paulson@12196: (*  Title       : NthRoot.thy
paulson@12196:     Author      : Jacques D. Fleuriot
paulson@12196:     Copyright   : 1998  University of Cambridge
paulson@14477:     Conversion to Isar and new proofs by Lawrence C Paulson, 2004
paulson@12196: *)
paulson@12196: 
huffman@22956: header {* Nth Roots of Real Numbers *}
paulson@14324: 
nipkow@15131: theory NthRoot
huffman@23009: imports SEQ Parity Deriv
nipkow@15131: begin
paulson@14324: 
huffman@22956: subsection {* Existence of Nth Root *}
huffman@20687: 
huffman@23009: text {* Existence follows from the Intermediate Value Theorem *}
paulson@14324: 
huffman@23009: lemma realpow_pos_nth:
huffman@23009:   assumes n: "0 < n"
huffman@23009:   assumes a: "0 < a"
huffman@23009:   shows "\<exists>r>0. r ^ n = (a::real)"
huffman@23009: proof -
huffman@23009:   have "\<exists>r\<ge>0. r \<le> (max 1 a) \<and> r ^ n = a"
huffman@23009:   proof (rule IVT)
huffman@23009:     show "0 ^ n \<le> a" using n a by (simp add: power_0_left)
huffman@23009:     show "0 \<le> max 1 a" by simp
huffman@23009:     from n have n1: "1 \<le> n" by simp
huffman@23009:     have "a \<le> max 1 a ^ 1" by simp
huffman@23009:     also have "max 1 a ^ 1 \<le> max 1 a ^ n"
huffman@23009:       using n1 by (rule power_increasing, simp)
huffman@23009:     finally show "a \<le> max 1 a ^ n" .
huffman@23009:     show "\<forall>r. 0 \<le> r \<and> r \<le> max 1 a \<longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. x ^ n) r"
huffman@23009:       by (simp add: isCont_power isCont_Id)
huffman@23009:   qed
huffman@23009:   then obtain r where r: "0 \<le> r \<and> r ^ n = a" by fast
huffman@23009:   with n a have "r \<noteq> 0" by (auto simp add: power_0_left)
huffman@23009:   with r have "0 < r \<and> r ^ n = a" by simp
huffman@23009:   thus ?thesis ..
huffman@23009: qed
paulson@14325: 
huffman@23009: text {* Uniqueness of nth positive root *}
paulson@14324: 
paulson@14324: lemma realpow_pos_nth_unique:
huffman@23009:   "\<lbrakk>0 < n; 0 < a\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>!r. 0 < r \<and> r ^ n = (a::real)"
paulson@14324: apply (auto intro!: realpow_pos_nth)
huffman@23009: apply (rule_tac n=n in power_eq_imp_eq_base, simp_all)
paulson@14324: done
paulson@14324: 
huffman@20687: subsection {* Nth Root *}
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: text {* We define roots of negative reals such that
huffman@22956:   @{term "root n (- x) = - root n x"}. This allows
huffman@22956:   us to omit side conditions from many theorems. *}
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: definition
huffman@22956:   root :: "[nat, real] \<Rightarrow> real" where
huffman@22956:   "root n x = (if 0 < x then (THE u. 0 < u \<and> u ^ n = x) else
huffman@22956:                if x < 0 then - (THE u. 0 < u \<and> u ^ n = - x) else 0)"
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_zero [simp]: "root n 0 = 0"
huffman@22956: unfolding root_def by simp
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_minus: "0 < n \<Longrightarrow> root n (- x) = - root n x"
huffman@22956: unfolding root_def by simp
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_gt_zero: "\<lbrakk>0 < n; 0 < x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> 0 < root n x"
huffman@20687: apply (simp add: root_def)
huffman@22956: apply (drule (1) realpow_pos_nth_unique)
huffman@20687: apply (erule theI' [THEN conjunct1])
huffman@20687: done
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_pow_pos: (* TODO: rename *)
huffman@22956:   "\<lbrakk>0 < n; 0 < x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> root n x ^ n = x"
huffman@22956: apply (simp add: root_def)
huffman@22956: apply (drule (1) realpow_pos_nth_unique)
huffman@22956: apply (erule theI' [THEN conjunct2])
huffman@22956: done
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_pow_pos2 [simp]: (* TODO: rename *)
huffman@22956:   "\<lbrakk>0 < n; 0 \<le> x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> root n x ^ n = x"
huffman@22956: by (auto simp add: order_le_less real_root_pow_pos)
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_ge_zero: "\<lbrakk>0 < n; 0 \<le> x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> 0 \<le> root n x"
huffman@20687: by (auto simp add: order_le_less real_root_gt_zero)
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_power_cancel: "\<lbrakk>0 < n; 0 \<le> x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> root n (x ^ n) = x"
huffman@22956: apply (subgoal_tac "0 \<le> x ^ n")
huffman@22956: apply (subgoal_tac "0 \<le> root n (x ^ n)")
huffman@22956: apply (subgoal_tac "root n (x ^ n) ^ n = x ^ n")
huffman@22956: apply (erule (3) power_eq_imp_eq_base)
huffman@22956: apply (erule (1) real_root_pow_pos2)
huffman@22956: apply (erule (1) real_root_ge_zero)
huffman@22956: apply (erule zero_le_power)
huffman@20687: done
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_pos_unique:
huffman@22956:   "\<lbrakk>0 < n; 0 \<le> y; y ^ n = x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> root n x = y"
huffman@22956: by (erule subst, rule real_root_power_cancel)
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_one [simp]: "0 < n \<Longrightarrow> root n 1 = 1"
huffman@22956: by (simp add: real_root_pos_unique)
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: text {* Root function is strictly monotonic, hence injective *}
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_less_mono_lemma:
huffman@22956:   "\<lbrakk>0 < n; 0 \<le> x; x < y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> root n x < root n y"
huffman@22856: apply (subgoal_tac "0 \<le> y")
huffman@22956: apply (subgoal_tac "root n x ^ n < root n y ^ n")
huffman@22956: apply (erule power_less_imp_less_base)
huffman@22956: apply (erule (1) real_root_ge_zero)
huffman@22956: apply simp
huffman@22956: apply simp
huffman@22721: done
huffman@22721: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_less_mono: "\<lbrakk>0 < n; x < y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> root n x < root n y"
huffman@22956: apply (cases "0 \<le> x")
huffman@22956: apply (erule (2) real_root_less_mono_lemma)
huffman@22956: apply (cases "0 \<le> y")
huffman@22956: apply (rule_tac y=0 in order_less_le_trans)
huffman@22956: apply (subgoal_tac "0 < root n (- x)")
huffman@22956: apply (simp add: real_root_minus)
huffman@22956: apply (simp add: real_root_gt_zero)
huffman@22956: apply (simp add: real_root_ge_zero)
huffman@22956: apply (subgoal_tac "root n (- y) < root n (- x)")
huffman@22956: apply (simp add: real_root_minus)
huffman@22956: apply (simp add: real_root_less_mono_lemma)
huffman@22721: done
huffman@22721: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_le_mono: "\<lbrakk>0 < n; x \<le> y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> root n x \<le> root n y"
huffman@22956: by (auto simp add: order_le_less real_root_less_mono)
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22721: lemma real_root_less_iff [simp]:
huffman@22956:   "0 < n \<Longrightarrow> (root n x < root n y) = (x < y)"
huffman@22956: apply (cases "x < y")
huffman@22956: apply (simp add: real_root_less_mono)
huffman@22956: apply (simp add: linorder_not_less real_root_le_mono)
huffman@22721: done
huffman@22721: 
huffman@22721: lemma real_root_le_iff [simp]:
huffman@22956:   "0 < n \<Longrightarrow> (root n x \<le> root n y) = (x \<le> y)"
huffman@22956: apply (cases "x \<le> y")
huffman@22956: apply (simp add: real_root_le_mono)
huffman@22956: apply (simp add: linorder_not_le real_root_less_mono)
huffman@22721: done
huffman@22721: 
huffman@22721: lemma real_root_eq_iff [simp]:
huffman@22956:   "0 < n \<Longrightarrow> (root n x = root n y) = (x = y)"
huffman@22956: by (simp add: order_eq_iff)
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemmas real_root_gt_0_iff [simp] = real_root_less_iff [where x=0, simplified]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_root_lt_0_iff [simp] = real_root_less_iff [where y=0, simplified]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_root_ge_0_iff [simp] = real_root_le_iff [where x=0, simplified]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_root_le_0_iff [simp] = real_root_le_iff [where y=0, simplified]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_root_eq_0_iff [simp] = real_root_eq_iff [where y=0, simplified]
huffman@22721: 
huffman@22956: text {* Roots of multiplication and division *}
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_mult_lemma:
huffman@22956:   "\<lbrakk>0 < n; 0 \<le> x; 0 \<le> y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> root n (x * y) = root n x * root n y"
huffman@22956: by (simp add: real_root_pos_unique mult_nonneg_nonneg power_mult_distrib)
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_inverse_lemma:
huffman@22956:   "\<lbrakk>0 < n; 0 \<le> x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> root n (inverse x) = inverse (root n x)"
huffman@22956: by (simp add: real_root_pos_unique power_inverse [symmetric])
huffman@22721: 
huffman@22721: lemma real_root_mult:
huffman@22956:   assumes n: "0 < n"
huffman@22956:   shows "root n (x * y) = root n x * root n y"
huffman@22956: proof (rule linorder_le_cases, rule_tac [!] linorder_le_cases)
huffman@22956:   assume "0 \<le> x" and "0 \<le> y"
huffman@22956:   thus ?thesis by (rule real_root_mult_lemma [OF n])
huffman@22956: next
huffman@22956:   assume "0 \<le> x" and "y \<le> 0"
huffman@22956:   hence "0 \<le> x" and "0 \<le> - y" by simp_all
huffman@22956:   hence "root n (x * - y) = root n x * root n (- y)"
huffman@22956:     by (rule real_root_mult_lemma [OF n])
huffman@22956:   thus ?thesis by (simp add: real_root_minus [OF n])
huffman@22956: next
huffman@22956:   assume "x \<le> 0" and "0 \<le> y"
huffman@22956:   hence "0 \<le> - x" and "0 \<le> y" by simp_all
huffman@22956:   hence "root n (- x * y) = root n (- x) * root n y"
huffman@22956:     by (rule real_root_mult_lemma [OF n])
huffman@22956:   thus ?thesis by (simp add: real_root_minus [OF n])
huffman@22956: next
huffman@22956:   assume "x \<le> 0" and "y \<le> 0"
huffman@22956:   hence "0 \<le> - x" and "0 \<le> - y" by simp_all
huffman@22956:   hence "root n (- x * - y) = root n (- x) * root n (- y)"
huffman@22956:     by (rule real_root_mult_lemma [OF n])
huffman@22956:   thus ?thesis by (simp add: real_root_minus [OF n])
huffman@22956: qed
huffman@22721: 
huffman@22721: lemma real_root_inverse:
huffman@22956:   assumes n: "0 < n"
huffman@22956:   shows "root n (inverse x) = inverse (root n x)"
huffman@22956: proof (rule linorder_le_cases)
huffman@22956:   assume "0 \<le> x"
huffman@22956:   thus ?thesis by (rule real_root_inverse_lemma [OF n])
huffman@22956: next
huffman@22956:   assume "x \<le> 0"
huffman@22956:   hence "0 \<le> - x" by simp
huffman@22956:   hence "root n (inverse (- x)) = inverse (root n (- x))"
huffman@22956:     by (rule real_root_inverse_lemma [OF n])
huffman@22956:   thus ?thesis by (simp add: real_root_minus [OF n])
huffman@22956: qed
huffman@22721: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_divide:
huffman@22956:   "0 < n \<Longrightarrow> root n (x / y) = root n x / root n y"
huffman@22956: by (simp add: divide_inverse real_root_mult real_root_inverse)
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_power:
huffman@22956:   "0 < n \<Longrightarrow> root n (x ^ k) = root n x ^ k"
huffman@22956: by (induct k, simp_all add: real_root_mult)
huffman@22721: 
huffman@23042: lemma real_root_abs: "0 < n \<Longrightarrow> root n \<bar>x\<bar> = \<bar>root n x\<bar>"
huffman@23042: by (simp add: abs_if real_root_minus)
huffman@23042: 
huffman@23042: text {* Continuity and derivatives *}
huffman@23042: 
huffman@23042: lemma isCont_root_pos:
huffman@23042:   assumes n: "0 < n"
huffman@23042:   assumes x: "0 < x"
huffman@23042:   shows "isCont (root n) x"
huffman@23042: proof -
huffman@23042:   have "isCont (root n) (root n x ^ n)"
huffman@23042:   proof (rule isCont_inverse_function [where f="\<lambda>a. a ^ n"])
huffman@23042:     show "0 < root n x" using n x by simp
huffman@23042:     show "\<forall>z. \<bar>z - root n x\<bar> \<le> root n x \<longrightarrow> root n (z ^ n) = z"
huffman@23042:       by (simp add: abs_le_iff real_root_power_cancel n)
huffman@23042:     show "\<forall>z. \<bar>z - root n x\<bar> \<le> root n x \<longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>a. a ^ n) z"
huffman@23042:       by (simp add: isCont_power isCont_Id)
huffman@23042:   qed
huffman@23042:   thus ?thesis using n x by simp
huffman@23042: qed
huffman@23042: 
huffman@23042: lemma isCont_root_neg:
huffman@23042:   "\<lbrakk>0 < n; x < 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (root n) x"
huffman@23042: apply (subgoal_tac "isCont (\<lambda>x. - root n (- x)) x")
huffman@23042: apply (simp add: real_root_minus)
huffman@23042: apply (rule isCont_o2 [OF isCont_minus [OF isCont_Id]])
huffman@23042: apply (simp add: isCont_minus isCont_root_pos)
huffman@23042: done
huffman@23042: 
huffman@23042: lemma isCont_root_zero:
huffman@23042:   "0 < n \<Longrightarrow> isCont (root n) 0"
huffman@23042: unfolding isCont_def
huffman@23042: apply (rule LIM_I)
huffman@23042: apply (rule_tac x="r ^ n" in exI, safe)
huffman@23042: apply (simp add: zero_less_power)
huffman@23042: apply (simp add: real_root_abs [symmetric])
huffman@23042: apply (rule_tac n="n" in power_less_imp_less_base, simp_all)
huffman@23042: done
huffman@23042: 
huffman@23042: lemma isCont_real_root: "0 < n \<Longrightarrow> isCont (root n) x"
huffman@23042: apply (rule_tac x=x and y=0 in linorder_cases)
huffman@23042: apply (simp_all add: isCont_root_pos isCont_root_neg isCont_root_zero)
huffman@23042: done
huffman@23042: 
huffman@23042: lemma DERIV_real_root:
huffman@23042:   assumes n: "0 < n"
huffman@23042:   assumes x: "0 < x"
huffman@23042:   shows "DERIV (root n) x :> inverse (real n * root n x ^ (n - Suc 0))"
huffman@23042: proof (rule DERIV_inverse_function)
huffman@23044:   show "0 < x" using x .
huffman@23044:   show "x < x + 1" by simp
huffman@23044:   show "\<forall>y. 0 < y \<and> y < x + 1 \<longrightarrow> root n y ^ n = y"
huffman@23042:     using n by simp
huffman@23042:   show "DERIV (\<lambda>x. x ^ n) (root n x) :> real n * root n x ^ (n - Suc 0)"
huffman@23042:     by (rule DERIV_pow)
huffman@23042:   show "real n * root n x ^ (n - Suc 0) \<noteq> 0"
huffman@23042:     using n x by simp
huffman@23042:   show "isCont (root n) x"
huffman@23042:     by (rule isCont_real_root)
huffman@23042: qed
huffman@23042: 
huffman@22956: subsection {* Square Root *}
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: definition
huffman@22956:   sqrt :: "real \<Rightarrow> real" where
huffman@22956:   "sqrt = root 2"
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: lemma pos2: "0 < (2::nat)" by simp
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_unique: "\<lbrakk>y\<twosuperior> = x; 0 \<le> y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> sqrt x = y"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_pos_unique [OF pos2])
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_abs [simp]: "sqrt (x\<twosuperior>) = \<bar>x\<bar>"
huffman@22956: apply (rule real_sqrt_unique)
huffman@22956: apply (rule power2_abs)
huffman@22956: apply (rule abs_ge_zero)
huffman@22956: done
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_pow2 [simp]: "0 \<le> x \<Longrightarrow> (sqrt x)\<twosuperior> = x"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_pow_pos2 [OF pos2])
huffman@22856: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_pow2_iff [simp]: "((sqrt x)\<twosuperior> = x) = (0 \<le> x)"
huffman@22856: apply (rule iffI)
huffman@22856: apply (erule subst)
huffman@22856: apply (rule zero_le_power2)
huffman@22856: apply (erule real_sqrt_pow2)
huffman@20687: done
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_zero [simp]: "sqrt 0 = 0"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_zero)
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_one [simp]: "sqrt 1 = 1"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_one [OF pos2])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_minus: "sqrt (- x) = - sqrt x"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_minus [OF pos2])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_mult: "sqrt (x * y) = sqrt x * sqrt y"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_mult [OF pos2])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_inverse: "sqrt (inverse x) = inverse (sqrt x)"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_inverse [OF pos2])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_divide: "sqrt (x / y) = sqrt x / sqrt y"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_divide [OF pos2])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_power: "sqrt (x ^ k) = sqrt x ^ k"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_power [OF pos2])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_gt_zero: "0 < x \<Longrightarrow> 0 < sqrt x"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_gt_zero [OF pos2])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_ge_zero: "0 \<le> x \<Longrightarrow> 0 \<le> sqrt x"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_ge_zero [OF pos2])
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_less_mono: "x < y \<Longrightarrow> sqrt x < sqrt y"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_less_mono [OF pos2])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_le_mono: "x \<le> y \<Longrightarrow> sqrt x \<le> sqrt y"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_le_mono [OF pos2])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_less_iff [simp]: "(sqrt x < sqrt y) = (x < y)"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_less_iff [OF pos2])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_le_iff [simp]: "(sqrt x \<le> sqrt y) = (x \<le> y)"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_le_iff [OF pos2])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemma real_sqrt_eq_iff [simp]: "(sqrt x = sqrt y) = (x = y)"
huffman@22956: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule real_root_eq_iff [OF pos2])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_gt_0_iff [simp] = real_sqrt_less_iff [where x=0, simplified]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_lt_0_iff [simp] = real_sqrt_less_iff [where y=0, simplified]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_ge_0_iff [simp] = real_sqrt_le_iff [where x=0, simplified]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_le_0_iff [simp] = real_sqrt_le_iff [where y=0, simplified]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_eq_0_iff [simp] = real_sqrt_eq_iff [where y=0, simplified]
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_gt_1_iff [simp] = real_sqrt_less_iff [where x=1, simplified]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_lt_1_iff [simp] = real_sqrt_less_iff [where y=1, simplified]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_ge_1_iff [simp] = real_sqrt_le_iff [where x=1, simplified]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_le_1_iff [simp] = real_sqrt_le_iff [where y=1, simplified]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_eq_1_iff [simp] = real_sqrt_eq_iff [where y=1, simplified]
huffman@20687: 
huffman@23042: lemma isCont_real_sqrt: "isCont sqrt x"
huffman@23042: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule isCont_real_root [OF pos2])
huffman@23042: 
huffman@23042: lemma DERIV_real_sqrt:
huffman@23042:   "0 < x \<Longrightarrow> DERIV sqrt x :> inverse (sqrt x) / 2"
huffman@23042: unfolding sqrt_def by (rule DERIV_real_root [OF pos2, simplified])
huffman@23042: 
huffman@20687: lemma not_real_square_gt_zero [simp]: "(~ (0::real) < x*x) = (x = 0)"
huffman@20687: apply auto
huffman@20687: apply (cut_tac x = x and y = 0 in linorder_less_linear)
huffman@20687: apply (simp add: zero_less_mult_iff)
huffman@20687: done
huffman@20687: 
huffman@20687: lemma real_sqrt_abs2 [simp]: "sqrt(x*x) = \<bar>x\<bar>"
huffman@22856: apply (subst power2_eq_square [symmetric])
huffman@20687: apply (rule real_sqrt_abs)
huffman@20687: done
huffman@20687: 
huffman@20687: lemma real_sqrt_pow2_gt_zero: "0 < x ==> 0 < (sqrt x)\<twosuperior>"
huffman@22956: by simp (* TODO: delete *)
huffman@20687: 
huffman@20687: lemma real_sqrt_not_eq_zero: "0 < x ==> sqrt x \<noteq> 0"
huffman@22956: by simp (* TODO: delete *)
huffman@20687: 
huffman@20687: lemma real_inv_sqrt_pow2: "0 < x ==> inverse (sqrt(x)) ^ 2 = inverse x"
huffman@22856: by (simp add: power_inverse [symmetric])
huffman@20687: 
huffman@20687: lemma real_sqrt_eq_zero_cancel: "[| 0 \<le> x; sqrt(x) = 0|] ==> x = 0"
huffman@22956: by simp
huffman@20687: 
huffman@20687: lemma real_sqrt_ge_one: "1 \<le> x ==> 1 \<le> sqrt x"
huffman@22956: by simp
huffman@20687: 
huffman@22443: lemma sqrt_divide_self_eq:
huffman@22443:   assumes nneg: "0 \<le> x"
huffman@22443:   shows "sqrt x / x = inverse (sqrt x)"
huffman@22443: proof cases
huffman@22443:   assume "x=0" thus ?thesis by simp
huffman@22443: next
huffman@22443:   assume nz: "x\<noteq>0" 
huffman@22443:   hence pos: "0<x" using nneg by arith
huffman@22443:   show ?thesis
huffman@22443:   proof (rule right_inverse_eq [THEN iffD1, THEN sym]) 
huffman@22443:     show "sqrt x / x \<noteq> 0" by (simp add: divide_inverse nneg nz) 
huffman@22443:     show "inverse (sqrt x) / (sqrt x / x) = 1"
huffman@22443:       by (simp add: divide_inverse mult_assoc [symmetric] 
huffman@22443:                   power2_eq_square [symmetric] real_inv_sqrt_pow2 pos nz) 
huffman@22443:   qed
huffman@22443: qed
huffman@22443: 
huffman@22721: lemma real_divide_square_eq [simp]: "(((r::real) * a) / (r * r)) = a / r"
huffman@22721: apply (simp add: divide_inverse)
huffman@22721: apply (case_tac "r=0")
huffman@22721: apply (auto simp add: mult_ac)
huffman@22721: done
huffman@22721: 
huffman@22856: subsection {* Square Root of Sum of Squares *}
huffman@22856: 
huffman@22856: lemma real_sqrt_mult_self_sum_ge_zero [simp]: "0 \<le> sqrt(x*x + y*y)"
huffman@22968: by (rule real_sqrt_ge_zero [OF sum_squares_ge_zero])
huffman@22856: 
huffman@22856: lemma real_sqrt_sum_squares_ge_zero [simp]: "0 \<le> sqrt (x\<twosuperior> + y\<twosuperior>)"
huffman@22961: by simp
huffman@22856: 
huffman@22856: lemma real_sqrt_sum_squares_mult_ge_zero [simp]:
huffman@22856:      "0 \<le> sqrt ((x\<twosuperior> + y\<twosuperior>)*(xa\<twosuperior> + ya\<twosuperior>))"
huffman@22856: by (auto intro!: real_sqrt_ge_zero simp add: zero_le_mult_iff)
huffman@22856: 
huffman@22856: lemma real_sqrt_sum_squares_mult_squared_eq [simp]:
huffman@22856:      "sqrt ((x\<twosuperior> + y\<twosuperior>) * (xa\<twosuperior> + ya\<twosuperior>)) ^ 2 = (x\<twosuperior> + y\<twosuperior>) * (xa\<twosuperior> + ya\<twosuperior>)"
huffman@22956: by (auto simp add: zero_le_mult_iff)
huffman@22856: 
huffman@22856: lemma real_sqrt_sum_squares_ge1 [simp]: "x \<le> sqrt(x\<twosuperior> + y\<twosuperior>)"
huffman@22856: by (rule power2_le_imp_le, simp_all)
huffman@22856: 
huffman@22856: lemma real_sqrt_sum_squares_ge2 [simp]: "y \<le> sqrt(x\<twosuperior> + y\<twosuperior>)"
huffman@22856: by (rule power2_le_imp_le, simp_all)
huffman@22856: 
huffman@22858: lemma power2_sum:
huffman@22858:   fixes x y :: "'a::{number_ring,recpower}"
huffman@22858:   shows "(x + y)\<twosuperior> = x\<twosuperior> + y\<twosuperior> + 2 * x * y"
huffman@22858: by (simp add: left_distrib right_distrib power2_eq_square)
huffman@22858: 
huffman@22858: lemma power2_diff:
huffman@22858:   fixes x y :: "'a::{number_ring,recpower}"
huffman@22858:   shows "(x - y)\<twosuperior> = x\<twosuperior> + y\<twosuperior> - 2 * x * y"
huffman@22858: by (simp add: left_diff_distrib right_diff_distrib power2_eq_square)
huffman@22858: 
huffman@22858: lemma real_sqrt_sum_squares_triangle_ineq:
huffman@22858:   "sqrt ((a + c)\<twosuperior> + (b + d)\<twosuperior>) \<le> sqrt (a\<twosuperior> + b\<twosuperior>) + sqrt (c\<twosuperior> + d\<twosuperior>)"
huffman@22858: apply (rule power2_le_imp_le, simp)
huffman@22858: apply (simp add: power2_sum)
huffman@22858: apply (simp only: mult_assoc right_distrib [symmetric])
huffman@22858: apply (rule mult_left_mono)
huffman@22858: apply (rule power2_le_imp_le)
huffman@22858: apply (simp add: power2_sum power_mult_distrib)
huffman@22858: apply (simp add: ring_distrib)
huffman@22858: apply (subgoal_tac "0 \<le> b\<twosuperior> * c\<twosuperior> + a\<twosuperior> * d\<twosuperior> - 2 * (a * c) * (b * d)", simp)
huffman@22858: apply (rule_tac b="(a * d - b * c)\<twosuperior>" in ord_le_eq_trans)
huffman@22858: apply (rule zero_le_power2)
huffman@22858: apply (simp add: power2_diff power_mult_distrib)
huffman@22858: apply (simp add: mult_nonneg_nonneg)
huffman@22858: apply simp
huffman@22858: apply (simp add: add_increasing)
huffman@22858: done
huffman@22858: 
huffman@22956: text "Legacy theorem names:"
huffman@22956: lemmas real_root_pos2 = real_root_power_cancel
huffman@22956: lemmas real_root_pos_pos = real_root_gt_zero [THEN order_less_imp_le]
huffman@22956: lemmas real_root_pos_pos_le = real_root_ge_zero
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_mult_distrib = real_sqrt_mult
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_mult_distrib2 = real_sqrt_mult
huffman@22956: lemmas real_sqrt_eq_zero_cancel_iff = real_sqrt_eq_0_iff
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: (* needed for CauchysMeanTheorem.het_base from AFP *)
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_pos: "0 < x \<Longrightarrow> root (Suc n) (x ^ (Suc n)) = x"
huffman@22956: by (rule real_root_power_cancel [OF zero_less_Suc order_less_imp_le])
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: (* FIXME: the stronger version of real_root_less_iff
huffman@22956:  breaks CauchysMeanTheorem.list_gmean_gt_iff from AFP. *)
huffman@22956: 
huffman@22956: declare real_root_less_iff [simp del]
huffman@22956: lemma real_root_less_iff_nonneg [simp]:
huffman@22956:   "\<lbrakk>0 < n; 0 \<le> x; 0 \<le> y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (root n x < root n y) = (x < y)"
huffman@22956: by (rule real_root_less_iff)
huffman@22956: 
paulson@14324: end