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+(*<*)
+theory simp = Main:
+(*>*)
+
+section{*Simplification*}
+
+text{*\label{sec:simplification-II}\index{simplification|(}
+This section discusses some additional nifty features not covered so far and
+gives a short introduction to the simplification process itself. The latter
+is helpful to understand why a particular rule does or does not apply in some
+situation.
+*}
+
+subsection{*Advanced features*}
+
+subsubsection{*Congruence rules*}
+
+text{*\label{sec:simp-cong}
+It is hardwired into the simplifier that while simplifying the conclusion $Q$
+of $P \isasymImp Q$ it is legal to make uses of the assumptions $P$. This
+kind of contextual information can also be made available for other
+operators. For example, @{prop"xs = [] --> xs@xs = xs"} simplifies to @{term
+True} because we may use @{prop"xs = []"} when simplifying @{prop"xs@xs =
+xs"}. The generation of contextual information during simplification is
+controlled by so-called \bfindex{congruence rules}. This is the one for
+@{text"\<longrightarrow>"}:
+@{thm[display]imp_cong[no_vars]}
+It should be read as follows:
+In order to simplify @{prop"P-->Q"} to @{prop"P'-->Q'"},
+simplify @{prop P} to @{prop P'}
+and assume @{prop"P'"} when simplifying @{prop Q} to @{prop"Q'"}.
+
+Here are some more examples.  The congruence rules for bounded
+quantifiers supply contextual information about the bound variable:
+@{thm[display,eta_contract=false,margin=60]ball_cong[no_vars]}
+The congruence rule for conditional expressions supply contextual
+information for simplifying the arms:
+@{thm[display]if_cong[no_vars]}
+A congruence rule can also \emph{prevent} simplification of some arguments.
+Here is an alternative congruence rule for conditional expressions:
+@{thm[display]if_weak_cong[no_vars]}
+Only the first argument is simplified; the others remain unchanged.
+This makes simplification much faster and is faithful to the evaluation
+strategy in programming languages, which is why this is the default
+congruence rule for @{text if}. Analogous rules control the evaluaton of
+@{text case} expressions.
+
+You can delare your own congruence rules with the attribute @{text cong},
+either globally, in the usual manner,
+\begin{quote}
+\isacommand{declare} \textit{theorem-name} @{text"[cong]"}
+\end{quote}
+or locally in a @{text"simp"} call by adding the modifier
+\begin{quote}
+@{text"cong:"} \textit{list of theorem names}
+\end{quote}
+The effect is reversed by @{text"cong del"} instead of @{text cong}.
+
+\begin{warn}
+The congruence rule @{thm[source]conj_cong}
+@{thm[display]conj_cong[no_vars]}
+is occasionally useful but not a default rule; you have to use it explicitly.
+\end{warn}
+*}
+
+subsubsection{*Permutative rewrite rules*}
+
+text{*
+\index{rewrite rule!permutative|bold}
+\index{rewriting!ordered|bold}
+\index{ordered rewriting|bold}
+\index{simplification!ordered|bold}
+An equation is a \bfindex{permutative rewrite rule} if the left-hand
+side and right-hand side are the same up to renaming of variables.  The most
+common permutative rule is commutativity: @{prop"x+y = y+x"}.  Other examples
+include @{prop"(x-y)-z = (x-z)-y"} in arithmetic and @{prop"insert x (insert
+y A) = insert y (insert x A)"} for sets. Such rules are problematic because
+once they apply, they can be used forever. The simplifier is aware of this
+danger and treats permutative rules by means of a special strategy, called
+\bfindex{ordered rewriting}: a permutative rewrite
+rule is only applied if the term becomes ``smaller'' (w.r.t.\ some fixed
+lexicographic ordering on terms). For example, commutativity rewrites
+@{term"b+a"} to @{term"a+b"}, but then stops because @{term"a+b"} is strictly
+smaller than @{term"b+a"}.  Permutative rewrite rules can be turned into
+simplification rules in the usual manner via the @{text simp} attribute; the
+simplifier recognizes their special status automatically.
+
+Permutative rewrite rules are most effective in the case of
+associative-commutative operators.  (Associativity by itself is not
+permutative.)  When dealing with an AC-operator~$f$, keep the
+following points in mind:
+\begin{itemize}\index{associative-commutative operators}
+  
+\item The associative law must always be oriented from left to right,
+  namely $f(f(x,y),z) = f(x,f(y,z))$.  The opposite orientation, if
+  used with commutativity, can lead to nontermination.
+
+\item To complete your set of rewrite rules, you must add not just
+  associativity~(A) and commutativity~(C) but also a derived rule, {\bf
+    left-com\-mut\-ativ\-ity} (LC): $f(x,f(y,z)) = f(y,f(x,z))$.
+\end{itemize}
+Ordered rewriting with the combination of A, C, and LC sorts a term
+lexicographically:
+\[\def\maps#1{~\stackrel{#1}{\leadsto}~}
+ f(f(b,c),a) \maps{A} f(b,f(c,a)) \maps{C} f(b,f(a,c)) \maps{LC} f(a,f(b,c)) \]
+
+Note that ordered rewriting for @{text"+"} and @{text"*"} on numbers is rarely
+necessary because the builtin arithmetic capabilities often take care of
+this.
+*}
+
+subsection{*How it works*}
+
+text{*\label{sec:SimpHow}
+Roughly speaking, the simplifier proceeds bottom-up (subterms are simplified
+first) and a conditional equation is only applied if its condition could be
+proved (again by simplification). Below we explain some special 
+*}
+
+subsubsection{*Higher-order patterns*}
+
+subsubsection{*Local assumptions*}
+
+subsubsection{*The preprocessor*}
+
+text{*
+\index{simplification|)}
+*}
+(*<*)
+end
+(*>*)




