diff -r 5578341489cb -r aa67309a7960 src/Pure/System/scala.scala
--- a/src/Pure/System/scala.scala	Thu Oct 12 14:59:59 2023 +0200
+++ b/src/Pure/System/scala.scala	Thu Oct 12 20:58:15 2023 +0200
@@ -289,7 +289,8 @@
           case Exn.Res(null) => (Tag.NULL, Nil)
           case Exn.Res(res) => (Tag.OK, res)
           case Exn.Exn(Exn.Interrupt()) => (Tag.INTERRUPT, Nil)
-          case Exn.Exn(e) => (Tag.ERROR, List(Bytes(Exn.message(e))))
+          case Exn.Exn(ERROR(msg)) => (Tag.ERROR, List(Bytes(msg)))
+          case Exn.Exn(e) => (Tag.FAIL, List(Bytes(Exn.message(e))))
         }
       case None => (Tag.FAIL, List(Bytes("Unknown Isabelle/Scala function: " + quote(name))))
     }