(* Title: FOLP/IFOLP.thy Author: Martin D Coen, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory Copyright 1992 University of Cambridge *) section \Intuitionistic First-Order Logic with Proofs\ theory IFOLP imports Pure begin ML_file \~~/src/Tools/misc_legacy.ML\ setup Pure_Thy.old_appl_syntax_setup setup \Proofterm.set_preproc (Proof_Rewrite_Rules.standard_preproc [])\ class "term" default_sort "term" typedecl p typedecl o consts (*** Judgements ***) Proof :: "[o,p]=>prop" EqProof :: "[p,p,o]=>prop" ("(3_ /= _ :/ _)" [10,10,10] 5) (*** Logical Connectives -- Type Formers ***) eq :: "['a,'a] => o" (infixl "=" 50) True :: "o" False :: "o" conj :: "[o,o] => o" (infixr "&" 35) disj :: "[o,o] => o" (infixr "|" 30) imp :: "[o,o] => o" (infixr "-->" 25) (*Quantifiers*) All :: "('a => o) => o" (binder "ALL " 10) Ex :: "('a => o) => o" (binder "EX " 10) (*Rewriting gadgets*) NORM :: "o => o" norm :: "'a => 'a" (*** Proof Term Formers: precedence must exceed 50 ***) tt :: "p" contr :: "p=>p" fst :: "p=>p" snd :: "p=>p" pair :: "[p,p]=>p" ("(1<_,/_>)") split :: "[p, [p,p]=>p] =>p" inl :: "p=>p" inr :: "p=>p" "when" :: "[p, p=>p, p=>p]=>p" lambda :: "(p => p) => p" (binder "lam " 55) App :: "[p,p]=>p" (infixl "`" 60) alll :: "['a=>p]=>p" (binder "all " 55) app :: "[p,'a]=>p" (infixl "^" 55) exists :: "['a,p]=>p" ("(1[_,/_])") xsplit :: "[p,['a,p]=>p]=>p" ideq :: "'a=>p" idpeel :: "[p,'a=>p]=>p" nrm :: p NRM :: p syntax "_Proof" :: "[p,o]=>prop" ("(_ /: _)" [51, 10] 5) parse_translation \ let fun proof_tr [p, P] = Const (\<^const_syntax>\Proof\, dummyT) $ P $ p in [(\<^syntax_const>\_Proof\, K proof_tr)] end \ (*show_proofs = true displays the proof terms -- they are ENORMOUS*) ML \val show_proofs = Attrib.setup_config_bool \<^binding>\show_proofs\ (K false)\ print_translation \ let fun proof_tr' ctxt [P, p] = if Config.get ctxt show_proofs then Const (\<^syntax_const>\_Proof\, dummyT) $ p $ P else P in [(\<^const_syntax>\Proof\, proof_tr')] end \ (**** Propositional logic ****) (*Equality*) (* Like Intensional Equality in MLTT - but proofs distinct from terms *) axiomatization where ieqI: "ideq(a) : a=a" and ieqE: "[| p : a=b; !!x. f(x) : P(x,x) |] ==> idpeel(p,f) : P(a,b)" (* Truth and Falsity *) axiomatization where TrueI: "tt : True" and FalseE: "a:False ==> contr(a):P" (* Conjunction *) axiomatization where conjI: "[| a:P; b:Q |] ==> : P&Q" and conjunct1: "p:P&Q ==> fst(p):P" and conjunct2: "p:P&Q ==> snd(p):Q" (* Disjunction *) axiomatization where disjI1: "a:P ==> inl(a):P|Q" and disjI2: "b:Q ==> inr(b):P|Q" and disjE: "[| a:P|Q; !!x. x:P ==> f(x):R; !!x. x:Q ==> g(x):R |] ==> when(a,f,g):R" (* Implication *) axiomatization where impI: "\P Q f. (!!x. x:P ==> f(x):Q) ==> lam x. f(x):P-->Q" and mp: "\P Q f. [| f:P-->Q; a:P |] ==> f`a:Q" (*Quantifiers*) axiomatization where allI: "\P. (!!x. f(x) : P(x)) ==> all x. f(x) : ALL x. P(x)" and spec: "\P f. (f:ALL x. P(x)) ==> f^x : P(x)" axiomatization where exI: "p : P(x) ==> [x,p] : EX x. P(x)" and exE: "[| p: EX x. P(x); !!x u. u:P(x) ==> f(x,u) : R |] ==> xsplit(p,f):R" (**** Equality between proofs ****) axiomatization where prefl: "a : P ==> a = a : P" and psym: "a = b : P ==> b = a : P" and ptrans: "[| a = b : P; b = c : P |] ==> a = c : P" axiomatization where idpeelB: "[| !!x. f(x) : P(x,x) |] ==> idpeel(ideq(a),f) = f(a) : P(a,a)" axiomatization where fstB: "a:P ==> fst() = a : P" and sndB: "b:Q ==> snd() = b : Q" and pairEC: "p:P&Q ==> p = : P&Q" axiomatization where whenBinl: "[| a:P; !!x. x:P ==> f(x) : Q |] ==> when(inl(a),f,g) = f(a) : Q" and whenBinr: "[| b:P; !!x. x:P ==> g(x) : Q |] ==> when(inr(b),f,g) = g(b) : Q" and plusEC: "a:P|Q ==> when(a,%x. inl(x),%y. inr(y)) = a : P|Q" axiomatization where applyB: "[| a:P; !!x. x:P ==> b(x) : Q |] ==> (lam x. b(x)) ` a = b(a) : Q" and funEC: "f:P ==> f = lam x. f`x : P" axiomatization where specB: "[| !!x. f(x) : P(x) |] ==> (all x. f(x)) ^ a = f(a) : P(a)" (**** Definitions ****) definition Not :: "o => o" ("~ _" [40] 40) where not_def: "~P == P-->False" definition iff :: "[o,o] => o" (infixr "<->" 25) where "P<->Q == (P-->Q) & (Q-->P)" (*Unique existence*) definition Ex1 :: "('a => o) => o" (binder "EX! " 10) where ex1_def: "EX! x. P(x) == EX x. P(x) & (ALL y. P(y) --> y=x)" (*Rewriting -- special constants to flag normalized terms and formulae*) axiomatization where norm_eq: "nrm : norm(x) = x" and NORM_iff: "NRM : NORM(P) <-> P" (*** Sequent-style elimination rules for & --> and ALL ***) schematic_goal conjE: assumes "p:P&Q" and "!!x y.[| x:P; y:Q |] ==> f(x,y):R" shows "?a:R" apply (rule assms(2)) apply (rule conjunct1 [OF assms(1)]) apply (rule conjunct2 [OF assms(1)]) done schematic_goal impE: assumes "p:P-->Q" and "q:P" and "!!x. x:Q ==> r(x):R" shows "?p:R" apply (rule assms mp)+ done schematic_goal allE: assumes "p:ALL x. P(x)" and "!!y. y:P(x) ==> q(y):R" shows "?p:R" apply (rule assms spec)+ done (*Duplicates the quantifier; for use with eresolve_tac*) schematic_goal all_dupE: assumes "p:ALL x. P(x)" and "!!y z.[| y:P(x); z:ALL x. P(x) |] ==> q(y,z):R" shows "?p:R" apply (rule assms spec)+ done (*** Negation rules, which translate between ~P and P-->False ***) schematic_goal notI: assumes "!!x. x:P ==> q(x):False" shows "?p:~P" unfolding not_def apply (assumption | rule assms impI)+ done schematic_goal notE: "p:~P \ q:P \ ?p:R" unfolding not_def apply (drule (1) mp) apply (erule FalseE) done (*This is useful with the special implication rules for each kind of P. *) schematic_goal not_to_imp: assumes "p:~P" and "!!x. x:(P-->False) ==> q(x):Q" shows "?p:Q" apply (assumption | rule assms impI notE)+ done (* For substitution int an assumption P, reduce Q to P-->Q, substitute into this implication, then apply impI to move P back into the assumptions.*) schematic_goal rev_mp: "[| p:P; q:P --> Q |] ==> ?p:Q" apply (assumption | rule mp)+ done (*Contrapositive of an inference rule*) schematic_goal contrapos: assumes major: "p:~Q" and minor: "!!y. y:P==>q(y):Q" shows "?a:~P" apply (rule major [THEN notE, THEN notI]) apply (erule minor) done (** Unique assumption tactic. Ignores proof objects. Fails unless one assumption is equal and exactly one is unifiable **) ML \ local fun discard_proof (Const (\<^const_name>\Proof\, _) $ P $ _) = P; in fun uniq_assume_tac ctxt = SUBGOAL (fn (prem,i) => let val hyps = map discard_proof (Logic.strip_assums_hyp prem) and concl = discard_proof (Logic.strip_assums_concl prem) in if exists (fn hyp => hyp aconv concl) hyps then case distinct (op =) (filter (fn hyp => Term.could_unify (hyp, concl)) hyps) of [_] => assume_tac ctxt i | _ => no_tac else no_tac end); end; \ (*** Modus Ponens Tactics ***) (*Finds P-->Q and P in the assumptions, replaces implication by Q *) ML \ fun mp_tac ctxt i = eresolve_tac ctxt [@{thm notE}, make_elim @{thm mp}] i THEN assume_tac ctxt i \ method_setup mp = \Scan.succeed (SIMPLE_METHOD' o mp_tac)\ (*Like mp_tac but instantiates no variables*) ML \ fun int_uniq_mp_tac ctxt i = eresolve_tac ctxt [@{thm notE}, @{thm impE}] i THEN uniq_assume_tac ctxt i \ (*** If-and-only-if ***) schematic_goal iffI: assumes "!!x. x:P ==> q(x):Q" and "!!x. x:Q ==> r(x):P" shows "?p:P<->Q" unfolding iff_def apply (assumption | rule assms conjI impI)+ done schematic_goal iffE: assumes "p:P <-> Q" and "!!x y.[| x:P-->Q; y:Q-->P |] ==> q(x,y):R" shows "?p:R" apply (rule conjE) apply (rule assms(1) [unfolded iff_def]) apply (rule assms(2)) apply assumption+ done (* Destruct rules for <-> similar to Modus Ponens *) schematic_goal iffD1: "[| p:P <-> Q; q:P |] ==> ?p:Q" unfolding iff_def apply (rule conjunct1 [THEN mp], assumption+) done schematic_goal iffD2: "[| p:P <-> Q; q:Q |] ==> ?p:P" unfolding iff_def apply (rule conjunct2 [THEN mp], assumption+) done schematic_goal iff_refl: "?p:P <-> P" apply (rule iffI) apply assumption+ done schematic_goal iff_sym: "p:Q <-> P ==> ?p:P <-> Q" apply (erule iffE) apply (rule iffI) apply (erule (1) mp)+ done schematic_goal iff_trans: "[| p:P <-> Q; q:Q<-> R |] ==> ?p:P <-> R" apply (rule iffI) apply (assumption | erule iffE | erule (1) impE)+ done (*** Unique existence. NOTE THAT the following 2 quantifications EX!x such that [EX!y such that P(x,y)] (sequential) EX!x,y such that P(x,y) (simultaneous) do NOT mean the same thing. The parser treats EX!x y.P(x,y) as sequential. ***) schematic_goal ex1I: assumes "p:P(a)" and "!!x u. u:P(x) ==> f(u) : x=a" shows "?p:EX! x. P(x)" unfolding ex1_def apply (assumption | rule assms exI conjI allI impI)+ done schematic_goal ex1E: assumes "p:EX! x. P(x)" and "!!x u v. [| u:P(x); v:ALL y. P(y) --> y=x |] ==> f(x,u,v):R" shows "?a : R" apply (insert assms(1) [unfolded ex1_def]) apply (erule exE conjE | assumption | rule assms(1))+ apply (erule assms(2), assumption) done (*** <-> congruence rules for simplification ***) (*Use iffE on a premise. For conj_cong, imp_cong, all_cong, ex_cong*) ML \ fun iff_tac ctxt prems i = resolve_tac ctxt (prems RL [@{thm iffE}]) i THEN REPEAT1 (eresolve_tac ctxt [asm_rl, @{thm mp}] i) \ method_setup iff = \Attrib.thms >> (fn prems => fn ctxt => SIMPLE_METHOD' (iff_tac ctxt prems))\ schematic_goal conj_cong: assumes "p:P <-> P'" and "!!x. x:P' ==> q(x):Q <-> Q'" shows "?p:(P&Q) <-> (P'&Q')" apply (insert assms(1)) apply (assumption | rule iffI conjI | erule iffE conjE mp | iff assms)+ done schematic_goal disj_cong: "[| p:P <-> P'; q:Q <-> Q' |] ==> ?p:(P|Q) <-> (P'|Q')" apply (erule iffE disjE disjI1 disjI2 | assumption | rule iffI | mp)+ done schematic_goal imp_cong: assumes "p:P <-> P'" and "!!x. x:P' ==> q(x):Q <-> Q'" shows "?p:(P-->Q) <-> (P'-->Q')" apply (insert assms(1)) apply (assumption | rule iffI impI | erule iffE | mp | iff assms)+ done schematic_goal iff_cong: "[| p:P <-> P'; q:Q <-> Q' |] ==> ?p:(P<->Q) <-> (P'<->Q')" apply (erule iffE | assumption | rule iffI | mp)+ done schematic_goal not_cong: "p:P <-> P' ==> ?p:~P <-> ~P'" apply (assumption | rule iffI notI | mp | erule iffE notE)+ done schematic_goal all_cong: assumes "!!x. f(x):P(x) <-> Q(x)" shows "?p:(ALL x. P(x)) <-> (ALL x. Q(x))" apply (assumption | rule iffI allI | mp | erule allE | iff assms)+ done schematic_goal ex_cong: assumes "!!x. f(x):P(x) <-> Q(x)" shows "?p:(EX x. P(x)) <-> (EX x. Q(x))" apply (erule exE | assumption | rule iffI exI | mp | iff assms)+ done (*NOT PROVED ML_Thms.bind_thm ("ex1_cong", prove_goal (the_context ()) "(!!x.f(x):P(x) <-> Q(x)) ==> ?p:(EX! x.P(x)) <-> (EX! x.Q(x))" (fn prems => [ (REPEAT (eresolve_tac [ex1E, spec RS mp] 1 ORELSE ares_tac [iffI,ex1I] 1 ORELSE mp_tac 1 ORELSE iff_tac prems 1)) ])) *) (*** Equality rules ***) lemmas refl = ieqI schematic_goal subst: assumes prem1: "p:a=b" and prem2: "q:P(a)" shows "?p : P(b)" apply (rule prem2 [THEN rev_mp]) apply (rule prem1 [THEN ieqE]) apply (rule impI) apply assumption done schematic_goal sym: "q:a=b ==> ?c:b=a" apply (erule subst) apply (rule refl) done schematic_goal trans: "[| p:a=b; q:b=c |] ==> ?d:a=c" apply (erule (1) subst) done (** ~ b=a ==> ~ a=b **) schematic_goal not_sym: "p:~ b=a ==> ?q:~ a=b" apply (erule contrapos) apply (erule sym) done schematic_goal ssubst: "p:b=a \ q:P(a) \ ?p:P(b)" apply (drule sym) apply (erule subst) apply assumption done (*A special case of ex1E that would otherwise need quantifier expansion*) schematic_goal ex1_equalsE: "[| p:EX! x. P(x); q:P(a); r:P(b) |] ==> ?d:a=b" apply (erule ex1E) apply (rule trans) apply (rule_tac [2] sym) apply (assumption | erule spec [THEN mp])+ done (** Polymorphic congruence rules **) schematic_goal subst_context: "[| p:a=b |] ==> ?d:t(a)=t(b)" apply (erule ssubst) apply (rule refl) done schematic_goal subst_context2: "[| p:a=b; q:c=d |] ==> ?p:t(a,c)=t(b,d)" apply (erule ssubst)+ apply (rule refl) done schematic_goal subst_context3: "[| p:a=b; q:c=d; r:e=f |] ==> ?p:t(a,c,e)=t(b,d,f)" apply (erule ssubst)+ apply (rule refl) done (*Useful with eresolve_tac for proving equalties from known equalities. a = b | | c = d *) schematic_goal box_equals: "[| p:a=b; q:a=c; r:b=d |] ==> ?p:c=d" apply (rule trans) apply (rule trans) apply (rule sym) apply assumption+ done (*Dual of box_equals: for proving equalities backwards*) schematic_goal simp_equals: "[| p:a=c; q:b=d; r:c=d |] ==> ?p:a=b" apply (rule trans) apply (rule trans) apply (assumption | rule sym)+ done (** Congruence rules for predicate letters **) schematic_goal pred1_cong: "p:a=a' ==> ?p:P(a) <-> P(a')" apply (rule iffI) apply (tactic \ DEPTH_SOLVE (assume_tac \<^context> 1 ORELSE eresolve_tac \<^context> [@{thm subst}, @{thm ssubst}] 1)\) done schematic_goal pred2_cong: "[| p:a=a'; q:b=b' |] ==> ?p:P(a,b) <-> P(a',b')" apply (rule iffI) apply (tactic \ DEPTH_SOLVE (assume_tac \<^context> 1 ORELSE eresolve_tac \<^context> [@{thm subst}, @{thm ssubst}] 1)\) done schematic_goal pred3_cong: "[| p:a=a'; q:b=b'; r:c=c' |] ==> ?p:P(a,b,c) <-> P(a',b',c')" apply (rule iffI) apply (tactic \ DEPTH_SOLVE (assume_tac \<^context> 1 ORELSE eresolve_tac \<^context> [@{thm subst}, @{thm ssubst}] 1)\) done lemmas pred_congs = pred1_cong pred2_cong pred3_cong (*special case for the equality predicate!*) lemmas eq_cong = pred2_cong [where P = "(=)"] (*** Simplifications of assumed implications. Roy Dyckhoff has proved that conj_impE, disj_impE, and imp_impE used with mp_tac (restricted to atomic formulae) is COMPLETE for intuitionistic propositional logic. See R. Dyckhoff, Contraction-free sequent calculi for intuitionistic logic (preprint, University of St Andrews, 1991) ***) schematic_goal conj_impE: assumes major: "p:(P&Q)-->S" and minor: "!!x. x:P-->(Q-->S) ==> q(x):R" shows "?p:R" apply (assumption | rule conjI impI major [THEN mp] minor)+ done schematic_goal disj_impE: assumes major: "p:(P|Q)-->S" and minor: "!!x y.[| x:P-->S; y:Q-->S |] ==> q(x,y):R" shows "?p:R" apply (tactic \DEPTH_SOLVE (assume_tac \<^context> 1 ORELSE resolve_tac \<^context> [@{thm disjI1}, @{thm disjI2}, @{thm impI}, @{thm major} RS @{thm mp}, @{thm minor}] 1)\) done (*Simplifies the implication. Classical version is stronger. Still UNSAFE since Q must be provable -- backtracking needed. *) schematic_goal imp_impE: assumes major: "p:(P-->Q)-->S" and r1: "!!x y.[| x:P; y:Q-->S |] ==> q(x,y):Q" and r2: "!!x. x:S ==> r(x):R" shows "?p:R" apply (assumption | rule impI major [THEN mp] r1 r2)+ done (*Simplifies the implication. Classical version is stronger. Still UNSAFE since ~P must be provable -- backtracking needed. *) schematic_goal not_impE: assumes major: "p:~P --> S" and r1: "!!y. y:P ==> q(y):False" and r2: "!!y. y:S ==> r(y):R" shows "?p:R" apply (assumption | rule notI impI major [THEN mp] r1 r2)+ done (*Simplifies the implication. UNSAFE. *) schematic_goal iff_impE: assumes major: "p:(P<->Q)-->S" and r1: "!!x y.[| x:P; y:Q-->S |] ==> q(x,y):Q" and r2: "!!x y.[| x:Q; y:P-->S |] ==> r(x,y):P" and r3: "!!x. x:S ==> s(x):R" shows "?p:R" apply (assumption | rule iffI impI major [THEN mp] r1 r2 r3)+ done (*What if (ALL x.~~P(x)) --> ~~(ALL x.P(x)) is an assumption? UNSAFE*) schematic_goal all_impE: assumes major: "p:(ALL x. P(x))-->S" and r1: "!!x. q:P(x)" and r2: "!!y. y:S ==> r(y):R" shows "?p:R" apply (assumption | rule allI impI major [THEN mp] r1 r2)+ done (*Unsafe: (EX x.P(x))-->S is equivalent to ALL x.P(x)-->S. *) schematic_goal ex_impE: assumes major: "p:(EX x. P(x))-->S" and r: "!!y. y:P(a)-->S ==> q(y):R" shows "?p:R" apply (assumption | rule exI impI major [THEN mp] r)+ done schematic_goal rev_cut_eq: assumes "p:a=b" and "!!x. x:a=b ==> f(x):R" shows "?p:R" apply (rule assms)+ done lemma thin_refl: "!!X. [|p:x=x; PROP W|] ==> PROP W" . ML_file \hypsubst.ML\ ML \ structure Hypsubst = Hypsubst ( (*Take apart an equality judgement; otherwise raise Match!*) fun dest_eq (Const (\<^const_name>\Proof\, _) $ (Const (\<^const_name>\eq\, _) $ t $ u) $ _) = (t, u); val imp_intr = @{thm impI} (*etac rev_cut_eq moves an equality to be the last premise. *) val rev_cut_eq = @{thm rev_cut_eq} val rev_mp = @{thm rev_mp} val subst = @{thm subst} val sym = @{thm sym} val thin_refl = @{thm thin_refl} ); open Hypsubst; \ ML_file \intprover.ML\ (*** Rewrite rules ***) schematic_goal conj_rews: "?p1 : P & True <-> P" "?p2 : True & P <-> P" "?p3 : P & False <-> False" "?p4 : False & P <-> False" "?p5 : P & P <-> P" "?p6 : P & ~P <-> False" "?p7 : ~P & P <-> False" "?p8 : (P & Q) & R <-> P & (Q & R)" apply (tactic \fn st => IntPr.fast_tac \<^context> 1 st\)+ done schematic_goal disj_rews: "?p1 : P | True <-> True" "?p2 : True | P <-> True" "?p3 : P | False <-> P" "?p4 : False | P <-> P" "?p5 : P | P <-> P" "?p6 : (P | Q) | R <-> P | (Q | R)" apply (tactic \IntPr.fast_tac \<^context> 1\)+ done schematic_goal not_rews: "?p1 : ~ False <-> True" "?p2 : ~ True <-> False" apply (tactic \IntPr.fast_tac \<^context> 1\)+ done schematic_goal imp_rews: "?p1 : (P --> False) <-> ~P" "?p2 : (P --> True) <-> True" "?p3 : (False --> P) <-> True" "?p4 : (True --> P) <-> P" "?p5 : (P --> P) <-> True" "?p6 : (P --> ~P) <-> ~P" apply (tactic \IntPr.fast_tac \<^context> 1\)+ done schematic_goal iff_rews: "?p1 : (True <-> P) <-> P" "?p2 : (P <-> True) <-> P" "?p3 : (P <-> P) <-> True" "?p4 : (False <-> P) <-> ~P" "?p5 : (P <-> False) <-> ~P" apply (tactic \IntPr.fast_tac \<^context> 1\)+ done schematic_goal quant_rews: "?p1 : (ALL x. P) <-> P" "?p2 : (EX x. P) <-> P" apply (tactic \IntPr.fast_tac \<^context> 1\)+ done (*These are NOT supplied by default!*) schematic_goal distrib_rews1: "?p1 : ~(P|Q) <-> ~P & ~Q" "?p2 : P & (Q | R) <-> P&Q | P&R" "?p3 : (Q | R) & P <-> Q&P | R&P" "?p4 : (P | Q --> R) <-> (P --> R) & (Q --> R)" apply (tactic \IntPr.fast_tac \<^context> 1\)+ done schematic_goal distrib_rews2: "?p1 : ~(EX x. NORM(P(x))) <-> (ALL x. ~NORM(P(x)))" "?p2 : ((EX x. NORM(P(x))) --> Q) <-> (ALL x. NORM(P(x)) --> Q)" "?p3 : (EX x. NORM(P(x))) & NORM(Q) <-> (EX x. NORM(P(x)) & NORM(Q))" "?p4 : NORM(Q) & (EX x. NORM(P(x))) <-> (EX x. NORM(Q) & NORM(P(x)))" apply (tactic \IntPr.fast_tac \<^context> 1\)+ done lemmas distrib_rews = distrib_rews1 distrib_rews2 schematic_goal P_Imp_P_iff_T: "p:P ==> ?p:(P <-> True)" apply (tactic \IntPr.fast_tac \<^context> 1\) done schematic_goal not_P_imp_P_iff_F: "p:~P ==> ?p:(P <-> False)" apply (tactic \IntPr.fast_tac \<^context> 1\) done end