diff -r 196ca0973a6d -r ff1574a81019 src/HOL/Arith.ML
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/src/HOL/Arith.ML	Fri Mar 03 12:02:25 1995 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+(*  Title: 	HOL/Arith.ML
+    ID:         $Id$
+    Author: 	Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
+    Copyright   1993  University of Cambridge
+
+Proofs about elementary arithmetic: addition, multiplication, etc.
+Tests definitions and simplifier.
+*)
+
+open Arith;
+
+(*** Basic rewrite rules for the arithmetic operators ***)
+
+val [pred_0, pred_Suc] = nat_recs pred_def;
+val [add_0,add_Suc] = nat_recs add_def; 
+val [mult_0,mult_Suc] = nat_recs mult_def; 
+
+(** Difference **)
+
+val diff_0 = diff_def RS def_nat_rec_0;
+
+qed_goalw "diff_0_eq_0" Arith.thy [diff_def, pred_def]
+    "0 - n = 0"
+ (fn _ => [nat_ind_tac "n" 1,  ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac nat_ss)]);
+
+(*Must simplify BEFORE the induction!!  (Else we get a critical pair)
+  Suc(m) - Suc(n)   rewrites to   pred(Suc(m) - n)  *)
+qed_goalw "diff_Suc_Suc" Arith.thy [diff_def, pred_def]
+    "Suc(m) - Suc(n) = m - n"
+ (fn _ =>
+  [simp_tac nat_ss 1, nat_ind_tac "n" 1, ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac nat_ss)]);
+
+(*** Simplification over add, mult, diff ***)
+
+val arith_simps =
+ [pred_0, pred_Suc, add_0, add_Suc, mult_0, mult_Suc,
+  diff_0, diff_0_eq_0, diff_Suc_Suc];
+
+val arith_ss = nat_ss addsimps arith_simps;
+
+(**** Inductive properties of the operators ****)
+
+(*** Addition ***)
+
+qed_goal "add_0_right" Arith.thy "m + 0 = m"
+ (fn _ => [nat_ind_tac "m" 1, ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac arith_ss)]);
+
+qed_goal "add_Suc_right" Arith.thy "m + Suc(n) = Suc(m+n)"
+ (fn _ => [nat_ind_tac "m" 1, ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac arith_ss)]);
+
+val arith_ss = arith_ss addsimps [add_0_right,add_Suc_right];
+
+(*Associative law for addition*)
+qed_goal "add_assoc" Arith.thy "(m + n) + k = m + ((n + k)::nat)"
+ (fn _ => [nat_ind_tac "m" 1, ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac arith_ss)]);
+
+(*Commutative law for addition*)  
+qed_goal "add_commute" Arith.thy "m + n = n + (m::nat)"
+ (fn _ =>  [nat_ind_tac "m" 1, ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac arith_ss)]);
+
+qed_goal "add_left_commute" Arith.thy "x+(y+z)=y+((x+z)::nat)"
+ (fn _ => [rtac (add_commute RS trans) 1, rtac (add_assoc RS trans) 1,
+           rtac (add_commute RS arg_cong) 1]);
+
+(*Addition is an AC-operator*)
+val add_ac = [add_assoc, add_commute, add_left_commute];
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!k::nat. (k + m = k + n) = (m=n)";
+by (nat_ind_tac "k" 1);
+by (simp_tac arith_ss 1);
+by (asm_simp_tac arith_ss 1);
+qed "add_left_cancel";
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!k::nat. (m + k = n + k) = (m=n)";
+by (nat_ind_tac "k" 1);
+by (simp_tac arith_ss 1);
+by (asm_simp_tac arith_ss 1);
+qed "add_right_cancel";
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!k::nat. (k + m <= k + n) = (m<=n)";
+by (nat_ind_tac "k" 1);
+by (simp_tac arith_ss 1);
+by (asm_simp_tac (arith_ss addsimps [Suc_le_mono]) 1);
+qed "add_left_cancel_le";
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!k::nat. (k + m < k + n) = (m<n)";
+by (nat_ind_tac "k" 1);
+by (simp_tac arith_ss 1);
+by (asm_simp_tac arith_ss 1);
+qed "add_left_cancel_less";
+
+(*** Multiplication ***)
+
+(*right annihilation in product*)
+qed_goal "mult_0_right" Arith.thy "m * 0 = 0"
+ (fn _ => [nat_ind_tac "m" 1, ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac arith_ss)]);
+
+(*right Sucessor law for multiplication*)
+qed_goal "mult_Suc_right" Arith.thy  "m * Suc(n) = m + (m * n)"
+ (fn _ => [nat_ind_tac "m" 1,
+           ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac (arith_ss addsimps add_ac))]);
+
+val arith_ss = arith_ss addsimps [mult_0_right,mult_Suc_right];
+
+(*Commutative law for multiplication*)
+qed_goal "mult_commute" Arith.thy "m * n = n * (m::nat)"
+ (fn _ => [nat_ind_tac "m" 1, ALLGOALS (asm_simp_tac arith_ss)]);
+
+(*addition distributes over multiplication*)
+qed_goal "add_mult_distrib" Arith.thy "(m + n)*k = (m*k) + ((n*k)::nat)"
+ (fn _ => [nat_ind_tac "m" 1,
+           ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac (arith_ss addsimps add_ac))]);
+
+qed_goal "add_mult_distrib2" Arith.thy "k*(m + n) = (k*m) + ((k*n)::nat)"
+ (fn _ => [nat_ind_tac "m" 1,
+           ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac (arith_ss addsimps add_ac))]);
+
+val arith_ss = arith_ss addsimps [add_mult_distrib,add_mult_distrib2];
+
+(*Associative law for multiplication*)
+qed_goal "mult_assoc" Arith.thy "(m * n) * k = m * ((n * k)::nat)"
+  (fn _ => [nat_ind_tac "m" 1, ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac arith_ss)]);
+
+qed_goal "mult_left_commute" Arith.thy "x*(y*z) = y*((x*z)::nat)"
+ (fn _ => [rtac trans 1, rtac mult_commute 1, rtac trans 1,
+           rtac mult_assoc 1, rtac (mult_commute RS arg_cong) 1]);
+
+val mult_ac = [mult_assoc,mult_commute,mult_left_commute];
+
+(*** Difference ***)
+
+qed_goal "diff_self_eq_0" Arith.thy "m - m = 0"
+ (fn _ => [nat_ind_tac "m" 1, ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac arith_ss)]);
+
+(*Addition is the inverse of subtraction: if n<=m then n+(m-n) = m. *)
+val [prem] = goal Arith.thy "[| ~ m<n |] ==> n+(m-n) = (m::nat)";
+by (rtac (prem RS rev_mp) 1);
+by (res_inst_tac [("m","m"),("n","n")] diff_induct 1);
+by (ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac arith_ss));
+qed "add_diff_inverse";
+
+
+(*** Remainder ***)
+
+goal Arith.thy "m - n < Suc(m)";
+by (res_inst_tac [("m","m"),("n","n")] diff_induct 1);
+by (etac less_SucE 3);
+by (ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac arith_ss));
+qed "diff_less_Suc";
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!m::nat. m - n <= m";
+by (res_inst_tac [("m","m"), ("n","n")] diff_induct 1);
+by (ALLGOALS (asm_simp_tac arith_ss));
+by (etac le_trans 1);
+by (simp_tac (HOL_ss addsimps [le_eq_less_or_eq, lessI]) 1);
+qed "diff_le_self";
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!n::nat. (n+m) - n = m";
+by (nat_ind_tac "n" 1);
+by (ALLGOALS (asm_simp_tac arith_ss));
+qed "diff_add_inverse";
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!n::nat. n - (n+m) = 0";
+by (nat_ind_tac "n" 1);
+by (ALLGOALS (asm_simp_tac arith_ss));
+qed "diff_add_0";
+
+(*In ordinary notation: if 0<n and n<=m then m-n < m *)
+goal Arith.thy "!!m. [| 0<n; ~ m<n |] ==> m - n < m";
+by (subgoal_tac "0<n --> ~ m<n --> m - n < m" 1);
+by (fast_tac HOL_cs 1);
+by (res_inst_tac [("m","m"),("n","n")] diff_induct 1);
+by (ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac(arith_ss addsimps [diff_less_Suc])));
+qed "div_termination";
+
+val wf_less_trans = wf_pred_nat RS wf_trancl RSN (2, def_wfrec RS trans);
+
+goalw Nat.thy [less_def] "<m,n> : pred_nat^+ = (m<n)";
+by (rtac refl 1);
+qed "less_eq";
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!m. m<n ==> m mod n = m";
+by (rtac (mod_def RS wf_less_trans) 1);
+by(asm_simp_tac HOL_ss 1);
+qed "mod_less";
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!m. [| 0<n;  ~m<n |] ==> m mod n = (m-n) mod n";
+by (rtac (mod_def RS wf_less_trans) 1);
+by(asm_simp_tac (nat_ss addsimps [div_termination, cut_apply, less_eq]) 1);
+qed "mod_geq";
+
+
+(*** Quotient ***)
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!m. m<n ==> m div n = 0";
+by (rtac (div_def RS wf_less_trans) 1);
+by(asm_simp_tac nat_ss 1);
+qed "div_less";
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!M. [| 0<n;  ~m<n |] ==> m div n = Suc((m-n) div n)";
+by (rtac (div_def RS wf_less_trans) 1);
+by(asm_simp_tac (nat_ss addsimps [div_termination, cut_apply, less_eq]) 1);
+qed "div_geq";
+
+(*Main Result about quotient and remainder.*)
+goal Arith.thy "!!m. 0<n ==> (m div n)*n + m mod n = m";
+by (res_inst_tac [("n","m")] less_induct 1);
+by (rename_tac "k" 1);    (*Variable name used in line below*)
+by (case_tac "k<n" 1);
+by (ALLGOALS (asm_simp_tac(arith_ss addsimps (add_ac @
+                       [mod_less, mod_geq, div_less, div_geq,
+	                add_diff_inverse, div_termination]))));
+qed "mod_div_equality";
+
+
+(*** More results about difference ***)
+
+val [prem] = goal Arith.thy "m < Suc(n) ==> m-n = 0";
+by (rtac (prem RS rev_mp) 1);
+by (res_inst_tac [("m","m"),("n","n")] diff_induct 1);
+by (ALLGOALS (asm_simp_tac arith_ss));
+qed "less_imp_diff_is_0";
+
+val prems = goal Arith.thy "m-n = 0  -->  n-m = 0  -->  m=n";
+by (res_inst_tac [("m","m"),("n","n")] diff_induct 1);
+by (REPEAT(simp_tac arith_ss 1 THEN TRY(atac 1)));
+qed "diffs0_imp_equal_lemma";
+
+(*  [| m-n = 0;  n-m = 0 |] ==> m=n  *)
+bind_thm ("diffs0_imp_equal", (diffs0_imp_equal_lemma RS mp RS mp));
+
+val [prem] = goal Arith.thy "m<n ==> 0<n-m";
+by (rtac (prem RS rev_mp) 1);
+by (res_inst_tac [("m","m"),("n","n")] diff_induct 1);
+by (ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac arith_ss));
+qed "less_imp_diff_positive";
+
+val [prem] = goal Arith.thy "n < Suc(m) ==> Suc(m)-n = Suc(m-n)";
+by (rtac (prem RS rev_mp) 1);
+by (res_inst_tac [("m","m"),("n","n")] diff_induct 1);
+by (ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac arith_ss));
+qed "Suc_diff_n";
+
+goal Arith.thy "Suc(m)-n = if (m<n) 0 (Suc m-n)";
+by(simp_tac (nat_ss addsimps [less_imp_diff_is_0, not_less_eq, Suc_diff_n]
+                    setloop (split_tac [expand_if])) 1);
+qed "if_Suc_diff_n";
+
+goal Arith.thy "P(k) --> (!n. P(Suc(n))--> P(n)) --> P(k-i)";
+by (res_inst_tac [("m","k"),("n","i")] diff_induct 1);
+by (ALLGOALS (strip_tac THEN' simp_tac arith_ss THEN' TRY o fast_tac HOL_cs));
+qed "zero_induct_lemma";
+
+val prems = goal Arith.thy "[| P(k);  !!n. P(Suc(n)) ==> P(n) |] ==> P(0)";
+by (rtac (diff_self_eq_0 RS subst) 1);
+by (rtac (zero_induct_lemma RS mp RS mp) 1);
+by (REPEAT (ares_tac ([impI,allI]@prems) 1));
+qed "zero_induct";
+
+(*13 July 1992: loaded in 105.7s*)
+
+(**** Additional theorems about "less than" ****)
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!m. m<n --> (? k. n=Suc(m+k))";
+by (nat_ind_tac "n" 1);
+by (ALLGOALS(simp_tac arith_ss));
+by (REPEAT_FIRST (ares_tac [conjI, impI]));
+by (res_inst_tac [("x","0")] exI 2);
+by (simp_tac arith_ss 2);
+by (safe_tac HOL_cs);
+by (res_inst_tac [("x","Suc(k)")] exI 1);
+by (simp_tac arith_ss 1);
+val less_eq_Suc_add_lemma = result();
+
+(*"m<n ==> ? k. n = Suc(m+k)"*)
+bind_thm ("less_eq_Suc_add", less_eq_Suc_add_lemma RS mp);
+
+
+goal Arith.thy "n <= ((m + n)::nat)";
+by (nat_ind_tac "m" 1);
+by (ALLGOALS(simp_tac arith_ss));
+by (etac le_trans 1);
+by (rtac (lessI RS less_imp_le) 1);
+qed "le_add2";
+
+goal Arith.thy "n <= ((n + m)::nat)";
+by (simp_tac (arith_ss addsimps add_ac) 1);
+by (rtac le_add2 1);
+qed "le_add1";
+
+bind_thm ("less_add_Suc1", (lessI RS (le_add1 RS le_less_trans)));
+bind_thm ("less_add_Suc2", (lessI RS (le_add2 RS le_less_trans)));
+
+(*"i <= j ==> i <= j+m"*)
+bind_thm ("trans_le_add1", le_add1 RSN (2,le_trans));
+
+(*"i <= j ==> i <= m+j"*)
+bind_thm ("trans_le_add2", le_add2 RSN (2,le_trans));
+
+(*"i < j ==> i < j+m"*)
+bind_thm ("trans_less_add1", le_add1 RSN (2,less_le_trans));
+
+(*"i < j ==> i < m+j"*)
+bind_thm ("trans_less_add2", le_add2 RSN (2,less_le_trans));
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!k::nat. m <= n ==> m <= n+k";
+by (eresolve_tac [le_trans] 1);
+by (resolve_tac [le_add1] 1);
+qed "le_imp_add_le";
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!k::nat. m < n ==> m < n+k";
+by (eresolve_tac [less_le_trans] 1);
+by (resolve_tac [le_add1] 1);
+qed "less_imp_add_less";
+
+goal Arith.thy "m+k<=n --> m<=(n::nat)";
+by (nat_ind_tac "k" 1);
+by (ALLGOALS (asm_simp_tac arith_ss));
+by (fast_tac (HOL_cs addDs [Suc_leD]) 1);
+val add_leD1_lemma = result();
+bind_thm ("add_leD1", add_leD1_lemma RS mp);;
+
+goal Arith.thy "!!k l::nat. [| k<l; m+l = k+n |] ==> m<n";
+by (safe_tac (HOL_cs addSDs [less_eq_Suc_add]));
+by (asm_full_simp_tac
+    (HOL_ss addsimps ([add_Suc_right RS sym, add_left_cancel] @add_ac)) 1);
+by (eresolve_tac [subst] 1);
+by (simp_tac (arith_ss addsimps [less_add_Suc1]) 1);
+qed "less_add_eq_less";
+
+
+(** Monotonicity of addition (from ZF/Arith) **)
+
+(** Monotonicity results **)
+
+(*strict, in 1st argument*)
+goal Arith.thy "!!i j k::nat. i < j ==> i + k < j + k";
+by (nat_ind_tac "k" 1);
+by (ALLGOALS (asm_simp_tac arith_ss));
+qed "add_less_mono1";
+
+(*strict, in both arguments*)
+goal Arith.thy "!!i j k::nat. [|i < j; k < l|] ==> i + k < j + l";
+by (rtac (add_less_mono1 RS less_trans) 1);
+by (REPEAT (etac asm_rl 1));
+by (nat_ind_tac "j" 1);
+by (ALLGOALS(asm_simp_tac arith_ss));
+qed "add_less_mono";
+
+(*A [clumsy] way of lifting < monotonicity to <= monotonicity *)
+val [lt_mono,le] = goal Arith.thy
+     "[| !!i j::nat. i<j ==> f(i) < f(j);	\
+\        i <= j					\
+\     |] ==> f(i) <= (f(j)::nat)";
+by (cut_facts_tac [le] 1);
+by (asm_full_simp_tac (HOL_ss addsimps [le_eq_less_or_eq]) 1);
+by (fast_tac (HOL_cs addSIs [lt_mono]) 1);
+qed "less_mono_imp_le_mono";
+
+(*non-strict, in 1st argument*)
+goal Arith.thy "!!i j k::nat. i<=j ==> i + k <= j + k";
+by (res_inst_tac [("f", "%j.j+k")] less_mono_imp_le_mono 1);
+by (eresolve_tac [add_less_mono1] 1);
+by (assume_tac 1);
+qed "add_le_mono1";
+
+(*non-strict, in both arguments*)
+goal Arith.thy "!!k l::nat. [|i<=j;  k<=l |] ==> i + k <= j + l";
+by (etac (add_le_mono1 RS le_trans) 1);
+by (simp_tac (HOL_ss addsimps [add_commute]) 1);
+(*j moves to the end because it is free while k, l are bound*)
+by (eresolve_tac [add_le_mono1] 1);
+qed "add_le_mono";