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+++ b/src/HOL/Library/Nested_Environment.thy	Fri Jan 19 23:53:07 2001 +0100
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+(*  Title:      HOL/Library/Nested_Environment.thy
+    ID:         $Id$
+    Author:     Markus Wenzel, TU Muenchen
+    License:    GPL (GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE)
+*)
+
+header {*
+  \title{Nested environments}
+  \author{Markus Wenzel}
+*}
+
+theory Nested_Environment = Main:
+
+text {*
+  Consider a partial function @{term [source] "e :: 'a => 'b option"};
+  this may be understood as an \emph{environment} mapping indexes
+  @{typ 'a} to optional entry values @{typ 'b} (cf.\ the basic theory
+  @{text
+  Map}\footnote{\url{http://isabelle.in.tum.de/library/HOL/Map.html}}
+  of Isabelle/HOL).  This basic idea is easily generalized to that of
+  a \emph{nested environment}, where entries may be either basic
+  values or again proper environments.  Then each entry is accessed by
+  a \emph{path}, i.e.\ a list of indexes leading to its position
+  within the structure.
+*}
+
+datatype ('a, 'b, 'c) env =
+    Val 'a
+  | Env 'b  "'c => ('a, 'b, 'c) env option"
+
+text {*
+  \medskip In the type @{typ "('a, 'b, 'c) env"} the parameter @{typ
+  'a} refers to basic values (occurring in terminal positions), type
+  @{typ 'b} to values associated with proper (inner) environments, and
+  type @{typ 'c} with the index type for branching.  Note that there
+  is no restriction on any of these types.  In particular, arbitrary
+  branching may yield rather large (transfinite) tree structures.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* The lookup operation *}
+
+text {*
+  Lookup in nested environments works by following a given path of
+  index elements, leading to an optional result (a terminal value or
+  nested environment).  A \emph{defined position} within a nested
+  environment is one where @{term lookup} at its path does not yield
+  @{term None}.
+*}
+
+consts
+  lookup :: "('a, 'b, 'c) env => 'c list => ('a, 'b, 'c) env option"
+  lookup_option :: "('a, 'b, 'c) env option => 'c list => ('a, 'b, 'c) env option"
+
+primrec (lookup)
+  "lookup (Val a) xs = (if xs = [] then Some (Val a) else None)"
+  "lookup (Env b es) xs =
+    (case xs of
+      [] => Some (Env b es)
+    | y # ys => lookup_option (es y) ys)"
+  "lookup_option None xs = None"
+  "lookup_option (Some e) xs = lookup e xs"
+
+hide const lookup_option
+
+text {*
+  \medskip The characteristic cases of @{term lookup} are expressed by
+  the following equalities.
+*}
+
+theorem lookup_nil: "lookup e [] = Some e"
+  by (cases e) simp_all
+
+theorem lookup_val_cons: "lookup (Val a) (x # xs) = None"
+  by simp
+
+theorem lookup_env_cons:
+  "lookup (Env b es) (x # xs) =
+    (case es x of
+      None => None
+    | Some e => lookup e xs)"
+  by (cases "es x") simp_all
+
+lemmas lookup.simps [simp del]
+  and lookup_simps [simp] = lookup_nil lookup_val_cons lookup_env_cons
+
+theorem lookup_eq:
+  "lookup env xs =
+    (case xs of
+      [] => Some env
+    | x # xs =>
+      (case env of
+        Val a => None
+      | Env b es =>
+          (case es x of
+            None => None
+          | Some e => lookup e xs)))"
+  by (simp split: list.split env.split)
+
+text {*
+  \medskip Displaced @{term lookup} operations, relative to a certain
+  base path prefix, may be reduced as follows.  There are two cases,
+  depending whether the environment actually extends far enough to
+  follow the base path.
+*}
+
+theorem lookup_append_none:
+  "!!env. lookup env xs = None ==> lookup env (xs @ ys) = None"
+  (is "PROP ?P xs")
+proof (induct xs)
+  fix env :: "('a, 'b, 'c) env"
+  {
+    assume "lookup env [] = None"
+    hence False by simp
+    thus "lookup env ([] @ ys) = None" ..
+  next
+    fix x xs
+    assume hyp: "PROP ?P xs"
+    assume asm: "lookup env (x # xs) = None"
+    show "lookup env ((x # xs) @ ys) = None"
+    proof (cases env)
+      case Val
+      thus ?thesis by simp
+    next
+      fix b es assume env: "env = Env b es"
+      show ?thesis
+      proof (cases "es x")
+        assume "es x = None"
+        with env show ?thesis by simp
+      next
+        fix e assume es: "es x = Some e"
+        show ?thesis
+        proof (cases "lookup e xs")
+          case None
+          hence "lookup e (xs @ ys) = None" by (rule hyp)
+          with env es show ?thesis by simp
+        next
+          case Some
+          with asm env es have False by simp
+          thus ?thesis ..
+        qed
+      qed
+    qed
+  }
+qed
+
+theorem lookup_append_some:
+  "!!env e. lookup env xs = Some e ==> lookup env (xs @ ys) = lookup e ys"
+  (is "PROP ?P xs")
+proof (induct xs)
+  fix env e :: "('a, 'b, 'c) env"
+  {
+    assume "lookup env [] = Some e"
+    hence "env = e" by simp
+    thus "lookup env ([] @ ys) = lookup e ys" by simp
+  next
+    fix x xs
+    assume hyp: "PROP ?P xs"
+    assume asm: "lookup env (x # xs) = Some e"
+    show "lookup env ((x # xs) @ ys) = lookup e ys"
+    proof (cases env)
+      fix a assume "env = Val a"
+      with asm have False by simp
+      thus ?thesis ..
+    next
+      fix b es assume env: "env = Env b es"
+      show ?thesis
+      proof (cases "es x")
+        assume "es x = None"
+        with asm env have False by simp
+        thus ?thesis ..
+      next
+        fix e' assume es: "es x = Some e'"
+        show ?thesis
+        proof (cases "lookup e' xs")
+          case None
+          with asm env es have False by simp
+          thus ?thesis ..
+        next
+          case Some
+          with asm env es have "lookup e' xs = Some e"
+            by simp
+          hence "lookup e' (xs @ ys) = lookup e ys" by (rule hyp)
+          with env es show ?thesis by simp
+        qed
+      qed
+    qed
+  }
+qed
+
+text {*
+  \medskip Successful @{term lookup} deeper down an environment
+  structure means we are able to peek further up as well.  Note that
+  this is basically just the contrapositive statement of @{thm
+  [source] lookup_append_none} above.
+*}
+
+theorem lookup_some_append:
+  "lookup env (xs @ ys) = Some e ==> \<exists>e. lookup env xs = Some e"
+proof -
+  assume "lookup env (xs @ ys) = Some e"
+  hence "lookup env (xs @ ys) \<noteq> None" by simp
+  hence "lookup env xs \<noteq> None"
+    by (rule contrapos_nn) (simp only: lookup_append_none)
+  thus ?thesis by simp
+qed
+
+text {*
+  The subsequent statement describes in more detail how a successful
+  @{term lookup} with a non-empty path results in a certain situation
+  at any upper position.
+*}
+
+theorem lookup_some_upper: "!!env e.
+  lookup env (xs @ y # ys) = Some e ==>
+    \<exists>b' es' env'.
+      lookup env xs = Some (Env b' es') \<and>
+      es' y = Some env' \<and>
+      lookup env' ys = Some e"
+  (is "PROP ?P xs" is "!!env e. ?A env e xs ==> ?C env e xs")
+proof (induct ?P xs)
+  fix env e
+  let ?A = "?A env e" and ?C = "?C env e"
+  {
+    assume "?A []"
+    hence "lookup env (y # ys) = Some e" by simp
+    then obtain b' es' env' where
+          env: "env = Env b' es'"
+        and es': "es' y = Some env'"
+        and look': "lookup env' ys = Some e"
+      by (auto simp add: lookup_eq split: option.splits env.splits)
+    from env have "lookup env [] = Some (Env b' es')" by simp
+    with es' look' show "?C []" by blast
+  next
+    fix x xs
+    assume hyp: "PROP ?P xs"
+    assume "?A (x # xs)"
+    then obtain b' es' env' where
+          env: "env = Env b' es'"
+        and es': "es' x = Some env'"
+        and look': "lookup env' (xs @ y # ys) = Some e"
+      by (auto simp add: lookup_eq split: option.splits env.splits)
+    from hyp [OF look'] obtain b'' es'' env'' where
+          upper': "lookup env' xs = Some (Env b'' es'')"
+        and es'': "es'' y = Some env''"
+        and look'': "lookup env'' ys = Some e"
+      by blast
+    from env es' upper' have "lookup env (x # xs) = Some (Env b'' es'')"
+      by simp
+    with es'' look'' show "?C (x # xs)" by blast
+  }
+qed
+
+
+subsection {* The update operation *}
+
+text {*
+  Update at a certain position in a nested environment may either
+  delete an existing entry, or overwrite an existing one.  Note that
+  update at undefined positions is simple absorbed, i.e.\ the
+  environment is left unchanged.
+*}
+
+consts
+  update :: "'c list => ('a, 'b, 'c) env option
+    => ('a, 'b, 'c) env => ('a, 'b, 'c) env"
+  update_option :: "'c list => ('a, 'b, 'c) env option
+    => ('a, 'b, 'c) env option => ('a, 'b, 'c) env option"
+
+primrec (update)
+  "update xs opt (Val a) =
+    (if xs = [] then (case opt of None => Val a | Some e => e)
+    else Val a)"
+  "update xs opt (Env b es) =
+    (case xs of
+      [] => (case opt of None => Env b es | Some e => e)
+    | y # ys => Env b (es (y := update_option ys opt (es y))))"
+  "update_option xs opt None =
+    (if xs = [] then opt else None)"
+  "update_option xs opt (Some e) =
+    (if xs = [] then opt else Some (update xs opt e))"
+
+hide const update_option
+
+text {*
+  \medskip The characteristic cases of @{term update} are expressed by
+  the following equalities.
+*}
+
+theorem update_nil_none: "update [] None env = env"
+  by (cases env) simp_all
+
+theorem update_nil_some: "update [] (Some e) env = e"
+  by (cases env) simp_all
+
+theorem update_cons_val: "update (x # xs) opt (Val a) = Val a"
+  by simp
+
+theorem update_cons_nil_env:
+    "update [x] opt (Env b es) = Env b (es (x := opt))"
+  by (cases "es x") simp_all
+
+theorem update_cons_cons_env:
+  "update (x # y # ys) opt (Env b es) =
+    Env b (es (x :=
+      (case es x of
+        None => None
+      | Some e => Some (update (y # ys) opt e))))"
+  by (cases "es x") simp_all
+
+lemmas update.simps [simp del]
+  and update_simps [simp] = update_nil_none update_nil_some
+    update_cons_val update_cons_nil_env update_cons_cons_env
+
+lemma update_eq:
+  "update xs opt env =
+    (case xs of
+      [] =>
+        (case opt of
+          None => env
+        | Some e => e)
+    | x # xs =>
+        (case env of
+          Val a => Val a
+        | Env b es =>
+            (case xs of
+              [] => Env b (es (x := opt))
+            | y # ys =>
+                Env b (es (x :=
+                  (case es x of
+                    None => None
+                  | Some e => Some (update (y # ys) opt e)))))))"
+  by (simp split: list.split env.split option.split)
+
+text {*
+  \medskip The most basic correspondence of @{term lookup} and @{term
+  update} states that after @{term update} at a defined position,
+  subsequent @{term lookup} operations would yield the new value.
+*}
+
+theorem lookup_update_some:
+  "!!env e. lookup env xs = Some e ==>
+    lookup (update xs (Some env') env) xs = Some env'"
+  (is "PROP ?P xs")
+proof (induct xs)
+  fix env e :: "('a, 'b, 'c) env"
+  {
+    assume "lookup env [] = Some e"
+    hence "env = e" by simp
+    thus "lookup (update [] (Some env') env) [] = Some env'"
+      by simp
+  next
+    fix x xs
+    assume hyp: "PROP ?P xs"
+    assume asm: "lookup env (x # xs) = Some e"
+    show "lookup (update (x # xs) (Some env') env) (x # xs) = Some env'"
+    proof (cases env)
+      fix a assume "env = Val a"
+      with asm have False by simp
+      thus ?thesis ..
+    next
+      fix b es assume env: "env = Env b es"
+      show ?thesis
+      proof (cases "es x")
+        assume "es x = None"
+        with asm env have False by simp
+        thus ?thesis ..
+      next
+        fix e' assume es: "es x = Some e'"
+        show ?thesis
+        proof (cases xs)
+          assume "xs = []"
+          with env show ?thesis by simp
+        next
+          fix x' xs' assume xs: "xs = x' # xs'"
+          from asm env es have "lookup e' xs = Some e" by simp
+          hence "lookup (update xs (Some env') e') xs = Some env'" by (rule hyp)
+          with env es xs show ?thesis by simp
+        qed
+      qed
+    qed
+  }
+qed
+
+text {*
+  \medskip The properties of displaced @{term update} operations are
+  analogous to those of @{term lookup} above.  There are two cases:
+  below an undefined position @{term update} is absorbed altogether,
+  and below a defined positions @{term update} affects subsequent
+  @{term lookup} operations in the obvious way.
+*}
+
+theorem update_append_none:
+  "!!env. lookup env xs = None ==> update (xs @ y # ys) opt env = env"
+  (is "PROP ?P xs")
+proof (induct xs)
+  fix env :: "('a, 'b, 'c) env"
+  {
+    assume "lookup env [] = None"
+    hence False by simp
+    thus "update ([] @ y # ys) opt env = env" ..
+  next
+    fix x xs
+    assume hyp: "PROP ?P xs"
+    assume asm: "lookup env (x # xs) = None"
+    show "update ((x # xs) @ y # ys) opt env = env"
+    proof (cases env)
+      fix a assume "env = Val a"
+      thus ?thesis by simp
+    next
+      fix b es assume env: "env = Env b es"
+      show ?thesis
+      proof (cases "es x")
+        assume es: "es x = None"
+        show ?thesis
+          by (cases xs) (simp_all add: es env fun_upd_idem_iff)
+      next
+        fix e assume es: "es x = Some e"
+        show ?thesis
+        proof (cases xs)
+          assume "xs = []"
+          with asm env es have False by simp
+          thus ?thesis ..
+        next
+          fix x' xs' assume xs: "xs = x' # xs'"
+          from asm env es have "lookup e xs = None" by simp
+          hence "update (xs @ y # ys) opt e = e" by (rule hyp)
+          with env es xs show "update ((x # xs) @ y # ys) opt env = env"
+            by (simp add: fun_upd_idem_iff)
+        qed
+      qed
+    qed
+  }
+qed
+
+theorem update_append_some:
+  "!!env e. lookup env xs = Some e ==>
+    lookup (update (xs @ y # ys) opt env) xs = Some (update (y # ys) opt e)"
+  (is "PROP ?P xs")
+proof (induct xs)
+  fix env e :: "('a, 'b, 'c) env"
+  {
+    assume "lookup env [] = Some e"
+    hence "env = e" by simp
+    thus "lookup (update ([] @ y # ys) opt env) [] = Some (update (y # ys) opt e)"
+      by simp
+  next
+    fix x xs
+    assume hyp: "PROP ?P xs"
+    assume asm: "lookup env (x # xs) = Some e"
+    show "lookup (update ((x # xs) @ y # ys) opt env) (x # xs)
+      = Some (update (y # ys) opt e)"
+    proof (cases env)
+      fix a assume "env = Val a"
+      with asm have False by simp
+      thus ?thesis ..
+    next
+      fix b es assume env: "env = Env b es"
+      show ?thesis
+      proof (cases "es x")
+        assume "es x = None"
+        with asm env have False by simp
+        thus ?thesis ..
+      next
+        fix e' assume es: "es x = Some e'"
+        show ?thesis
+        proof (cases xs)
+          assume xs: "xs = []"
+          from asm env es xs have "e = e'" by simp
+          with env es xs show ?thesis by simp
+        next
+          fix x' xs' assume xs: "xs = x' # xs'"
+          from asm env es have "lookup e' xs = Some e" by simp
+          hence "lookup (update (xs @ y # ys) opt e') xs =
+            Some (update (y # ys) opt e)" by (rule hyp)
+          with env es xs show ?thesis by simp
+        qed
+      qed
+    qed
+  }
+qed
+
+text {*
+  \medskip Apparently, @{term update} does not affect the result of
+  subsequent @{term lookup} operations at independent positions, i.e.\
+  in case that the paths for @{term update} and @{term lookup} fork at
+  a certain point.
+*}
+
+theorem lookup_update_other:
+  "!!env. y \<noteq> (z::'c) ==> lookup (update (xs @ z # zs) opt env) (xs @ y # ys) =
+    lookup env (xs @ y # ys)"
+  (is "PROP ?P xs")
+proof (induct xs)
+  fix env :: "('a, 'b, 'c) env"
+  assume neq: "y \<noteq> z"
+  {
+    show "lookup (update ([] @ z # zs) opt env) ([] @ y # ys) =
+      lookup env ([] @ y # ys)"
+    proof (cases env)
+      case Val
+      thus ?thesis by simp
+    next
+      case Env
+      show ?thesis
+      proof (cases zs)
+        case Nil
+        with neq Env show ?thesis by simp
+      next
+        case Cons
+        with neq Env show ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+    qed
+  next
+    fix x xs
+    assume hyp: "PROP ?P xs"
+    show "lookup (update ((x # xs) @ z # zs) opt env) ((x # xs) @ y # ys) =
+      lookup env ((x # xs) @ y # ys)"
+    proof (cases env)
+      case Val
+      thus ?thesis by simp
+    next
+      fix y es assume env: "env = Env y es"
+      show ?thesis
+      proof (cases xs)
+        assume xs: "xs = []"
+        show ?thesis
+        proof (cases "es x")
+          case None
+          with env xs show ?thesis by simp
+        next
+          case Some
+          with hyp env xs and neq show ?thesis by simp
+        qed
+      next
+        fix x' xs' assume xs: "xs = x' # xs'"
+        show ?thesis
+        proof (cases "es x")
+          case None
+          with env xs show ?thesis by simp
+        next
+          case Some
+          with hyp env xs neq show ?thesis by simp
+        qed
+      qed
+    qed
+  }
+qed
+
+end