
diff -r 42671298f037 -r 313a24b66a8d doc-src/TutorialI/Fun/document/fun0.tex
--- a/doc-src/TutorialI/Fun/document/fun0.tex	Sun Nov 07 23:32:26 2010 +0100
+++ b/doc-src/TutorialI/Fun/document/fun0.tex	Mon Nov 08 00:00:47 2010 +0100
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@
 \end{isamarkuptext}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{fun}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ fib\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequoteopen}nat\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ nat{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}fib\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ {\isacharbar}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}fib\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ {\isacharbar}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}fib\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc{\isacharparenleft}Suc\ x{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ fib\ x\ {\isacharplus}\ fib\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ x{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}%
+\ fib\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}fib\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}fib\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}fib\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ fib\ x\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ fib\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
 \begin{isamarkuptext}%
 \noindent
 This resembles ordinary functional programming languages. Note the obligatory
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@
 \end{isamarkuptext}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{fun}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ sep\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequoteopen}{\isacharprime}a\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isacharprime}a\ list\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isacharprime}a\ list{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}sep\ a\ {\isacharbrackleft}{\isacharbrackright}\ \ \ \ \ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharbrackleft}{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ {\isacharbar}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}sep\ a\ {\isacharbrackleft}x{\isacharbrackright}\ \ \ \ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharbrackleft}x{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ {\isacharbar}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}sep\ a\ {\isacharparenleft}x{\isacharhash}y{\isacharhash}zs{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ x\ {\isacharhash}\ a\ {\isacharhash}\ sep\ a\ {\isacharparenleft}y{\isacharhash}zs{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}%
+\ sep\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}sep\ a\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}sep\ a\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}sep\ a\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}y{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}zs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ sep\ a\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}zs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
 \begin{isamarkuptext}%
 \noindent
 This time the length of the list decreases with the
@@ -53,24 +53,24 @@
 \end{isamarkuptext}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{fun}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ last\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequoteopen}{\isacharprime}a\ list\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isacharprime}a{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}last\ {\isacharbrackleft}x{\isacharbrackright}\ \ \ \ \ \ {\isacharequal}\ x{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ {\isacharbar}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}last\ {\isacharparenleft}{\isacharunderscore}{\isacharhash}y{\isacharhash}zs{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ last\ {\isacharparenleft}y{\isacharhash}zs{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}%
+\ last\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}last\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ \ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}last\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}y{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}zs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ last\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}zs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
 \begin{isamarkuptext}%
 Overlapping patterns are disambiguated by taking the order of equations into
 account, just as in functional programming:%
 \end{isamarkuptext}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{fun}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ sep{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequoteopen}{\isacharprime}a\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isacharprime}a\ list\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isacharprime}a\ list{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}sep{\isadigit{1}}\ a\ {\isacharparenleft}x{\isacharhash}y{\isacharhash}zs{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ x\ {\isacharhash}\ a\ {\isacharhash}\ sep{\isadigit{1}}\ a\ {\isacharparenleft}y{\isacharhash}zs{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ {\isacharbar}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}sep{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharunderscore}\ xs\ \ \ \ \ \ \ {\isacharequal}\ xs{\isachardoublequoteclose}%
+\ sep{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}sep{\isadigit{1}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}y{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}zs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ sep{\isadigit{1}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}zs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}sep{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ xs\ \ \ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ xs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
 \begin{isamarkuptext}%
 \noindent
 To guarantee that the second equation can only be applied if the first
 one does not match, Isabelle internally replaces the second equation
-by the two possibilities that are left: \isa{sep{\isadigit{1}}\ a\ {\isacharbrackleft}{\isacharbrackright}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharbrackleft}{\isacharbrackright}} and
-\isa{sep{\isadigit{1}}\ a\ {\isacharbrackleft}x{\isacharbrackright}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharbrackleft}x{\isacharbrackright}}.  Thus the functions \isa{sep} and
+by the two possibilities that are left: \isa{sep{\isadigit{1}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}} and
+\isa{sep{\isadigit{1}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}.  Thus the functions \isa{sep} and
 \isa{sep{\isadigit{1}}} are identical.
 
 Because of its pattern matching syntax, \isacommand{fun} is also useful
@@ -78,15 +78,15 @@
 \end{isamarkuptext}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{fun}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ swap{\isadigit{1}}{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequoteopen}{\isacharprime}a\ list\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isacharprime}a\ list{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}swap{\isadigit{1}}{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharparenleft}x{\isacharhash}y{\isacharhash}zs{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ y{\isacharhash}x{\isacharhash}zs{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ {\isacharbar}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}swap{\isadigit{1}}{\isadigit{2}}\ zs\ \ \ \ \ \ \ {\isacharequal}\ zs{\isachardoublequoteclose}%
+\ swap{\isadigit{1}}{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}swap{\isadigit{1}}{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}y{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}zs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}x{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}zs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}swap{\isadigit{1}}{\isadigit{2}}\ zs\ \ \ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ zs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
 \begin{isamarkuptext}%
 After a function~$f$ has been defined via \isacommand{fun},
 its defining equations (or variants derived from them) are available
-under the name $f$\isa{{\isachardot}simps} as theorems.
+under the name $f$\isa{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}simps} as theorems.
 For example, look (via \isacommand{thm}) at
-\isa{sep{\isachardot}simps} and \isa{sep{\isadigit{1}}{\isachardot}simps} to see that they define
+\isa{sep{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}simps} and \isa{sep{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}simps} to see that they define
 the same function. What is more, those equations are automatically declared as
 simplification rules.
 
@@ -107,10 +107,10 @@
 \end{isamarkuptext}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{fun}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ ack{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequoteopen}nat\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ nat\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ nat{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}ack{\isadigit{2}}\ n\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isacharequal}\ Suc\ n{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ {\isacharbar}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}ack{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ m{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ ack{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isacharparenright}\ m{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ {\isacharbar}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}ack{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ n{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ m{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ ack{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharparenleft}ack{\isadigit{2}}\ n\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ m{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\ m{\isachardoublequoteclose}%
+\ ack{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}ack{\isadigit{2}}\ n\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Suc\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}ack{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ ack{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}ack{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ ack{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}ack{\isadigit{2}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
 \begin{isamarkuptext}%
 The order of arguments has no influence on whether
 \isacommand{fun} can prove termination of a function. For more details
@@ -129,14 +129,14 @@
 \end{isamarkuptext}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{fun}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ gcd\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequoteopen}nat\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ nat\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ nat{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}gcd\ m\ n\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharparenleft}if\ n{\isacharequal}{\isadigit{0}}\ then\ m\ else\ gcd\ n\ {\isacharparenleft}m\ mod\ n{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}%
+\ gcd\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}gcd\ m\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}if\ n{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isadigit{0}}\ then\ m\ else\ gcd\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}m\ mod\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
 \begin{isamarkuptext}%
 \noindent
 The second argument decreases with each recursive call.
 The termination condition
 \begin{isabelle}%
-\ \ \ \ \ n\ {\isasymnoteq}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ m\ mod\ n\ {\isacharless}\ n%
+\ \ \ \ \ n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ m\ mod\ n\ {\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}\ n%
 \end{isabelle}
 is proved automatically because it is already present as a lemma in
 HOL\@.  Thus the recursion equation becomes a simplification
@@ -148,23 +148,23 @@
 condition simplifies to \isa{True} or \isa{False}.  For
 example, simplification reduces
 \begin{isabelle}%
-\ \ \ \ \ gcd\ m\ n\ {\isacharequal}\ k%
+\ \ \ \ \ gcd\ m\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ k%
 \end{isabelle}
 in one step to
 \begin{isabelle}%
-\ \ \ \ \ {\isacharparenleft}if\ n\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ then\ m\ else\ gcd\ n\ {\isacharparenleft}m\ mod\ n{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ k%
+\ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}if\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ then\ m\ else\ gcd\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}m\ mod\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ k%
 \end{isabelle}
 where the condition cannot be reduced further, and splitting leads to
 \begin{isabelle}%
-\ \ \ \ \ {\isacharparenleft}n\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ m\ {\isacharequal}\ k{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymand}\ {\isacharparenleft}n\ {\isasymnoteq}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ gcd\ n\ {\isacharparenleft}m\ mod\ n{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ k{\isacharparenright}%
+\ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ m\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ k{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ gcd\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}m\ mod\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ k{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
 \end{isabelle}
-Since the recursive call \isa{gcd\ n\ {\isacharparenleft}m\ mod\ n{\isacharparenright}} is no longer protected by
+Since the recursive call \isa{gcd\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}m\ mod\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}} is no longer protected by
 an \isa{if}, it is unfolded again, which leads to an infinite chain of
 simplification steps. Fortunately, this problem can be avoided in many
 different ways.
 
 The most radical solution is to disable the offending theorem
-\isa{split{\isacharunderscore}if},
+\isa{split{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}if},
 as shown in \S\ref{sec:AutoCaseSplits}.  However, we do not recommend this
 approach: you will often have to invoke the rule explicitly when
 \isa{if} is involved.
@@ -175,13 +175,13 @@
 \end{isamarkuptext}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{fun}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ gcd{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequoteopen}nat\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ nat\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ nat{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}gcd{\isadigit{1}}\ m\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isacharequal}\ m{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ {\isacharbar}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}gcd{\isadigit{1}}\ m\ n\ {\isacharequal}\ gcd{\isadigit{1}}\ n\ {\isacharparenleft}m\ mod\ n{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}%
+\ gcd{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}gcd{\isadigit{1}}\ m\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}gcd{\isadigit{1}}\ m\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ gcd{\isadigit{1}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}m\ mod\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
 \begin{isamarkuptext}%
 \noindent
 The order of equations is important: it hides the side condition
-\isa{n\ {\isasymnoteq}\ {\isadigit{0}}}.  Unfortunately, not all conditionals can be
+\isa{n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ {\isadigit{0}}}.  Unfortunately, not all conditionals can be
 expressed by pattern matching.
 
 A simple alternative is to replace \isa{if} by \isa{case}, 
@@ -189,8 +189,8 @@
 \end{isamarkuptext}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{fun}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ gcd{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequoteopen}nat\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ nat\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ nat{\isachardoublequoteclose}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-{\isachardoublequoteopen}gcd{\isadigit{2}}\ m\ n\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharparenleft}case\ n{\isacharequal}{\isadigit{0}}\ of\ True\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ m\ {\isacharbar}\ False\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ gcd{\isadigit{2}}\ n\ {\isacharparenleft}m\ mod\ n{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}%
+\ gcd{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}gcd{\isadigit{2}}\ m\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}case\ n{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isadigit{0}}\ of\ True\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ m\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ False\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ gcd{\isadigit{2}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}m\ mod\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
 \begin{isamarkuptext}%
 \noindent
 This is probably the neatest solution next to pattern matching, and it is
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@
 \end{isamarkuptext}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isacharbrackleft}simp{\isacharbrackright}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequoteopen}gcd\ m\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isacharequal}\ m{\isachardoublequoteclose}\isanewline
+\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}simp{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}gcd\ m\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
 %
 \isadelimproof
 %
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
 %
 \isatagproof
 \isacommand{apply}\isamarkupfalse%
-{\isacharparenleft}simp{\isacharparenright}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
 \isacommand{done}\isamarkupfalse%
 %
 \endisatagproof
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@
 \endisadelimproof
 \isanewline
 \isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isacharbrackleft}simp{\isacharbrackright}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequoteopen}n\ {\isasymnoteq}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ gcd\ m\ n\ {\isacharequal}\ gcd\ n\ {\isacharparenleft}m\ mod\ n{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}\isanewline
+\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}simp{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ gcd\ m\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ gcd\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}m\ mod\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
 %
 \isadelimproof
 %
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@
 %
 \isatagproof
 \isacommand{apply}\isamarkupfalse%
-{\isacharparenleft}simp{\isacharparenright}\isanewline
+{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
 \isacommand{done}\isamarkupfalse%
 %
 \endisatagproof
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
 \end{isamarkuptext}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{declare}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ gcd{\isachardot}simps\ {\isacharbrackleft}simp\ del{\isacharbrackright}%
+\ gcd{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}simps\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}simp\ del{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}%
 \begin{isamarkuptext}%
 \index{induction!recursion|(}
 \index{recursion induction|(}
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@
 again induction. But this time the structural form of induction that comes
 with datatypes is unlikely to work well --- otherwise we could have defined the
 function by \isacommand{primrec}. Therefore \isacommand{fun} automatically
-proves a suitable induction rule $f$\isa{{\isachardot}induct} that follows the
+proves a suitable induction rule $f$\isa{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}induct} that follows the
 recursion pattern of the particular function $f$. We call this
 \textbf{recursion induction}. Roughly speaking, it
 requires you to prove for each \isacommand{fun} equation that the property
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@
 \end{isamarkuptext}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isachardoublequoteopen}map\ f\ {\isacharparenleft}sep\ x\ xs{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ sep\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ x{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharparenleft}map\ f\ xs{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}%
+\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}map\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}sep\ x\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ sep\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}f\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}map\ f\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
 \isadelimproof
 %
 \endisadelimproof
@@ -285,23 +285,23 @@
 \end{isamarkuptxt}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{apply}\isamarkupfalse%
-{\isacharparenleft}induct{\isacharunderscore}tac\ x\ xs\ rule{\isacharcolon}\ sep{\isachardot}induct{\isacharparenright}%
+{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac\ x\ xs\ rule{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ sep{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}induct{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
 \begin{isamarkuptxt}%
 \noindent
 The resulting proof state has three subgoals corresponding to the three
 clauses for \isa{sep}:
 \begin{isabelle}%
-\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardot}\ {\isasymAnd}a{\isachardot}\ map\ f\ {\isacharparenleft}sep\ a\ {\isacharbrackleft}{\isacharbrackright}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ sep\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharparenleft}map\ f\ {\isacharbrackleft}{\isacharbrackright}{\isacharparenright}\isanewline
-\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardot}\ {\isasymAnd}a\ x{\isachardot}\ map\ f\ {\isacharparenleft}sep\ a\ {\isacharbrackleft}x{\isacharbrackright}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ sep\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharparenleft}map\ f\ {\isacharbrackleft}x{\isacharbrackright}{\isacharparenright}\isanewline
-\ {\isadigit{3}}{\isachardot}\ {\isasymAnd}a\ x\ y\ zs{\isachardot}\isanewline
-\isaindent{\ {\isadigit{3}}{\isachardot}\ \ \ \ }map\ f\ {\isacharparenleft}sep\ a\ {\isacharparenleft}y\ {\isacharhash}\ zs{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ sep\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharparenleft}map\ f\ {\isacharparenleft}y\ {\isacharhash}\ zs{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\isanewline
-\isaindent{\ {\isadigit{3}}{\isachardot}\ \ \ \ }map\ f\ {\isacharparenleft}sep\ a\ {\isacharparenleft}x\ {\isacharhash}\ y\ {\isacharhash}\ zs{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ sep\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharparenleft}map\ f\ {\isacharparenleft}x\ {\isacharhash}\ y\ {\isacharhash}\ zs{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}%
+\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}a{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ map\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}sep\ a\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ sep\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}f\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}map\ f\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
+\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}a\ x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ map\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}sep\ a\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ sep\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}f\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}map\ f\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
+\ {\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}a\ x\ y\ zs{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\isanewline
+\isaindent{\ {\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ \ \ \ }map\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}sep\ a\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ zs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ sep\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}f\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}map\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ zs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\isanewline
+\isaindent{\ {\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ \ \ \ }map\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}sep\ a\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ zs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ sep\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}f\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}map\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ zs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
 \end{isabelle}
 The rest is pure simplification:%
 \end{isamarkuptxt}%
 \isamarkuptrue%
 \isacommand{apply}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ simp{\isacharunderscore}all\isanewline
+\ simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all\isanewline
 \isacommand{done}\isamarkupfalse%
 %
 \endisatagproof
@@ -319,12 +319,12 @@
 
 In general, the format of invoking recursion induction is
 \begin{quote}
-\isacommand{apply}\isa{{\isacharparenleft}induct{\isacharunderscore}tac} $x@1 \dots x@n$ \isa{rule{\isacharcolon}} $f$\isa{{\isachardot}induct{\isacharparenright}}
+\isacommand{apply}\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac} $x@1 \dots x@n$ \isa{rule{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}} $f$\isa{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}induct{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}
 \end{quote}\index{*induct_tac (method)}%
 where $x@1~\dots~x@n$ is a list of free variables in the subgoal and $f$ the
 name of a function that takes $n$ arguments. Usually the subgoal will
 contain the term $f x@1 \dots x@n$ but this need not be the case. The
-induction rules do not mention $f$ at all. Here is \isa{sep{\isachardot}induct}:
+induction rules do not mention $f$ at all. Here is \isa{sep{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}induct}:
 \begin{isabelle}
 {\isasymlbrakk}~{\isasymAnd}a.~P~a~[];\isanewline
 ~~{\isasymAnd}a~x.~P~a~[x];\isanewline




