' class ) + 'and') \\
( ( '(' target ( '-' ? + 'and' ) ')' ) + )
;
'code\_monad' const const target
;
'code\_reserved' target ( string + )
;
'code\_include' target ( string ( string | '-') )
;
'code\_modulename' target ( ( string string ) + )
;
'code\_abort' ( const + )
;
syntax: string | ( 'infix' | 'infixl' | 'infixr' ) nat string
;
'code' ( 'del' ) ?
;
'code_unfold' ( 'del' ) ?
;
'code_post' ( 'del' ) ?
;
\end{rail}
\begin{description}
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.export-code}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{export{\isacharunderscore}code}}}} is the canonical interface for
generating and serializing code: for a given list of constants, code
is generated for the specified target languages. If no serialization
instruction is given, only abstract code is generated internally.
Constants may be specified by giving them literally, referring to
all executable contants within a certain theory by giving \isa{{\isachardoublequote}name{\isachardot}{\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}}, or referring to \emph{all} executable constants currently
available by giving \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}}.
By default, for each involved theory one corresponding name space
module is generated. Alternativly, a module name may be specified
after the \hyperlink{keyword.module-name}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{module{\isacharunderscore}name}}}} keyword; then \emph{all} code is
placed in this module.
For \emph{SML} and \emph{OCaml}, the file specification refers to a
single file; for \emph{Haskell}, it refers to a whole directory,
where code is generated in multiple files reflecting the module
hierarchy. The file specification ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharminus}{\isachardoublequote}}'' denotes standard
output. For \emph{SML}, omitting the file specification compiles
code internally in the context of the current ML session.
Serializers take an optional list of arguments in parentheses. For
\emph{SML} and \emph{OCaml}, ``\isa{no{\isacharunderscore}signatures}`` omits
explicit module signatures.
For \emph{Haskell} a module name prefix may be given using the ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}root{\isacharcolon}{\isachardoublequote}}'' argument; ``\isa{string{\isacharunderscore}classes}'' adds a ``\verb|deriving (Read, Show)|'' clause to each appropriate datatype
declaration.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-thms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}thms}}}} prints a list of theorems
representing the corresponding program containing all given
constants.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-deps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}deps}}}} visualizes dependencies of
theorems representing the corresponding program containing all given
constants.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}datatype}}}} specifies a constructor set
for a logical type.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-const}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}const}}}} associates a list of constants
with target-specific serializations; omitting a serialization
deletes an existing serialization.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}type}}}} associates a list of type
constructors with target-specific serializations; omitting a
serialization deletes an existing serialization.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}class}}}} associates a list of classes
with target-specific class names; omitting a serialization deletes
an existing serialization. This applies only to \emph{Haskell}.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}instance}}}} declares a list of type
constructor / class instance relations as ``already present'' for a
given target. Omitting a ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharminus}{\isachardoublequote}}'' deletes an existing
``already present'' declaration. This applies only to
\emph{Haskell}.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-monad}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}monad}}}} provides an auxiliary mechanism
to generate monadic code for Haskell.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-reserved}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}reserved}}}} declares a list of names as
reserved for a given target, preventing it to be shadowed by any
generated code.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-include}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}include}}}} adds arbitrary named content
(``include'') to generated code. A ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharminus}{\isachardoublequote}}'' as last argument
will remove an already added ``include''.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-modulename}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}modulename}}}} declares aliasings from one
module name onto another.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-abort}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isacharunderscore}abort}}}} declares constants which are not
required to have a definition by means of code equations; if
needed these are implemented by program abort instead.
\item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code}{\mbox{\isa{code}}} explicitly selects (or with option
``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}del{\isachardoublequote}}'' deselects) a code equation for code
generation. Usually packages introducing code equations provide
a reasonable default setup for selection.
\item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code-inline}{\mbox{\isa{code{\isacharunderscore}inline}}} declares (or with
option ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}del{\isachardoublequote}}'' removes) inlining theorems which are
applied as rewrite rules to any code equation during
preprocessing.
\item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code-post}{\mbox{\isa{code{\isacharunderscore}post}}} declares (or with
option ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}del{\isachardoublequote}}'' removes) theorems which are
applied as rewrite rules to any result of an evaluation.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.print-codesetup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}codesetup}}}} gives an overview on
selected code equations and code generator datatypes.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.print-codeproc}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}codeproc}}}} prints the setup
of the code generator preprocessor.
\end{description}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsection{Definition by specification \label{sec:hol-specification}%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\begin{matharray}{rcl}
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{specification}\hypertarget{command.HOL.specification}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{specification}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\indexdef{HOL}{command}{ax\_specification}\hypertarget{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ax{\isacharunderscore}specification}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
\end{matharray}
\begin{rail}
('specification' | 'ax\_specification') '(' (decl +) ')' \\ (thmdecl? prop +)
;
decl: ((name ':')? term '(' 'overloaded' ')'?)
\end{rail}
\begin{description}
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{specification}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}decls\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} sets up a
goal stating the existence of terms with the properties specified to
hold for the constants given in \isa{decls}. After finishing the
proof, the theory will be augmented with definitions for the given
constants, as well as with theorems stating the properties for these
constants.
\item \hyperlink{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ax{\isacharunderscore}specification}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}decls\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} sets up
a goal stating the existence of terms with the properties specified
to hold for the constants given in \isa{decls}. After finishing
the proof, the theory will be augmented with axioms expressing the
properties given in the first place.
\item \isa{decl} declares a constant to be defined by the
specification given. The definition for the constant \isa{c} is
bound to the name \isa{c{\isacharunderscore}def} unless a theorem name is given in
the declaration. Overloaded constants should be declared as such.
\end{description}
Whether to use \hyperlink{command.HOL.specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{specification}}}} or \hyperlink{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ax{\isacharunderscore}specification}}}} is to some extent a matter of style. \hyperlink{command.HOL.specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{specification}}}} introduces no new axioms, and so by
construction cannot introduce inconsistencies, whereas \hyperlink{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ax{\isacharunderscore}specification}}}} does introduce axioms, but only after the
user has explicitly proven it to be safe. A practical issue must be
considered, though: After introducing two constants with the same
properties using \hyperlink{command.HOL.specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{specification}}}}, one can prove
that the two constants are, in fact, equal. If this might be a
problem, one should use \hyperlink{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ax{\isacharunderscore}specification}}}}.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
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