diff -r 39c90514faf8 -r a56eab490f4e src/Pure/General/graph.scala
--- a/src/Pure/General/graph.scala	Sat Aug 31 21:34:39 2019 +0200
+++ b/src/Pure/General/graph.scala	Sun Sep 01 22:57:25 2019 +0200
@@ -20,11 +20,14 @@
   def empty[Key, A](implicit ord: Ordering[Key]): Graph[Key, A] =
     new Graph[Key, A](SortedMap.empty(ord))
 
-  def make[Key, A](entries: List[((Key, A), List[Key])], symmetric: Boolean = false)(
-    implicit ord: Ordering[Key]): Graph[Key, A] =
+  def make[Key, A](entries: List[((Key, A), List[Key])],
+    symmetric: Boolean = false,
+    permissive: Boolean = false)(implicit ord: Ordering[Key]): Graph[Key, A] =
   {
     val graph1 =
-      (empty[Key, A](ord) /: entries) { case (graph, ((x, info), _)) => graph.new_node(x, info) }
+      (empty[Key, A](ord) /: entries) { case (graph, ((x, info), _)) =>
+        if (permissive) graph.default_node(x, info) else graph.new_node(x, info)
+      }
     val graph2 =
       (graph1 /: entries) { case (graph, ((x, _), ys)) =>
         (graph /: ys)({ case (g, y) => if (symmetric) g.add_edge(y, x) else g.add_edge(x, y) }) }