Isabelle NEWS -- history user-relevant changes ============================================== New in this Isabelle version ---------------------------- *** General *** * Theorem status about oracles and unfinished/failed future proofs is no longer printed by default, since it is incompatible with incremental / parallel checking of the persistent document model. ML function Thm.peek_status may be used to inspect a snapshot of the ongoing evaluation process. Note that in batch mode --- notably isabelle build --- the system ensures that future proofs of all accessible theorems in the theory context are finished (as before). * Configuration option show_markup controls direct inlining of markup into the printed representation of formal entities --- notably type and sort constraints. This enables Prover IDE users to retrieve that information via tooltips in the output window, for example. * Command 'ML_file' evaluates ML text from a file directly within the theory, without any predeclaration via 'uses' in the theory header. * Old command 'use' command and corresponding keyword 'uses' in the theory header are legacy features and will be discontinued soon. Tools that load their additional source files may imitate the 'ML_file' implementation, such that the system can take care of dependencies properly. * Discontinued obsolete method fastsimp / tactic fast_simp_tac, which is called fastforce / fast_force_tac already since Isabelle2011-1. * Updated and extended "isar-ref" and "implementation" manual, reduced remaining material in old "ref" manual. * Improved support for auxiliary contexts indicate block structure for specifications: nesting of "context fixes ... context assumes ..." and "class ... context ...". * Attribute "consumes" allows a negative value as well, which is interpreted relatively to the total number of premises of the rule in the target context. This form of declaration is stable when exported from a nested 'context' with additional assumptions. It is the preferred form for definitional packages, notably cases/rules produced in HOL/inductive and HOL/function. * More informative error messages for Isar proof commands involving lazy enumerations (method applications etc.). * Refined 'help' command to retrieve outer syntax commands according to name patterns (with clickable results). *** Prover IDE -- Isabelle/Scala/jEdit *** * Parallel terminal proofs ('by') are enabled by default, likewise proofs that are built into packages like 'datatype', 'function'. This allows to "run ahead" checking the theory specifications on the surface, while the prover is still crunching on internal justifications. Unfinished / cancelled proofs are restarted as required to complete full proof checking eventually. * Improved output panel with tooltips, hyperlinks etc. based on the same Rich_Text_Area as regular Isabelle/jEdit buffers. Activation of tooltips leads to some window that supports the same recursively, which can lead to stacks of tooltips as the semantic document content is explored. ESCAPE closes the whole stack, individual windows may be closed separately, or detached to become independent jEdit dockables. * Improved support for commands that produce graph output: the text message contains a clickable area to open a new instance of the graph browser on demand. * More robust incremental parsing of outer syntax (partial comments, malformed symbols). Changing the balance of open/close quotes and comment delimiters works more conveniently with unfinished situations that frequently occur in user interaction. * More efficient painting and improved reactivity when editing large files. More scalable management of formal document content. * Smarter handling of tracing messages: prover process pauses after certain number of messages per command transaction, with some user dialog to stop or continue. This avoids swamping the front-end with potentially infinite message streams. * More plugin options and preferences, based on Isabelle/Scala. The jEdit plugin option panel provides access to some Isabelle/Scala options, including tuning parameters for editor reactivity and color schemes. * Dockable window "Symbols" provides some editing support for Isabelle symbols. * Dockable window "Monitor" shows ML runtime statistics. * Improved editing support for control styles: subscript, superscript, bold, reset of style -- operating on single symbols or text selections. Cf. keyboard shortcuts C+e DOWN/UP/RIGHT/LEFT. * Actions isabelle.increase-font-size and isabelle.decrease-font-size adjust the main text area font size, and its derivatives for output, tooltips etc. Cf. keyboard shortcuts C-PLUS and C-MINUS, which often need to be adapted to local keyboard layouts. * More reactive completion popup by default: use \t (TAB) instead of \n (NEWLINE) to minimize intrusion into regular flow of editing. See also "Plugin Options / SideKick / General / Code Completion Options". * Implicit check and build dialog of the specified logic session image. For example, HOL, HOLCF, HOL-Nominal can be produced on demand, without bundling big platform-dependent heap images in the Isabelle distribution. * Uniform Java 7 platform on Linux, Mac OS X, Windows: recent updates from Oracle provide better multi-platform experience. This version is now bundled exclusively with Isabelle. *** Pure *** * Code generation for Haskell: restrict unqualified imports from Haskell Prelude to a small set of fundamental operations. * Command 'export_code': relative file names are interpreted relatively to master directory of current theory rather than the rather arbitrary current working directory. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Discontinued obsolete attribute "COMP". Potential INCOMPATIBILITY, use regular rule composition via "OF" / "THEN", or explicit proof structure instead. Note that Isabelle/ML provides a variety of operators like COMP, INCR_COMP, COMP_INCR, which need to be applied with some care where this is really required. * Command 'typ' supports an additional variant with explicit sort constraint, to infer and check the most general type conforming to a given given sort. Example (in HOL): typ "_ * _ * bool * unit" :: finite * Command 'locale_deps' visualizes all locales and their relations as a Hasse diagram. *** HOL *** * Sledgehammer: - Added MaSh relevance filter based on machine-learning; see the Sledgehammer manual for details. - Polished Isar proofs generated with "isar_proofs" option. - Rationalized type encodings ("type_enc" option). - Renamed "kill_provers" subcommand to "kill_all". - Renamed options: isar_proof ~> isar_proofs isar_shrink_factor ~> isar_shrink max_relevant ~> max_facts relevance_thresholds ~> fact_thresholds * Quickcheck: added an optimisation for equality premises. It is switched on by default, and can be switched off by setting the configuration quickcheck_optimise_equality to false. * Simproc "finite_Collect" rewrites set comprehensions into pointfree expressions. * Preprocessing of the code generator rewrites set comprehensions into pointfree expressions. * The SMT solver Z3 has now by default a restricted set of directly supported features. For the full set of features (div/mod, nonlinear arithmetic, datatypes/records) with potential proof reconstruction failures, enable the configuration option "z3_with_extensions". Minor INCOMPATIBILITY. * Simplified 'typedef' specifications: historical options for implicit set definition and alternative name have been discontinued. The former behavior of "typedef (open) t = A" is now the default, but written just "typedef t = A". INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt theories accordingly. * Removed constant "chars"; prefer "Enum.enum" on type "char" directly. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Moved operation product, sublists and n_lists from theory Enum to List. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theorem UN_o generalized to SUP_comp. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Class "comm_monoid_diff" formalises properties of bounded subtraction, with natural numbers and multisets as typical instances. * Added combinator "Option.these" with type "'a option set => 'a set". * Theory "Transitive_Closure": renamed lemmas reflcl_tranclp -> reflclp_tranclp rtranclp_reflcl -> rtranclp_reflclp INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory "Rings": renamed lemmas (in class semiring) left_distrib ~> distrib_right right_distrib ~> distrib_left INCOMPATIBILITY. * Generalized the definition of limits: - Introduced the predicate filterlim (LIM x F. f x :> G) which expresses that when the input values x converge to F then the output f x converges to G. - Added filters for convergence to positive (at_top) and negative infinity (at_bot). - Moved infinity in the norm (at_infinity) from Multivariate_Analysis to Complex_Main. - Removed real_tendsto_inf, it is superseded by "LIM x F. f x :> at_top". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory "Library/Option_ord" provides instantiation of option type to lattice type classes. * Theory "Library/Multiset": renamed constant fold_mset ~> Multiset.fold fact fold_mset_commute ~> fold_mset_comm INCOMPATIBILITY. * Renamed theory Library/List_Prefix to Library/Sublist, with related changes as follows. - Renamed constants (and related lemmas) prefix ~> prefixeq strict_prefix ~> prefix - Replaced constant "postfix" by "suffixeq" with swapped argument order (i.e., "postfix xs ys" is now "suffixeq ys xs") and dropped old infix syntax "xs >>= ys"; use "suffixeq ys xs" instead. Renamed lemmas accordingly. - Added constant "list_hembeq" for homeomorphic embedding on lists. Added abbreviation "sublisteq" for special case "list_hembeq (op =)". - Theory Library/Sublist no longer provides "order" and "bot" type class instances for the prefix order (merely corresponding locale interpretations). The type class instances are now in theory Library/Prefix_Order. - The sublist relation of theory Library/Sublist_Order is now based on "Sublist.sublisteq". Renamed lemmas accordingly: le_list_append_le_same_iff ~> Sublist.sublisteq_append_le_same_iff le_list_append_mono ~> Sublist.list_hembeq_append_mono le_list_below_empty ~> Sublist.list_hembeq_Nil, Sublist.list_hembeq_Nil2 le_list_Cons_EX ~> Sublist.list_hembeq_ConsD le_list_drop_Cons2 ~> Sublist.sublisteq_Cons2' le_list_drop_Cons_neq ~> Sublist.sublisteq_Cons2_neq le_list_drop_Cons ~> Sublist.sublisteq_Cons' le_list_drop_many ~> Sublist.sublisteq_drop_many le_list_filter_left ~> Sublist.sublisteq_filter_left le_list_rev_drop_many ~> Sublist.sublisteq_rev_drop_many le_list_rev_take_iff ~> Sublist.sublisteq_append le_list_same_length ~> Sublist.sublisteq_same_length le_list_take_many_iff ~> Sublist.sublisteq_append' less_eq_list.drop ~> less_eq_list_drop less_eq_list.induct ~> less_eq_list_induct not_le_list_length ~> Sublist.not_sublisteq_length INCOMPATIBILITY. * New theory Library/Countable_Set. * Theory Library/Debug and Library/Parallel provide debugging and parallel execution for code generated towards Isabelle/ML. * Theory Library/FuncSet: Extended support for Pi and extensional and introduce the extensional dependent function space "PiE". Replaced extensional_funcset by an abbreviation, and renamed lemmas from extensional_funcset to PiE as follows: extensional_empty ~> PiE_empty extensional_funcset_empty_domain ~> PiE_empty_domain extensional_funcset_empty_range ~> PiE_empty_range extensional_funcset_arb ~> PiE_arb extensional_funcset_mem ~> PiE_mem extensional_funcset_extend_domainI ~> PiE_fun_upd extensional_funcset_restrict_domain ~> fun_upd_in_PiE extensional_funcset_extend_domain_eq ~> PiE_insert_eq card_extensional_funcset ~> card_PiE finite_extensional_funcset ~> finite_PiE INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Library/FinFun: theory of almost everywhere constant functions (supersedes the AFP entry "Code Generation for Functions as Data"). * Theory Library/Phantom: generic phantom type to make a type parameter appear in a constant's type. This alternative to adding TYPE('a) as another parameter avoids unnecessary closures in generated code. * Theory Library/RBT_Impl: efficient construction of red-black trees from sorted associative lists. Merging two trees with rbt_union may return a structurally different tree than before. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Library/IArray: immutable arrays with code generation. * Theory Library/Finite_Lattice: theory of finite lattices. * HOL/Multivariate_Analysis: replaced "basis :: 'a::euclidean_space => nat => real" "\\ :: (nat => real) => 'a::euclidean_space" on euclidean spaces by using the inner product "_ \ _" with vectors from the Basis set: "\\ i. f i" is superseded by "SUM i : Basis. f i * r i". With this change the following constants are also changed or removed: DIM('a) :: nat ~> card (Basis :: 'a set) (is an abbreviation) a $$ i ~> inner a i (where i : Basis) cart_base i removed \, \' removed Theorems about these constants where removed. Renamed lemmas: component_le_norm ~> Basis_le_norm euclidean_eq ~> euclidean_eq_iff differential_zero_maxmin_component ~> differential_zero_maxmin_cart euclidean_simps ~> inner_simps independent_basis ~> independent_Basis span_basis ~> span_Basis in_span_basis ~> in_span_Basis norm_bound_component_le ~> norm_boound_Basis_le norm_bound_component_lt ~> norm_boound_Basis_lt component_le_infnorm ~> Basis_le_infnorm INCOMPATIBILITY. * HOL/Probability: - Added simproc "measurable" to automatically prove measurability. - Added induction rules for sigma sets with disjoint union (sigma_sets_induct_disjoint) and for Borel-measurable functions (borel_measurable_induct). - Added the Daniell-Kolmogorov theorem (the existence the limit of a projective family). * HOL/Cardinals: Theories of ordinals and cardinals (supersedes the AFP entry "Ordinals_and_Cardinals"). * HOL/BNF: New (co)datatype package based on bounded natural functors with support for mixed, nested recursion and interesting non-free datatypes. *** Document preparation *** * Dropped legacy antiquotations "term_style" and "thm_style", since styles may be given as arguments to "term" and "thm" already. Discontinued legacy styles "prem1" .. "prem19". * Default LaTeX rendering for \ is now based on eurosym package, instead of slightly exotic babel/greek. * Document variant NAME may use different LaTeX entry point document/root_NAME.tex if that file exists, instead of the common document/root.tex. * Simplified custom document/build script, instead of old-style document/IsaMakefile. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY. *** ML *** * The default limit for maximum number of worker threads is now 8, instead of 4, in correspondence to capabilities of contemporary hardware and Poly/ML runtime system. * Type Seq.results and related operations support embedded error messages within lazy enumerations, and thus allow to provide informative errors in the absence of any usable results. * Renamed Position.str_of to Position.here to emphasize that this is a formal device to inline positions into message text, but not necessarily printing visible text. *** System *** * Advanced support for Isabelle sessions and build management, see "system" manual for the chapter of that name, especially the "isabelle build" tool and its examples. INCOMPATIBILITY, isabelle usedir / mkdir / make are rendered obsolete. * Discontinued obsolete "isabelle makeall". * Discontinued obsolete IsaMakefile and ROOT.ML files from the Isabelle distribution, except for rudimentary src/HOL/IsaMakefile that provides some traditional targets that invoke "isabelle build". Note that this is inefficient! Applications of Isabelle/HOL involving "isabelle make" should be upgraded to use "isabelle build" directly. * Discontinued obsolete Isabelle/build script, it is superseded by the regular isabelle build tool. For example: isabelle build -s -b HOLCF * The "isabelle options" tool prints Isabelle system options, as required for "isabelle build", for example. * The "isabelle mkroot" tool prepares session root directories for use with "isabelle build", similar to former "isabelle mkdir" for "isabelle usedir". * The "isabelle logo" tool produces EPS and PDF format simultaneously. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY in command-line options. * The "isabelle install" tool has now a simpler command-line. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY. * The "isabelle components" tool helps to resolve add-on components that are not bundled, or referenced from a bare-bones repository version of Isabelle. * Settings variable ISABELLE_PLATFORM_FAMILY refers to the general platform family: "linux", "macos", "windows". * The ML system is configured as regular component, and no longer picked up from some surrounding directory. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY for home-made settings. * Improved ML runtime statistics (heap, threads, future tasks etc.). * Discontinued support for Poly/ML 5.2.1, which was the last version without exception positions and advanced ML compiler/toplevel configuration. * Discontinued special treatment of Proof General -- no longer guess PROOFGENERAL_HOME based on accidental file-system layout. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY: provide PROOFGENERAL_HOME and PROOFGENERAL_OPTIONS settings manually, or use a Proof General version that has been bundled as Isabelle component. New in Isabelle2012 (May 2012) ------------------------------ *** General *** * Prover IDE (PIDE) improvements: - more robust Sledgehammer integration (as before the sledgehammer command-line needs to be typed into the source buffer) - markup for bound variables - markup for types of term variables (displayed as tooltips) - support for user-defined Isar commands within the running session - improved support for Unicode outside original 16bit range e.g. glyph for \ (thanks to jEdit 4.5.1) * Forward declaration of outer syntax keywords within the theory header -- minor INCOMPATIBILITY for user-defined commands. Allow new commands to be used in the same theory where defined. * Auxiliary contexts indicate block structure for specifications with additional parameters and assumptions. Such unnamed contexts may be nested within other targets, like 'theory', 'locale', 'class', 'instantiation' etc. Results from the local context are generalized accordingly and applied to the enclosing target context. Example: context fixes x y z :: 'a assumes xy: "x = y" and yz: "y = z" begin lemma my_trans: "x = z" using xy yz by simp end thm my_trans The most basic application is to factor-out context elements of several fixes/assumes/shows theorem statements, e.g. see ~~/src/HOL/Isar_Examples/Group_Context.thy Any other local theory specification element works within the "context ... begin ... end" block as well. * Bundled declarations associate attributed fact expressions with a given name in the context. These may be later included in other contexts. This allows to manage context extensions casually, without the logical dependencies of locales and locale interpretation. See commands 'bundle', 'include', 'including' etc. in the isar-ref manual. * Commands 'lemmas' and 'theorems' allow local variables using 'for' declaration, and results are standardized before being stored. Thus old-style "standard" after instantiation or composition of facts becomes obsolete. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY, due to potential change of indices of schematic variables. * Rule attributes in local theory declarations (e.g. locale or class) are now statically evaluated: the resulting theorem is stored instead of the original expression. INCOMPATIBILITY in rare situations, where the historic accident of dynamic re-evaluation in interpretations etc. was exploited. * New tutorial "Programming and Proving in Isabelle/HOL" ("prog-prove"). It completely supersedes "A Tutorial Introduction to Structured Isar Proofs" ("isar-overview"), which has been removed. It also supersedes "Isabelle/HOL, A Proof Assistant for Higher-Order Logic" as the recommended beginners tutorial, but does not cover all of the material of that old tutorial. * Updated and extended reference manuals: "isar-ref", "implementation", "system"; reduced remaining material in old "ref" manual. *** Pure *** * Command 'definition' no longer exports the foundational "raw_def" into the user context. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY, may use the regular "def" result with attribute "abs_def" to imitate the old version. * Attribute "abs_def" turns an equation of the form "f x y == t" into "f == %x y. t", which ensures that "simp" or "unfold" steps always expand it. This also works for object-logic equality. (Formerly undocumented feature.) * Sort constraints are now propagated in simultaneous statements, just like type constraints. INCOMPATIBILITY in rare situations, where distinct sorts used to be assigned accidentally. For example: lemma "P (x::'a::foo)" and "Q (y::'a::bar)" -- "now illegal" lemma "P (x::'a)" and "Q (y::'a::bar)" -- "now uniform 'a::bar instead of default sort for first occurrence (!)" * Rule composition via attribute "OF" (or ML functions OF/MRS) is more tolerant against multiple unifiers, as long as the final result is unique. (As before, rules are composed in canonical right-to-left order to accommodate newly introduced premises.) * Renamed some inner syntax categories: num ~> num_token xnum ~> xnum_token xstr ~> str_token Minor INCOMPATIBILITY. Note that in practice "num_const" or "num_position" etc. are mainly used instead (which also include position information via constraints). * Simplified configuration options for syntax ambiguity: see "syntax_ambiguity_warning" and "syntax_ambiguity_limit" in isar-ref manual. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY. * Discontinued configuration option "syntax_positions": atomic terms in parse trees are always annotated by position constraints. * Old code generator for SML and its commands 'code_module', 'code_library', 'consts_code', 'types_code' have been discontinued. Use commands of the generic code generator instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Redundant attribute "code_inline" has been discontinued. Use "code_unfold" instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Dropped attribute "code_unfold_post" in favor of the its dual "code_abbrev", which yields a common pattern in definitions like definition [code_abbrev]: "f = t" INCOMPATIBILITY. * Obsolete 'types' command has been discontinued. Use 'type_synonym' instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Discontinued old "prems" fact, which used to refer to the accidental collection of foundational premises in the context (already marked as legacy since Isabelle2011). *** HOL *** * Type 'a set is now a proper type constructor (just as before Isabelle2008). Definitions mem_def and Collect_def have disappeared. Non-trivial INCOMPATIBILITY. For developments keeping predicates and sets separate, it is often sufficient to rephrase some set S that has been accidentally used as predicates by "%x. x : S", and some predicate P that has been accidentally used as set by "{x. P x}". Corresponding proofs in a first step should be pruned from any tinkering with former theorems mem_def and Collect_def as far as possible. For developments which deliberately mix predicates and sets, a planning step is necessary to determine what should become a predicate and what a set. It can be helpful to carry out that step in Isabelle2011-1 before jumping right into the current release. * Code generation by default implements sets as container type rather than predicates. INCOMPATIBILITY. * New type synonym 'a rel = ('a * 'a) set * The representation of numerals has changed. Datatype "num" represents strictly positive binary numerals, along with functions "numeral :: num => 'a" and "neg_numeral :: num => 'a" to represent positive and negated numeric literals, respectively. See also definitions in ~~/src/HOL/Num.thy. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY, some user theories may require adaptations as follows: - Theorems with number_ring or number_semiring constraints: These classes are gone; use comm_ring_1 or comm_semiring_1 instead. - Theories defining numeric types: Remove number, number_semiring, and number_ring instances. Defer all theorems about numerals until after classes one and semigroup_add have been instantiated. - Numeral-only simp rules: Replace each rule having a "number_of v" pattern with two copies, one for numeral and one for neg_numeral. - Theorems about subclasses of semiring_1 or ring_1: These classes automatically support numerals now, so more simp rules and simprocs may now apply within the proof. - Definitions and theorems using old constructors Pls/Min/Bit0/Bit1: Redefine using other integer operations. * Transfer: New package intended to generalize the existing "descending" method and related theorem attributes from the Quotient package. (Not all functionality is implemented yet, but future development will focus on Transfer as an eventual replacement for the corresponding parts of the Quotient package.) - transfer_rule attribute: Maintains a collection of transfer rules, which relate constants at two different types. Transfer rules may relate different type instances of the same polymorphic constant, or they may relate an operation on a raw type to a corresponding operation on an abstract type (quotient or subtype). For example: ((A ===> B) ===> list_all2 A ===> list_all2 B) map map (cr_int ===> cr_int ===> cr_int) (%(x,y) (u,v). (x+u, y+v)) plus_int - transfer method: Replaces a subgoal on abstract types with an equivalent subgoal on the corresponding raw types. Constants are replaced with corresponding ones according to the transfer rules. Goals are generalized over all free variables by default; this is necessary for variables whose types change, but can be overridden for specific variables with e.g. "transfer fixing: x y z". The variant transfer' method allows replacing a subgoal with one that is logically stronger (rather than equivalent). - relator_eq attribute: Collects identity laws for relators of various type constructors, e.g. "list_all2 (op =) = (op =)". The transfer method uses these lemmas to infer transfer rules for non-polymorphic constants on the fly. - transfer_prover method: Assists with proving a transfer rule for a new constant, provided the constant is defined in terms of other constants that already have transfer rules. It should be applied after unfolding the constant definitions. - HOL/ex/Transfer_Int_Nat.thy: Example theory demonstrating transfer from type nat to type int. * Lifting: New package intended to generalize the quotient_definition facility of the Quotient package; designed to work with Transfer. - lift_definition command: Defines operations on an abstract type in terms of a corresponding operation on a representation type. Example syntax: lift_definition dlist_insert :: "'a => 'a dlist => 'a dlist" is List.insert Users must discharge a respectfulness proof obligation when each constant is defined. (For a type copy, i.e. a typedef with UNIV, the proof is discharged automatically.) The obligation is presented in a user-friendly, readable form; a respectfulness theorem in the standard format and a transfer rule are generated by the package. - Integration with code_abstype: For typedefs (e.g. subtypes corresponding to a datatype invariant, such as dlist), lift_definition generates a code certificate theorem and sets up code generation for each constant. - setup_lifting command: Sets up the Lifting package to work with a user-defined type. The user must provide either a quotient theorem or a type_definition theorem. The package configures transfer rules for equality and quantifiers on the type, and sets up the lift_definition command to work with the type. - Usage examples: See Quotient_Examples/Lift_DList.thy, Quotient_Examples/Lift_RBT.thy, Quotient_Examples/Lift_FSet.thy, Word/Word.thy and Library/Float.thy. * Quotient package: - The 'quotient_type' command now supports a 'morphisms' option with rep and abs functions, similar to typedef. - 'quotient_type' sets up new types to work with the Lifting and Transfer packages, as with 'setup_lifting'. - The 'quotient_definition' command now requires the user to prove a respectfulness property at the point where the constant is defined, similar to lift_definition; INCOMPATIBILITY. - Renamed predicate 'Quotient' to 'Quotient3', and renamed theorems accordingly, INCOMPATIBILITY. * New diagnostic command 'find_unused_assms' to find potentially superfluous assumptions in theorems using Quickcheck. * Quickcheck: - Quickcheck returns variable assignments as counterexamples, which allows to reveal the underspecification of functions under test. For example, refuting "hd xs = x", it presents the variable assignment xs = [] and x = a1 as a counterexample, assuming that any property is false whenever "hd []" occurs in it. These counterexample are marked as potentially spurious, as Quickcheck also returns "xs = []" as a counterexample to the obvious theorem "hd xs = hd xs". After finding a potentially spurious counterexample, Quickcheck continues searching for genuine ones. By default, Quickcheck shows potentially spurious and genuine counterexamples. The option "genuine_only" sets quickcheck to only show genuine counterexamples. - The command 'quickcheck_generator' creates random and exhaustive value generators for a given type and operations. It generates values by using the operations as if they were constructors of that type. - Support for multisets. - Added "use_subtype" options. - Added "quickcheck_locale" configuration to specify how to process conjectures in a locale context. * Nitpick: Fixed infinite loop caused by the 'peephole_optim' option and affecting 'rat' and 'real'. * Sledgehammer: - Integrated more tightly with SPASS, as described in the ITP 2012 paper "More SPASS with Isabelle". - Made it try "smt" as a fallback if "metis" fails or times out. - Added support for the following provers: Alt-Ergo (via Why3 and TFF1), iProver, iProver-Eq. - Sped up the minimizer. - Added "lam_trans", "uncurry_aliases", and "minimize" options. - Renamed "slicing" ("no_slicing") option to "slice" ("dont_slice"). - Renamed "sound" option to "strict". * Metis: Added possibility to specify lambda translations scheme as a parenthesized argument (e.g., "by (metis (lifting) ...)"). * SMT: Renamed "smt_fixed" option to "smt_read_only_certificates". * Command 'try0': Renamed from 'try_methods'. INCOMPATIBILITY. * New "case_product" attribute to generate a case rule doing multiple case distinctions at the same time. E.g. list.exhaust [case_product nat.exhaust] produces a rule which can be used to perform case distinction on both a list and a nat. * New "eventually_elim" method as a generalized variant of the eventually_elim* rules. Supports structured proofs. * Typedef with implicit set definition is considered legacy. Use "typedef (open)" form instead, which will eventually become the default. * Record: code generation can be switched off manually with declare [[record_coden = false]] -- "default true" * Datatype: type parameters allow explicit sort constraints. * Concrete syntax for case expressions includes constraints for source positions, and thus produces Prover IDE markup for its bindings. INCOMPATIBILITY for old-style syntax translations that augment the pattern notation; e.g. see src/HOL/HOLCF/One.thy for translations of one_case. * Clarified attribute "mono_set": pure declaration without modifying the result of the fact expression. * More default pred/set conversions on a couple of relation operations and predicates. Added powers of predicate relations. Consolidation of some relation theorems: converse_def ~> converse_unfold rel_comp_def ~> relcomp_unfold symp_def ~> (modified, use symp_def and sym_def instead) transp_def ~> transp_trans Domain_def ~> Domain_unfold Range_def ~> Domain_converse [symmetric] Generalized theorems INF_INT_eq, INF_INT_eq2, SUP_UN_eq, SUP_UN_eq2. See theory "Relation" for examples for making use of pred/set conversions by means of attributes "to_set" and "to_pred". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Renamed facts about the power operation on relations, i.e., relpow to match the constant's name: rel_pow_1 ~> relpow_1 rel_pow_0_I ~> relpow_0_I rel_pow_Suc_I ~> relpow_Suc_I rel_pow_Suc_I2 ~> relpow_Suc_I2 rel_pow_0_E ~> relpow_0_E rel_pow_Suc_E ~> relpow_Suc_E rel_pow_E ~> relpow_E rel_pow_Suc_D2 ~> relpow_Suc_D2 rel_pow_Suc_E2 ~> relpow_Suc_E2 rel_pow_Suc_D2' ~> relpow_Suc_D2' rel_pow_E2 ~> relpow_E2 rel_pow_add ~> relpow_add rel_pow_commute ~> relpow rel_pow_empty ~> relpow_empty: rtrancl_imp_UN_rel_pow ~> rtrancl_imp_UN_relpow rel_pow_imp_rtrancl ~> relpow_imp_rtrancl rtrancl_is_UN_rel_pow ~> rtrancl_is_UN_relpow rtrancl_imp_rel_pow ~> rtrancl_imp_relpow rel_pow_fun_conv ~> relpow_fun_conv rel_pow_finite_bounded1 ~> relpow_finite_bounded1 rel_pow_finite_bounded ~> relpow_finite_bounded rtrancl_finite_eq_rel_pow ~> rtrancl_finite_eq_relpow trancl_finite_eq_rel_pow ~> trancl_finite_eq_relpow single_valued_rel_pow ~> single_valued_relpow INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Relation: Consolidated constant name for relation composition and corresponding theorem names: - Renamed constant rel_comp to relcomp. - Dropped abbreviation pred_comp. Use relcompp instead. - Renamed theorems: rel_compI ~> relcompI rel_compEpair ~> relcompEpair rel_compE ~> relcompE pred_comp_rel_comp_eq ~> relcompp_relcomp_eq rel_comp_empty1 ~> relcomp_empty1 rel_comp_mono ~> relcomp_mono rel_comp_subset_Sigma ~> relcomp_subset_Sigma rel_comp_distrib ~> relcomp_distrib rel_comp_distrib2 ~> relcomp_distrib2 rel_comp_UNION_distrib ~> relcomp_UNION_distrib rel_comp_UNION_distrib2 ~> relcomp_UNION_distrib2 single_valued_rel_comp ~> single_valued_relcomp rel_comp_def ~> relcomp_unfold converse_rel_comp ~> converse_relcomp pred_compI ~> relcomppI pred_compE ~> relcomppE pred_comp_bot1 ~> relcompp_bot1 pred_comp_bot2 ~> relcompp_bot2 transp_pred_comp_less_eq ~> transp_relcompp_less_eq pred_comp_mono ~> relcompp_mono pred_comp_distrib ~> relcompp_distrib pred_comp_distrib2 ~> relcompp_distrib2 converse_pred_comp ~> converse_relcompp finite_rel_comp ~> finite_relcomp set_rel_comp ~> set_relcomp INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Divides: Discontinued redundant theorems about div and mod. INCOMPATIBILITY, use the corresponding generic theorems instead. DIVISION_BY_ZERO ~> div_by_0, mod_by_0 zdiv_self ~> div_self zmod_self ~> mod_self zdiv_zero ~> div_0 zmod_zero ~> mod_0 zdiv_zmod_equality ~> div_mod_equality2 zdiv_zmod_equality2 ~> div_mod_equality zmod_zdiv_trivial ~> mod_div_trivial zdiv_zminus_zminus ~> div_minus_minus zmod_zminus_zminus ~> mod_minus_minus zdiv_zminus2 ~> div_minus_right zmod_zminus2 ~> mod_minus_right zdiv_minus1_right ~> div_minus1_right zmod_minus1_right ~> mod_minus1_right zdvd_mult_div_cancel ~> dvd_mult_div_cancel zmod_zmult1_eq ~> mod_mult_right_eq zpower_zmod ~> power_mod zdvd_zmod ~> dvd_mod zdvd_zmod_imp_zdvd ~> dvd_mod_imp_dvd mod_mult_distrib ~> mult_mod_left mod_mult_distrib2 ~> mult_mod_right * Removed redundant theorems nat_mult_2 and nat_mult_2_right; use generic mult_2 and mult_2_right instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Finite_Set.fold now qualified. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Consolidated theorem names concerning fold combinators: inf_INFI_fold_inf ~> inf_INF_fold_inf sup_SUPR_fold_sup ~> sup_SUP_fold_sup INFI_fold_inf ~> INF_fold_inf SUPR_fold_sup ~> SUP_fold_sup union_set ~> union_set_fold minus_set ~> minus_set_fold INFI_set_fold ~> INF_set_fold SUPR_set_fold ~> SUP_set_fold INF_code ~> INF_set_foldr SUP_code ~> SUP_set_foldr foldr.simps ~> foldr.simps (in point-free formulation) foldr_fold_rev ~> foldr_conv_fold foldl_fold ~> foldl_conv_fold foldr_foldr ~> foldr_conv_foldl foldl_foldr ~> foldl_conv_foldr fold_set_remdups ~> fold_set_fold_remdups fold_set ~> fold_set_fold fold1_set ~> fold1_set_fold INCOMPATIBILITY. * Dropped rarely useful theorems concerning fold combinators: foldl_apply, foldl_fun_comm, foldl_rev, fold_weak_invariant, rev_foldl_cons, fold_set_remdups, fold_set, fold_set1, concat_conv_foldl, foldl_weak_invariant, foldl_invariant, foldr_invariant, foldl_absorb0, foldl_foldr1_lemma, foldl_foldr1, listsum_conv_fold, listsum_foldl, sort_foldl_insort, foldl_assoc, foldr_conv_foldl, start_le_sum, elem_le_sum, sum_eq_0_conv. INCOMPATIBILITY. For the common phrases "%xs. List.foldr plus xs 0" and "List.foldl plus 0", prefer "List.listsum". Otherwise it can be useful to boil down "List.foldr" and "List.foldl" to "List.fold" by unfolding "foldr_conv_fold" and "foldl_conv_fold". * Dropped lemmas minus_set_foldr, union_set_foldr, union_coset_foldr, inter_coset_foldr, Inf_fin_set_foldr, Sup_fin_set_foldr, Min_fin_set_foldr, Max_fin_set_foldr, Inf_set_foldr, Sup_set_foldr, INF_set_foldr, SUP_set_foldr. INCOMPATIBILITY. Prefer corresponding lemmas over fold rather than foldr, or make use of lemmas fold_conv_foldr and fold_rev. * Congruence rules Option.map_cong and Option.bind_cong for recursion through option types. * "Transitive_Closure.ntrancl": bounded transitive closure on relations. * Constant "Set.not_member" now qualified. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Int: Discontinued many legacy theorems specific to type int. INCOMPATIBILITY, use the corresponding generic theorems instead. zminus_zminus ~> minus_minus zminus_0 ~> minus_zero zminus_zadd_distrib ~> minus_add_distrib zadd_commute ~> add_commute zadd_assoc ~> add_assoc zadd_left_commute ~> add_left_commute zadd_ac ~> add_ac zmult_ac ~> mult_ac zadd_0 ~> add_0_left zadd_0_right ~> add_0_right zadd_zminus_inverse2 ~> left_minus zmult_zminus ~> mult_minus_left zmult_commute ~> mult_commute zmult_assoc ~> mult_assoc zadd_zmult_distrib ~> left_distrib zadd_zmult_distrib2 ~> right_distrib zdiff_zmult_distrib ~> left_diff_distrib zdiff_zmult_distrib2 ~> right_diff_distrib zmult_1 ~> mult_1_left zmult_1_right ~> mult_1_right zle_refl ~> order_refl zle_trans ~> order_trans zle_antisym ~> order_antisym zle_linear ~> linorder_linear zless_linear ~> linorder_less_linear zadd_left_mono ~> add_left_mono zadd_strict_right_mono ~> add_strict_right_mono zadd_zless_mono ~> add_less_le_mono int_0_less_1 ~> zero_less_one int_0_neq_1 ~> zero_neq_one zless_le ~> less_le zpower_zadd_distrib ~> power_add zero_less_zpower_abs_iff ~> zero_less_power_abs_iff zero_le_zpower_abs ~> zero_le_power_abs * Theory Deriv: Renamed DERIV_nonneg_imp_nonincreasing ~> DERIV_nonneg_imp_nondecreasing * Theory Library/Multiset: Improved code generation of multisets. * Theory HOL/Library/Set_Algebras: Addition and multiplication on sets are expressed via type classes again. The special syntax \/\ has been replaced by plain +/*. Removed constant setsum_set, which is now subsumed by Big_Operators.setsum. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory HOL/Library/Diagonalize has been removed. INCOMPATIBILITY, use theory HOL/Library/Nat_Bijection instead. * Theory HOL/Library/RBT_Impl: Backing implementation of red-black trees is now inside a type class context. Names of affected operations and lemmas have been prefixed by rbt_. INCOMPATIBILITY for theories working directly with raw red-black trees, adapt the names as follows: Operations: bulkload -> rbt_bulkload del_from_left -> rbt_del_from_left del_from_right -> rbt_del_from_right del -> rbt_del delete -> rbt_delete ins -> rbt_ins insert -> rbt_insert insertw -> rbt_insert_with insert_with_key -> rbt_insert_with_key map_entry -> rbt_map_entry lookup -> rbt_lookup sorted -> rbt_sorted tree_greater -> rbt_greater tree_less -> rbt_less tree_less_symbol -> rbt_less_symbol union -> rbt_union union_with -> rbt_union_with union_with_key -> rbt_union_with_key Lemmas: balance_left_sorted -> balance_left_rbt_sorted balance_left_tree_greater -> balance_left_rbt_greater balance_left_tree_less -> balance_left_rbt_less balance_right_sorted -> balance_right_rbt_sorted balance_right_tree_greater -> balance_right_rbt_greater balance_right_tree_less -> balance_right_rbt_less balance_sorted -> balance_rbt_sorted balance_tree_greater -> balance_rbt_greater balance_tree_less -> balance_rbt_less bulkload_is_rbt -> rbt_bulkload_is_rbt combine_sorted -> combine_rbt_sorted combine_tree_greater -> combine_rbt_greater combine_tree_less -> combine_rbt_less delete_in_tree -> rbt_delete_in_tree delete_is_rbt -> rbt_delete_is_rbt del_from_left_tree_greater -> rbt_del_from_left_rbt_greater del_from_left_tree_less -> rbt_del_from_left_rbt_less del_from_right_tree_greater -> rbt_del_from_right_rbt_greater del_from_right_tree_less -> rbt_del_from_right_rbt_less del_in_tree -> rbt_del_in_tree del_inv1_inv2 -> rbt_del_inv1_inv2 del_sorted -> rbt_del_rbt_sorted del_tree_greater -> rbt_del_rbt_greater del_tree_less -> rbt_del_rbt_less dom_lookup_Branch -> dom_rbt_lookup_Branch entries_lookup -> entries_rbt_lookup finite_dom_lookup -> finite_dom_rbt_lookup insert_sorted -> rbt_insert_rbt_sorted insertw_is_rbt -> rbt_insertw_is_rbt insertwk_is_rbt -> rbt_insertwk_is_rbt insertwk_sorted -> rbt_insertwk_rbt_sorted insertw_sorted -> rbt_insertw_rbt_sorted ins_sorted -> ins_rbt_sorted ins_tree_greater -> ins_rbt_greater ins_tree_less -> ins_rbt_less is_rbt_sorted -> is_rbt_rbt_sorted lookup_balance -> rbt_lookup_balance lookup_bulkload -> rbt_lookup_rbt_bulkload lookup_delete -> rbt_lookup_rbt_delete lookup_Empty -> rbt_lookup_Empty lookup_from_in_tree -> rbt_lookup_from_in_tree lookup_in_tree -> rbt_lookup_in_tree lookup_ins -> rbt_lookup_ins lookup_insert -> rbt_lookup_rbt_insert lookup_insertw -> rbt_lookup_rbt_insertw lookup_insertwk -> rbt_lookup_rbt_insertwk lookup_keys -> rbt_lookup_keys lookup_map -> rbt_lookup_map lookup_map_entry -> rbt_lookup_rbt_map_entry lookup_tree_greater -> rbt_lookup_rbt_greater lookup_tree_less -> rbt_lookup_rbt_less lookup_union -> rbt_lookup_rbt_union map_entry_color_of -> rbt_map_entry_color_of map_entry_inv1 -> rbt_map_entry_inv1 map_entry_inv2 -> rbt_map_entry_inv2 map_entry_is_rbt -> rbt_map_entry_is_rbt map_entry_sorted -> rbt_map_entry_rbt_sorted map_entry_tree_greater -> rbt_map_entry_rbt_greater map_entry_tree_less -> rbt_map_entry_rbt_less map_tree_greater -> map_rbt_greater map_tree_less -> map_rbt_less map_sorted -> map_rbt_sorted paint_sorted -> paint_rbt_sorted paint_lookup -> paint_rbt_lookup paint_tree_greater -> paint_rbt_greater paint_tree_less -> paint_rbt_less sorted_entries -> rbt_sorted_entries tree_greater_eq_trans -> rbt_greater_eq_trans tree_greater_nit -> rbt_greater_nit tree_greater_prop -> rbt_greater_prop tree_greater_simps -> rbt_greater_simps tree_greater_trans -> rbt_greater_trans tree_less_eq_trans -> rbt_less_eq_trans tree_less_nit -> rbt_less_nit tree_less_prop -> rbt_less_prop tree_less_simps -> rbt_less_simps tree_less_trans -> rbt_less_trans tree_ord_props -> rbt_ord_props union_Branch -> rbt_union_Branch union_is_rbt -> rbt_union_is_rbt unionw_is_rbt -> rbt_unionw_is_rbt unionwk_is_rbt -> rbt_unionwk_is_rbt unionwk_sorted -> rbt_unionwk_rbt_sorted * Theory HOL/Library/Float: Floating point numbers are now defined as a subset of the real numbers. All operations are defined using the lifing-framework and proofs use the transfer method. INCOMPATIBILITY. Changed Operations: float_abs -> abs float_nprt -> nprt float_pprt -> pprt pow2 -> use powr round_down -> float_round_down round_up -> float_round_up scale -> exponent Removed Operations: ceiling_fl, lb_mult, lb_mod, ub_mult, ub_mod Renamed Lemmas: abs_float_def -> Float.compute_float_abs bitlen_ge0 -> bitlen_nonneg bitlen.simps -> Float.compute_bitlen float_components -> Float_mantissa_exponent float_divl.simps -> Float.compute_float_divl float_divr.simps -> Float.compute_float_divr float_eq_odd -> mult_powr_eq_mult_powr_iff float_power -> real_of_float_power lapprox_posrat_def -> Float.compute_lapprox_posrat lapprox_rat.simps -> Float.compute_lapprox_rat le_float_def' -> Float.compute_float_le le_float_def -> less_eq_float.rep_eq less_float_def' -> Float.compute_float_less less_float_def -> less_float.rep_eq normfloat_def -> Float.compute_normfloat normfloat_imp_odd_or_zero -> mantissa_not_dvd and mantissa_noteq_0 normfloat -> normfloat_def normfloat_unique -> use normfloat_def number_of_float_Float -> Float.compute_float_numeral, Float.compute_float_neg_numeral one_float_def -> Float.compute_float_one plus_float_def -> Float.compute_float_plus rapprox_posrat_def -> Float.compute_rapprox_posrat rapprox_rat.simps -> Float.compute_rapprox_rat real_of_float_0 -> zero_float.rep_eq real_of_float_1 -> one_float.rep_eq real_of_float_abs -> abs_float.rep_eq real_of_float_add -> plus_float.rep_eq real_of_float_minus -> uminus_float.rep_eq real_of_float_mult -> times_float.rep_eq real_of_float_simp -> Float.rep_eq real_of_float_sub -> minus_float.rep_eq round_down.simps -> Float.compute_float_round_down round_up.simps -> Float.compute_float_round_up times_float_def -> Float.compute_float_times uminus_float_def -> Float.compute_float_uminus zero_float_def -> Float.compute_float_zero Lemmas not necessary anymore, use the transfer method: bitlen_B0, bitlen_B1, bitlen_ge1, bitlen_Min, bitlen_Pls, float_divl, float_divr, float_le_simp, float_less1_mantissa_bound, float_less_simp, float_less_zero, float_le_zero, float_pos_less1_e_neg, float_pos_m_pos, float_split, float_split2, floor_pos_exp, lapprox_posrat, lapprox_posrat_bottom, lapprox_rat, lapprox_rat_bottom, normalized_float, rapprox_posrat, rapprox_posrat_le1, rapprox_rat, real_of_float_ge0_exp, real_of_float_neg_exp, real_of_float_nge0_exp, round_down floor_fl, round_up, zero_le_float, zero_less_float * New theory HOL/Library/DAList provides an abstract type for association lists with distinct keys. * Session HOL/IMP: Added new theory of abstract interpretation of annotated commands. * Session HOL-Import: Re-implementation from scratch is faster, simpler, and more scalable. Requires a proof bundle, which is available as an external component. Discontinued old (and mostly dead) Importer for HOL4 and HOL Light. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Session HOL-Word: Discontinued many redundant theorems specific to type 'a word. INCOMPATIBILITY, use the corresponding generic theorems instead. word_sub_alt ~> word_sub_wi word_add_alt ~> word_add_def word_mult_alt ~> word_mult_def word_minus_alt ~> word_minus_def word_0_alt ~> word_0_wi word_1_alt ~> word_1_wi word_add_0 ~> add_0_left word_add_0_right ~> add_0_right word_mult_1 ~> mult_1_left word_mult_1_right ~> mult_1_right word_add_commute ~> add_commute word_add_assoc ~> add_assoc word_add_left_commute ~> add_left_commute word_mult_commute ~> mult_commute word_mult_assoc ~> mult_assoc word_mult_left_commute ~> mult_left_commute word_left_distrib ~> left_distrib word_right_distrib ~> right_distrib word_left_minus ~> left_minus word_diff_0_right ~> diff_0_right word_diff_self ~> diff_self word_sub_def ~> diff_minus word_diff_minus ~> diff_minus word_add_ac ~> add_ac word_mult_ac ~> mult_ac word_plus_ac0 ~> add_0_left add_0_right add_ac word_times_ac1 ~> mult_1_left mult_1_right mult_ac word_order_trans ~> order_trans word_order_refl ~> order_refl word_order_antisym ~> order_antisym word_order_linear ~> linorder_linear lenw1_zero_neq_one ~> zero_neq_one word_number_of_eq ~> number_of_eq word_of_int_add_hom ~> wi_hom_add word_of_int_sub_hom ~> wi_hom_sub word_of_int_mult_hom ~> wi_hom_mult word_of_int_minus_hom ~> wi_hom_neg word_of_int_succ_hom ~> wi_hom_succ word_of_int_pred_hom ~> wi_hom_pred word_of_int_0_hom ~> word_0_wi word_of_int_1_hom ~> word_1_wi * Session HOL-Word: New proof method "word_bitwise" for splitting machine word equalities and inequalities into logical circuits, defined in HOL/Word/WordBitwise.thy. Supports addition, subtraction, multiplication, shifting by constants, bitwise operators and numeric constants. Requires fixed-length word types, not 'a word. Solves many standard word identities outright and converts more into first order problems amenable to blast or similar. See also examples in HOL/Word/Examples/WordExamples.thy. * Session HOL-Probability: Introduced the type "'a measure" to represent measures, this replaces the records 'a algebra and 'a measure_space. The locales based on subset_class now have two locale-parameters the space \ and the set of measurable sets M. The product of probability spaces uses now the same constant as the finite product of sigma-finite measure spaces "PiM :: ('i => 'a) measure". Most constants are defined now outside of locales and gain an additional parameter, like null_sets, almost_eventually or \'. Measure space constructions for distributions and densities now got their own constants distr and density. Instead of using locales to describe measure spaces with a finite space, the measure count_space and point_measure is introduced. INCOMPATIBILITY. Renamed constants: measure -> emeasure finite_measure.\' -> measure product_algebra_generator -> prod_algebra product_prob_space.emb -> prod_emb product_prob_space.infprod_algebra -> PiM Removed locales: completeable_measure_space finite_measure_space finite_prob_space finite_product_finite_prob_space finite_product_sigma_algebra finite_sigma_algebra measure_space pair_finite_prob_space pair_finite_sigma_algebra pair_finite_space pair_sigma_algebra product_sigma_algebra Removed constants: conditional_space distribution -> use distr measure, or distributed predicate image_space joint_distribution -> use distr measure, or distributed predicate pair_measure_generator product_prob_space.infprod_algebra -> use PiM subvimage Replacement theorems: finite_additivity_sufficient -> ring_of_sets.countably_additiveI_finite finite_measure.empty_measure -> measure_empty finite_measure.finite_continuity_from_above -> finite_measure.finite_Lim_measure_decseq finite_measure.finite_continuity_from_below -> finite_measure.finite_Lim_measure_incseq finite_measure.finite_measure_countably_subadditive -> finite_measure.finite_measure_subadditive_countably finite_measure.finite_measure_eq -> finite_measure.emeasure_eq_measure finite_measure.finite_measure -> finite_measure.emeasure_finite finite_measure.finite_measure_finite_singleton -> finite_measure.finite_measure_eq_setsum_singleton finite_measure.positive_measure' -> measure_nonneg finite_measure.real_measure -> finite_measure.emeasure_real finite_product_prob_space.finite_measure_times -> finite_product_prob_space.finite_measure_PiM_emb finite_product_sigma_algebra.in_P -> sets_PiM_I_finite finite_product_sigma_algebra.P_empty -> space_PiM_empty, sets_PiM_empty information_space.conditional_entropy_eq -> information_space.conditional_entropy_simple_distributed information_space.conditional_entropy_positive -> information_space.conditional_entropy_nonneg_simple information_space.conditional_mutual_information_eq_mutual_information -> information_space.conditional_mutual_information_eq_mutual_information_simple information_space.conditional_mutual_information_generic_positive -> information_space.conditional_mutual_information_nonneg_simple information_space.conditional_mutual_information_positive -> information_space.conditional_mutual_information_nonneg_simple information_space.entropy_commute -> information_space.entropy_commute_simple information_space.entropy_eq -> information_space.entropy_simple_distributed information_space.entropy_generic_eq -> information_space.entropy_simple_distributed information_space.entropy_positive -> information_space.entropy_nonneg_simple information_space.entropy_uniform_max -> information_space.entropy_uniform information_space.KL_eq_0_imp -> information_space.KL_eq_0_iff_eq information_space.KL_eq_0 -> information_space.KL_same_eq_0 information_space.KL_ge_0 -> information_space.KL_nonneg information_space.mutual_information_eq -> information_space.mutual_information_simple_distributed information_space.mutual_information_positive -> information_space.mutual_information_nonneg_simple Int_stable_cuboids -> Int_stable_atLeastAtMost Int_stable_product_algebra_generator -> positive_integral measure_preserving -> equality "distr M N f = N" "f : measurable M N" measure_space.additive -> emeasure_additive measure_space.AE_iff_null_set -> AE_iff_null measure_space.almost_everywhere_def -> eventually_ae_filter measure_space.almost_everywhere_vimage -> AE_distrD measure_space.continuity_from_above -> INF_emeasure_decseq measure_space.continuity_from_above_Lim -> Lim_emeasure_decseq measure_space.continuity_from_below_Lim -> Lim_emeasure_incseq measure_space.continuity_from_below -> SUP_emeasure_incseq measure_space_density -> emeasure_density measure_space.density_is_absolutely_continuous -> absolutely_continuousI_density measure_space.integrable_vimage -> integrable_distr measure_space.integral_translated_density -> integral_density measure_space.integral_vimage -> integral_distr measure_space.measure_additive -> plus_emeasure measure_space.measure_compl -> emeasure_compl measure_space.measure_countable_increasing -> emeasure_countable_increasing measure_space.measure_countably_subadditive -> emeasure_subadditive_countably measure_space.measure_decseq -> decseq_emeasure measure_space.measure_Diff -> emeasure_Diff measure_space.measure_Diff_null_set -> emeasure_Diff_null_set measure_space.measure_eq_0 -> emeasure_eq_0 measure_space.measure_finitely_subadditive -> emeasure_subadditive_finite measure_space.measure_finite_singleton -> emeasure_eq_setsum_singleton measure_space.measure_incseq -> incseq_emeasure measure_space.measure_insert -> emeasure_insert measure_space.measure_mono -> emeasure_mono measure_space.measure_not_negative -> emeasure_not_MInf measure_space.measure_preserving_Int_stable -> measure_eqI_generator_eq measure_space.measure_setsum -> setsum_emeasure measure_space.measure_setsum_split -> setsum_emeasure_cover measure_space.measure_space_vimage -> emeasure_distr measure_space.measure_subadditive_finite -> emeasure_subadditive_finite measure_space.measure_subadditive -> subadditive measure_space.measure_top -> emeasure_space measure_space.measure_UN_eq_0 -> emeasure_UN_eq_0 measure_space.measure_Un_null_set -> emeasure_Un_null_set measure_space.positive_integral_translated_density -> positive_integral_density measure_space.positive_integral_vimage -> positive_integral_distr measure_space.real_continuity_from_above -> Lim_measure_decseq measure_space.real_continuity_from_below -> Lim_measure_incseq measure_space.real_measure_countably_subadditive -> measure_subadditive_countably measure_space.real_measure_Diff -> measure_Diff measure_space.real_measure_finite_Union -> measure_finite_Union measure_space.real_measure_setsum_singleton -> measure_eq_setsum_singleton measure_space.real_measure_subadditive -> measure_subadditive measure_space.real_measure_Union -> measure_Union measure_space.real_measure_UNION -> measure_UNION measure_space.simple_function_vimage -> simple_function_comp measure_space.simple_integral_vimage -> simple_integral_distr measure_space.simple_integral_vimage -> simple_integral_distr measure_unique_Int_stable -> measure_eqI_generator_eq measure_unique_Int_stable_vimage -> measure_eqI_generator_eq pair_sigma_algebra.measurable_cut_fst -> sets_Pair1 pair_sigma_algebra.measurable_cut_snd -> sets_Pair2 pair_sigma_algebra.measurable_pair_image_fst -> measurable_Pair1 pair_sigma_algebra.measurable_pair_image_snd -> measurable_Pair2 pair_sigma_algebra.measurable_product_swap -> measurable_pair_swap_iff pair_sigma_algebra.pair_sigma_algebra_measurable -> measurable_pair_swap pair_sigma_algebra.pair_sigma_algebra_swap_measurable -> measurable_pair_swap' pair_sigma_algebra.sets_swap -> sets_pair_swap pair_sigma_finite.measure_cut_measurable_fst -> pair_sigma_finite.measurable_emeasure_Pair1 pair_sigma_finite.measure_cut_measurable_snd -> pair_sigma_finite.measurable_emeasure_Pair2 pair_sigma_finite.measure_preserving_swap -> pair_sigma_finite.distr_pair_swap pair_sigma_finite.pair_measure_alt2 -> pair_sigma_finite.emeasure_pair_measure_alt2 pair_sigma_finite.pair_measure_alt -> pair_sigma_finite.emeasure_pair_measure_alt pair_sigma_finite.pair_measure_times -> pair_sigma_finite.emeasure_pair_measure_Times prob_space.indep_distribution_eq_measure -> prob_space.indep_vars_iff_distr_eq_PiM prob_space.indep_var_distributionD -> prob_space.indep_var_distribution_eq prob_space.measure_space_1 -> prob_space.emeasure_space_1 prob_space.prob_space_vimage -> prob_space_distr prob_space.random_variable_restrict -> measurable_restrict prob_space_unique_Int_stable -> measure_eqI_prob_space product_algebraE -> prod_algebraE_all product_algebra_generator_der -> prod_algebra_eq_finite product_algebra_generator_into_space -> prod_algebra_sets_into_space product_algebraI -> sets_PiM_I_finite product_measure_exists -> product_sigma_finite.sigma_finite product_prob_space.finite_index_eq_finite_product -> product_prob_space.sets_PiM_generator product_prob_space.finite_measure_infprod_emb_Pi -> product_prob_space.measure_PiM_emb product_prob_space.infprod_spec -> product_prob_space.emeasure_PiM_emb_not_empty product_prob_space.measurable_component -> measurable_component_singleton product_prob_space.measurable_emb -> measurable_prod_emb product_prob_space.measurable_into_infprod_algebra -> measurable_PiM_single product_prob_space.measurable_singleton_infprod -> measurable_component_singleton product_prob_space.measure_emb -> emeasure_prod_emb product_prob_space.measure_preserving_restrict -> product_prob_space.distr_restrict product_sigma_algebra.product_algebra_into_space -> space_closed product_sigma_finite.measure_fold -> product_sigma_finite.distr_merge product_sigma_finite.measure_preserving_component_singelton -> product_sigma_finite.distr_singleton product_sigma_finite.measure_preserving_merge -> product_sigma_finite.distr_merge sequence_space.measure_infprod -> sequence_space.measure_PiM_countable sets_product_algebra -> sets_PiM sigma_algebra.measurable_sigma -> measurable_measure_of sigma_finite_measure.disjoint_sigma_finite -> sigma_finite_disjoint sigma_finite_measure.RN_deriv_vimage -> sigma_finite_measure.RN_deriv_distr sigma_product_algebra_sigma_eq -> sigma_prod_algebra_sigma_eq space_product_algebra -> space_PiM * Session HOL-TPTP: support to parse and import TPTP problems (all languages) into Isabelle/HOL. *** FOL *** * New "case_product" attribute (see HOL). *** ZF *** * Greater support for structured proofs involving induction or case analysis. * Much greater use of mathematical symbols. * Removal of many ML theorem bindings. INCOMPATIBILITY. *** ML *** * Antiquotation @{keyword "name"} produces a parser for outer syntax from a minor keyword introduced via theory header declaration. * Antiquotation @{command_spec "name"} produces the Outer_Syntax.command_spec from a major keyword introduced via theory header declaration; it can be passed to Outer_Syntax.command etc. * Local_Theory.define no longer hard-wires default theorem name "foo_def", but retains the binding as given. If that is Binding.empty / Attrib.empty_binding, the result is not registered as user-level fact. The Local_Theory.define_internal variant allows to specify a non-empty name (used for the foundation in the background theory), while omitting the fact binding in the user-context. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY for derived definitional packages: need to specify naming policy for primitive definitions more explicitly. * Renamed Thm.capply to Thm.apply, and Thm.cabs to Thm.lambda in conformance with similar operations in structure Term and Logic. * Antiquotation @{attributes [...]} embeds attribute source representation into the ML text, which is particularly useful with declarations like Local_Theory.note. * Structure Proof_Context follows standard naming scheme. Old ProofContext has been discontinued. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Refined Local_Theory.declaration {syntax, pervasive}, with subtle change of semantics: update is applied to auxiliary local theory context as well. * Modernized some old-style infix operations: addeqcongs ~> Simplifier.add_eqcong deleqcongs ~> Simplifier.del_eqcong addcongs ~> Simplifier.add_cong delcongs ~> Simplifier.del_cong setmksimps ~> Simplifier.set_mksimps setmkcong ~> Simplifier.set_mkcong setmksym ~> Simplifier.set_mksym setmkeqTrue ~> Simplifier.set_mkeqTrue settermless ~> Simplifier.set_termless setsubgoaler ~> Simplifier.set_subgoaler addsplits ~> Splitter.add_split delsplits ~> Splitter.del_split *** System *** * USER_HOME settings variable points to cross-platform user home directory, which coincides with HOME on POSIX systems only. Likewise, the Isabelle path specification "~" now expands to $USER_HOME, instead of former $HOME. A different default for USER_HOME may be set explicitly in shell environment, before Isabelle settings are evaluated. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY: need to adapt Isabelle path where the generic user home was intended. * ISABELLE_HOME_WINDOWS refers to ISABELLE_HOME in windows file name notation, which is useful for the jEdit file browser, for example. * ISABELLE_JDK_HOME settings variable points to JDK with javac and jar (not just JRE). New in Isabelle2011-1 (October 2011) ------------------------------------ *** General *** * Improved Isabelle/jEdit Prover IDE (PIDE), which can be invoked as "isabelle jedit" or "ISABELLE_HOME/Isabelle" on the command line. - Management of multiple theory files directly from the editor buffer store -- bypassing the file-system (no requirement to save files for checking). - Markup of formal entities within the text buffer, with semantic highlighting, tooltips and hyperlinks to jump to defining source positions. - Improved text rendering, with sub/superscripts in the source buffer (including support for copy/paste wrt. output panel, HTML theory output and other non-Isabelle text boxes). - Refined scheduling of proof checking and printing of results, based on interactive editor view. (Note: jEdit folding and narrowing allows to restrict buffer perspectives explicitly.) - Reduced CPU performance requirements, usable on machines with few cores. - Reduced memory requirements due to pruning of unused document versions (garbage collection). See also ~~/src/Tools/jEdit/README.html for further information, including some remaining limitations. * Theory loader: source files are exclusively located via the master directory of each theory node (where the .thy file itself resides). The global load path (such as src/HOL/Library) has been discontinued. Note that the path element ~~ may be used to reference theories in the Isabelle home folder -- for instance, "~~/src/HOL/Library/FuncSet". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory loader: source files are identified by content via SHA1 digests. Discontinued former path/modtime identification and optional ISABELLE_FILE_IDENT plugin scripts. * Parallelization of nested Isar proofs is subject to Goal.parallel_proofs_threshold (default 100). See also isabelle usedir option -Q. * Name space: former unsynchronized references are now proper configuration options, with more conventional names: long_names ~> names_long short_names ~> names_short unique_names ~> names_unique Minor INCOMPATIBILITY, need to declare options in context like this: declare [[names_unique = false]] * Literal facts `prop` may contain dummy patterns, e.g. `_ = _`. Note that the result needs to be unique, which means fact specifications may have to be refined after enriching a proof context. * Attribute "case_names" has been refined: the assumptions in each case can be named now by following the case name with [name1 name2 ...]. * Isabelle/Isar reference manual has been updated and extended: - "Synopsis" provides a catalog of main Isar language concepts. - Formal references in syntax diagrams, via @{rail} antiquotation. - Updated material from classic "ref" manual, notably about "Classical Reasoner". *** HOL *** * Class bot and top require underlying partial order rather than preorder: uniqueness of bot and top is guaranteed. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Class complete_lattice: generalized a couple of lemmas from sets; generalized theorems INF_cong and SUP_cong. New type classes for complete boolean algebras and complete linear orders. Lemmas Inf_less_iff, less_Sup_iff, INF_less_iff, less_SUP_iff now reside in class complete_linorder. Changed proposition of lemmas Inf_bool_def, Sup_bool_def, Inf_fun_def, Sup_fun_def, Inf_apply, Sup_apply. Removed redundant lemmas (the right hand side gives hints how to replace them for (metis ...), or (simp only: ...) proofs): Inf_singleton ~> Inf_insert [where A="{}", unfolded Inf_empty inf_top_right] Sup_singleton ~> Sup_insert [where A="{}", unfolded Sup_empty sup_bot_right] Inf_binary ~> Inf_insert, Inf_empty, and inf_top_right Sup_binary ~> Sup_insert, Sup_empty, and sup_bot_right Int_eq_Inter ~> Inf_insert, Inf_empty, and inf_top_right Un_eq_Union ~> Sup_insert, Sup_empty, and sup_bot_right Inter_def ~> INF_def, image_def Union_def ~> SUP_def, image_def INT_eq ~> INF_def, and image_def UN_eq ~> SUP_def, and image_def INF_subset ~> INF_superset_mono [OF _ order_refl] More consistent and comprehensive names: INTER_eq_Inter_image ~> INF_def UNION_eq_Union_image ~> SUP_def INFI_def ~> INF_def SUPR_def ~> SUP_def INF_leI ~> INF_lower INF_leI2 ~> INF_lower2 le_INFI ~> INF_greatest le_SUPI ~> SUP_upper le_SUPI2 ~> SUP_upper2 SUP_leI ~> SUP_least INFI_bool_eq ~> INF_bool_eq SUPR_bool_eq ~> SUP_bool_eq INFI_apply ~> INF_apply SUPR_apply ~> SUP_apply INTER_def ~> INTER_eq UNION_def ~> UNION_eq INCOMPATIBILITY. * Renamed theory Complete_Lattice to Complete_Lattices. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Complete_Lattices: lemmas Inf_eq_top_iff, INF_eq_top_iff, INF_image, Inf_insert, INF_top, Inf_top_conv, INF_top_conv, SUP_bot, Sup_bot_conv, SUP_bot_conv, Sup_eq_top_iff, SUP_eq_top_iff, SUP_image, Sup_insert are now declared as [simp]. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Lattice: lemmas compl_inf_bot, compl_le_comp_iff, compl_sup_top, inf_idem, inf_left_idem, inf_sup_absorb, sup_idem, sup_inf_absob, sup_left_idem are now declared as [simp]. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY. * Added syntactic classes "inf" and "sup" for the respective constants. INCOMPATIBILITY: Changes in the argument order of the (mostly internal) locale predicates for some derived classes. * Theorem collections ball_simps and bex_simps do not contain theorems referring to UNION any longer; these have been moved to collection UN_ball_bex_simps. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Archimedean_Field: floor now is defined as parameter of a separate type class floor_ceiling. * Theory Finite_Set: more coherent development of fold_set locales: locale fun_left_comm ~> locale comp_fun_commute locale fun_left_comm_idem ~> locale comp_fun_idem Both use point-free characterization; interpretation proofs may need adjustment. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Limits: Type "'a net" has been renamed to "'a filter", in accordance with standard mathematical terminology. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Complex_Main: The locale interpretations for the bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales have been removed, in order to reduce the number of duplicate lemmas. Users must use the original names for distributivity theorems, potential INCOMPATIBILITY. divide.add ~> add_divide_distrib divide.diff ~> diff_divide_distrib divide.setsum ~> setsum_divide_distrib mult.add_right ~> right_distrib mult.diff_right ~> right_diff_distrib mult_right.setsum ~> setsum_right_distrib mult_left.diff ~> left_diff_distrib * Theory Complex_Main: Several redundant theorems have been removed or replaced by more general versions. INCOMPATIBILITY. real_diff_def ~> minus_real_def real_divide_def ~> divide_real_def real_less_def ~> less_le real_abs_def ~> abs_real_def real_sgn_def ~> sgn_real_def real_mult_commute ~> mult_commute real_mult_assoc ~> mult_assoc real_mult_1 ~> mult_1_left real_add_mult_distrib ~> left_distrib real_zero_not_eq_one ~> zero_neq_one real_mult_inverse_left ~> left_inverse INVERSE_ZERO ~> inverse_zero real_le_refl ~> order_refl real_le_antisym ~> order_antisym real_le_trans ~> order_trans real_le_linear ~> linear real_le_eq_diff ~> le_iff_diff_le_0 real_add_left_mono ~> add_left_mono real_mult_order ~> mult_pos_pos real_mult_less_mono2 ~> mult_strict_left_mono real_of_int_real_of_nat ~> real_of_int_of_nat_eq real_0_le_divide_iff ~> zero_le_divide_iff realpow_two_disj ~> power2_eq_iff real_squared_diff_one_factored ~> square_diff_one_factored realpow_two_diff ~> square_diff_square_factored reals_complete2 ~> complete_real real_sum_squared_expand ~> power2_sum exp_ln_eq ~> ln_unique expi_add ~> exp_add expi_zero ~> exp_zero lemma_DERIV_subst ~> DERIV_cong LIMSEQ_Zfun_iff ~> tendsto_Zfun_iff LIMSEQ_const ~> tendsto_const LIMSEQ_norm ~> tendsto_norm LIMSEQ_add ~> tendsto_add LIMSEQ_minus ~> tendsto_minus LIMSEQ_minus_cancel ~> tendsto_minus_cancel LIMSEQ_diff ~> tendsto_diff bounded_linear.LIMSEQ ~> bounded_linear.tendsto bounded_bilinear.LIMSEQ ~> bounded_bilinear.tendsto LIMSEQ_mult ~> tendsto_mult LIMSEQ_inverse ~> tendsto_inverse LIMSEQ_divide ~> tendsto_divide LIMSEQ_pow ~> tendsto_power LIMSEQ_setsum ~> tendsto_setsum LIMSEQ_setprod ~> tendsto_setprod LIMSEQ_norm_zero ~> tendsto_norm_zero_iff LIMSEQ_rabs_zero ~> tendsto_rabs_zero_iff LIMSEQ_imp_rabs ~> tendsto_rabs LIMSEQ_add_minus ~> tendsto_add [OF _ tendsto_minus] LIMSEQ_add_const ~> tendsto_add [OF _ tendsto_const] LIMSEQ_diff_const ~> tendsto_diff [OF _ tendsto_const] LIMSEQ_Complex ~> tendsto_Complex LIM_ident ~> tendsto_ident_at LIM_const ~> tendsto_const LIM_add ~> tendsto_add LIM_add_zero ~> tendsto_add_zero LIM_minus ~> tendsto_minus LIM_diff ~> tendsto_diff LIM_norm ~> tendsto_norm LIM_norm_zero ~> tendsto_norm_zero LIM_norm_zero_cancel ~> tendsto_norm_zero_cancel LIM_norm_zero_iff ~> tendsto_norm_zero_iff LIM_rabs ~> tendsto_rabs LIM_rabs_zero ~> tendsto_rabs_zero LIM_rabs_zero_cancel ~> tendsto_rabs_zero_cancel LIM_rabs_zero_iff ~> tendsto_rabs_zero_iff LIM_compose ~> tendsto_compose LIM_mult ~> tendsto_mult LIM_scaleR ~> tendsto_scaleR LIM_of_real ~> tendsto_of_real LIM_power ~> tendsto_power LIM_inverse ~> tendsto_inverse LIM_sgn ~> tendsto_sgn isCont_LIM_compose ~> isCont_tendsto_compose bounded_linear.LIM ~> bounded_linear.tendsto bounded_linear.LIM_zero ~> bounded_linear.tendsto_zero bounded_bilinear.LIM ~> bounded_bilinear.tendsto bounded_bilinear.LIM_prod_zero ~> bounded_bilinear.tendsto_zero bounded_bilinear.LIM_left_zero ~> bounded_bilinear.tendsto_left_zero bounded_bilinear.LIM_right_zero ~> bounded_bilinear.tendsto_right_zero LIM_inverse_fun ~> tendsto_inverse [OF tendsto_ident_at] * Theory Complex_Main: The definition of infinite series was generalized. Now it is defined on the type class {topological_space, comm_monoid_add}. Hence it is useable also for extended real numbers. * Theory Complex_Main: The complex exponential function "expi" is now a type-constrained abbreviation for "exp :: complex => complex"; thus several polymorphic lemmas about "exp" are now applicable to "expi". * Code generation: - Theory Library/Code_Char_ord provides native ordering of characters in the target language. - Commands code_module and code_library are legacy, use export_code instead. - Method "evaluation" is legacy, use method "eval" instead. - Legacy evaluator "SML" is deactivated by default. May be reactivated by the following theory command: setup {* Value.add_evaluator ("SML", Codegen.eval_term) *} * Declare ext [intro] by default. Rare INCOMPATIBILITY. * New proof method "induction" that gives induction hypotheses the name "IH", thus distinguishing them from further hypotheses that come from rule induction. The latter are still called "hyps". Method "induction" is a thin wrapper around "induct" and follows the same syntax. * Method "fastsimp" has been renamed to "fastforce", but "fastsimp" is still available as a legacy feature for some time. * Nitpick: - Added "need" and "total_consts" options. - Reintroduced "show_skolems" option by popular demand. - Renamed attribute: nitpick_def ~> nitpick_unfold. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Sledgehammer: - Use quasi-sound (and efficient) translations by default. - Added support for the following provers: E-ToFoF, LEO-II, Satallax, SNARK, Waldmeister, and Z3 with TPTP syntax. - Automatically preplay and minimize proofs before showing them if this can be done within reasonable time. - sledgehammer available_provers ~> sledgehammer supported_provers. INCOMPATIBILITY. - Added "preplay_timeout", "slicing", "type_enc", "sound", "max_mono_iters", and "max_new_mono_instances" options. - Removed "explicit_apply" and "full_types" options as well as "Full Types" Proof General menu item. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Metis: - Removed "metisF" -- use "metis" instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. - Obsoleted "metisFT" -- use "metis (full_types)" instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Command 'try': - Renamed 'try_methods' and added "simp:", "intro:", "dest:", and "elim:" options. INCOMPATIBILITY. - Introduced 'try' that not only runs 'try_methods' but also 'solve_direct', 'sledgehammer', 'quickcheck', and 'nitpick'. * Quickcheck: - Added "eval" option to evaluate terms for the found counterexample (currently only supported by the default (exhaustive) tester). - Added post-processing of terms to obtain readable counterexamples (currently only supported by the default (exhaustive) tester). - New counterexample generator quickcheck[narrowing] enables narrowing-based testing. Requires the Glasgow Haskell compiler with its installation location defined in the Isabelle settings environment as ISABELLE_GHC. - Removed quickcheck tester "SML" based on the SML code generator (formly in HOL/Library). * Function package: discontinued option "tailrec". INCOMPATIBILITY, use 'partial_function' instead. * Theory Library/Extended_Reals replaces now the positive extended reals found in probability theory. This file is extended by Multivariate_Analysis/Extended_Real_Limits. * Theory Library/Old_Recdef: old 'recdef' package has been moved here, from where it must be imported explicitly if it is really required. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Library/Wfrec: well-founded recursion combinator "wfrec" has been moved here. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Library/Saturated provides type of numbers with saturated arithmetic. * Theory Library/Product_Lattice defines a pointwise ordering for the product type 'a * 'b, and provides instance proofs for various order and lattice type classes. * Theory Library/Countable now provides the "countable_datatype" proof method for proving "countable" class instances for datatypes. * Theory Library/Cset_Monad allows do notation for computable sets (cset) via the generic monad ad-hoc overloading facility. * Library: Theories of common data structures are split into theories for implementation, an invariant-ensuring type, and connection to an abstract type. INCOMPATIBILITY. - RBT is split into RBT and RBT_Mapping. - AssocList is split and renamed into AList and AList_Mapping. - DList is split into DList_Impl, DList, and DList_Cset. - Cset is split into Cset and List_Cset. * Theory Library/Nat_Infinity has been renamed to Library/Extended_Nat, with name changes of the following types and constants: type inat ~> type enat Fin ~> enat Infty ~> infinity (overloaded) iSuc ~> eSuc the_Fin ~> the_enat Every theorem name containing "inat", "Fin", "Infty", or "iSuc" has been renamed accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Session Multivariate_Analysis: The euclidean_space type class now fixes a constant "Basis :: 'a set" consisting of the standard orthonormal basis for the type. Users now have the option of quantifying over this set instead of using the "basis" function, e.g. "ALL x:Basis. P x" vs "ALL i vec_eq_iff dist_nth_le_cart ~> dist_vec_nth_le tendsto_vector ~> vec_tendstoI Cauchy_vector ~> vec_CauchyI * Session Multivariate_Analysis: Several duplicate theorems have been removed, and other theorems have been renamed or replaced with more general versions. INCOMPATIBILITY. finite_choice ~> finite_set_choice eventually_conjI ~> eventually_conj eventually_and ~> eventually_conj_iff eventually_false ~> eventually_False setsum_norm ~> norm_setsum Lim_sequentially ~> LIMSEQ_def Lim_ident_at ~> LIM_ident Lim_const ~> tendsto_const Lim_cmul ~> tendsto_scaleR [OF tendsto_const] Lim_neg ~> tendsto_minus Lim_add ~> tendsto_add Lim_sub ~> tendsto_diff Lim_mul ~> tendsto_scaleR Lim_vmul ~> tendsto_scaleR [OF _ tendsto_const] Lim_null_norm ~> tendsto_norm_zero_iff [symmetric] Lim_linear ~> bounded_linear.tendsto Lim_component ~> tendsto_euclidean_component Lim_component_cart ~> tendsto_vec_nth Lim_inner ~> tendsto_inner [OF tendsto_const] dot_lsum ~> inner_setsum_left dot_rsum ~> inner_setsum_right continuous_cmul ~> continuous_scaleR [OF continuous_const] continuous_neg ~> continuous_minus continuous_sub ~> continuous_diff continuous_vmul ~> continuous_scaleR [OF _ continuous_const] continuous_mul ~> continuous_scaleR continuous_inv ~> continuous_inverse continuous_at_within_inv ~> continuous_at_within_inverse continuous_at_inv ~> continuous_at_inverse continuous_at_norm ~> continuous_norm [OF continuous_at_id] continuous_at_infnorm ~> continuous_infnorm [OF continuous_at_id] continuous_at_component ~> continuous_component [OF continuous_at_id] continuous_on_neg ~> continuous_on_minus continuous_on_sub ~> continuous_on_diff continuous_on_cmul ~> continuous_on_scaleR [OF continuous_on_const] continuous_on_vmul ~> continuous_on_scaleR [OF _ continuous_on_const] continuous_on_mul ~> continuous_on_scaleR continuous_on_mul_real ~> continuous_on_mult continuous_on_inner ~> continuous_on_inner [OF continuous_on_const] continuous_on_norm ~> continuous_on_norm [OF continuous_on_id] continuous_on_inverse ~> continuous_on_inv uniformly_continuous_on_neg ~> uniformly_continuous_on_minus uniformly_continuous_on_sub ~> uniformly_continuous_on_diff subset_interior ~> interior_mono subset_closure ~> closure_mono closure_univ ~> closure_UNIV real_arch_lt ~> reals_Archimedean2 real_arch ~> reals_Archimedean3 real_abs_norm ~> abs_norm_cancel real_abs_sub_norm ~> norm_triangle_ineq3 norm_cauchy_schwarz_abs ~> Cauchy_Schwarz_ineq2 * Session HOL-Probability: - Caratheodory's extension lemma is now proved for ring_of_sets. - Infinite products of probability measures are now available. - Sigma closure is independent, if the generator is independent - Use extended reals instead of positive extended reals. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Session HOLCF: Discontinued legacy theorem names, INCOMPATIBILITY. expand_fun_below ~> fun_below_iff below_fun_ext ~> fun_belowI expand_cfun_eq ~> cfun_eq_iff ext_cfun ~> cfun_eqI expand_cfun_below ~> cfun_below_iff below_cfun_ext ~> cfun_belowI monofun_fun_fun ~> fun_belowD monofun_fun_arg ~> monofunE monofun_lub_fun ~> adm_monofun [THEN admD] cont_lub_fun ~> adm_cont [THEN admD] cont2cont_Rep_CFun ~> cont2cont_APP cont_Rep_CFun_app ~> cont_APP_app cont_Rep_CFun_app_app ~> cont_APP_app_app cont_cfun_fun ~> cont_Rep_cfun1 [THEN contE] cont_cfun_arg ~> cont_Rep_cfun2 [THEN contE] contlub_cfun ~> lub_APP [symmetric] contlub_LAM ~> lub_LAM [symmetric] thelubI ~> lub_eqI UU_I ~> bottomI lift_distinct1 ~> lift.distinct(1) lift_distinct2 ~> lift.distinct(2) Def_not_UU ~> lift.distinct(2) Def_inject ~> lift.inject below_UU_iff ~> below_bottom_iff eq_UU_iff ~> eq_bottom_iff *** Document preparation *** * Antiquotation @{rail} layouts railroad syntax diagrams, see also isar-ref manual, both for description and actual application of the same. * Antiquotation @{value} evaluates the given term and presents its result. * Antiquotations: term style "isub" provides ad-hoc conversion of variables x1, y23 into subscripted form x\<^isub>1, y\<^isub>2\<^isub>3. * Predefined LaTeX macros for Isabelle symbols \ and \ (e.g. see ~~/src/HOL/Library/Monad_Syntax.thy). * Localized \isabellestyle switch can be used within blocks or groups like this: \isabellestyle{it} %preferred default {\isabellestylett @{text "typewriter stuff"}} * Discontinued special treatment of hard tabulators. Implicit tab-width is now defined as 1. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY for visual layouts. *** ML *** * The inner syntax of sort/type/term/prop supports inlined YXML representations within quoted string tokens. By encoding logical entities via Term_XML (in ML or Scala) concrete syntax can be bypassed, which is particularly useful for producing bits of text under external program control. * Antiquotations for ML and document preparation are managed as theory data, which requires explicit setup. * Isabelle_Process.is_active allows tools to check if the official process wrapper is running (Isabelle/Scala/jEdit) or the old TTY loop (better known as Proof General). * Structure Proof_Context follows standard naming scheme. Old ProofContext is still available for some time as legacy alias. * Structure Timing provides various operations for timing; supersedes former start_timing/end_timing etc. * Path.print is the official way to show file-system paths to users (including quotes etc.). * Inner syntax: identifiers in parse trees of generic categories "logic", "aprop", "idt" etc. carry position information (disguised as type constraints). Occasional INCOMPATIBILITY with non-compliant translations that choke on unexpected type constraints. Positions can be stripped in ML translations via Syntax.strip_positions / Syntax.strip_positions_ast, or via the syntax constant "_strip_positions" within parse trees. As last resort, positions can be disabled via the configuration option Syntax.positions, which is called "syntax_positions" in Isar attribute syntax. * Discontinued special status of various ML structures that contribute to structure Syntax (Ast, Lexicon, Mixfix, Parser, Printer etc.): less pervasive content, no inclusion in structure Syntax. INCOMPATIBILITY, refer directly to Ast.Constant, Lexicon.is_identifier, Syntax_Trans.mk_binder_tr etc. * Typed print translation: discontinued show_sorts argument, which is already available via context of "advanced" translation. * Refined PARALLEL_GOALS tactical: degrades gracefully for schematic goal states; body tactic needs to address all subgoals uniformly. * Slightly more special eq_list/eq_set, with shortcut involving pointer equality (assumes that eq relation is reflexive). * Classical tactics use proper Proof.context instead of historic types claset/clasimpset. Old-style declarations like addIs, addEs, addDs operate directly on Proof.context. Raw type claset retains its use as snapshot of the classical context, which can be recovered via (put_claset HOL_cs) etc. Type clasimpset has been discontinued. INCOMPATIBILITY, classical tactics and derived proof methods require proper Proof.context. *** System *** * Discontinued support for Poly/ML 5.2, which was the last version without proper multithreading and TimeLimit implementation. * Discontinued old lib/scripts/polyml-platform, which has been obsolete since Isabelle2009-2. * Various optional external tools are referenced more robustly and uniformly by explicit Isabelle settings as follows: ISABELLE_CSDP (formerly CSDP_EXE) ISABELLE_GHC (formerly EXEC_GHC or GHC_PATH) ISABELLE_OCAML (formerly EXEC_OCAML) ISABELLE_SWIPL (formerly EXEC_SWIPL) ISABELLE_YAP (formerly EXEC_YAP) Note that automated detection from the file-system or search path has been discontinued. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Scala layer provides JVM method invocation service for static methods of type (String)String, see Invoke_Scala.method in ML. For example: Invoke_Scala.method "java.lang.System.getProperty" "java.home" Together with YXML.string_of_body/parse_body and XML.Encode/Decode this allows to pass structured values between ML and Scala. * The IsabelleText fonts includes some further glyphs to support the Prover IDE. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY: users who happen to have installed a local copy (which is normally *not* required) need to delete or update it from ~~/lib/fonts/. New in Isabelle2011 (January 2011) ---------------------------------- *** General *** * Experimental Prover IDE based on Isabelle/Scala and jEdit (see src/Tools/jEdit). This also serves as IDE for Isabelle/ML, with useful tooltips and hyperlinks produced from its static analysis. The bundled component provides an executable Isabelle tool that can be run like this: Isabelle2011/bin/isabelle jedit * Significantly improved Isabelle/Isar implementation manual. * System settings: ISABELLE_HOME_USER now includes ISABELLE_IDENTIFIER (and thus refers to something like $HOME/.isabelle/Isabelle2011), while the default heap location within that directory lacks that extra suffix. This isolates multiple Isabelle installations from each other, avoiding problems with old settings in new versions. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to copy/upgrade old user settings manually. * Source files are always encoded as UTF-8, instead of old-fashioned ISO-Latin-1. INCOMPATIBILITY. Isabelle LaTeX documents might require the following package declarations: \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{textcomp} * Explicit treatment of UTF-8 sequences as Isabelle symbols, such that a Unicode character is treated as a single symbol, not a sequence of non-ASCII bytes as before. Since Isabelle/ML string literals may contain symbols without further backslash escapes, Unicode can now be used here as well. Recall that Symbol.explode in ML provides a consistent view on symbols, while raw explode (or String.explode) merely give a byte-oriented representation. * Theory loader: source files are primarily located via the master directory of each theory node (where the .thy file itself resides). The global load path is still partially available as legacy feature. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY due to subtle change in file lookup: use explicit paths, relatively to the theory. * Special treatment of ML file names has been discontinued. Historically, optional extensions .ML or .sml were added on demand -- at the cost of clarity of file dependencies. Recall that Isabelle/ML files exclusively use the .ML extension. Minor INCOMPATIBILTY. * Various options that affect pretty printing etc. are now properly handled within the context via configuration options, instead of unsynchronized references or print modes. There are both ML Config.T entities and Isar declaration attributes to access these. ML (Config.T) Isar (attribute) eta_contract eta_contract show_brackets show_brackets show_sorts show_sorts show_types show_types show_question_marks show_question_marks show_consts show_consts show_abbrevs show_abbrevs Syntax.ast_trace syntax_ast_trace Syntax.ast_stat syntax_ast_stat Syntax.ambiguity_level syntax_ambiguity_level Goal_Display.goals_limit goals_limit Goal_Display.show_main_goal show_main_goal Method.rule_trace rule_trace Thy_Output.display thy_output_display Thy_Output.quotes thy_output_quotes Thy_Output.indent thy_output_indent Thy_Output.source thy_output_source Thy_Output.break thy_output_break Note that corresponding "..._default" references in ML may only be changed globally at the ROOT session setup, but *not* within a theory. The option "show_abbrevs" supersedes the former print mode "no_abbrevs" with inverted meaning. * More systematic naming of some configuration options. INCOMPATIBILITY. trace_simp ~> simp_trace debug_simp ~> simp_debug * Support for real valued configuration options, using simplistic floating-point notation that coincides with the inner syntax for float_token. * Support for real valued preferences (with approximative PGIP type): front-ends need to accept "pgint" values in float notation. INCOMPATIBILITY. * The IsabelleText font now includes Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic from DejaVu Sans. * Discontinued support for Poly/ML 5.0 and 5.1 versions. *** Pure *** * Command 'type_synonym' (with single argument) replaces somewhat outdated 'types', which is still available as legacy feature for some time. * Command 'nonterminal' (with 'and' separated list of arguments) replaces somewhat outdated 'nonterminals'. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Command 'notepad' replaces former 'example_proof' for experimentation in Isar without any result. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Locale interpretation commands 'interpret' and 'sublocale' accept lists of equations to map definitions in a locale to appropriate entities in the context of the interpretation. The 'interpretation' command already provided this functionality. * Diagnostic command 'print_dependencies' prints the locale instances that would be activated if the specified expression was interpreted in the current context. Variant "print_dependencies!" assumes a context without interpretations. * Diagnostic command 'print_interps' prints interpretations in proofs in addition to interpretations in theories. * Discontinued obsolete 'global' and 'local' commands to manipulate the theory name space. Rare INCOMPATIBILITY. The ML functions Sign.root_path and Sign.local_path may be applied directly where this feature is still required for historical reasons. * Discontinued obsolete 'constdefs' command. INCOMPATIBILITY, use 'definition' instead. * The "prems" fact, which refers to the accidental collection of foundational premises in the context, is now explicitly marked as legacy feature and will be discontinued soon. Consider using "assms" of the head statement or reference facts by explicit names. * Document antiquotations @{class} and @{type} print classes and type constructors. * Document antiquotation @{file} checks file/directory entries within the local file system. *** HOL *** * Coercive subtyping: functions can be declared as coercions and type inference will add them as necessary upon input of a term. Theory Complex_Main declares real :: nat => real and real :: int => real as coercions. A coercion function f is declared like this: declare [[coercion f]] To lift coercions through type constructors (e.g. from nat => real to nat list => real list), map functions can be declared, e.g. declare [[coercion_map map]] Currently coercion inference is activated only in theories including real numbers, i.e. descendants of Complex_Main. This is controlled by the configuration option "coercion_enabled", e.g. it can be enabled in other theories like this: declare [[coercion_enabled]] * Command 'partial_function' provides basic support for recursive function definitions over complete partial orders. Concrete instances are provided for i) the option type, ii) tail recursion on arbitrary types, and iii) the heap monad of Imperative_HOL. See src/HOL/ex/Fundefs.thy and src/HOL/Imperative_HOL/ex/Linked_Lists.thy for examples. * Function package: f.psimps rules are no longer implicitly declared as [simp]. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Datatype package: theorems generated for executable equality (class "eq") carry proper names and are treated as default code equations. * Inductive package: now offers command 'inductive_simps' to automatically derive instantiated and simplified equations for inductive predicates, similar to 'inductive_cases'. * Command 'enriched_type' allows to register properties of the functorial structure of types. * Improved infrastructure for term evaluation using code generator techniques, in particular static evaluation conversions. * Code generator: Scala (2.8 or higher) has been added to the target languages. * Code generator: globbing constant expressions "*" and "Theory.*" have been replaced by the more idiomatic "_" and "Theory._". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Code generator: export_code without explicit file declaration prints to standard output. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Code generator: do not print function definitions for case combinators any longer. * Code generator: simplification with rules determined with src/Tools/Code/code_simp.ML and method "code_simp". * Code generator for records: more idiomatic representation of record types. Warning: records are not covered by ancient SML code generation any longer. INCOMPATIBILITY. In cases of need, a suitable rep_datatype declaration helps to succeed then: record 'a foo = ... ... rep_datatype foo_ext ... * Records: logical foundation type for records does not carry a '_type' suffix any longer (obsolete due to authentic syntax). INCOMPATIBILITY. * Quickcheck now by default uses exhaustive testing instead of random testing. Random testing can be invoked by "quickcheck [random]", exhaustive testing by "quickcheck [exhaustive]". * Quickcheck instantiates polymorphic types with small finite datatypes by default. This enables a simple execution mechanism to handle quantifiers and function equality over the finite datatypes. * Quickcheck random generator has been renamed from "code" to "random". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Quickcheck now has a configurable time limit which is set to 30 seconds by default. This can be changed by adding [timeout = n] to the quickcheck command. The time limit for Auto Quickcheck is still set independently. * Quickcheck in locales considers interpretations of that locale for counter example search. * Sledgehammer: - Added "smt" and "remote_smt" provers based on the "smt" proof method. See the Sledgehammer manual for details ("isabelle doc sledgehammer"). - Renamed commands: sledgehammer atp_info ~> sledgehammer running_provers sledgehammer atp_kill ~> sledgehammer kill_provers sledgehammer available_atps ~> sledgehammer available_provers INCOMPATIBILITY. - Renamed options: sledgehammer [atps = ...] ~> sledgehammer [provers = ...] sledgehammer [atp = ...] ~> sledgehammer [prover = ...] sledgehammer [timeout = 77 s] ~> sledgehammer [timeout = 77] (and "ms" and "min" are no longer supported) INCOMPATIBILITY. * Nitpick: - Renamed options: nitpick [timeout = 77 s] ~> nitpick [timeout = 77] nitpick [tac_timeout = 777 ms] ~> nitpick [tac_timeout = 0.777] INCOMPATIBILITY. - Added support for partial quotient types. - Added local versions of the "Nitpick.register_xxx" functions. - Added "whack" option. - Allow registration of quotient types as codatatypes. - Improved "merge_type_vars" option to merge more types. - Removed unsound "fast_descrs" option. - Added custom symmetry breaking for datatypes, making it possible to reach higher cardinalities. - Prevent the expansion of too large definitions. * Proof methods "metis" and "meson" now have configuration options "meson_trace", "metis_trace", and "metis_verbose" that can be enabled to diagnose these tools. E.g. using [[metis_trace = true]] * Auto Solve: Renamed "Auto Solve Direct". The tool is now available manually as command 'solve_direct'. * The default SMT solver Z3 must be enabled explicitly (due to licensing issues) by setting the environment variable Z3_NON_COMMERCIAL in etc/settings of the component, for example. For commercial applications, the SMT solver CVC3 is provided as fall-back; changing the SMT solver is done via the configuration option "smt_solver". * Remote SMT solvers need to be referred to by the "remote_" prefix, i.e. "remote_cvc3" and "remote_z3". * Added basic SMT support for datatypes, records, and typedefs using the oracle mode (no proofs). Direct support of pairs has been dropped in exchange (pass theorems fst_conv snd_conv pair_collapse to the SMT support for a similar behavior). Minor INCOMPATIBILITY. * Changed SMT configuration options: - Renamed: z3_proofs ~> smt_oracle (with inverted meaning) z3_trace_assms ~> smt_trace_used_facts INCOMPATIBILITY. - Added: smt_verbose smt_random_seed smt_datatypes smt_infer_triggers smt_monomorph_limit cvc3_options remote_cvc3_options remote_z3_options yices_options * Boogie output files (.b2i files) need to be declared in the theory header. * Simplification procedure "list_to_set_comprehension" rewrites list comprehensions applied to List.set to set comprehensions. Occasional INCOMPATIBILITY, may be deactivated like this: declare [[simproc del: list_to_set_comprehension]] * Removed old version of primrec package. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Removed simplifier congruence rule of "prod_case", as has for long been the case with "split". INCOMPATIBILITY. * String.literal is a type, but not a datatype. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Removed [split_format ... and ... and ...] version of [split_format]. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY. * Predicate "sorted" now defined inductively, with nice induction rules. INCOMPATIBILITY: former sorted.simps now named sorted_simps. * Constant "contents" renamed to "the_elem", to free the generic name contents for other uses. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Renamed class eq and constant eq (for code generation) to class equal and constant equal, plus renaming of related facts and various tuning. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Dropped type classes mult_mono and mult_mono1. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Removed output syntax "'a ~=> 'b" for "'a => 'b option". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Renamed theory Fset to Cset, type Fset.fset to Cset.set, in order to avoid confusion with finite sets. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Abandoned locales equiv, congruent and congruent2 for equivalence relations. INCOMPATIBILITY: use equivI rather than equiv_intro (same for congruent(2)). * Some previously unqualified names have been qualified: types bool ~> HOL.bool nat ~> Nat.nat constants Trueprop ~> HOL.Trueprop True ~> HOL.True False ~> HOL.False op & ~> HOL.conj op | ~> HOL.disj op --> ~> HOL.implies op = ~> HOL.eq Not ~> HOL.Not The ~> HOL.The All ~> HOL.All Ex ~> HOL.Ex Ex1 ~> HOL.Ex1 Let ~> HOL.Let If ~> HOL.If Ball ~> Set.Ball Bex ~> Set.Bex Suc ~> Nat.Suc Pair ~> Product_Type.Pair fst ~> Product_Type.fst snd ~> Product_Type.snd curry ~> Product_Type.curry op : ~> Set.member Collect ~> Set.Collect INCOMPATIBILITY. * More canonical naming convention for some fundamental definitions: bot_bool_eq ~> bot_bool_def top_bool_eq ~> top_bool_def inf_bool_eq ~> inf_bool_def sup_bool_eq ~> sup_bool_def bot_fun_eq ~> bot_fun_def top_fun_eq ~> top_fun_def inf_fun_eq ~> inf_fun_def sup_fun_eq ~> sup_fun_def INCOMPATIBILITY. * More stylized fact names: expand_fun_eq ~> fun_eq_iff expand_set_eq ~> set_eq_iff set_ext ~> set_eqI nat_number ~> eval_nat_numeral INCOMPATIBILITY. * Refactoring of code-generation specific operations in theory List: constants null ~> List.null facts mem_iff ~> member_def null_empty ~> null_def INCOMPATIBILITY. Note that these were not supposed to be used regularly unless for striking reasons; their main purpose was code generation. Various operations from the Haskell prelude are used for generating Haskell code. * Term "bij f" is now an abbreviation of "bij_betw f UNIV UNIV". Term "surj f" is now an abbreviation of "range f = UNIV". The theorems bij_def and surj_def are unchanged. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Abolished some non-alphabetic type names: "prod" and "sum" replace "*" and "+" respectively. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Name "Plus" of disjoint sum operator "<+>" is now hidden. Write "Sum_Type.Plus" instead. * Constant "split" has been merged with constant "prod_case"; names of ML functions, facts etc. involving split have been retained so far, though. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Dropped old infix syntax "_ mem _" for List.member; use "_ : set _" instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Removed lemma "Option.is_none_none" which duplicates "is_none_def". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Former theory Library/Enum is now part of the HOL-Main image. INCOMPATIBILITY: all constants of the Enum theory now have to be referred to by its qualified name. enum ~> Enum.enum nlists ~> Enum.nlists product ~> Enum.product * Theory Library/Monad_Syntax provides do-syntax for monad types. Syntax in Library/State_Monad has been changed to avoid ambiguities. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Library/SetsAndFunctions has been split into Library/Function_Algebras and Library/Set_Algebras; canonical names for instance definitions for functions; various improvements. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Library/Multiset provides stable quicksort implementation of sort_key. * Theory Library/Multiset: renamed empty_idemp ~> empty_neutral. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Session Multivariate_Analysis: introduced a type class for euclidean space. Most theorems are now stated in terms of euclidean spaces instead of finite cartesian products. types real ^ 'n ~> 'a::real_vector ~> 'a::euclidean_space ~> 'a::ordered_euclidean_space (depends on your needs) constants _ $ _ ~> _ $$ _ \ x. _ ~> \\ x. _ CARD('n) ~> DIM('a) Also note that the indices are now natural numbers and not from some finite type. Finite cartesian products of euclidean spaces, products of euclidean spaces the real and complex numbers are instantiated to be euclidean_spaces. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Session Probability: introduced pextreal as positive extended real numbers. Use pextreal as value for measures. Introduce the Radon-Nikodym derivative, product spaces and Fubini's theorem for arbitrary sigma finite measures. Introduces Lebesgue measure based on the integral in Multivariate Analysis. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Session Imperative_HOL: revamped, corrected dozens of inadequacies. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Session SPARK (with image HOL-SPARK) provides commands to load and prove verification conditions generated by the SPARK Ada program verifier. See also src/HOL/SPARK and src/HOL/SPARK/Examples. *** HOL-Algebra *** * Theorems for additive ring operations (locale abelian_monoid and descendants) are generated by interpretation from their multiplicative counterparts. Names (in particular theorem names) have the mandatory qualifier 'add'. Previous theorem names are redeclared for compatibility. * Structure "int_ring" is now an abbreviation (previously a definition). This fits more natural with advanced interpretations. *** HOLCF *** * The domain package now runs in definitional mode by default: The former command 'new_domain' is now called 'domain'. To use the domain package in its original axiomatic mode, use 'domain (unsafe)'. INCOMPATIBILITY. * The new class "domain" is now the default sort. Class "predomain" is an unpointed version of "domain". Theories can be updated by replacing sort annotations as shown below. INCOMPATIBILITY. 'a::type ~> 'a::countable 'a::cpo ~> 'a::predomain 'a::pcpo ~> 'a::domain * The old type class "rep" has been superseded by class "domain". Accordingly, users of the definitional package must remove any "default_sort rep" declarations. INCOMPATIBILITY. * The domain package (definitional mode) now supports unpointed predomain argument types, as long as they are marked 'lazy'. (Strict arguments must be in class "domain".) For example, the following domain definition now works: domain natlist = nil | cons (lazy "nat discr") (lazy "natlist") * Theory HOLCF/Library/HOL_Cpo provides cpo and predomain class instances for types from main HOL: bool, nat, int, char, 'a + 'b, 'a option, and 'a list. Additionally, it configures fixrec and the domain package to work with these types. For example: fixrec isInl :: "('a + 'b) u -> tr" where "isInl$(up$(Inl x)) = TT" | "isInl$(up$(Inr y)) = FF" domain V = VFun (lazy "V -> V") | VCon (lazy "nat") (lazy "V list") * The "(permissive)" option of fixrec has been replaced with a per-equation "(unchecked)" option. See src/HOL/HOLCF/Tutorial/Fixrec_ex.thy for examples. INCOMPATIBILITY. * The "bifinite" class no longer fixes a constant "approx"; the class now just asserts that such a function exists. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Former type "alg_defl" has been renamed to "defl". HOLCF no longer defines an embedding of type 'a defl into udom by default; instances of "bifinite" and "domain" classes are available in src/HOL/HOLCF/Library/Defl_Bifinite.thy. * The syntax "REP('a)" has been replaced with "DEFL('a)". * The predicate "directed" has been removed. INCOMPATIBILITY. * The type class "finite_po" has been removed. INCOMPATIBILITY. * The function "cprod_map" has been renamed to "prod_map". INCOMPATIBILITY. * The monadic bind operator on each powerdomain has new binder syntax similar to sets, e.g. "\\x\xs. t" represents "upper_bind\xs\(\ x. t)". * The infix syntax for binary union on each powerdomain has changed from e.g. "+\" to "\\", for consistency with set syntax. INCOMPATIBILITY. * The constant "UU" has been renamed to "bottom". The syntax "UU" is still supported as an input translation. * Renamed some theorems (the original names are also still available). expand_fun_below ~> fun_below_iff below_fun_ext ~> fun_belowI expand_cfun_eq ~> cfun_eq_iff ext_cfun ~> cfun_eqI expand_cfun_below ~> cfun_below_iff below_cfun_ext ~> cfun_belowI cont2cont_Rep_CFun ~> cont2cont_APP * The Abs and Rep functions for various types have changed names. Related theorem names have also changed to match. INCOMPATIBILITY. Rep_CFun ~> Rep_cfun Abs_CFun ~> Abs_cfun Rep_Sprod ~> Rep_sprod Abs_Sprod ~> Abs_sprod Rep_Ssum ~> Rep_ssum Abs_Ssum ~> Abs_ssum * Lemmas with names of the form *_defined_iff or *_strict_iff have been renamed to *_bottom_iff. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Various changes to bisimulation/coinduction with domain package: - Definitions of "bisim" constants no longer mention definedness. - With mutual recursion, "bisim" predicate is now curried. - With mutual recursion, each type gets a separate coind theorem. - Variable names in bisim_def and coinduct rules have changed. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Case combinators generated by the domain package for type "foo" are now named "foo_case" instead of "foo_when". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Several theorems have been renamed to more accurately reflect the names of constants and types involved. INCOMPATIBILITY. thelub_const ~> lub_const lub_const ~> is_lub_const thelubI ~> lub_eqI is_lub_lub ~> is_lubD2 lubI ~> is_lub_lub unique_lub ~> is_lub_unique is_ub_lub ~> is_lub_rangeD1 lub_bin_chain ~> is_lub_bin_chain lub_fun ~> is_lub_fun thelub_fun ~> lub_fun thelub_cfun ~> lub_cfun thelub_Pair ~> lub_Pair lub_cprod ~> is_lub_prod thelub_cprod ~> lub_prod minimal_cprod ~> minimal_prod inst_cprod_pcpo ~> inst_prod_pcpo UU_I ~> bottomI compact_UU ~> compact_bottom deflation_UU ~> deflation_bottom finite_deflation_UU ~> finite_deflation_bottom * Many legacy theorem names have been discontinued. INCOMPATIBILITY. sq_ord_less_eq_trans ~> below_eq_trans sq_ord_eq_less_trans ~> eq_below_trans refl_less ~> below_refl trans_less ~> below_trans antisym_less ~> below_antisym antisym_less_inverse ~> po_eq_conv [THEN iffD1] box_less ~> box_below rev_trans_less ~> rev_below_trans not_less2not_eq ~> not_below2not_eq less_UU_iff ~> below_UU_iff flat_less_iff ~> flat_below_iff adm_less ~> adm_below adm_not_less ~> adm_not_below adm_compact_not_less ~> adm_compact_not_below less_fun_def ~> below_fun_def expand_fun_less ~> fun_below_iff less_fun_ext ~> fun_belowI less_discr_def ~> below_discr_def discr_less_eq ~> discr_below_eq less_unit_def ~> below_unit_def less_cprod_def ~> below_prod_def prod_lessI ~> prod_belowI Pair_less_iff ~> Pair_below_iff fst_less_iff ~> fst_below_iff snd_less_iff ~> snd_below_iff expand_cfun_less ~> cfun_below_iff less_cfun_ext ~> cfun_belowI injection_less ~> injection_below less_up_def ~> below_up_def not_Iup_less ~> not_Iup_below Iup_less ~> Iup_below up_less ~> up_below Def_inject_less_eq ~> Def_below_Def Def_less_is_eq ~> Def_below_iff spair_less_iff ~> spair_below_iff less_sprod ~> below_sprod spair_less ~> spair_below sfst_less_iff ~> sfst_below_iff ssnd_less_iff ~> ssnd_below_iff fix_least_less ~> fix_least_below dist_less_one ~> dist_below_one less_ONE ~> below_ONE ONE_less_iff ~> ONE_below_iff less_sinlD ~> below_sinlD less_sinrD ~> below_sinrD *** FOL and ZF *** * All constant names are now qualified internally and use proper identifiers, e.g. "IFOL.eq" instead of "op =". INCOMPATIBILITY. *** ML *** * Antiquotation @{assert} inlines a function bool -> unit that raises Fail if the argument is false. Due to inlining the source position of failed assertions is included in the error output. * Discontinued antiquotation @{theory_ref}, which is obsolete since ML text is in practice always evaluated with a stable theory checkpoint. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY, use (Theory.check_thy @{theory}) instead. * Antiquotation @{theory A} refers to theory A from the ancestry of the current context, not any accidental theory loader state as before. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY, subtle change in semantics. * Syntax.pretty_priority (default 0) configures the required priority of pretty-printed output and thus affects insertion of parentheses. * Syntax.default_root (default "any") configures the inner syntax category (nonterminal symbol) for parsing of terms. * Former exception Library.UnequalLengths now coincides with ListPair.UnequalLengths. * Renamed structure MetaSimplifier to Raw_Simplifier. Note that the main functionality is provided by structure Simplifier. * Renamed raw "explode" function to "raw_explode" to emphasize its meaning. Note that internally to Isabelle, Symbol.explode is used in almost all situations. * Discontinued obsolete function sys_error and exception SYS_ERROR. See implementation manual for further details on exceptions in Isabelle/ML. * Renamed setmp_noncritical to Unsynchronized.setmp to emphasize its meaning. * Renamed structure PureThy to Pure_Thy and moved most of its operations to structure Global_Theory, to emphasize that this is rarely-used global-only stuff. * Discontinued Output.debug. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY, use plain writeln instead (or tracing for high-volume output). * Configuration option show_question_marks only affects regular pretty printing of types and terms, not raw Term.string_of_vname. * ML_Context.thm and ML_Context.thms are no longer pervasive. Rare INCOMPATIBILITY, superseded by static antiquotations @{thm} and @{thms} for most purposes. * ML structure Unsynchronized is never opened, not even in Isar interaction mode as before. Old Unsynchronized.set etc. have been discontinued -- use plain := instead. This should be *rare* anyway, since modern tools always work via official context data, notably configuration options. * Parallel and asynchronous execution requires special care concerning interrupts. Structure Exn provides some convenience functions that avoid working directly with raw Interrupt. User code must not absorb interrupts -- intermediate handling (for cleanup etc.) needs to be followed by re-raising of the original exception. Another common source of mistakes are "handle _" patterns, which make the meaning of the program subject to physical effects of the environment. New in Isabelle2009-2 (June 2010) --------------------------------- *** General *** * Authentic syntax for *all* logical entities (type classes, type constructors, term constants): provides simple and robust correspondence between formal entities and concrete syntax. Within the parse tree / AST representations, "constants" are decorated by their category (class, type, const) and spelled out explicitly with their full internal name. Substantial INCOMPATIBILITY concerning low-level syntax declarations and translations (translation rules and translation functions in ML). Some hints on upgrading: - Many existing uses of 'syntax' and 'translations' can be replaced by more modern 'type_notation', 'notation' and 'abbreviation', which are independent of this issue. - 'translations' require markup within the AST; the term syntax provides the following special forms: CONST c -- produces syntax version of constant c from context XCONST c -- literally c, checked as constant from context c -- literally c, if declared by 'syntax' Plain identifiers are treated as AST variables -- occasionally the system indicates accidental variables via the error "rhs contains extra variables". Type classes and type constructors are marked according to their concrete syntax. Some old translations rules need to be written for the "type" category, using type constructor application instead of pseudo-term application of the default category "logic". - 'parse_translation' etc. in ML may use the following antiquotations: @{class_syntax c} -- type class c within parse tree / AST @{term_syntax c} -- type constructor c within parse tree / AST @{const_syntax c} -- ML version of "CONST c" above @{syntax_const c} -- literally c (checked wrt. 'syntax' declarations) - Literal types within 'typed_print_translations', i.e. those *not* represented as pseudo-terms are represented verbatim. Use @{class c} or @{type_name c} here instead of the above syntax antiquotations. Note that old non-authentic syntax was based on unqualified base names, so all of the above "constant" names would coincide. Recall that 'print_syntax' and ML_command "set Syntax.trace_ast" help to diagnose syntax problems. * Type constructors admit general mixfix syntax, not just infix. * Concrete syntax may be attached to local entities without a proof body, too. This works via regular mixfix annotations for 'fix', 'def', 'obtain' etc. or via the explicit 'write' command, which is similar to the 'notation' command in theory specifications. * Discontinued unnamed infix syntax (legacy feature for many years) -- need to specify constant name and syntax separately. Internal ML datatype constructors have been renamed from InfixName to Infix etc. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY. * Schematic theorem statements need to be explicitly markup as such, via commands 'schematic_lemma', 'schematic_theorem', 'schematic_corollary'. Thus the relevance of the proof is made syntactically clear, which impacts performance in a parallel or asynchronous interactive environment. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY. * Use of cumulative prems via "!" in some proof methods has been discontinued (old legacy feature). * References 'trace_simp' and 'debug_simp' have been replaced by configuration options stored in the context. Enabling tracing (the case of debugging is similar) in proofs works via using [[trace_simp = true]] Tracing is then active for all invocations of the simplifier in subsequent goal refinement steps. Tracing may also still be enabled or disabled via the ProofGeneral settings menu. * Separate commands 'hide_class', 'hide_type', 'hide_const', 'hide_fact' replace the former 'hide' KIND command. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY. * Improved parallelism of proof term normalization: usedir -p2 -q0 is more efficient than combinations with -q1 or -q2. *** Pure *** * Proofterms record type-class reasoning explicitly, using the "unconstrain" operation internally. This eliminates all sort constraints from a theorem and proof, introducing explicit OFCLASS-premises. On the proof term level, this operation is automatically applied at theorem boundaries, such that closed proofs are always free of sort constraints. INCOMPATIBILITY for tools that inspect proof terms. * Local theory specifications may depend on extra type variables that are not present in the result type -- arguments TYPE('a) :: 'a itself are added internally. For example: definition unitary :: bool where "unitary = (ALL (x::'a) y. x = y)" * Predicates of locales introduced by classes carry a mandatory "class" prefix. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Vacuous class specifications observe default sort. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Old 'axclass' command has been discontinued. INCOMPATIBILITY, use 'class' instead. * Command 'code_reflect' allows to incorporate generated ML code into runtime environment; replaces immature code_datatype antiquotation. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Code generator: simple concept for abstract datatypes obeying invariants. * Code generator: details of internal data cache have no impact on the user space functionality any longer. * Methods "unfold_locales" and "intro_locales" ignore non-locale subgoals. This is more appropriate for interpretations with 'where'. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Command 'example_proof' opens an empty proof body. This allows to experiment with Isar, without producing any persistent result. * Commands 'type_notation' and 'no_type_notation' declare type syntax within a local theory context, with explicit checking of the constructors involved (in contrast to the raw 'syntax' versions). * Commands 'types' and 'typedecl' now work within a local theory context -- without introducing dependencies on parameters or assumptions, which is not possible in Isabelle/Pure. * Command 'defaultsort' has been renamed to 'default_sort', it works within a local theory context. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY. *** HOL *** * Command 'typedef' now works within a local theory context -- without introducing dependencies on parameters or assumptions, which is not possible in Isabelle/Pure/HOL. Note that the logical environment may contain multiple interpretations of local typedefs (with different non-emptiness proofs), even in a global theory context. * New package for quotient types. Commands 'quotient_type' and 'quotient_definition' may be used for defining types and constants by quotient constructions. An example is the type of integers created by quotienting pairs of natural numbers: fun intrel :: "(nat * nat) => (nat * nat) => bool" where "intrel (x, y) (u, v) = (x + v = u + y)" quotient_type int = "nat * nat" / intrel by (auto simp add: equivp_def expand_fun_eq) quotient_definition "0::int" is "(0::nat, 0::nat)" The method "lifting" can be used to lift of theorems from the underlying "raw" type to the quotient type. The example src/HOL/Quotient_Examples/FSet.thy includes such a quotient construction and provides a reasoning infrastructure for finite sets. * Renamed Library/Quotient.thy to Library/Quotient_Type.thy to avoid clash with new theory Quotient in Main HOL. * Moved the SMT binding into the main HOL session, eliminating separate HOL-SMT session. * List membership infix mem operation is only an input abbreviation. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Library/Word.thy has been removed. Use library Word/Word.thy for future developements; former Library/Word.thy is still present in the AFP entry RSAPPS. * Theorem Int.int_induct renamed to Int.int_of_nat_induct and is no longer shadowed. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Dropped theorem duplicate comp_arith; use semiring_norm instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Dropped theorem RealPow.real_sq_order; use power2_le_imp_le instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Dropped normalizing_semiring etc; use the facts in semiring classes instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Dropped several real-specific versions of lemmas about floor and ceiling; use the generic lemmas from theory "Archimedean_Field" instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. floor_number_of_eq ~> floor_number_of le_floor_eq_number_of ~> number_of_le_floor le_floor_eq_zero ~> zero_le_floor le_floor_eq_one ~> one_le_floor floor_less_eq_number_of ~> floor_less_number_of floor_less_eq_zero ~> floor_less_zero floor_less_eq_one ~> floor_less_one less_floor_eq_number_of ~> number_of_less_floor less_floor_eq_zero ~> zero_less_floor less_floor_eq_one ~> one_less_floor floor_le_eq_number_of ~> floor_le_number_of floor_le_eq_zero ~> floor_le_zero floor_le_eq_one ~> floor_le_one floor_subtract_number_of ~> floor_diff_number_of floor_subtract_one ~> floor_diff_one ceiling_number_of_eq ~> ceiling_number_of ceiling_le_eq_number_of ~> ceiling_le_number_of ceiling_le_zero_eq ~> ceiling_le_zero ceiling_le_eq_one ~> ceiling_le_one less_ceiling_eq_number_of ~> number_of_less_ceiling less_ceiling_eq_zero ~> zero_less_ceiling less_ceiling_eq_one ~> one_less_ceiling ceiling_less_eq_number_of ~> ceiling_less_number_of ceiling_less_eq_zero ~> ceiling_less_zero ceiling_less_eq_one ~> ceiling_less_one le_ceiling_eq_number_of ~> number_of_le_ceiling le_ceiling_eq_zero ~> zero_le_ceiling le_ceiling_eq_one ~> one_le_ceiling ceiling_subtract_number_of ~> ceiling_diff_number_of ceiling_subtract_one ~> ceiling_diff_one * Theory "Finite_Set": various folding_XXX locales facilitate the application of the various fold combinators on finite sets. * Library theory "RBT" renamed to "RBT_Impl"; new library theory "RBT" provides abstract red-black tree type which is backed by "RBT_Impl" as implementation. INCOMPATIBILTY. * Theory Library/Coinductive_List has been removed -- superseded by AFP/thys/Coinductive. * Theory PReal, including the type "preal" and related operations, has been removed. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Real: new development using Cauchy Sequences. * Split off theory "Big_Operators" containing setsum, setprod, Inf_fin, Sup_fin, Min, Max from theory Finite_Set. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory "Rational" renamed to "Rat", for consistency with "Nat", "Int" etc. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Constant Rat.normalize needs to be qualified. INCOMPATIBILITY. * New set of rules "ac_simps" provides combined assoc / commute rewrites for all interpretations of the appropriate generic locales. * Renamed theory "OrderedGroup" to "Groups" and split theory "Ring_and_Field" into theories "Rings" and "Fields"; for more appropriate and more consistent names suitable for name prefixes within the HOL theories. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Some generic constants have been put to appropriate theories: - less_eq, less: Orderings - zero, one, plus, minus, uminus, times, abs, sgn: Groups - inverse, divide: Rings INCOMPATIBILITY. * More consistent naming of type classes involving orderings (and lattices): lower_semilattice ~> semilattice_inf upper_semilattice ~> semilattice_sup dense_linear_order ~> dense_linorder pordered_ab_group_add ~> ordered_ab_group_add pordered_ab_group_add_abs ~> ordered_ab_group_add_abs pordered_ab_semigroup_add ~> ordered_ab_semigroup_add pordered_ab_semigroup_add_imp_le ~> ordered_ab_semigroup_add_imp_le pordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add ~> ordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add pordered_cancel_comm_semiring ~> ordered_cancel_comm_semiring pordered_cancel_semiring ~> ordered_cancel_semiring pordered_comm_monoid_add ~> ordered_comm_monoid_add pordered_comm_ring ~> ordered_comm_ring pordered_comm_semiring ~> ordered_comm_semiring pordered_ring ~> ordered_ring pordered_ring_abs ~> ordered_ring_abs pordered_semiring ~> ordered_semiring ordered_ab_group_add ~> linordered_ab_group_add ordered_ab_semigroup_add ~> linordered_ab_semigroup_add ordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add ~> linordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add ordered_comm_semiring_strict ~> linordered_comm_semiring_strict ordered_field ~> linordered_field ordered_field_no_lb ~> linordered_field_no_lb ordered_field_no_ub ~> linordered_field_no_ub ordered_field_dense_linear_order ~> dense_linordered_field ordered_idom ~> linordered_idom ordered_ring ~> linordered_ring ordered_ring_le_cancel_factor ~> linordered_ring_le_cancel_factor ordered_ring_less_cancel_factor ~> linordered_ring_less_cancel_factor ordered_ring_strict ~> linordered_ring_strict ordered_semidom ~> linordered_semidom ordered_semiring ~> linordered_semiring ordered_semiring_1 ~> linordered_semiring_1 ordered_semiring_1_strict ~> linordered_semiring_1_strict ordered_semiring_strict ~> linordered_semiring_strict The following slightly odd type classes have been moved to a separate theory Library/Lattice_Algebras: lordered_ab_group_add ~> lattice_ab_group_add lordered_ab_group_add_abs ~> lattice_ab_group_add_abs lordered_ab_group_add_meet ~> semilattice_inf_ab_group_add lordered_ab_group_add_join ~> semilattice_sup_ab_group_add lordered_ring ~> lattice_ring INCOMPATIBILITY. * Refined field classes: - classes division_ring_inverse_zero, field_inverse_zero, linordered_field_inverse_zero include rule inverse 0 = 0 -- subsumes former division_by_zero class; - numerous lemmas have been ported from field to division_ring. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Refined algebra theorem collections: - dropped theorem group group_simps, use algebra_simps instead; - dropped theorem group ring_simps, use field_simps instead; - proper theorem collection field_simps subsumes former theorem groups field_eq_simps and field_simps; - dropped lemma eq_minus_self_iff which is a duplicate for equal_neg_zero. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Finite_Set and List: some lemmas have been generalized from sets to lattices: fun_left_comm_idem_inter ~> fun_left_comm_idem_inf fun_left_comm_idem_union ~> fun_left_comm_idem_sup inter_Inter_fold_inter ~> inf_Inf_fold_inf union_Union_fold_union ~> sup_Sup_fold_sup Inter_fold_inter ~> Inf_fold_inf Union_fold_union ~> Sup_fold_sup inter_INTER_fold_inter ~> inf_INFI_fold_inf union_UNION_fold_union ~> sup_SUPR_fold_sup INTER_fold_inter ~> INFI_fold_inf UNION_fold_union ~> SUPR_fold_sup * Theory "Complete_Lattice": lemmas top_def and bot_def have been replaced by the more convenient lemmas Inf_empty and Sup_empty. Dropped lemmas Inf_insert_simp and Sup_insert_simp, which are subsumed by Inf_insert and Sup_insert. Lemmas Inf_UNIV and Sup_UNIV replace former Inf_Univ and Sup_Univ. Lemmas inf_top_right and sup_bot_right subsume inf_top and sup_bot respectively. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Reorganized theory Multiset: swapped notation of pointwise and multiset order: - pointwise ordering is instance of class order with standard syntax <= and <; - multiset ordering has syntax <=# and <#; partial order properties are provided by means of interpretation with prefix multiset_order; - less duplication, less historical organization of sections, conversion from associations lists to multisets, rudimentary code generation; - use insert_DiffM2 [symmetric] instead of elem_imp_eq_diff_union, if needed. Renamed: multiset_eq_conv_count_eq ~> multiset_ext_iff multi_count_ext ~> multiset_ext diff_union_inverse2 ~> diff_union_cancelR INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Permutation: replaced local "remove" by List.remove1. * Code generation: ML and OCaml code is decorated with signatures. * Theory List: added transpose. * Library/Nat_Bijection.thy is a collection of bijective functions between nat and other types, which supersedes the older libraries Library/Nat_Int_Bij.thy and HOLCF/NatIso.thy. INCOMPATIBILITY. Constants: Nat_Int_Bij.nat2_to_nat ~> prod_encode Nat_Int_Bij.nat_to_nat2 ~> prod_decode Nat_Int_Bij.int_to_nat_bij ~> int_encode Nat_Int_Bij.nat_to_int_bij ~> int_decode Countable.pair_encode ~> prod_encode NatIso.prod2nat ~> prod_encode NatIso.nat2prod ~> prod_decode NatIso.sum2nat ~> sum_encode NatIso.nat2sum ~> sum_decode NatIso.list2nat ~> list_encode NatIso.nat2list ~> list_decode NatIso.set2nat ~> set_encode NatIso.nat2set ~> set_decode Lemmas: Nat_Int_Bij.bij_nat_to_int_bij ~> bij_int_decode Nat_Int_Bij.nat2_to_nat_inj ~> inj_prod_encode Nat_Int_Bij.nat2_to_nat_surj ~> surj_prod_encode Nat_Int_Bij.nat_to_nat2_inj ~> inj_prod_decode Nat_Int_Bij.nat_to_nat2_surj ~> surj_prod_decode Nat_Int_Bij.i2n_n2i_id ~> int_encode_inverse Nat_Int_Bij.n2i_i2n_id ~> int_decode_inverse Nat_Int_Bij.surj_nat_to_int_bij ~> surj_int_encode Nat_Int_Bij.surj_int_to_nat_bij ~> surj_int_decode Nat_Int_Bij.inj_nat_to_int_bij ~> inj_int_encode Nat_Int_Bij.inj_int_to_nat_bij ~> inj_int_decode Nat_Int_Bij.bij_nat_to_int_bij ~> bij_int_encode Nat_Int_Bij.bij_int_to_nat_bij ~> bij_int_decode * Sledgehammer: - Renamed ATP commands: atp_info ~> sledgehammer running_atps atp_kill ~> sledgehammer kill_atps atp_messages ~> sledgehammer messages atp_minimize ~> sledgehammer minimize print_atps ~> sledgehammer available_atps INCOMPATIBILITY. - Added user's manual ("isabelle doc sledgehammer"). - Added option syntax and "sledgehammer_params" to customize Sledgehammer's behavior. See the manual for details. - Modified the Isar proof reconstruction code so that it produces direct proofs rather than proofs by contradiction. (This feature is still experimental.) - Made Isar proof reconstruction work for SPASS, remote ATPs, and in full-typed mode. - Added support for TPTP syntax for SPASS via the "spass_tptp" ATP. * Nitpick: - Added and implemented "binary_ints" and "bits" options. - Added "std" option and implemented support for nonstandard models. - Added and implemented "finitize" option to improve the precision of infinite datatypes based on a monotonicity analysis. - Added support for quotient types. - Added support for "specification" and "ax_specification" constructs. - Added support for local definitions (for "function" and "termination" proofs). - Added support for term postprocessors. - Optimized "Multiset.multiset" and "FinFun.finfun". - Improved efficiency of "destroy_constrs" optimization. - Fixed soundness bugs related to "destroy_constrs" optimization and record getters. - Fixed soundness bug related to higher-order constructors. - Fixed soundness bug when "full_descrs" is enabled. - Improved precision of set constructs. - Added "atoms" option. - Added cache to speed up repeated Kodkod invocations on the same problems. - Renamed "MiniSatJNI", "zChaffJNI", "BerkMinAlloy", and "SAT4JLight" to "MiniSat_JNI", "zChaff_JNI", "BerkMin_Alloy", and "SAT4J_Light". INCOMPATIBILITY. - Removed "skolemize", "uncurry", "sym_break", "flatten_prop", "sharing_depth", and "show_skolems" options. INCOMPATIBILITY. - Removed "nitpick_intro" attribute. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Method "induct" now takes instantiations of the form t, where t is not a variable, as a shorthand for "x == t", where x is a fresh variable. If this is not intended, t has to be enclosed in parentheses. By default, the equalities generated by definitional instantiations are pre-simplified, which may cause parameters of inductive cases to disappear, or may even delete some of the inductive cases. Use "induct (no_simp)" instead of "induct" to restore the old behaviour. The (no_simp) option is also understood by the "cases" and "nominal_induct" methods, which now perform pre-simplification, too. INCOMPATIBILITY. *** HOLCF *** * Variable names in lemmas generated by the domain package have changed; the naming scheme is now consistent with the HOL datatype package. Some proof scripts may be affected, INCOMPATIBILITY. * The domain package no longer defines the function "foo_copy" for recursive domain "foo". The reach lemma is now stated directly in terms of "foo_take". Lemmas and proofs that mention "foo_copy" must be reformulated in terms of "foo_take", INCOMPATIBILITY. * Most definedness lemmas generated by the domain package (previously of the form "x ~= UU ==> foo$x ~= UU") now have an if-and-only-if form like "foo$x = UU <-> x = UU", which works better as a simp rule. Proofs that used definedness lemmas as intro rules may break, potential INCOMPATIBILITY. * Induction and casedist rules generated by the domain package now declare proper case_names (one called "bottom", and one named for each constructor). INCOMPATIBILITY. * For mutually-recursive domains, separate "reach" and "take_lemma" rules are generated for each domain, INCOMPATIBILITY. foo_bar.reach ~> foo.reach bar.reach foo_bar.take_lemmas ~> foo.take_lemma bar.take_lemma * Some lemmas generated by the domain package have been renamed for consistency with the datatype package, INCOMPATIBILITY. foo.ind ~> foo.induct foo.finite_ind ~> foo.finite_induct foo.coind ~> foo.coinduct foo.casedist ~> foo.exhaust foo.exhaust ~> foo.nchotomy * For consistency with other definition packages, the fixrec package now generates qualified theorem names, INCOMPATIBILITY. foo_simps ~> foo.simps foo_unfold ~> foo.unfold foo_induct ~> foo.induct * The "fixrec_simp" attribute has been removed. The "fixrec_simp" method and internal fixrec proofs now use the default simpset instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. * The "contlub" predicate has been removed. Proof scripts should use lemma contI2 in place of monocontlub2cont, INCOMPATIBILITY. * The "admw" predicate has been removed, INCOMPATIBILITY. * The constants cpair, cfst, and csnd have been removed in favor of Pair, fst, and snd from Isabelle/HOL, INCOMPATIBILITY. *** ML *** * Antiquotations for basic formal entities: @{class NAME} -- type class @{class_syntax NAME} -- syntax representation of the above @{type_name NAME} -- logical type @{type_abbrev NAME} -- type abbreviation @{nonterminal NAME} -- type of concrete syntactic category @{type_syntax NAME} -- syntax representation of any of the above @{const_name NAME} -- logical constant (INCOMPATIBILITY) @{const_abbrev NAME} -- abbreviated constant @{const_syntax NAME} -- syntax representation of any of the above * Antiquotation @{syntax_const NAME} ensures that NAME refers to a raw syntax constant (cf. 'syntax' command). * Antiquotation @{make_string} inlines a function to print arbitrary values similar to the ML toplevel. The result is compiler dependent and may fall back on "?" in certain situations. * Diagnostic commands 'ML_val' and 'ML_command' may refer to antiquotations @{Isar.state} and @{Isar.goal}. This replaces impure Isar.state() and Isar.goal(), which belong to the old TTY loop and do not work with the asynchronous Isar document model. * Configuration options now admit dynamic default values, depending on the context or even global references. * SHA1.digest digests strings according to SHA-1 (see RFC 3174). It uses an efficient external library if available (for Poly/ML). * Renamed some important ML structures, while keeping the old names for some time as aliases within the structure Legacy: OuterKeyword ~> Keyword OuterLex ~> Token OuterParse ~> Parse OuterSyntax ~> Outer_Syntax PrintMode ~> Print_Mode SpecParse ~> Parse_Spec ThyInfo ~> Thy_Info ThyLoad ~> Thy_Load ThyOutput ~> Thy_Output TypeInfer ~> Type_Infer Note that "open Legacy" simplifies porting of sources, but forgetting to remove it again will complicate porting again in the future. * Most operations that refer to a global context are named accordingly, e.g. Simplifier.global_context or ProofContext.init_global. There are some situations where a global context actually works, but under normal circumstances one needs to pass the proper local context through the code! * Discontinued old TheoryDataFun with its copy/init operation -- data needs to be pure. Functor Theory_Data_PP retains the traditional Pretty.pp argument to merge, which is absent in the standard Theory_Data version. * Sorts.certify_sort and derived "cert" operations for types and terms no longer minimize sorts. Thus certification at the boundary of the inference kernel becomes invariant under addition of class relations, which is an important monotonicity principle. Sorts are now minimized in the syntax layer only, at the boundary between the end-user and the system. Subtle INCOMPATIBILITY, may have to use Sign.minimize_sort explicitly in rare situations. * Renamed old-style Drule.standard to Drule.export_without_context, to emphasize that this is in no way a standard operation. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Subgoal.FOCUS (and variants): resulting goal state is normalized as usual for resolution. Rare INCOMPATIBILITY. * Renamed varify/unvarify operations to varify_global/unvarify_global to emphasize that these only work in a global situation (which is quite rare). * Curried take and drop in library.ML; negative length is interpreted as infinity (as in chop). Subtle INCOMPATIBILITY. * Proof terms: type substitutions on proof constants now use canonical order of type variables. INCOMPATIBILITY for tools working with proof terms. * Raw axioms/defs may no longer carry sort constraints, and raw defs may no longer carry premises. User-level specifications are transformed accordingly by Thm.add_axiom/add_def. *** System *** * Discontinued special HOL_USEDIR_OPTIONS for the main HOL image; ISABELLE_USEDIR_OPTIONS applies uniformly to all sessions. Note that proof terms are enabled unconditionally in the new HOL-Proofs image. * Discontinued old ISABELLE and ISATOOL environment settings (legacy feature since Isabelle2009). Use ISABELLE_PROCESS and ISABELLE_TOOL, respectively. * Old lib/scripts/polyml-platform is superseded by the ISABELLE_PLATFORM setting variable, which defaults to the 32 bit variant, even on a 64 bit machine. The following example setting prefers 64 bit if available: ML_PLATFORM="${ISABELLE_PLATFORM64:-$ISABELLE_PLATFORM}" * The preliminary Isabelle/jEdit application demonstrates the emerging Isabelle/Scala layer for advanced prover interaction and integration. See src/Tools/jEdit or "isabelle jedit" provided by the properly built component. * "IsabelleText" is a Unicode font derived from Bitstream Vera Mono and Bluesky TeX fonts. It provides the usual Isabelle symbols, similar to the default assignment of the document preparation system (cf. isabellesym.sty). The Isabelle/Scala class Isabelle_System provides some operations for direct access to the font without asking the user for manual installation. New in Isabelle2009-1 (December 2009) ------------------------------------- *** General *** * Discontinued old form of "escaped symbols" such as \\. Only one backslash should be used, even in ML sources. *** Pure *** * Locale interpretation propagates mixins along the locale hierarchy. The currently only available mixins are the equations used to map local definitions to terms of the target domain of an interpretation. * Reactivated diagnostic command 'print_interps'. Use "print_interps loc" to print all interpretations of locale "loc" in the theory. Interpretations in proofs are not shown. * Thoroughly revised locales tutorial. New section on conditional interpretation. * On instantiation of classes, remaining undefined class parameters are formally declared. INCOMPATIBILITY. *** Document preparation *** * New generalized style concept for printing terms: @{foo (style) ...} instead of @{foo_style style ...} (old form is still retained for backward compatibility). Styles can be also applied for antiquotations prop, term_type and typeof. *** HOL *** * New proof method "smt" for a combination of first-order logic with equality, linear and nonlinear (natural/integer/real) arithmetic, and fixed-size bitvectors; there is also basic support for higher-order features (esp. lambda abstractions). It is an incomplete decision procedure based on external SMT solvers using the oracle mechanism; for the SMT solver Z3, this method is proof-producing. Certificates are provided to avoid calling the external solvers solely for re-checking proofs. Due to a remote SMT service there is no need for installing SMT solvers locally. See src/HOL/SMT. * New commands to load and prove verification conditions generated by the Boogie program verifier or derived systems (e.g. the Verifying C Compiler (VCC) or Spec#). See src/HOL/Boogie. * New counterexample generator tool 'nitpick' based on the Kodkod relational model finder. See src/HOL/Tools/Nitpick and src/HOL/Nitpick_Examples. * New commands 'code_pred' and 'values' to invoke the predicate compiler and to enumerate values of inductive predicates. * A tabled implementation of the reflexive transitive closure. * New implementation of quickcheck uses generic code generator; default generators are provided for all suitable HOL types, records and datatypes. Old quickcheck can be re-activated importing theory Library/SML_Quickcheck. * New testing tool Mirabelle for automated proof tools. Applies several tools and tactics like sledgehammer, metis, or quickcheck, to every proof step in a theory. To be used in batch mode via the "mirabelle" utility. * New proof method "sos" (sum of squares) for nonlinear real arithmetic (originally due to John Harison). It requires theory Library/Sum_Of_Squares. It is not a complete decision procedure but works well in practice on quantifier-free real arithmetic with +, -, *, ^, =, <= and <, i.e. boolean combinations of equalities and inequalities between polynomials. It makes use of external semidefinite programming solvers. Method "sos" generates a certificate that can be pasted into the proof thus avoiding the need to call an external tool every time the proof is checked. See src/HOL/Library/Sum_Of_Squares. * New method "linarith" invokes existing linear arithmetic decision procedure only. * New command 'atp_minimal' reduces result produced by Sledgehammer. * New Sledgehammer option "Full Types" in Proof General settings menu. Causes full type information to be output to the ATPs. This slows ATPs down considerably but eliminates a source of unsound "proofs" that fail later. * New method "metisFT": A version of metis that uses full type information in order to avoid failures of proof reconstruction. * New evaluator "approximate" approximates an real valued term using the same method as the approximation method. * Method "approximate" now supports arithmetic expressions as boundaries of intervals and implements interval splitting and Taylor series expansion. * ML antiquotation @{code_datatype} inserts definition of a datatype generated by the code generator; e.g. see src/HOL/Predicate.thy. * New theory SupInf of the supremum and infimum operators for sets of reals. * New theory Probability, which contains a development of measure theory, eventually leading to Lebesgue integration and probability. * Extended Multivariate Analysis to include derivation and Brouwer's fixpoint theorem. * Reorganization of number theory, INCOMPATIBILITY: - new number theory development for nat and int, in theories Divides and GCD as well as in new session Number_Theory - some constants and facts now suffixed with _nat and _int accordingly - former session NumberTheory now named Old_Number_Theory, including theories Legacy_GCD and Primes (prefer Number_Theory if possible) - moved theory Pocklington from src/HOL/Library to src/HOL/Old_Number_Theory * Theory GCD includes functions Gcd/GCD and Lcm/LCM for the gcd and lcm of finite and infinite sets. It is shown that they form a complete lattice. * Class semiring_div requires superclass no_zero_divisors and proof of div_mult_mult1; theorems div_mult_mult1, div_mult_mult2, div_mult_mult1_if, div_mult_mult1 and div_mult_mult2 have been generalized to class semiring_div, subsuming former theorems zdiv_zmult_zmult1, zdiv_zmult_zmult1_if, zdiv_zmult_zmult1 and zdiv_zmult_zmult2. div_mult_mult1 is now [simp] by default. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Refinements to lattice classes and sets: - less default intro/elim rules in locale variant, more default intro/elim rules in class variant: more uniformity - lemma ge_sup_conv renamed to le_sup_iff, in accordance with le_inf_iff - dropped lemma alias inf_ACI for inf_aci (same for sup_ACI and sup_aci) - renamed ACI to inf_sup_aci - new class "boolean_algebra" - class "complete_lattice" moved to separate theory "Complete_Lattice"; corresponding constants (and abbreviations) renamed and with authentic syntax: Set.Inf ~> Complete_Lattice.Inf Set.Sup ~> Complete_Lattice.Sup Set.INFI ~> Complete_Lattice.INFI Set.SUPR ~> Complete_Lattice.SUPR Set.Inter ~> Complete_Lattice.Inter Set.Union ~> Complete_Lattice.Union Set.INTER ~> Complete_Lattice.INTER Set.UNION ~> Complete_Lattice.UNION - authentic syntax for Set.Pow Set.image - mere abbreviations: Set.empty (for bot) Set.UNIV (for top) Set.inter (for inf, formerly Set.Int) Set.union (for sup, formerly Set.Un) Complete_Lattice.Inter (for Inf) Complete_Lattice.Union (for Sup) Complete_Lattice.INTER (for INFI) Complete_Lattice.UNION (for SUPR) - object-logic definitions as far as appropriate INCOMPATIBILITY. Care is required when theorems Int_subset_iff or Un_subset_iff are explicitly deleted as default simp rules; then also their lattice counterparts le_inf_iff and le_sup_iff have to be deleted to achieve the desired effect. * Rules inf_absorb1, inf_absorb2, sup_absorb1, sup_absorb2 are no simp rules by default any longer; the same applies to min_max.inf_absorb1 etc. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Rules sup_Int_eq and sup_Un_eq are no longer declared as pred_set_conv by default. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Power operations on relations and functions are now one dedicated constant "compow" with infix syntax "^^". Power operation on multiplicative monoids retains syntax "^" and is now defined generic in class power. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Relation composition "R O S" now has a more standard argument order: "R O S = {(x, z). EX y. (x, y) : R & (y, z) : S}". INCOMPATIBILITY, rewrite propositions with "S O R" --> "R O S". Proofs may occasionally break, since the O_assoc rule was not rewritten like this. Fix using O_assoc[symmetric]. The same applies to the curried version "R OO S". * Function "Inv" is renamed to "inv_into" and function "inv" is now an abbreviation for "inv_into UNIV". Lemmas are renamed accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Most rules produced by inductive and datatype package have mandatory prefixes. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Changed "DERIV_intros" to a dynamic fact, which can be augmented by the attribute of the same name. Each of the theorems in the list DERIV_intros assumes composition with an additional function and matches a variable to the derivative, which has to be solved by the Simplifier. Hence (auto intro!: DERIV_intros) computes the derivative of most elementary terms. Former Maclauren.DERIV_tac and Maclauren.deriv_tac should be replaced by (auto intro!: DERIV_intros). INCOMPATIBILITY. * Code generator attributes follow the usual underscore convention: code_unfold replaces code unfold code_post replaces code post etc. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Renamed methods: sizechange -> size_change induct_scheme -> induction_schema INCOMPATIBILITY. * Discontinued abbreviation "arbitrary" of constant "undefined". INCOMPATIBILITY, use "undefined" directly. * Renamed theorems: Suc_eq_add_numeral_1 -> Suc_eq_plus1 Suc_eq_add_numeral_1_left -> Suc_eq_plus1_left Suc_plus1 -> Suc_eq_plus1 *anti_sym -> *antisym* vector_less_eq_def -> vector_le_def INCOMPATIBILITY. * Added theorem List.map_map as [simp]. Removed List.map_compose. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Removed predicate "M hassize n" (<--> card M = n & finite M). INCOMPATIBILITY. *** HOLCF *** * Theory Representable defines a class "rep" of domains that are representable (via an ep-pair) in the universal domain type "udom". Instances are provided for all type constructors defined in HOLCF. * The 'new_domain' command is a purely definitional version of the domain package, for representable domains. Syntax is identical to the old domain package. The 'new_domain' package also supports indirect recursion using previously-defined type constructors. See src/HOLCF/ex/New_Domain.thy for examples. * Method "fixrec_simp" unfolds one step of a fixrec-defined constant on the left-hand side of an equation, and then performs simplification. Rewriting is done using rules declared with the "fixrec_simp" attribute. The "fixrec_simp" method is intended as a replacement for "fixpat"; see src/HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for examples. * The pattern-match compiler in 'fixrec' can now handle constructors with HOL function types. Pattern-match combinators for the Pair constructor are pre-configured. * The 'fixrec' package now produces better fixed-point induction rules for mutually-recursive definitions: Induction rules have conclusions of the form "P foo bar" instead of "P ". * The constant "sq_le" (with infix syntax "<<" or "\") has been renamed to "below". The name "below" now replaces "less" in many theorem names. (Legacy theorem names using "less" are still supported as well.) * The 'fixrec' package now supports "bottom patterns". Bottom patterns can be used to generate strictness rules, or to make functions more strict (much like the bang-patterns supported by the Glasgow Haskell Compiler). See src/HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for examples. *** ML *** * Support for Poly/ML 5.3.0, with improved reporting of compiler errors and run-time exceptions, including detailed source positions. * Structure Name_Space (formerly NameSpace) now manages uniquely identified entries, with some additional information such as source position, logical grouping etc. * Theory and context data is now introduced by the simplified and modernized functors Theory_Data, Proof_Data, Generic_Data. Data needs to be pure, but the old TheoryDataFun for mutable data (with explicit copy operation) is still available for some time. * Structure Synchronized (cf. src/Pure/Concurrent/synchronized.ML) provides a high-level programming interface to synchronized state variables with atomic update. This works via pure function application within a critical section -- its runtime should be as short as possible; beware of deadlocks if critical code is nested, either directly or indirectly via other synchronized variables! * Structure Unsynchronized (cf. src/Pure/ML-Systems/unsynchronized.ML) wraps raw ML references, explicitly indicating their non-thread-safe behaviour. The Isar toplevel keeps this structure open, to accommodate Proof General as well as quick and dirty interactive experiments with references. * PARALLEL_CHOICE and PARALLEL_GOALS provide basic support for parallel tactical reasoning. * Tacticals Subgoal.FOCUS, Subgoal.FOCUS_PREMS, Subgoal.FOCUS_PARAMS are similar to SUBPROOF, but are slightly more flexible: only the specified parts of the subgoal are imported into the context, and the body tactic may introduce new subgoals and schematic variables. * Old tactical METAHYPS, which does not observe the proof context, has been renamed to Old_Goals.METAHYPS and awaits deletion. Use SUBPROOF or Subgoal.FOCUS etc. * Renamed functor TableFun to Table, and GraphFun to Graph. (Since functors have their own ML name space there is no point to mark them separately.) Minor INCOMPATIBILITY. * Renamed NamedThmsFun to Named_Thms. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Renamed several structures FooBar to Foo_Bar. Occasional, INCOMPATIBILITY. * Operations of structure Skip_Proof no longer require quick_and_dirty mode, which avoids critical setmp. * Eliminated old Attrib.add_attributes, Method.add_methods and related combinators for "args". INCOMPATIBILITY, need to use simplified Attrib/Method.setup introduced in Isabelle2009. * Proper context for simpset_of, claset_of, clasimpset_of. May fall back on global_simpset_of, global_claset_of, global_clasimpset_of as last resort. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Display.pretty_thm now requires a proper context (cf. former ProofContext.pretty_thm). May fall back on Display.pretty_thm_global or even Display.pretty_thm_without_context as last resort. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Discontinued Display.pretty_ctyp/cterm etc. INCOMPATIBILITY, use Syntax.pretty_typ/term directly, preferably with proper context instead of global theory. *** System *** * Further fine tuning of parallel proof checking, scales up to 8 cores (max. speedup factor 5.0). See also Goal.parallel_proofs in ML and usedir option -q. * Support for additional "Isabelle components" via etc/components, see also the system manual. * The isabelle makeall tool now operates on all components with IsaMakefile, not just hardwired "logics". * Removed "compress" option from isabelle-process and isabelle usedir; this is always enabled. * Discontinued support for Poly/ML 4.x versions. * Isabelle tool "wwwfind" provides web interface for 'find_theorems' on a given logic image. This requires the lighttpd webserver and is currently supported on Linux only. New in Isabelle2009 (April 2009) -------------------------------- *** General *** * Simplified main Isabelle executables, with less surprises on case-insensitive file-systems (such as Mac OS). - The main Isabelle tool wrapper is now called "isabelle" instead of "isatool." - The former "isabelle" alias for "isabelle-process" has been removed (should rarely occur to regular users). - The former "isabelle-interface" and its alias "Isabelle" have been removed (interfaces are now regular Isabelle tools). Within scripts and make files, the Isabelle environment variables ISABELLE_TOOL and ISABELLE_PROCESS replace old ISATOOL and ISABELLE, respectively. (The latter are still available as legacy feature.) The old isabelle-interface wrapper could react in confusing ways if the interface was uninstalled or changed otherwise. Individual interface tool configuration is now more explicit, see also the Isabelle system manual. In particular, Proof General is now available via "isabelle emacs". INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt derivative scripts. Users may need to purge installed copies of Isabelle executables and re-run "isabelle install -p ...", or use symlinks. * The default for ISABELLE_HOME_USER is now ~/.isabelle instead of the old ~/isabelle, which was slightly non-standard and apt to cause surprises on case-insensitive file-systems (such as Mac OS). INCOMPATIBILITY, need to move existing ~/isabelle/etc, ~/isabelle/heaps, ~/isabelle/browser_info to the new place. Special care is required when using older releases of Isabelle. Note that ISABELLE_HOME_USER can be changed in Isabelle/etc/settings of any Isabelle distribution, in order to use the new ~/.isabelle uniformly. * Proofs of fully specified statements are run in parallel on multi-core systems. A speedup factor of 2.5 to 3.2 can be expected on a regular 4-core machine, if the initial heap space is made reasonably large (cf. Poly/ML option -H). (Requires Poly/ML 5.2.1 or later.) * The main reference manuals ("isar-ref", "implementation", and "system") have been updated and extended. Formally checked references as hyperlinks are now available uniformly. *** Pure *** * Complete re-implementation of locales. INCOMPATIBILITY in several respects. The most important changes are listed below. See the Tutorial on Locales ("locales" manual) for details. - In locale expressions, instantiation replaces renaming. Parameters must be declared in a for clause. To aid compatibility with previous parameter inheritance, in locale declarations, parameters that are not 'touched' (instantiation position "_" or omitted) are implicitly added with their syntax at the beginning of the for clause. - Syntax from abbreviations and definitions in locales is available in locale expressions and context elements. The latter is particularly useful in locale declarations. - More flexible mechanisms to qualify names generated by locale expressions. Qualifiers (prefixes) may be specified in locale expressions, and can be marked as mandatory (syntax: "name!:") or optional (syntax "name?:"). The default depends for plain "name:" depends on the situation where a locale expression is used: in commands 'locale' and 'sublocale' prefixes are optional, in 'interpretation' and 'interpret' prefixes are mandatory. The old implicit qualifiers derived from the parameter names of a locale are no longer generated. - Command "sublocale l < e" replaces "interpretation l < e". The instantiation clause in "interpretation" and "interpret" (square brackets) is no longer available. Use locale expressions. - When converting proof scripts, mandatory qualifiers in 'interpretation' and 'interpret' should be retained by default, even if this is an INCOMPATIBILITY compared to former behavior. In the worst case, use the "name?:" form for non-mandatory ones. Qualifiers in locale expressions range over a single locale instance only. - Dropped locale element "includes". This is a major INCOMPATIBILITY. In existing theorem specifications replace the includes element by the respective context elements of the included locale, omitting those that are already present in the theorem specification. Multiple assume elements of a locale should be replaced by a single one involving the locale predicate. In the proof body, declarations (most notably theorems) may be regained by interpreting the respective locales in the proof context as required (command "interpret"). If using "includes" in replacement of a target solely because the parameter types in the theorem are not as general as in the target, consider declaring a new locale with additional type constraints on the parameters (context element "constrains"). - Discontinued "locale (open)". INCOMPATIBILITY. - Locale interpretation commands no longer attempt to simplify goal. INCOMPATIBILITY: in rare situations the generated goal differs. Use methods intro_locales and unfold_locales to clarify. - Locale interpretation commands no longer accept interpretation attributes. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Class declaration: so-called "base sort" must not be given in import list any longer, but is inferred from the specification. Particularly in HOL, write class foo = ... instead of class foo = type + ... * Class target: global versions of theorems stemming do not carry a parameter prefix any longer. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Class 'instance' command no longer accepts attached definitions. INCOMPATIBILITY, use proper 'instantiation' target instead. * Recovered hiding of consts, which was accidentally broken in Isabelle2007. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY, ``hide const c'' really makes c inaccessible; consider using ``hide (open) const c'' instead. * Slightly more coherent Pure syntax, with updated documentation in isar-ref manual. Removed locales meta_term_syntax and meta_conjunction_syntax: TERM and &&& (formerly &&) are now permanent, INCOMPATIBILITY in rare situations. Note that &&& should not be used directly in regular applications. * There is a new syntactic category "float_const" for signed decimal fractions (e.g. 123.45 or -123.45). * Removed exotic 'token_translation' command. INCOMPATIBILITY, use ML interface with 'setup' command instead. * Command 'local_setup' is similar to 'setup', but operates on a local theory context. * The 'axiomatization' command now only works within a global theory context. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Goal-directed proof now enforces strict proof irrelevance wrt. sort hypotheses. Sorts required in the course of reasoning need to be covered by the constraints in the initial statement, completed by the type instance information of the background theory. Non-trivial sort hypotheses, which rarely occur in practice, may be specified via vacuous propositions of the form SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::c). For example: lemma assumes "SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::empty)" shows False ... The result contains an implicit sort hypotheses as before -- SORT_CONSTRAINT premises are eliminated as part of the canonical rule normalization. * Generalized Isar history, with support for linear undo, direct state addressing etc. * Changed defaults for unify configuration options: unify_trace_bound = 50 (formerly 25) unify_search_bound = 60 (formerly 30) * Different bookkeeping for code equations (INCOMPATIBILITY): a) On theory merge, the last set of code equations for a particular constant is taken (in accordance with the policy applied by other parts of the code generator framework). b) Code equations stemming from explicit declarations (e.g. code attribute) gain priority over default code equations stemming from definition, primrec, fun etc. * Keyword 'code_exception' now named 'code_abort'. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Unified theorem tables for both code generators. Thus [code func] has disappeared and only [code] remains. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Command 'find_consts' searches for constants based on type and name patterns, e.g. find_consts "_ => bool" By default, matching is against subtypes, but it may be restricted to the whole type. Searching by name is possible. Multiple queries are conjunctive and queries may be negated by prefixing them with a hyphen: find_consts strict: "_ => bool" name: "Int" -"int => int" * New 'find_theorems' criterion "solves" matches theorems that directly solve the current goal (modulo higher-order unification). * Auto solve feature for main theorem statements: whenever a new goal is stated, "find_theorems solves" is called; any theorems that could solve the lemma directly are listed as part of the goal state. Cf. associated options in Proof General Isabelle settings menu, enabled by default, with reasonable timeout for pathological cases of higher-order unification. *** Document preparation *** * Antiquotation @{lemma} now imitates a regular terminal proof, demanding keyword 'by' and supporting the full method expression syntax just like the Isar command 'by'. *** HOL *** * Integrated main parts of former image HOL-Complex with HOL. Entry points Main and Complex_Main remain as before. * Logic image HOL-Plain provides a minimal HOL with the most important tools available (inductive, datatype, primrec, ...). This facilitates experimentation and tool development. Note that user applications (and library theories) should never refer to anything below theory Main, as before. * Logic image HOL-Main stops at theory Main, and thus facilitates experimentation due to shorter build times. * Logic image HOL-NSA contains theories of nonstandard analysis which were previously part of former HOL-Complex. Entry point Hyperreal remains valid, but theories formerly using Complex_Main should now use new entry point Hypercomplex. * Generic ATP manager for Sledgehammer, based on ML threads instead of Posix processes. Avoids potentially expensive forking of the ML process. New thread-based implementation also works on non-Unix platforms (Cygwin). Provers are no longer hardwired, but defined within the theory via plain ML wrapper functions. Basic Sledgehammer commands are covered in the isar-ref manual. * Wrapper scripts for remote SystemOnTPTP service allows to use sledgehammer without local ATP installation (Vampire etc.). Other provers may be included via suitable ML wrappers, see also src/HOL/ATP_Linkup.thy. * ATP selection (E/Vampire/Spass) is now via Proof General's settings menu. * The metis method no longer fails because the theorem is too trivial (contains the empty clause). * The metis method now fails in the usual manner, rather than raising an exception, if it determines that it cannot prove the theorem. * Method "coherent" implements a prover for coherent logic (see also src/Tools/coherent.ML). * Constants "undefined" and "default" replace "arbitrary". Usually "undefined" is the right choice to replace "arbitrary", though logically there is no difference. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Command "value" now integrates different evaluation mechanisms. The result of the first successful evaluation mechanism is printed. In square brackets a particular named evaluation mechanisms may be specified (currently, [SML], [code] or [nbe]). See further src/HOL/ex/Eval_Examples.thy. * Normalization by evaluation now allows non-leftlinear equations. Declare with attribute [code nbe]. * Methods "case_tac" and "induct_tac" now refer to the very same rules as the structured Isar versions "cases" and "induct", cf. the corresponding "cases" and "induct" attributes. Mutual induction rules are now presented as a list of individual projections (e.g. foo_bar.inducts for types foo and bar); the old format with explicit HOL conjunction is no longer supported. INCOMPATIBILITY, in rare situations a different rule is selected --- notably nested tuple elimination instead of former prod.exhaust: use explicit (case_tac t rule: prod.exhaust) here. * Attributes "cases", "induct", "coinduct" support "del" option. * Removed fact "case_split_thm", which duplicates "case_split". * The option datatype has been moved to a new theory Option. Renamed option_map to Option.map, and o2s to Option.set, INCOMPATIBILITY. * New predicate "strict_mono" classifies strict functions on partial orders. With strict functions on linear orders, reasoning about (in)equalities is facilitated by theorems "strict_mono_eq", "strict_mono_less_eq" and "strict_mono_less". * Some set operations are now proper qualified constants with authentic syntax. INCOMPATIBILITY: op Int ~> Set.Int op Un ~> Set.Un INTER ~> Set.INTER UNION ~> Set.UNION Inter ~> Set.Inter Union ~> Set.Union {} ~> Set.empty UNIV ~> Set.UNIV * Class complete_lattice with operations Inf, Sup, INFI, SUPR now in theory Set. * Auxiliary class "itself" has disappeared -- classes without any parameter are treated as expected by the 'class' command. * Leibnitz's Series for Pi and the arcus tangens and logarithm series. * Common decision procedures (Cooper, MIR, Ferrack, Approximation, Dense_Linear_Order) are now in directory HOL/Decision_Procs. * Theory src/HOL/Decision_Procs/Approximation provides the new proof method "approximation". It proves formulas on real values by using interval arithmetic. In the formulas are also the transcendental functions sin, cos, tan, atan, ln, exp and the constant pi are allowed. For examples see src/HOL/Descision_Procs/ex/Approximation_Ex.thy. * Theory "Reflection" now resides in HOL/Library. * Entry point to Word library now simply named "Word". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Made source layout more coherent with logical distribution structure: src/HOL/Library/RType.thy ~> src/HOL/Typerep.thy src/HOL/Library/Code_Message.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Library/GCD.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Library/Order_Relation.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Library/Parity.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Library/Univ_Poly.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Real/ContNotDenum.thy ~> src/HOL/Library/ src/HOL/Real/Lubs.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Real/PReal.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Real/Rational.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Real/RComplete.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Real/RealDef.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Real/RealPow.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Real/Real.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Complex/Complex_Main.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Complex/Complex.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Complex/FrechetDeriv.thy ~> src/HOL/Library/ src/HOL/Complex/Fundamental_Theorem_Algebra.thy ~> src/HOL/Library/ src/HOL/Hyperreal/Deriv.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Hyperreal/Fact.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Hyperreal/Integration.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Hyperreal/Lim.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Hyperreal/Ln.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Hyperreal/Log.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Hyperreal/MacLaurin.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Hyperreal/NthRoot.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Hyperreal/Series.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Hyperreal/SEQ.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Hyperreal/Taylor.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Hyperreal/Transcendental.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/Real/Float ~> src/HOL/Library/ src/HOL/Real/HahnBanach ~> src/HOL/HahnBanach src/HOL/Real/RealVector.thy ~> src/HOL/ src/HOL/arith_data.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools src/HOL/hologic.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools src/HOL/simpdata.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools src/HOL/int_arith1.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools/int_arith.ML src/HOL/int_factor_simprocs.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools src/HOL/nat_simprocs.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools src/HOL/Real/float_arith.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools src/HOL/Real/float_syntax.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools src/HOL/Real/rat_arith.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools src/HOL/Real/real_arith.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools src/HOL/Library/Array.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL src/HOL/Library/Heap_Monad.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL src/HOL/Library/Heap.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL src/HOL/Library/Imperative_HOL.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL src/HOL/Library/Ref.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL src/HOL/Library/Relational.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL * If methods "eval" and "evaluation" encounter a structured proof state with !!/==>, only the conclusion is evaluated to True (if possible), avoiding strange error messages. * Method "sizechange" automates termination proofs using (a modification of) the size-change principle. Requires SAT solver. See src/HOL/ex/Termination.thy for examples. * Simplifier: simproc for let expressions now unfolds if bound variable occurs at most once in let expression body. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Method "arith": Linear arithmetic now ignores all inequalities when fast_arith_neq_limit is exceeded, instead of giving up entirely. * New attribute "arith" for facts that should always be used automatically by arithmetic. It is intended to be used locally in proofs, e.g. assumes [arith]: "x > 0" Global usage is discouraged because of possible performance impact. * New classes "top" and "bot" with corresponding operations "top" and "bot" in theory Orderings; instantiation of class "complete_lattice" requires instantiation of classes "top" and "bot". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Changed definition lemma "less_fun_def" in order to provide an instance for preorders on functions; use lemma "less_le" instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Orderings: class "wellorder" moved here, with explicit induction rule "less_induct" as assumption. For instantiation of "wellorder" by means of predicate "wf", use rule wf_wellorderI. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Orderings: added class "preorder" as superclass of "order". INCOMPATIBILITY: Instantiation proofs for order, linorder etc. slightly changed. Some theorems named order_class.* now named preorder_class.*. * Theory Relation: renamed "refl" to "refl_on", "reflexive" to "refl, "diag" to "Id_on". * Theory Finite_Set: added a new fold combinator of type ('a => 'b => 'b) => 'b => 'a set => 'b Occasionally this is more convenient than the old fold combinator which is now defined in terms of the new one and renamed to fold_image. * Theories Ring_and_Field and OrderedGroup: The lemmas "group_simps" and "ring_simps" have been replaced by "algebra_simps" (which can be extended with further lemmas!). At the moment both still exist but the former will disappear at some point. * Theory Power: Lemma power_Suc is now declared as a simp rule in class recpower. Type-specific simp rules for various recpower types have been removed. INCOMPATIBILITY, rename old lemmas as follows: rat_power_0 -> power_0 rat_power_Suc -> power_Suc realpow_0 -> power_0 realpow_Suc -> power_Suc complexpow_0 -> power_0 complexpow_Suc -> power_Suc power_poly_0 -> power_0 power_poly_Suc -> power_Suc * Theories Ring_and_Field and Divides: Definition of "op dvd" has been moved to separate class dvd in Ring_and_Field; a couple of lemmas on dvd has been generalized to class comm_semiring_1. Likewise a bunch of lemmas from Divides has been generalized from nat to class semiring_div. INCOMPATIBILITY. This involves the following theorem renames resulting from duplicate elimination: dvd_def_mod ~> dvd_eq_mod_eq_0 zero_dvd_iff ~> dvd_0_left_iff dvd_0 ~> dvd_0_right DIVISION_BY_ZERO_DIV ~> div_by_0 DIVISION_BY_ZERO_MOD ~> mod_by_0 mult_div ~> div_mult_self2_is_id mult_mod ~> mod_mult_self2_is_0 * Theory IntDiv: removed many lemmas that are instances of class-based generalizations (from Divides and Ring_and_Field). INCOMPATIBILITY, rename old lemmas as follows: dvd_diff -> nat_dvd_diff dvd_zminus_iff -> dvd_minus_iff mod_add1_eq -> mod_add_eq mod_mult1_eq -> mod_mult_right_eq mod_mult1_eq' -> mod_mult_left_eq mod_mult_distrib_mod -> mod_mult_eq nat_mod_add_left_eq -> mod_add_left_eq nat_mod_add_right_eq -> mod_add_right_eq nat_mod_div_trivial -> mod_div_trivial nat_mod_mod_trivial -> mod_mod_trivial zdiv_zadd_self1 -> div_add_self1 zdiv_zadd_self2 -> div_add_self2 zdiv_zmult_self1 -> div_mult_self2_is_id zdiv_zmult_self2 -> div_mult_self1_is_id zdvd_triv_left -> dvd_triv_left zdvd_triv_right -> dvd_triv_right zdvd_zmult_cancel_disj -> dvd_mult_cancel_left zmod_eq0_zdvd_iff -> dvd_eq_mod_eq_0[symmetric] zmod_zadd_left_eq -> mod_add_left_eq zmod_zadd_right_eq -> mod_add_right_eq zmod_zadd_self1 -> mod_add_self1 zmod_zadd_self2 -> mod_add_self2 zmod_zadd1_eq -> mod_add_eq zmod_zdiff1_eq -> mod_diff_eq zmod_zdvd_zmod -> mod_mod_cancel zmod_zmod_cancel -> mod_mod_cancel zmod_zmult_self1 -> mod_mult_self2_is_0 zmod_zmult_self2 -> mod_mult_self1_is_0 zmod_1 -> mod_by_1 zdiv_1 -> div_by_1 zdvd_abs1 -> abs_dvd_iff zdvd_abs2 -> dvd_abs_iff zdvd_refl -> dvd_refl zdvd_trans -> dvd_trans zdvd_zadd -> dvd_add zdvd_zdiff -> dvd_diff zdvd_zminus_iff -> dvd_minus_iff zdvd_zminus2_iff -> minus_dvd_iff zdvd_zmultD -> dvd_mult_right zdvd_zmultD2 -> dvd_mult_left zdvd_zmult_mono -> mult_dvd_mono zdvd_0_right -> dvd_0_right zdvd_0_left -> dvd_0_left_iff zdvd_1_left -> one_dvd zminus_dvd_iff -> minus_dvd_iff * Theory Rational: 'Fract k 0' now equals '0'. INCOMPATIBILITY. * The real numbers offer decimal input syntax: 12.34 is translated into 1234/10^2. This translation is not reversed upon output. * Theory Library/Polynomial defines an abstract type 'a poly of univariate polynomials with coefficients of type 'a. In addition to the standard ring operations, it also supports div and mod. Code generation is also supported, using list-style constructors. * Theory Library/Inner_Product defines a class of real_inner for real inner product spaces, with an overloaded operation inner :: 'a => 'a => real. Class real_inner is a subclass of real_normed_vector from theory RealVector. * Theory Library/Product_Vector provides instances for the product type 'a * 'b of several classes from RealVector and Inner_Product. Definitions of addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, norms, and inner products are included. * Theory Library/Bit defines the field "bit" of integers modulo 2. In addition to the field operations, numerals and case syntax are also supported. * Theory Library/Diagonalize provides constructive version of Cantor's first diagonalization argument. * Theory Library/GCD: Curried operations gcd, lcm (for nat) and zgcd, zlcm (for int); carried together from various gcd/lcm developements in the HOL Distribution. Constants zgcd and zlcm replace former igcd and ilcm; corresponding theorems renamed accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY, may recover tupled syntax as follows: hide (open) const gcd abbreviation gcd where "gcd == (%(a, b). GCD.gcd a b)" notation (output) GCD.gcd ("gcd '(_, _')") The same works for lcm, zgcd, zlcm. * Theory Library/Nat_Infinity: added addition, numeral syntax and more instantiations for algebraic structures. Removed some duplicate theorems. Changes in simp rules. INCOMPATIBILITY. * ML antiquotation @{code} takes a constant as argument and generates corresponding code in background and inserts name of the corresponding resulting ML value/function/datatype constructor binding in place. All occurrences of @{code} with a single ML block are generated simultaneously. Provides a generic and safe interface for instrumentalizing code generation. See src/HOL/Decision_Procs/Ferrack.thy for a more ambitious application. In future you ought to refrain from ad-hoc compiling generated SML code on the ML toplevel. Note that (for technical reasons) @{code} cannot refer to constants for which user-defined serializations are set. Refer to the corresponding ML counterpart directly in that cases. * Command 'rep_datatype': instead of theorem names the command now takes a list of terms denoting the constructors of the type to be represented as datatype. The characteristic theorems have to be proven. INCOMPATIBILITY. Also observe that the following theorems have disappeared in favour of existing ones: unit_induct ~> unit.induct prod_induct ~> prod.induct sum_induct ~> sum.induct Suc_Suc_eq ~> nat.inject Suc_not_Zero Zero_not_Suc ~> nat.distinct *** HOL-Algebra *** * New locales for orders and lattices where the equivalence relation is not restricted to equality. INCOMPATIBILITY: all order and lattice locales use a record structure with field eq for the equivalence. * New theory of factorial domains. * Units_l_inv and Units_r_inv are now simp rules by default. INCOMPATIBILITY. Simplifier proof that require deletion of l_inv and/or r_inv will now also require deletion of these lemmas. * Renamed the following theorems, INCOMPATIBILITY: UpperD ~> Upper_memD LowerD ~> Lower_memD least_carrier ~> least_closed greatest_carrier ~> greatest_closed greatest_Lower_above ~> greatest_Lower_below one_zero ~> carrier_one_zero one_not_zero ~> carrier_one_not_zero (collision with assumption) *** HOL-Nominal *** * Nominal datatypes can now contain type-variables. * Commands 'nominal_inductive' and 'equivariance' work with local theory targets. * Nominal primrec can now works with local theory targets and its specification syntax now conforms to the general format as seen in 'inductive' etc. * Method "perm_simp" honours the standard simplifier attributes (no_asm), (no_asm_use) etc. * The new predicate #* is defined like freshness, except that on the left hand side can be a set or list of atoms. * Experimental command 'nominal_inductive2' derives strong induction principles for inductive definitions. In contrast to 'nominal_inductive', which can only deal with a fixed number of binders, it can deal with arbitrary expressions standing for sets of atoms to be avoided. The only inductive definition we have at the moment that needs this generalisation is the typing rule for Lets in the algorithm W: Gamma |- t1 : T1 (x,close Gamma T1)::Gamma |- t2 : T2 x#Gamma ----------------------------------------------------------------- Gamma |- Let x be t1 in t2 : T2 In this rule one wants to avoid all the binders that are introduced by "close Gamma T1". We are looking for other examples where this feature might be useful. Please let us know. *** HOLCF *** * Reimplemented the simplification procedure for proving continuity subgoals. The new simproc is extensible; users can declare additional continuity introduction rules with the attribute [cont2cont]. * The continuity simproc now uses a different introduction rule for solving continuity subgoals on terms with lambda abstractions. In some rare cases the new simproc may fail to solve subgoals that the old one could solve, and "simp add: cont2cont_LAM" may be necessary. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY. * Command 'fixrec': specification syntax now conforms to the general format as seen in 'inductive' etc. See src/HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for examples. INCOMPATIBILITY. *** ZF *** * Proof of Zorn's Lemma for partial orders. *** ML *** * Multithreading for Poly/ML 5.1/5.2 is no longer supported, only for Poly/ML 5.2.1 or later. Important note: the TimeLimit facility depends on multithreading, so timouts will not work before Poly/ML 5.2.1! * High-level support for concurrent ML programming, see src/Pure/Cuncurrent. The data-oriented model of "future values" is particularly convenient to organize independent functional computations. The concept of "synchronized variables" provides a higher-order interface for components with shared state, avoiding the delicate details of mutexes and condition variables. (Requires Poly/ML 5.2.1 or later.) * ML bindings produced via Isar commands are stored within the Isar context (theory or proof). Consequently, commands like 'use' and 'ML' become thread-safe and work with undo as expected (concerning top-level bindings, not side-effects on global references). INCOMPATIBILITY, need to provide proper Isar context when invoking the compiler at runtime; really global bindings need to be given outside a theory. (Requires Poly/ML 5.2 or later.) * Command 'ML_prf' is analogous to 'ML' but works within a proof context. Top-level ML bindings are stored within the proof context in a purely sequential fashion, disregarding the nested proof structure. ML bindings introduced by 'ML_prf' are discarded at the end of the proof. (Requires Poly/ML 5.2 or later.) * Simplified ML attribute and method setup, cf. functions Attrib.setup and Method.setup, as well as Isar commands 'attribute_setup' and 'method_setup'. INCOMPATIBILITY for 'method_setup', need to simplify existing code accordingly, or use plain 'setup' together with old Method.add_method. * Simplified ML oracle interface Thm.add_oracle promotes 'a -> cterm to 'a -> thm, while results are always tagged with an authentic oracle name. The Isar command 'oracle' is now polymorphic, no argument type is specified. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to simplify existing oracle code accordingly. Note that extra performance may be gained by producing the cterm carefully, avoiding slow Thm.cterm_of. * Simplified interface for defining document antiquotations via ThyOutput.antiquotation, ThyOutput.output, and optionally ThyOutput.maybe_pretty_source. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to simplify user antiquotations accordingly, see src/Pure/Thy/thy_output.ML for common examples. * More systematic treatment of long names, abstract name bindings, and name space operations. Basic operations on qualified names have been move from structure NameSpace to Long_Name, e.g. Long_Name.base_name, Long_Name.append. Old type bstring has been mostly replaced by abstract type binding (see structure Binding), which supports precise qualification by packages and local theory targets, as well as proper tracking of source positions. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to wrap old bstring values into Binding.name, or better pass through abstract bindings everywhere. See further src/Pure/General/long_name.ML, src/Pure/General/binding.ML and src/Pure/General/name_space.ML * Result facts (from PureThy.note_thms, ProofContext.note_thms, LocalTheory.note etc.) now refer to the *full* internal name, not the bstring as before. INCOMPATIBILITY, not detected by ML type-checking! * Disposed old type and term read functions (Sign.read_def_typ, Sign.read_typ, Sign.read_def_terms, Sign.read_term, Thm.read_def_cterms, Thm.read_cterm etc.). INCOMPATIBILITY, should use regular Syntax.read_typ, Syntax.read_term, Syntax.read_typ_global, Syntax.read_term_global etc.; see also OldGoals.read_term as last resort for legacy applications. * Disposed old declarations, tactics, tactic combinators that refer to the simpset or claset of an implicit theory (such as Addsimps, Simp_tac, SIMPSET). INCOMPATIBILITY, should use @{simpset} etc. in embedded ML text, or local_simpset_of with a proper context passed as explicit runtime argument. * Rules and tactics that read instantiations (read_instantiate, res_inst_tac, thin_tac, subgoal_tac etc.) now demand a proper proof context, which is required for parsing and type-checking. Moreover, the variables are specified as plain indexnames, not string encodings thereof. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Generic Toplevel.add_hook interface allows to analyze the result of transactions. E.g. see src/Pure/ProofGeneral/proof_general_pgip.ML for theorem dependency output of transactions resulting in a new theory state. * ML antiquotations: block-structured compilation context indicated by \ ... \; additional antiquotation forms: @{binding name} - basic name binding @{let ?pat = term} - term abbreviation (HO matching) @{note name = fact} - fact abbreviation @{thm fact} - singleton fact (with attributes) @{thms fact} - general fact (with attributes) @{lemma prop by method} - singleton goal @{lemma prop by meth1 meth2} - singleton goal @{lemma prop1 ... propN by method} - general goal @{lemma prop1 ... propN by meth1 meth2} - general goal @{lemma (open) ...} - open derivation *** System *** * The Isabelle "emacs" tool provides a specific interface to invoke Proof General / Emacs, with more explicit failure if that is not installed (the old isabelle-interface script silently falls back on isabelle-process). The PROOFGENERAL_HOME setting determines the installation location of the Proof General distribution. * Isabelle/lib/classes/Pure.jar provides basic support to integrate the Isabelle process into a JVM/Scala application. See Isabelle/lib/jedit/plugin for a minimal example. (The obsolete Java process wrapper has been discontinued.) * Added homegrown Isabelle font with unicode layout, see lib/fonts. * Various status messages (with exact source position information) are emitted, if proper markup print mode is enabled. This allows user-interface components to provide detailed feedback on internal prover operations. New in Isabelle2008 (June 2008) ------------------------------- *** General *** * The Isabelle/Isar Reference Manual (isar-ref) has been reorganized and updated, with formally checked references as hyperlinks. * Theory loader: use_thy (and similar operations) no longer set the implicit ML context, which was occasionally hard to predict and in conflict with concurrency. INCOMPATIBILITY, use ML within Isar which provides a proper context already. * Theory loader: old-style ML proof scripts being *attached* to a thy file are no longer supported. INCOMPATIBILITY, regular 'uses' and 'use' within a theory file will do the job. * Name space merge now observes canonical order, i.e. the second space is inserted into the first one, while existing entries in the first space take precedence. INCOMPATIBILITY in rare situations, may try to swap theory imports. * Syntax: symbol \ is now considered a letter. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY in identifier syntax etc. * Outer syntax: string tokens no longer admit escaped white space, which was an accidental (undocumented) feature. INCOMPATIBILITY, use white space without escapes. * Outer syntax: string tokens may contain arbitrary character codes specified via 3 decimal digits (as in SML). E.g. "foo\095bar" for "foo_bar". *** Pure *** * Context-dependent token translations. Default setup reverts locally fixed variables, and adds hilite markup for undeclared frees. * Unused theorems can be found using the new command 'unused_thms'. There are three ways of invoking it: (1) unused_thms Only finds unused theorems in the current theory. (2) unused_thms thy_1 ... thy_n - Finds unused theorems in the current theory and all of its ancestors, excluding the theories thy_1 ... thy_n and all of their ancestors. (3) unused_thms thy_1 ... thy_n - thy'_1 ... thy'_m Finds unused theorems in the theories thy'_1 ... thy'_m and all of their ancestors, excluding the theories thy_1 ... thy_n and all of their ancestors. In order to increase the readability of the list produced by unused_thms, theorems that have been created by a particular instance of a theory command such as 'inductive' or 'function' are considered to belong to the same "group", meaning that if at least one theorem in this group is used, the other theorems in the same group are no longer reported as unused. Moreover, if all theorems in the group are unused, only one theorem in the group is displayed. Note that proof objects have to be switched on in order for unused_thms to work properly (i.e. !proofs must be >= 1, which is usually the case when using Proof General with the default settings). * Authentic naming of facts disallows ad-hoc overwriting of previous theorems within the same name space. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to remove duplicate fact bindings, or even accidental fact duplications. Note that tools may maintain dynamically scoped facts systematically, using PureThy.add_thms_dynamic. * Command 'hide' now allows to hide from "fact" name space as well. * Eliminated destructive theorem database, simpset, claset, and clasimpset. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY, really need to observe linear update of theories within ML code. * Eliminated theory ProtoPure and CPure, leaving just one Pure theory. INCOMPATIBILITY, object-logics depending on former Pure require additional setup PureThy.old_appl_syntax_setup; object-logics depending on former CPure need to refer to Pure. * Commands 'use' and 'ML' are now purely functional, operating on theory/local_theory. Removed former 'ML_setup' (on theory), use 'ML' instead. Added 'ML_val' as mere diagnostic replacement for 'ML'. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Command 'setup': discontinued implicit version with ML reference. * Instantiation target allows for simultaneous specification of class instance operations together with an instantiation proof. Type-checking phase allows to refer to class operations uniformly. See src/HOL/Complex/Complex.thy for an Isar example and src/HOL/Library/Eval.thy for an ML example. * Indexing of literal facts: be more serious about including only facts from the visible specification/proof context, but not the background context (locale etc.). Affects `prop` notation and method "fact". INCOMPATIBILITY: need to name facts explicitly in rare situations. * Method "cases", "induct", "coinduct": removed obsolete/undocumented "(open)" option, which used to expose internal bound variables to the proof text. * Isar statements: removed obsolete case "rule_context". INCOMPATIBILITY, better use explicit fixes/assumes. * Locale proofs: default proof step now includes 'unfold_locales'; hence 'proof' without argument may be used to unfold locale predicates. *** Document preparation *** * Simplified pdfsetup.sty: color/hyperref is used unconditionally for both pdf and dvi (hyperlinks usually work in xdvi as well); removed obsolete thumbpdf setup (contemporary PDF viewers do this on the spot); renamed link color from "darkblue" to "linkcolor" (default value unchanged, can be redefined via \definecolor); no longer sets "a4paper" option (unnecessary or even intrusive). * Antiquotation @{lemma A method} proves proposition A by the given method (either a method name or a method name plus (optional) method arguments in parentheses) and prints A just like @{prop A}. *** HOL *** * New primrec package. Specification syntax conforms in style to definition/function/.... No separate induction rule is provided. The "primrec" command distinguishes old-style and new-style specifications by syntax. The former primrec package is now named OldPrimrecPackage. When adjusting theories, beware: constants stemming from new-style primrec specifications have authentic syntax. * Metis prover is now an order of magnitude faster, and also works with multithreading. * Metis: the maximum number of clauses that can be produced from a theorem is now given by the attribute max_clauses. Theorems that exceed this number are ignored, with a warning printed. * Sledgehammer no longer produces structured proofs by default. To enable, declare [[sledgehammer_full = true]]. Attributes reconstruction_modulus, reconstruction_sorts renamed sledgehammer_modulus, sledgehammer_sorts. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Method "induct_scheme" derives user-specified induction rules from well-founded induction and completeness of patterns. This factors out some operations that are done internally by the function package and makes them available separately. See src/HOL/ex/Induction_Scheme.thy for examples. * More flexible generation of measure functions for termination proofs: Measure functions can be declared by proving a rule of the form "is_measure f" and giving it the [measure_function] attribute. The "is_measure" predicate is logically meaningless (always true), and just guides the heuristic. To find suitable measure functions, the termination prover sets up the goal "is_measure ?f" of the appropriate type and generates all solutions by prolog-style backwards proof using the declared rules. This setup also deals with rules like "is_measure f ==> is_measure (list_size f)" which accommodates nested datatypes that recurse through lists. Similar rules are predeclared for products and option types. * Turned the type of sets "'a set" into an abbreviation for "'a => bool" INCOMPATIBILITIES: - Definitions of overloaded constants on sets have to be replaced by definitions on => and bool. - Some definitions of overloaded operators on sets can now be proved using the definitions of the operators on => and bool. Therefore, the following theorems have been renamed: subset_def -> subset_eq psubset_def -> psubset_eq set_diff_def -> set_diff_eq Compl_def -> Compl_eq Sup_set_def -> Sup_set_eq Inf_set_def -> Inf_set_eq sup_set_def -> sup_set_eq inf_set_def -> inf_set_eq - Due to the incompleteness of the HO unification algorithm, some rules such as subst may require manual instantiation, if some of the unknowns in the rule is a set. - Higher order unification and forward proofs: The proof pattern have "P (S::'a set)" <...> then have "EX S. P S" .. no longer works (due to the incompleteness of the HO unification algorithm) and must be replaced by the pattern have "EX S. P S" proof show "P S" <...> qed - Calculational reasoning with subst (or similar rules): The proof pattern have "P (S::'a set)" <...> also have "S = T" <...> finally have "P T" . no longer works (for similar reasons as the previous example) and must be replaced by something like have "P (S::'a set)" <...> moreover have "S = T" <...> ultimately have "P T" by simp - Tactics or packages written in ML code: Code performing pattern matching on types via Type ("set", [T]) => ... must be rewritten. Moreover, functions like strip_type or binder_types no longer return the right value when applied to a type of the form T1 => ... => Tn => U => bool rather than T1 => ... => Tn => U set * Merged theories Wellfounded_Recursion, Accessible_Part and Wellfounded_Relations to theory Wellfounded. * Explicit class "eq" for executable equality. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Class finite no longer treats UNIV as class parameter. Use class enum from theory Library/Enum instead to achieve a similar effect. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory List: rule list_induct2 now has explicitly named cases "Nil" and "Cons". INCOMPATIBILITY. * HOL (and FOL): renamed variables in rules imp_elim and swap. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Product_Type: duplicated lemmas split_Pair_apply and injective_fst_snd removed, use split_eta and prod_eqI instead. Renamed upd_fst to apfst and upd_snd to apsnd. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Nat: removed redundant lemmas that merely duplicate lemmas of the same name in theory Orderings: less_trans less_linear le_imp_less_or_eq le_less_trans less_le_trans less_not_sym less_asym Renamed less_imp_le to less_imp_le_nat, and less_irrefl to less_irrefl_nat. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY due to more general types and different variable names. * Library/Option_ord.thy: Canonical order on option type. * Library/RBT.thy: Red-black trees, an efficient implementation of finite maps. * Library/Countable.thy: Type class for countable types. * Theory Int: The representation of numerals has changed. The infix operator BIT and the bit datatype with constructors B0 and B1 have disappeared. INCOMPATIBILITY, use "Int.Bit0 x" and "Int.Bit1 y" in place of "x BIT bit.B0" and "y BIT bit.B1", respectively. Theorems involving BIT, B0, or B1 have been renamed with "Bit0" or "Bit1" accordingly. * Theory Nat: definition of <= and < on natural numbers no longer depend on well-founded relations. INCOMPATIBILITY. Definitions le_def and less_def have disappeared. Consider lemmas not_less [symmetric, where ?'a = nat] and less_eq [symmetric] instead. * Theory Finite_Set: locales ACf, ACe, ACIf, ACIfSL and ACIfSLlin (whose purpose mainly is for various fold_set functionals) have been abandoned in favor of the existing algebraic classes ab_semigroup_mult, comm_monoid_mult, ab_semigroup_idem_mult, lower_semilattice (resp. upper_semilattice) and linorder. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Transitive_Closure: induct and cases rules now declare proper case_names ("base" and "step"). INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theorem Inductive.lfp_ordinal_induct generalized to complete lattices. The form set-specific version is available as Inductive.lfp_ordinal_induct_set. * Renamed theorems "power.simps" to "power_int.simps". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Class semiring_div provides basic abstract properties of semirings with division and modulo operations. Subsumes former class dvd_mod. * Merged theories IntDef, Numeral and IntArith into unified theory Int. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory Library/Code_Index: type "index" now represents natural numbers rather than integers. INCOMPATIBILITY. * New class "uminus" with operation "uminus" (split of from class "minus" which now only has operation "minus", binary). INCOMPATIBILITY. * Constants "card", "internal_split", "option_map" now with authentic syntax. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Definitions subset_def, psubset_def, set_diff_def, Compl_def, le_bool_def, less_bool_def, le_fun_def, less_fun_def, inf_bool_def, sup_bool_def, Inf_bool_def, Sup_bool_def, inf_fun_def, sup_fun_def, Inf_fun_def, Sup_fun_def, inf_set_def, sup_set_def, Inf_set_def, Sup_set_def, le_def, less_def, option_map_def now with object equality. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Records. Removed K_record, and replaced it by pure lambda term %x. c. The simplifier setup is now more robust against eta expansion. INCOMPATIBILITY: in cases explicitly referring to K_record. * Library/Multiset: {#a, b, c#} abbreviates {#a#} + {#b#} + {#c#}. * Library/ListVector: new theory of arithmetic vector operations. * Library/Order_Relation: new theory of various orderings as sets of pairs. Defines preorders, partial orders, linear orders and well-orders on sets and on types. *** ZF *** * Renamed some theories to allow to loading both ZF and HOL in the same session: Datatype -> Datatype_ZF Inductive -> Inductive_ZF Int -> Int_ZF IntDiv -> IntDiv_ZF Nat -> Nat_ZF List -> List_ZF Main -> Main_ZF INCOMPATIBILITY: ZF theories that import individual theories below Main might need to be adapted. Regular theory Main is still available, as trivial extension of Main_ZF. *** ML *** * ML within Isar: antiquotation @{const name} or @{const name(typargs)} produces statically-checked Const term. * Functor NamedThmsFun: data is available to the user as dynamic fact (of the same name). Removed obsolete print command. * Removed obsolete "use_legacy_bindings" function. * The ``print mode'' is now a thread-local value derived from a global template (the former print_mode reference), thus access becomes non-critical. The global print_mode reference is for session management only; user-code should use print_mode_value, print_mode_active, PrintMode.setmp etc. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Functions system/system_out provide a robust way to invoke external shell commands, with propagation of interrupts (requires Poly/ML 5.2.1). Do not use OS.Process.system etc. from the basis library! *** System *** * Default settings: PROOFGENERAL_OPTIONS no longer impose xemacs --- in accordance with Proof General 3.7, which prefers GNU emacs. * isatool tty runs Isabelle process with plain tty interaction; optional line editor may be specified via ISABELLE_LINE_EDITOR setting, the default settings attempt to locate "ledit" and "rlwrap". * isatool browser now works with Cygwin as well, using general "javapath" function defined in Isabelle process environment. * YXML notation provides a simple and efficient alternative to standard XML transfer syntax. See src/Pure/General/yxml.ML and isatool yxml as described in the Isabelle system manual. * JVM class isabelle.IsabelleProcess (located in Isabelle/lib/classes) provides general wrapper for managing an Isabelle process in a robust fashion, with ``cooked'' output from stdin/stderr. * Rudimentary Isabelle plugin for jEdit (see Isabelle/lib/jedit), based on Isabelle/JVM process wrapper (see Isabelle/lib/classes). * Removed obsolete THIS_IS_ISABELLE_BUILD feature. NB: the documented way of changing the user's settings is via ISABELLE_HOME_USER/etc/settings, which is a fully featured bash script. * Multithreading.max_threads := 0 refers to the number of actual CPU cores of the underlying machine, which is a good starting point for optimal performance tuning. The corresponding usedir option -M allows "max" as an alias for "0". WARNING: does not work on certain versions of Mac OS (with Poly/ML 5.1). * isabelle-process: non-ML sessions are run with "nice", to reduce the adverse effect of Isabelle flooding interactive front-ends (notably ProofGeneral / XEmacs). New in Isabelle2007 (November 2007) ----------------------------------- *** General *** * More uniform information about legacy features, notably a warning/error of "Legacy feature: ...", depending on the state of the tolerate_legacy_features flag (default true). FUTURE INCOMPATIBILITY: legacy features will disappear eventually. * Theory syntax: the header format ``theory A = B + C:'' has been discontinued in favour of ``theory A imports B C begin''. Use isatool fixheaders to convert existing theory files. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory syntax: the old non-Isar theory file format has been discontinued altogether. Note that ML proof scripts may still be used with Isar theories; migration is usually quite simple with the ML function use_legacy_bindings. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Theory syntax: some popular names (e.g. 'class', 'declaration', 'fun', 'help', 'if') are now keywords. INCOMPATIBILITY, use double quotes. * Theory loader: be more serious about observing the static theory header specifications (including optional directories), but not the accidental file locations of previously successful loads. The strict update policy of former update_thy is now already performed by use_thy, so the former has been removed; use_thys updates several theories simultaneously, just as 'imports' within a theory header specification, but without merging the results. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY: may need to refine theory headers and commands ROOT.ML which depend on load order. * Theory loader: optional support for content-based file identification, instead of the traditional scheme of full physical path plus date stamp; configured by the ISABELLE_FILE_IDENT setting (cf. the system manual). The new scheme allows to work with non-finished theories in persistent session images, such that source files may be moved later on without requiring reloads. * Theory loader: old-style ML proof scripts being *attached* to a thy file (with the same base name as the theory) are considered a legacy feature, which will disappear eventually. Even now, the theory loader no longer maintains dependencies on such files. * Syntax: the scope for resolving ambiguities via type-inference is now limited to individual terms, instead of whole simultaneous specifications as before. This greatly reduces the complexity of the syntax module and improves flexibility by separating parsing and type-checking. INCOMPATIBILITY: additional type-constraints (explicit 'fixes' etc.) are required in rare situations. * Syntax: constants introduced by new-style packages ('definition', 'abbreviation' etc.) are passed through the syntax module in ``authentic mode''. This means that associated mixfix annotations really stick to such constants, independently of potential name space ambiguities introduced later on. INCOMPATIBILITY: constants in parse trees are represented slightly differently, may need to adapt syntax translations accordingly. Use CONST marker in 'translations' and @{const_syntax} antiquotation in 'parse_translation' etc. * Legacy goal package: reduced interface to the bare minimum required to keep existing proof scripts running. Most other user-level functions are now part of the OldGoals structure, which is *not* open by default (consider isatool expandshort before open OldGoals). Removed top_sg, prin, printyp, pprint_term/typ altogether, because these tend to cause confusion about the actual goal (!) context being used here, which is not necessarily the same as the_context(). * Command 'find_theorems': supports "*" wild-card in "name:" criterion; "with_dups" option. Certain ProofGeneral versions might support a specific search form (see ProofGeneral/CHANGES). * The ``prems limit'' option (cf. ProofContext.prems_limit) is now -1 by default, which means that "prems" (and also "fixed variables") are suppressed from proof state output. Note that the ProofGeneral settings mechanism allows to change and save options persistently, but older versions of Isabelle will fail to start up if a negative prems limit is imposed. * Local theory targets may be specified by non-nested blocks of ``context/locale/class ... begin'' followed by ``end''. The body may contain definitions, theorems etc., including any derived mechanism that has been implemented on top of these primitives. This concept generalizes the existing ``theorem (in ...)'' towards more versatility and scalability. * Proof General interface: proper undo of final 'end' command; discontinued Isabelle/classic mode (ML proof scripts). *** Document preparation *** * Added antiquotation @{theory name} which prints the given name, after checking that it refers to a valid ancestor theory in the current context. * Added antiquotations @{ML_type text} and @{ML_struct text} which check the given source text as ML type/structure, printing verbatim. * Added antiquotation @{abbrev "c args"} which prints the abbreviation "c args == rhs" given in the current context. (Any number of arguments may be given on the LHS.) *** Pure *** * The 'class' package offers a combination of axclass and locale to achieve Haskell-like type classes in Isabelle. Definitions and theorems within a class context produce both relative results (with implicit parameters according to the locale context), and polymorphic constants with qualified polymorphism (according to the class context). Within the body context of a 'class' target, a separate syntax layer ("user space type system") takes care of converting between global polymorphic consts and internal locale representation. See src/HOL/ex/Classpackage.thy for examples (as well as main HOL). "isatool doc classes" provides a tutorial. * Generic code generator framework allows to generate executable code for ML and Haskell (including Isabelle classes). A short usage sketch: internal compilation: export_code in SML writing SML code to a file: export_code in SML writing OCaml code to a file: export_code in OCaml writing Haskell code to a bunch of files: export_code in Haskell evaluating closed propositions to True/False using code generation: method ``eval'' Reasonable default setup of framework in HOL. Theorem attributs for selecting and transforming function equations theorems: [code fun]: select a theorem as function equation for a specific constant [code fun del]: deselect a theorem as function equation for a specific constant [code inline]: select an equation theorem for unfolding (inlining) in place [code inline del]: deselect an equation theorem for unfolding (inlining) in place User-defined serializations (target in {SML, OCaml, Haskell}): code_const {(target) }+ code_type {(target) }+ code_instance {(target)}+ where instance ::= :: code_class {(target) }+ where class target syntax ::= {where { == }+}? code_instance and code_class only are effective to target Haskell. For example usage see src/HOL/ex/Codegenerator.thy and src/HOL/ex/Codegenerator_Pretty.thy. A separate tutorial on code generation from Isabelle/HOL theories is available via "isatool doc codegen". * Code generator: consts in 'consts_code' Isar commands are now referred to by usual term syntax (including optional type annotations). * Command 'no_translations' removes translation rules from theory syntax. * Overloaded definitions are now actually checked for acyclic dependencies. The overloading scheme is slightly more general than that of Haskell98, although Isabelle does not demand an exact correspondence to type class and instance declarations. INCOMPATIBILITY, use ``defs (unchecked overloaded)'' to admit more exotic versions of overloading -- at the discretion of the user! Polymorphic constants are represented via type arguments, i.e. the instantiation that matches an instance against the most general declaration given in the signature. For example, with the declaration c :: 'a => 'a => 'a, an instance c :: nat => nat => nat is represented as c(nat). Overloading is essentially simultaneous structural recursion over such type arguments. Incomplete specification patterns impose global constraints on all occurrences, e.g. c('a * 'a) on the LHS means that more general c('a * 'b) will be disallowed on any RHS. Command 'print_theory' outputs the normalized system of recursive equations, see section "definitions". * Configuration options are maintained within the theory or proof context (with name and type bool/int/string), providing a very simple interface to a poor-man's version of general context data. Tools may declare options in ML (e.g. using Attrib.config_int) and then refer to these values using Config.get etc. Users may change options via an associated attribute of the same name. This form of context declaration works particularly well with commands 'declare' or 'using', for example ``declare [[foo = 42]]''. Thus it has become very easy to avoid global references, which would not observe Isar toplevel undo/redo and fail to work with multithreading. Various global ML references of Pure and HOL have been turned into configuration options: Unify.search_bound unify_search_bound Unify.trace_bound unify_trace_bound Unify.trace_simp unify_trace_simp Unify.trace_types unify_trace_types Simplifier.simp_depth_limit simp_depth_limit Blast.depth_limit blast_depth_limit DatatypeProp.dtK datatype_distinctness_limit fast_arith_neq_limit fast_arith_neq_limit fast_arith_split_limit fast_arith_split_limit * Named collections of theorems may be easily installed as context data using the functor NamedThmsFun (see also src/Pure/Tools/named_thms.ML). The user may add or delete facts via attributes; there is also a toplevel print command. This facility is just a common case of general context data, which is the preferred way for anything more complex than just a list of facts in canonical order. * Isar: command 'declaration' augments a local theory by generic declaration functions written in ML. This enables arbitrary content being added to the context, depending on a morphism that tells the difference of the original declaration context wrt. the application context encountered later on. * Isar: proper interfaces for simplification procedures. Command 'simproc_setup' declares named simprocs (with match patterns, and body text in ML). Attribute "simproc" adds/deletes simprocs in the current context. ML antiquotation @{simproc name} retrieves named simprocs. * Isar: an extra pair of brackets around attribute declarations abbreviates a theorem reference involving an internal dummy fact, which will be ignored later --- only the effect of the attribute on the background context will persist. This form of in-place declarations is particularly useful with commands like 'declare' and 'using', for example ``have A using [[simproc a]] by simp''. * Isar: method "assumption" (and implicit closing of subproofs) now takes simple non-atomic goal assumptions into account: after applying an assumption as a rule the resulting subgoals are solved by atomic assumption steps. This is particularly useful to finish 'obtain' goals, such as "!!x. (!!x. P x ==> thesis) ==> P x ==> thesis", without referring to the original premise "!!x. P x ==> thesis" in the Isar proof context. POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY: method "assumption" is more permissive. * Isar: implicit use of prems from the Isar proof context is considered a legacy feature. Common applications like ``have A .'' may be replaced by ``have A by fact'' or ``note `A`''. In general, referencing facts explicitly here improves readability and maintainability of proof texts. * Isar: improper proof element 'guess' is like 'obtain', but derives the obtained context from the course of reasoning! For example: assume "EX x y. A x & B y" -- "any previous fact" then guess x and y by clarify This technique is potentially adventurous, depending on the facts and proof tools being involved here. * Isar: known facts from the proof context may be specified as literal propositions, using ASCII back-quote syntax. This works wherever named facts used to be allowed so far, in proof commands, proof methods, attributes etc. Literal facts are retrieved from the context according to unification of type and term parameters. For example, provided that "A" and "A ==> B" and "!!x. P x ==> Q x" are known theorems in the current context, then these are valid literal facts: `A` and `A ==> B` and `!!x. P x ==> Q x" as well as `P a ==> Q a` etc. There is also a proof method "fact" which does the same composition for explicit goal states, e.g. the following proof texts coincide with certain special cases of literal facts: have "A" by fact == note `A` have "A ==> B" by fact == note `A ==> B` have "!!x. P x ==> Q x" by fact == note `!!x. P x ==> Q x` have "P a ==> Q a" by fact == note `P a ==> Q a` * Isar: ":" (colon) is no longer a symbolic identifier character in outer syntax. Thus symbolic identifiers may be used without additional white space in declarations like this: ``assume *: A''. * Isar: 'print_facts' prints all local facts of the current context, both named and unnamed ones. * Isar: 'def' now admits simultaneous definitions, e.g.: def x == "t" and y == "u" * Isar: added command 'unfolding', which is structurally similar to 'using', but affects both the goal state and facts by unfolding given rewrite rules. Thus many occurrences of the 'unfold' method or 'unfolded' attribute may be replaced by first-class proof text. * Isar: methods 'unfold' / 'fold', attributes 'unfolded' / 'folded', and command 'unfolding' now all support object-level equalities (potentially conditional). The underlying notion of rewrite rule is analogous to the 'rule_format' attribute, but *not* that of the Simplifier (which is usually more generous). * Isar: the new attribute [rotated n] (default n = 1) rotates the premises of a theorem by n. Useful in conjunction with drule. * Isar: the goal restriction operator [N] (default N = 1) evaluates a method expression within a sandbox consisting of the first N sub-goals, which need to exist. For example, ``simp_all [3]'' simplifies the first three sub-goals, while (rule foo, simp_all)[] simplifies all new goals that emerge from applying rule foo to the originally first one. * Isar: schematic goals are no longer restricted to higher-order patterns; e.g. ``lemma "?P(?x)" by (rule TrueI)'' now works as expected. * Isar: the conclusion of a long theorem statement is now either 'shows' (a simultaneous conjunction, as before), or 'obtains' (essentially a disjunction of cases with local parameters and assumptions). The latter allows to express general elimination rules adequately; in this notation common elimination rules look like this: lemma exE: -- "EX x. P x ==> (!!x. P x ==> thesis) ==> thesis" assumes "EX x. P x" obtains x where "P x" lemma conjE: -- "A & B ==> (A ==> B ==> thesis) ==> thesis" assumes "A & B" obtains A and B lemma disjE: -- "A | B ==> (A ==> thesis) ==> (B ==> thesis) ==> thesis" assumes "A | B" obtains A | B The subsequent classical rules even refer to the formal "thesis" explicitly: lemma classical: -- "(~ thesis ==> thesis) ==> thesis" obtains "~ thesis" lemma Peirce's_Law: -- "((thesis ==> something) ==> thesis) ==> thesis" obtains "thesis ==> something" The actual proof of an 'obtains' statement is analogous to that of the Isar proof element 'obtain', only that there may be several cases. Optional case names may be specified in parentheses; these will be available both in the present proof and as annotations in the resulting rule, for later use with the 'cases' method (cf. attribute case_names). * Isar: the assumptions of a long theorem statement are available as "assms" fact in the proof context. This is more appropriate than the (historical) "prems", which refers to all assumptions of the current context, including those from the target locale, proof body etc. * Isar: 'print_statement' prints theorems from the current theory or proof context in long statement form, according to the syntax of a top-level lemma. * Isar: 'obtain' takes an optional case name for the local context introduction rule (default "that"). * Isar: removed obsolete 'concl is' patterns. INCOMPATIBILITY, use explicit (is "_ ==> ?foo") in the rare cases where this still happens to occur. * Pure: syntax "CONST name" produces a fully internalized constant according to the current context. This is particularly useful for syntax translations that should refer to internal constant representations independently of name spaces. * Pure: syntax constant for foo (binder "FOO ") is called "foo_binder" instead of "FOO ". This allows multiple binder declarations to coexist in the same context. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Isar/locales: 'notation' provides a robust interface to the 'syntax' primitive that also works in a locale context (both for constants and fixed variables). Type declaration and internal syntactic representation of given constants retrieved from the context. Likewise, the 'no_notation' command allows to remove given syntax annotations from the current context. * Isar/locales: new derived specification elements 'axiomatization', 'definition', 'abbreviation', which support type-inference, admit object-level specifications (equality, equivalence). See also the isar-ref manual. Examples: axiomatization eq (infix "===" 50) where eq_refl: "x === x" and eq_subst: "x === y ==> P x ==> P y" definition "f x y = x + y + 1" definition g where "g x = f x x" abbreviation neq (infix "=!=" 50) where "x =!= y == ~ (x === y)" These specifications may be also used in a locale context. Then the constants being introduced depend on certain fixed parameters, and the constant name is qualified by the locale base name. An internal abbreviation takes care for convenient input and output, making the parameters implicit and using the original short name. See also src/HOL/ex/Abstract_NAT.thy for an example of deriving polymorphic entities from a monomorphic theory. Presently, abbreviations are only available 'in' a target locale, but not inherited by general import expressions. Also note that 'abbreviation' may be used as a type-safe replacement for 'syntax' + 'translations' in common applications. The "no_abbrevs" print mode prevents folding of abbreviations in term output. Concrete syntax is attached to specified constants in internal form, independently of name spaces. The parse tree representation is slightly different -- use 'notation' instead of raw 'syntax', and 'translations' with explicit "CONST" markup to accommodate this. * Pure/Isar: unified syntax for new-style specification mechanisms (e.g. 'definition', 'abbreviation', or 'inductive' in HOL) admits full type inference and dummy patterns ("_"). For example: definition "K x _ = x" inductive conj for A B where "A ==> B ==> conj A B" * Pure: command 'print_abbrevs' prints all constant abbreviations of the current context. Print mode "no_abbrevs" prevents inversion of abbreviations on output. * Isar/locales: improved parameter handling: use of locales "var" and "struct" no longer necessary; - parameter renamings are no longer required to be injective. For example, this allows to define endomorphisms as locale endom = homom mult mult h. * Isar/locales: changed the way locales with predicates are defined. Instead of accumulating the specification, the imported expression is now an interpretation. INCOMPATIBILITY: different normal form of locale expressions. In particular, in interpretations of locales with predicates, goals repesenting already interpreted fragments are not removed automatically. Use methods `intro_locales' and `unfold_locales'; see below. * Isar/locales: new methods `intro_locales' and `unfold_locales' provide backward reasoning on locales predicates. The methods are aware of interpretations and discharge corresponding goals. `intro_locales' is less aggressive then `unfold_locales' and does not unfold predicates to assumptions. * Isar/locales: the order in which locale fragments are accumulated has changed. This enables to override declarations from fragments due to interpretations -- for example, unwanted simp rules. * Isar/locales: interpretation in theories and proof contexts has been extended. One may now specify (and prove) equations, which are unfolded in interpreted theorems. This is useful for replacing defined concepts (constants depending on locale parameters) by concepts already existing in the target context. Example: interpretation partial_order ["op <= :: [int, int] => bool"] where "partial_order.less (op <=) (x::int) y = (x < y)" Typically, the constant `partial_order.less' is created by a definition specification element in the context of locale partial_order. * Method "induct": improved internal context management to support local fixes and defines on-the-fly. Thus explicit meta-level connectives !! and ==> are rarely required anymore in inductive goals (using object-logic connectives for this purpose has been long obsolete anyway). Common proof patterns are explained in src/HOL/Induct/Common_Patterns.thy, see also src/HOL/Isar_examples/Puzzle.thy and src/HOL/Lambda for realistic examples. * Method "induct": improved handling of simultaneous goals. Instead of introducing object-level conjunction, the statement is now split into several conclusions, while the corresponding symbolic cases are nested accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY, proofs need to be structured explicitly, see src/HOL/Induct/Common_Patterns.thy, for example. * Method "induct": mutual induction rules are now specified as a list of rule sharing the same induction cases. HOL packages usually provide foo_bar.inducts for mutually defined items foo and bar (e.g. inductive predicates/sets or datatypes). INCOMPATIBILITY, users need to specify mutual induction rules differently, i.e. like this: (induct rule: foo_bar.inducts) (induct set: foo bar) (induct pred: foo bar) (induct type: foo bar) The ML function ProjectRule.projections turns old-style rules into the new format. * Method "coinduct": dual of induction, see src/HOL/Library/Coinductive_List.thy for various examples. * Method "cases", "induct", "coinduct": the ``(open)'' option is considered a legacy feature. * Attribute "symmetric" produces result with standardized schematic variables (index 0). Potential INCOMPATIBILITY. * Simplifier: by default the simplifier trace only shows top level rewrites now. That is, trace_simp_depth_limit is set to 1 by default. Thus there is less danger of being flooded by the trace. The trace indicates where parts have been suppressed. * Provers/classical: removed obsolete classical version of elim_format attribute; classical elim/dest rules are now treated uniformly when manipulating the claset. * Provers/classical: stricter checks to ensure that supplied intro, dest and elim rules are well-formed; dest and elim rules must have at least one premise. * Provers/classical: attributes dest/elim/intro take an optional weight argument for the rule (just as the Pure versions). Weights are ignored by automated tools, but determine the search order of single rule steps. * Syntax: input syntax now supports dummy variable binding "%_. b", where the body does not mention the bound variable. Note that dummy patterns implicitly depend on their context of bounds, which makes "{_. _}" match any set comprehension as expected. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY -- parse translations need to cope with syntactic constant "_idtdummy" in the binding position. * Syntax: removed obsolete syntactic constant "_K" and its associated parse translation. INCOMPATIBILITY -- use dummy abstraction instead, for example "A -> B" => "Pi A (%_. B)". * Pure: 'class_deps' command visualizes the subclass relation, using the graph browser tool. * Pure: 'print_theory' now suppresses certain internal declarations by default; use '!' option for full details. *** HOL *** * Method "metis" proves goals by applying the Metis general-purpose resolution prover (see also http://gilith.com/software/metis/). Examples are in the directory MetisExamples. WARNING: the Isabelle/HOL-Metis integration does not yet work properly with multi-threading. * Command 'sledgehammer' invokes external automatic theorem provers as background processes. It generates calls to the "metis" method if successful. These can be pasted into the proof. Users do not have to wait for the automatic provers to return. WARNING: does not really work with multi-threading. * New "auto_quickcheck" feature tests outermost goal statements for potential counter-examples. Controlled by ML references auto_quickcheck (default true) and auto_quickcheck_time_limit (default 5000 milliseconds). Fails silently if statements is outside of executable fragment, or any other codgenerator problem occurs. * New constant "undefined" with axiom "undefined x = undefined". * Added class "HOL.eq", allowing for code generation with polymorphic equality. * Some renaming of class constants due to canonical name prefixing in the new 'class' package: HOL.abs ~> HOL.abs_class.abs HOL.divide ~> HOL.divide_class.divide 0 ~> HOL.zero_class.zero 1 ~> HOL.one_class.one op + ~> HOL.plus_class.plus op - ~> HOL.minus_class.minus uminus ~> HOL.minus_class.uminus op * ~> HOL.times_class.times op < ~> HOL.ord_class.less op <= > HOL.ord_class.less_eq Nat.power ~> Power.power_class.power Nat.size ~> Nat.size_class.size Numeral.number_of ~> Numeral.number_class.number_of FixedPoint.Inf ~> Lattices.complete_lattice_class.Inf FixedPoint.Sup ~> Lattices.complete_lattice_class.Sup Orderings.min ~> Orderings.ord_class.min Orderings.max ~> Orderings.ord_class.max Divides.op div ~> Divides.div_class.div Divides.op mod ~> Divides.div_class.mod Divides.op dvd ~> Divides.div_class.dvd INCOMPATIBILITY. Adaptions may be required in the following cases: a) User-defined constants using any of the names "plus", "minus", "times", "less" or "less_eq". The standard syntax translations for "+", "-" and "*" may go wrong. INCOMPATIBILITY: use more specific names. b) Variables named "plus", "minus", "times", "less", "less_eq" INCOMPATIBILITY: use more specific names. c) Permutative equations (e.g. "a + b = b + a") Since the change of names also changes the order of terms, permutative rewrite rules may get applied in a different order. Experience shows that this is rarely the case (only two adaptions in the whole Isabelle distribution). INCOMPATIBILITY: rewrite proofs d) ML code directly refering to constant names This in general only affects hand-written proof tactics, simprocs and so on. INCOMPATIBILITY: grep your sourcecode and replace names. Consider using @{const_name} antiquotation. * New class "default" with associated constant "default". * Function "sgn" is now overloaded and available on int, real, complex (and other numeric types), using class "sgn". Two possible defs of sgn are given as equational assumptions in the classes sgn_if and sgn_div_norm; ordered_idom now also inherits from sgn_if. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Locale "partial_order" now unified with class "order" (cf. theory Orderings), added parameter "less". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Renamings in classes "order" and "linorder": facts "refl", "trans" and "cases" to "order_refl", "order_trans" and "linorder_cases", to avoid clashes with HOL "refl" and "trans". INCOMPATIBILITY. * Classes "order" and "linorder": potential INCOMPATIBILITY due to changed order of proof goals in instance proofs. * The transitivity reasoner for partial and linear orders is set up for classes "order" and "linorder". Instances of the reasoner are available in all contexts importing or interpreting the corresponding locales. Method "order" invokes the reasoner separately; the reasoner is also integrated with the Simplifier as a solver. Diagnostic command 'print_orders' shows the available instances of the reasoner in the current context. * Localized monotonicity predicate in theory "Orderings"; integrated lemmas max_of_mono and min_of_mono with this predicate. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Formulation of theorem "dense" changed slightly due to integration with new class dense_linear_order. * Uniform lattice theory development in HOL. constants "meet" and "join" now named "inf" and "sup" constant "Meet" now named "Inf" classes "meet_semilorder" and "join_semilorder" now named "lower_semilattice" and "upper_semilattice" class "lorder" now named "lattice" class "comp_lat" now named "complete_lattice" Instantiation of lattice classes allows explicit definitions for "inf" and "sup" operations (or "Inf" and "Sup" for complete lattices). INCOMPATIBILITY. Theorem renames: meet_left_le ~> inf_le1 meet_right_le ~> inf_le2 join_left_le ~> sup_ge1 join_right_le ~> sup_ge2 meet_join_le ~> inf_sup_ord le_meetI ~> le_infI join_leI ~> le_supI le_meet ~> le_inf_iff le_join ~> ge_sup_conv meet_idempotent ~> inf_idem join_idempotent ~> sup_idem meet_comm ~> inf_commute join_comm ~> sup_commute meet_leI1 ~> le_infI1 meet_leI2 ~> le_infI2 le_joinI1 ~> le_supI1 le_joinI2 ~> le_supI2 meet_assoc ~> inf_assoc join_assoc ~> sup_assoc meet_left_comm ~> inf_left_commute meet_left_idempotent ~> inf_left_idem join_left_comm ~> sup_left_commute join_left_idempotent ~> sup_left_idem meet_aci ~> inf_aci join_aci ~> sup_aci le_def_meet ~> le_iff_inf le_def_join ~> le_iff_sup join_absorp2 ~> sup_absorb2 join_absorp1 ~> sup_absorb1 meet_absorp1 ~> inf_absorb1 meet_absorp2 ~> inf_absorb2 meet_join_absorp ~> inf_sup_absorb join_meet_absorp ~> sup_inf_absorb distrib_join_le ~> distrib_sup_le distrib_meet_le ~> distrib_inf_le add_meet_distrib_left ~> add_inf_distrib_left add_join_distrib_left ~> add_sup_distrib_left is_join_neg_meet ~> is_join_neg_inf is_meet_neg_join ~> is_meet_neg_sup add_meet_distrib_right ~> add_inf_distrib_right add_join_distrib_right ~> add_sup_distrib_right add_meet_join_distribs ~> add_sup_inf_distribs join_eq_neg_meet ~> sup_eq_neg_inf meet_eq_neg_join ~> inf_eq_neg_sup add_eq_meet_join ~> add_eq_inf_sup meet_0_imp_0 ~> inf_0_imp_0 join_0_imp_0 ~> sup_0_imp_0 meet_0_eq_0 ~> inf_0_eq_0 join_0_eq_0 ~> sup_0_eq_0 neg_meet_eq_join ~> neg_inf_eq_sup neg_join_eq_meet ~> neg_sup_eq_inf join_eq_if ~> sup_eq_if mono_meet ~> mono_inf mono_join ~> mono_sup meet_bool_eq ~> inf_bool_eq join_bool_eq ~> sup_bool_eq meet_fun_eq ~> inf_fun_eq join_fun_eq ~> sup_fun_eq meet_set_eq ~> inf_set_eq join_set_eq ~> sup_set_eq meet1_iff ~> inf1_iff meet2_iff ~> inf2_iff meet1I ~> inf1I meet2I ~> inf2I meet1D1 ~> inf1D1 meet2D1 ~> inf2D1 meet1D2 ~> inf1D2 meet2D2 ~> inf2D2 meet1E ~> inf1E meet2E ~> inf2E join1_iff ~> sup1_iff join2_iff ~> sup2_iff join1I1 ~> sup1I1 join2I1 ~> sup2I1 join1I1 ~> sup1I1 join2I2 ~> sup1I2 join1CI ~> sup1CI join2CI ~> sup2CI join1E ~> sup1E join2E ~> sup2E is_meet_Meet ~> is_meet_Inf Meet_bool_def ~> Inf_bool_def Meet_fun_def ~> Inf_fun_def Meet_greatest ~> Inf_greatest Meet_lower ~> Inf_lower Meet_set_def ~> Inf_set_def Sup_def ~> Sup_Inf Sup_bool_eq ~> Sup_bool_def Sup_fun_eq ~> Sup_fun_def Sup_set_eq ~> Sup_set_def listsp_meetI ~> listsp_infI listsp_meet_eq ~> listsp_inf_eq meet_min ~> inf_min join_max ~> sup_max * Added syntactic class "size"; overloaded constant "size" now has type "'a::size ==> bool" * Internal reorganisation of `size' of datatypes: size theorems "foo.size" are no longer subsumed by "foo.simps" (but are still simplification rules by default!); theorems "prod.size" now named "*.size". * Class "div" now inherits from class "times" rather than "type". INCOMPATIBILITY. * HOL/Finite_Set: "name-space" locales Lattice, Distrib_lattice, Linorder etc. have disappeared; operations defined in terms of fold_set now are named Inf_fin, Sup_fin. INCOMPATIBILITY. * HOL/Nat: neq0_conv no longer declared as iff. INCOMPATIBILITY. * HOL-Word: New extensive library and type for generic, fixed size machine words, with arithmetic, bit-wise, shifting and rotating operations, reflection into int, nat, and bool lists, automation for linear arithmetic (by automatic reflection into nat or int), including lemmas on overflow and monotonicity. Instantiated to all appropriate arithmetic type classes, supporting automatic simplification of numerals on all operations. * Library/Boolean_Algebra: locales for abstract boolean algebras. * Library/Numeral_Type: numbers as types, e.g. TYPE(32). * Code generator library theories: - Code_Integer represents HOL integers by big integer literals in target languages. - Code_Char represents HOL characters by character literals in target languages. - Code_Char_chr like Code_Char, but also offers treatment of character codes; includes Code_Integer. - Executable_Set allows to generate code for finite sets using lists. - Executable_Rat implements rational numbers as triples (sign, enumerator, denominator). - Executable_Real implements a subset of real numbers, namly those representable by rational numbers. - Efficient_Nat implements natural numbers by integers, which in general will result in higher efficency; pattern matching with 0/Suc is eliminated; includes Code_Integer. - Code_Index provides an additional datatype index which is mapped to target-language built-in integers. - Code_Message provides an additional datatype message_string which is isomorphic to strings; messages are mapped to target-language strings. * New package for inductive predicates An n-ary predicate p with m parameters z_1, ..., z_m can now be defined via inductive p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool" for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m where rule_1: "... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_1_1 ... t_1_n" | ... with full support for type-inference, rather than consts s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set" abbreviation p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool" where "p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n == (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m" inductive "s z_1 ... z_m" intros rule_1: "... ==> (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) : s z_1 ... z_m" ... For backward compatibility, there is a wrapper allowing inductive sets to be defined with the new package via inductive_set s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set" for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m where rule_1: "... ==> (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) : s z_1 ... z_m" | ... or inductive_set s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set" and p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool" for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m where "p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n == (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m" | rule_1: "... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_1_1 ... t_1_n" | ... if the additional syntax "p ..." is required. Numerous examples can be found in the subdirectories src/HOL/Auth, src/HOL/Bali, src/HOL/Induct, and src/HOL/MicroJava. INCOMPATIBILITIES: - Since declaration and definition of inductive sets or predicates is no longer separated, abbreviations involving the newly introduced sets or predicates must be specified together with the introduction rules after the 'where' keyword (see above), rather than before the actual inductive definition. - The variables in induction and elimination rules are now quantified in the order of their occurrence in the introduction rules, rather than in alphabetical order. Since this may break some proofs, these proofs either have to be repaired, e.g. by reordering the variables a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i} in Isar 'case' statements of the form case (rule_i a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i}) or the old order of quantification has to be restored by explicitly adding meta-level quantifiers in the introduction rules, i.e. | rule_i: "!!a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i}. ... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_i_1 ... t_i_n" - The format of the elimination rules is now p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n ==> (!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x_1 = t_1_1 ==> ... ==> x_n = t_1_n ==> ... ==> P) ==> ... ==> P for predicates and (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m ==> (!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x_1 = t_1_1 ==> ... ==> x_n = t_1_n ==> ... ==> P) ==> ... ==> P for sets rather than x : s z_1 ... z_m ==> (!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x = (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) ==> ... ==> P) ==> ... ==> P This may require terms in goals to be expanded to n-tuples (e.g. using case_tac or simplification with the split_paired_all rule) before the above elimination rule is applicable. - The elimination or case analysis rules for (mutually) inductive sets or predicates are now called "p_1.cases" ... "p_k.cases". The list of rules "p_1_..._p_k.elims" is no longer available. * New package "function"/"fun" for general recursive functions, supporting mutual and nested recursion, definitions in local contexts, more general pattern matching and partiality. See HOL/ex/Fundefs.thy for small examples, and the separate tutorial on the function package. The old recdef "package" is still available as before, but users are encouraged to use the new package. * Method "lexicographic_order" automatically synthesizes termination relations as lexicographic combinations of size measures. * Case-expressions allow arbitrary constructor-patterns (including "_") and take their order into account, like in functional programming. Internally, this is translated into nested case-expressions; missing cases are added and mapped to the predefined constant "undefined". In complicated cases printing may no longer show the original input but the internal form. Lambda-abstractions allow the same form of pattern matching: "% pat1 => e1 | ..." is an abbreviation for "%x. case x of pat1 => e1 | ..." where x is a new variable. * IntDef: The constant "int :: nat => int" has been removed; now "int" is an abbreviation for "of_nat :: nat => int". The simplification rules for "of_nat" have been changed to work like "int" did previously. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY: - "of_nat (Suc m)" simplifies to "1 + of_nat m" instead of "of_nat m + 1" - of_nat_diff and of_nat_mult are no longer default simp rules * Method "algebra" solves polynomial equations over (semi)rings using Groebner bases. The (semi)ring structure is defined by locales and the tool setup depends on that generic context. Installing the method for a specific type involves instantiating the locale and possibly adding declarations for computation on the coefficients. The method is already instantiated for natural numbers and for the axiomatic class of idoms with numerals. See also the paper by Chaieb and Wenzel at CALCULEMUS 2007 for the general principles underlying this architecture of context-aware proof-tools. * Method "ferrack" implements quantifier elimination over special-purpose dense linear orders using locales (analogous to "algebra"). The method is already installed for class {ordered_field,recpower,number_ring} which subsumes real, hyperreal, rat, etc. * Former constant "List.op @" now named "List.append". Use ML antiquotations @{const_name List.append} or @{term " ... @ ... "} to circumvent possible incompatibilities when working on ML level. * primrec: missing cases mapped to "undefined" instead of "arbitrary". * New function listsum :: 'a list => 'a for arbitrary monoids. Special syntax: "SUM x <- xs. f x" (and latex variants) * New syntax for Haskell-like list comprehension (input only), eg. [(x,y). x <- xs, y <- ys, x ~= y], see also src/HOL/List.thy. * The special syntax for function "filter" has changed from [x : xs. P] to [x <- xs. P] to avoid an ambiguity caused by list comprehension syntax, and for uniformity. INCOMPATIBILITY. * [a..b] is now defined for arbitrary linear orders. It used to be defined on nat only, as an abbreviation for [a.. B" for equality on bool (with priority 25 like -->); output depends on the "iff" print_mode, the default is "A = B" (with priority 50). * Relations less (<) and less_eq (<=) are also available on type bool. Modified syntax to disallow nesting without explicit parentheses, e.g. "(x < y) < z" or "x < (y < z)", but NOT "x < y < z". Potential INCOMPATIBILITY. * "LEAST x:A. P" expands to "LEAST x. x:A & P" (input only). * Relation composition operator "op O" now has precedence 75 and binds stronger than union and intersection. INCOMPATIBILITY. * The old set interval syntax "{m..n(}" (and relatives) has been removed. Use "{m.. ==> False", equivalences (i.e. "=" on type bool) are handled, variable names of the form "lit_" are no longer reserved, significant speedup. * Methods "sat" and "satx" can now replay MiniSat proof traces. zChaff is still supported as well. * 'inductive' and 'datatype': provide projections of mutual rules, bundled as foo_bar.inducts; * Library: moved theories Parity, GCD, Binomial, Infinite_Set to Library. * Library: moved theory Accessible_Part to main HOL. * Library: added theory Coinductive_List of potentially infinite lists as greatest fixed-point. * Library: added theory AssocList which implements (finite) maps as association lists. * Method "evaluation" solves goals (i.e. a boolean expression) efficiently by compiling it to ML. The goal is "proved" (via an oracle) if it evaluates to True. * Linear arithmetic now splits certain operators (e.g. min, max, abs) also when invoked by the simplifier. This results in the Simplifier being more powerful on arithmetic goals. INCOMPATIBILITY. Configuration option fast_arith_split_limit=0 recovers the old behavior. * Support for hex (0x20) and binary (0b1001) numerals. * New method: reify eqs (t), where eqs are equations for an interpretation I :: 'a list => 'b => 'c and t::'c is an optional parameter, computes a term s::'b and a list xs::'a list and proves the theorem I xs s = t. This is also known as reification or quoting. The resulting theorem is applied to the subgoal to substitute t with I xs s. If t is omitted, the subgoal itself is reified. * New method: reflection corr_thm eqs (t). The parameters eqs and (t) are as explained above. corr_thm is a theorem for I vs (f t) = I vs t, where f is supposed to be a computable function (in the sense of code generattion). The method uses reify to compute s and xs as above then applies corr_thm and uses normalization by evaluation to "prove" f s = r and finally gets the theorem t = r, which is again applied to the subgoal. An Example is available in src/HOL/ex/ReflectionEx.thy. * Reflection: Automatic reification now handels binding, an example is available in src/HOL/ex/ReflectionEx.thy * HOL-Statespace: ``State Spaces: The Locale Way'' introduces a command 'statespace' that is similar to 'record', but introduces an abstract specification based on the locale infrastructure instead of HOL types. This leads to extra flexibility in composing state spaces, in particular multiple inheritance and renaming of components. *** HOL-Complex *** * Hyperreal: Functions root and sqrt are now defined on negative real inputs so that root n (- x) = - root n x and sqrt (- x) = - sqrt x. Nonnegativity side conditions have been removed from many lemmas, so that more subgoals may now be solved by simplification; potential INCOMPATIBILITY. * Real: new type classes formalize real normed vector spaces and algebras, using new overloaded constants scaleR :: real => 'a => 'a and norm :: 'a => real. * Real: constant of_real :: real => 'a::real_algebra_1 injects from reals into other types. The overloaded constant Reals :: 'a set is now defined as range of_real; potential INCOMPATIBILITY. * Real: proper support for ML code generation, including 'quickcheck'. Reals are implemented as arbitrary precision rationals. * Hyperreal: Several constants that previously worked only for the reals have been generalized, so they now work over arbitrary vector spaces. Type annotations may need to be added in some cases; potential INCOMPATIBILITY. Infinitesimal :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set HFinite :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set HInfinite :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set approx :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star => bool monad :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star set galaxy :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star set (NS)LIMSEQ :: [nat => 'a::real_normed_vector, 'a] => bool (NS)convergent :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool (NS)Bseq :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool (NS)Cauchy :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool (NS)LIM :: ['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector, 'a, 'b] => bool is(NS)Cont :: ['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector, 'a] => bool deriv :: ['a::real_normed_field => 'a, 'a, 'a] => bool sgn :: 'a::real_normed_vector => 'a exp :: 'a::{recpower,real_normed_field,banach} => 'a * Complex: Some complex-specific constants are now abbreviations for overloaded ones: complex_of_real = of_real, cmod = norm, hcmod = hnorm. Other constants have been entirely removed in favor of the polymorphic versions (INCOMPATIBILITY): approx <-- capprox HFinite <-- CFinite HInfinite <-- CInfinite Infinitesimal <-- CInfinitesimal monad <-- cmonad galaxy <-- cgalaxy (NS)LIM <-- (NS)CLIM, (NS)CRLIM is(NS)Cont <-- is(NS)Contc, is(NS)contCR (ns)deriv <-- (ns)cderiv *** HOL-Algebra *** * Formalisation of ideals and the quotient construction over rings. * Order and lattice theory no longer based on records. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Renamed lemmas least_carrier -> least_closed and greatest_carrier -> greatest_closed. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Method algebra is now set up via an attribute. For examples see Ring.thy. INCOMPATIBILITY: the method is now weaker on combinations of algebraic structures. * Renamed theory CRing to Ring. *** HOL-Nominal *** * Substantial, yet incomplete support for nominal datatypes (binding structures) based on HOL-Nominal logic. See src/HOL/Nominal and src/HOL/Nominal/Examples. Prospective users should consult http://isabelle.in.tum.de/nominal/ *** ML *** * ML basics: just one true type int, which coincides with IntInf.int (even on SML/NJ). * ML within Isar: antiquotations allow to embed statically-checked formal entities in the source, referring to the context available at compile-time. For example: ML {* @{sort "{zero,one}"} *} ML {* @{typ "'a => 'b"} *} ML {* @{term "%x. x"} *} ML {* @{prop "x == y"} *} ML {* @{ctyp "'a => 'b"} *} ML {* @{cterm "%x. x"} *} ML {* @{cprop "x == y"} *} ML {* @{thm asm_rl} *} ML {* @{thms asm_rl} *} ML {* @{type_name c} *} ML {* @{type_syntax c} *} ML {* @{const_name c} *} ML {* @{const_syntax c} *} ML {* @{context} *} ML {* @{theory} *} ML {* @{theory Pure} *} ML {* @{theory_ref} *} ML {* @{theory_ref Pure} *} ML {* @{simpset} *} ML {* @{claset} *} ML {* @{clasimpset} *} The same works for sources being ``used'' within an Isar context. * ML in Isar: improved error reporting; extra verbosity with ML_Context.trace enabled. * Pure/General/table.ML: the join operations now works via exceptions DUP/SAME instead of type option. This is simpler in simple cases, and admits slightly more efficient complex applications. * Pure: 'advanced' translation functions (parse_translation etc.) now use Context.generic instead of just theory. * Pure: datatype Context.generic joins theory/Proof.context and provides some facilities for code that works in either kind of context, notably GenericDataFun for uniform theory and proof data. * Pure: simplified internal attribute type, which is now always Context.generic * thm -> Context.generic * thm. Global (theory) vs. local (Proof.context) attributes have been discontinued, while minimizing code duplication. Thm.rule_attribute and Thm.declaration_attribute build canonical attributes; see also structure Context for further operations on Context.generic, notably GenericDataFun. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt attribute type declarations and definitions. * Context data interfaces (Theory/Proof/GenericDataFun): removed name/print, uninitialized data defaults to ad-hoc copy of empty value, init only required for impure data. INCOMPATIBILITY: empty really need to be empty (no dependencies on theory content!) * Pure/kernel: consts certification ignores sort constraints given in signature declarations. (This information is not relevant to the logic, but only for type inference.) SIGNIFICANT INTERNAL CHANGE, potential INCOMPATIBILITY. * Pure: axiomatic type classes are now purely definitional, with explicit proofs of class axioms and super class relations performed internally. See Pure/axclass.ML for the main internal interfaces -- notably AxClass.define_class supercedes AxClass.add_axclass, and AxClass.axiomatize_class/classrel/arity supersede Sign.add_classes/classrel/arities. * Pure/Isar: Args/Attrib parsers operate on Context.generic -- global/local versions on theory vs. Proof.context have been discontinued; Attrib.syntax and Method.syntax have been adapted accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt parser expressions for attributes, methods, etc. * Pure: several functions of signature "... -> theory -> theory * ..." have been reoriented to "... -> theory -> ... * theory" in order to allow natural usage in combination with the ||>, ||>>, |-> and fold_map combinators. * Pure: official theorem names (closed derivations) and additional comments (tags) are now strictly separate. Name hints -- which are maintained as tags -- may be attached any time without affecting the derivation. * Pure: primitive rule lift_rule now takes goal cterm instead of an actual goal state (thm). Use Thm.lift_rule (Thm.cprem_of st i) to achieve the old behaviour. * Pure: the "Goal" constant is now called "prop", supporting a slightly more general idea of ``protecting'' meta-level rule statements. * Pure: Logic.(un)varify only works in a global context, which is now enforced instead of silently assumed. INCOMPATIBILITY, may use Logic.legacy_(un)varify as temporary workaround. * Pure: structure Name provides scalable operations for generating internal variable names, notably Name.variants etc. This replaces some popular functions from term.ML: Term.variant -> Name.variant Term.variantlist -> Name.variant_list Term.invent_names -> Name.invent_list Note that low-level renaming rarely occurs in new code -- operations from structure Variable are used instead (see below). * Pure: structure Variable provides fundamental operations for proper treatment of fixed/schematic variables in a context. For example, Variable.import introduces fixes for schematics of given facts and Variable.export reverses the effect (up to renaming) -- this replaces various freeze_thaw operations. * Pure: structure Goal provides simple interfaces for init/conclude/finish and tactical prove operations (replacing former Tactic.prove). Goal.prove is the canonical way to prove results within a given context; Goal.prove_global is a degraded version for theory level goals, including a global Drule.standard. Note that OldGoals.prove_goalw_cterm has long been obsolete, since it is ill-behaved in a local proof context (e.g. with local fixes/assumes or in a locale context). * Pure/Syntax: generic interfaces for parsing (Syntax.parse_term etc.) and type checking (Syntax.check_term etc.), with common combinations (Syntax.read_term etc.). These supersede former Sign.read_term etc. which are considered legacy and await removal. * Pure/Syntax: generic interfaces for type unchecking (Syntax.uncheck_terms etc.) and unparsing (Syntax.unparse_term etc.), with common combinations (Syntax.pretty_term, Syntax.string_of_term etc.). Former Sign.pretty_term, Sign.string_of_term etc. are still available for convenience, but refer to the very same operations using a mere theory instead of a full context. * Isar: simplified treatment of user-level errors, using exception ERROR of string uniformly. Function error now merely raises ERROR, without any side effect on output channels. The Isar toplevel takes care of proper display of ERROR exceptions. ML code may use plain handle/can/try; cat_error may be used to concatenate errors like this: ... handle ERROR msg => cat_error msg "..." Toplevel ML code (run directly or through the Isar toplevel) may be embedded into the Isar toplevel with exception display/debug like this: Isar.toplevel (fn () => ...) INCOMPATIBILITY, removed special transform_error facilities, removed obsolete variants of user-level exceptions (ERROR_MESSAGE, Context.PROOF, ProofContext.CONTEXT, Proof.STATE, ProofHistory.FAIL) -- use plain ERROR instead. * Isar: theory setup now has type (theory -> theory), instead of a list. INCOMPATIBILITY, may use #> to compose setup functions. * Isar: ML toplevel pretty printer for type Proof.context, subject to ProofContext.debug/verbose flags. * Isar: Toplevel.theory_to_proof admits transactions that modify the theory before entering a proof state. Transactions now always see a quasi-functional intermediate checkpoint, both in interactive and batch mode. * Isar: simplified interfaces for outer syntax. Renamed OuterSyntax.add_keywords to OuterSyntax.keywords. Removed OuterSyntax.add_parsers -- this functionality is now included in OuterSyntax.command etc. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Simplifier: the simpset of a running simplification process now contains a proof context (cf. Simplifier.the_context), which is the very context that the initial simpset has been retrieved from (by simpset_of/local_simpset_of). Consequently, all plug-in components (solver, looper etc.) may depend on arbitrary proof data. * Simplifier.inherit_context inherits the proof context (plus the local bounds) of the current simplification process; any simproc etc. that calls the Simplifier recursively should do this! Removed former Simplifier.inherit_bounds, which is already included here -- INCOMPATIBILITY. Tools based on low-level rewriting may even have to specify an explicit context using Simplifier.context/theory_context. * Simplifier/Classical Reasoner: more abstract interfaces change_simpset/claset for modifying the simpset/claset reference of a theory; raw versions simpset/claset_ref etc. have been discontinued -- INCOMPATIBILITY. * Provers: more generic wrt. syntax of object-logics, avoid hardwired "Trueprop" etc. *** System *** * settings: the default heap location within ISABELLE_HOME_USER now includes ISABELLE_IDENTIFIER. This simplifies use of multiple Isabelle installations. * isabelle-process: option -S (secure mode) disables some critical operations, notably runtime compilation and evaluation of ML source code. * Basic Isabelle mode for jEdit, see Isabelle/lib/jedit/. * Support for parallel execution, using native multicore support of Poly/ML 5.1. The theory loader exploits parallelism when processing independent theories, according to the given theory header specifications. The maximum number of worker threads is specified via usedir option -M or the "max-threads" setting in Proof General. A speedup factor of 1.5--3.5 can be expected on a 4-core machine, and up to 6 on a 8-core machine. User-code needs to observe certain guidelines for thread-safe programming, see appendix A in the Isar Implementation manual. New in Isabelle2005 (October 2005) ---------------------------------- *** General *** * Theory headers: the new header syntax for Isar theories is theory imports ... uses ... begin where the 'uses' part is optional. The previous syntax theory = + ... + : will disappear in the next release. Use isatool fixheaders to convert existing theory files. Note that there is no change in ancient non-Isar theories now, but these will disappear soon. * Theory loader: parent theories can now also be referred to via relative and absolute paths. * Command 'find_theorems' searches for a list of criteria instead of a list of constants. Known criteria are: intro, elim, dest, name:string, simp:term, and any term. Criteria can be preceded by '-' to select theorems that do not match. Intro, elim, dest select theorems that match the current goal, name:s selects theorems whose fully qualified name contain s, and simp:term selects all simplification rules whose lhs match term. Any other term is interpreted as pattern and selects all theorems matching the pattern. Available in ProofGeneral under 'ProofGeneral -> Find Theorems' or C-c C-f. Example: C-c C-f (100) "(_::nat) + _ + _" intro -name: "HOL." prints the last 100 theorems matching the pattern "(_::nat) + _ + _", matching the current goal as introduction rule and not having "HOL." in their name (i.e. not being defined in theory HOL). * Command 'thms_containing' has been discontinued in favour of 'find_theorems'; INCOMPATIBILITY. * Communication with Proof General is now 8bit clean, which means that Unicode text in UTF-8 encoding may be used within theory texts (both formal and informal parts). Cf. option -U of the Isabelle Proof General interface. Here are some simple examples (cf. src/HOL/ex): http://isabelle.in.tum.de/library/HOL/ex/Hebrew.html http://isabelle.in.tum.de/library/HOL/ex/Chinese.html * Improved efficiency of the Simplifier and, to a lesser degree, the Classical Reasoner. Typical big applications run around 2 times faster. *** Document preparation *** * Commands 'display_drafts' and 'print_drafts' perform simple output of raw sources. Only those symbols that do not require additional LaTeX packages (depending on comments in isabellesym.sty) are displayed properly, everything else is left verbatim. isatool display and isatool print are used as front ends (these are subject to the DVI/PDF_VIEWER and PRINT_COMMAND settings, respectively). * Command tags control specific markup of certain regions of text, notably folding and hiding. Predefined tags include "theory" (for theory begin and end), "proof" for proof commands, and "ML" for commands involving ML code; the additional tags "visible" and "invisible" are unused by default. Users may give explicit tag specifications in the text, e.g. ''by %invisible (auto)''. The interpretation of tags is determined by the LaTeX job during document preparation: see option -V of isatool usedir, or options -n and -t of isatool document, or even the LaTeX macros \isakeeptag, \isafoldtag, \isadroptag. Several document versions may be produced at the same time via isatool usedir (the generated index.html will link all of them). Typical specifications include ''-V document=theory,proof,ML'' to present theory/proof/ML parts faithfully, ''-V outline=/proof,/ML'' to fold proof and ML commands, and ''-V mutilated=-theory,-proof,-ML'' to omit these parts without any formal replacement text. The Isabelle site default settings produce ''document'' and ''outline'' versions as specified above. * Several new antiquotations: @{term_type term} prints a term with its type annotated; @{typeof term} prints the type of a term; @{const const} is the same as @{term const}, but checks that the argument is a known logical constant; @{term_style style term} and @{thm_style style thm} print a term or theorem applying a "style" to it @{ML text} Predefined styles are 'lhs' and 'rhs' printing the lhs/rhs of definitions, equations, inequations etc., 'concl' printing only the conclusion of a meta-logical statement theorem, and 'prem1' .. 'prem19' to print the specified premise. TermStyle.add_style provides an ML interface for introducing further styles. See also the "LaTeX Sugar" document practical applications. The ML antiquotation prints type-checked ML expressions verbatim. * Markup commands 'chapter', 'section', 'subsection', 'subsubsection', and 'text' support optional locale specification '(in loc)', which specifies the default context for interpreting antiquotations. For example: 'text (in lattice) {* @{thm inf_assoc}*}'. * Option 'locale=NAME' of antiquotations specifies an alternative context interpreting the subsequent argument. For example: @{thm [locale=lattice] inf_assoc}. * Proper output of proof terms (@{prf ...} and @{full_prf ...}) within a proof context. * Proper output of antiquotations for theory commands involving a proof context (such as 'locale' or 'theorem (in loc) ...'). * Delimiters of outer tokens (string etc.) now produce separate LaTeX macros (\isachardoublequoteopen, isachardoublequoteclose etc.). * isatool usedir: new option -C (default true) controls whether option -D should include a copy of the original document directory; -C false prevents unwanted effects such as copying of administrative CVS data. *** Pure *** * Considerably improved version of 'constdefs' command. Now performs automatic type-inference of declared constants; additional support for local structure declarations (cf. locales and HOL records), see also isar-ref manual. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY: need to observe strictly sequential dependencies of definitions within a single 'constdefs' section; moreover, the declared name needs to be an identifier. If all fails, consider to fall back on 'consts' and 'defs' separately. * Improved indexed syntax and implicit structures. First of all, indexed syntax provides a notational device for subscripted application, using the new syntax \<^bsub>term\<^esub> for arbitrary expressions. Secondly, in a local context with structure declarations, number indexes \<^sub>n or the empty index (default number 1) refer to a certain fixed variable implicitly; option show_structs controls printing of implicit structures. Typical applications of these concepts involve record types and locales. * New command 'no_syntax' removes grammar declarations (and translations) resulting from the given syntax specification, which is interpreted in the same manner as for the 'syntax' command. * 'Advanced' translation functions (parse_translation etc.) may depend on the signature of the theory context being presently used for parsing/printing, see also isar-ref manual. * Improved 'oracle' command provides a type-safe interface to turn an ML expression of type theory -> T -> term into a primitive rule of type theory -> T -> thm (i.e. the functionality of Thm.invoke_oracle is already included here); see also FOL/ex/IffExample.thy; INCOMPATIBILITY. * axclass: name space prefix for class "c" is now "c_class" (was "c" before); "cI" is no longer bound, use "c.intro" instead. INCOMPATIBILITY. This change avoids clashes of fact bindings for axclasses vs. locales. * Improved internal renaming of symbolic identifiers -- attach primes instead of base 26 numbers. * New flag show_question_marks controls printing of leading question marks in schematic variable names. * In schematic variable names, *any* symbol following \<^isub> or \<^isup> is now treated as part of the base name. For example, the following works without printing of awkward ".0" indexes: lemma "x\<^isub>1 = x\<^isub>2 ==> x\<^isub>2 = x\<^isub>1" by simp * Inner syntax includes (*(*nested*) comments*). * Pretty printer now supports unbreakable blocks, specified in mixfix annotations as "(00...)". * Clear separation of logical types and nonterminals, where the latter may only occur in 'syntax' specifications or type abbreviations. Before that distinction was only partially implemented via type class "logic" vs. "{}". Potential INCOMPATIBILITY in rare cases of improper use of 'types'/'consts' instead of 'nonterminals'/'syntax'. Some very exotic syntax specifications may require further adaption (e.g. Cube/Cube.thy). * Removed obsolete type class "logic", use the top sort {} instead. Note that non-logical types should be declared as 'nonterminals' rather than 'types'. INCOMPATIBILITY for new object-logic specifications. * Attributes 'induct' and 'cases': type or set names may now be locally fixed variables as well. * Simplifier: can now control the depth to which conditional rewriting is traced via the PG menu Isabelle -> Settings -> Trace Simp Depth Limit. * Simplifier: simplification procedures may now take the current simpset into account (cf. Simplifier.simproc(_i) / mk_simproc interface), which is very useful for calling the Simplifier recursively. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY: the 'prems' argument of simprocs is gone -- use prems_of_ss on the simpset instead. Moreover, the low-level mk_simproc no longer applies Logic.varify internally, to allow for use in a context of fixed variables. * thin_tac now works even if the assumption being deleted contains !! or ==>. More generally, erule now works even if the major premise of the elimination rule contains !! or ==>. * Method 'rules' has been renamed to 'iprover'. INCOMPATIBILITY. * Reorganized bootstrapping of the Pure theories; CPure is now derived from Pure, which contains all common declarations already. Both theories are defined via plain Isabelle/Isar .thy files. INCOMPATIBILITY: elements of CPure (such as the CPure.intro / CPure.elim / CPure.dest attributes) now appear in the Pure name space; use isatool fixcpure to adapt your theory and ML sources. * New syntax 'name(i-j, i-, i, ...)' for referring to specific selections of theorems in named facts via index ranges. * 'print_theorems': in theory mode, really print the difference wrt. the last state (works for interactive theory development only), in proof mode print all local facts (cf. 'print_facts'); * 'hide': option '(open)' hides only base names. * More efficient treatment of intermediate checkpoints in interactive theory development. * Code generator is now invoked via code_module (incremental code generation) and code_library (modular code generation, ML structures for each theory). INCOMPATIBILITY: new keywords 'file' and 'contains' must be quoted when used as identifiers. * New 'value' command for reading, evaluating and printing terms using the code generator. INCOMPATIBILITY: command keyword 'value' must be quoted when used as identifier. *** Locales *** * New commands for the interpretation of locale expressions in theories (1), locales (2) and proof contexts (3). These generate proof obligations from the expression specification. After the obligations have been discharged, theorems of the expression are added to the theory, target locale or proof context. The synopsis of the commands is a follows: (1) interpretation expr inst (2) interpretation target < expr (3) interpret expr inst Interpretation in theories and proof contexts require a parameter instantiation of terms from the current context. This is applied to specifications and theorems of the interpreted expression. Interpretation in locales only permits parameter renaming through the locale expression. Interpretation is smart in that interpretations that are active already do not occur in proof obligations, neither are instantiated theorems stored in duplicate. Use 'print_interps' to inspect active interpretations of a particular locale. For details, see the Isar Reference manual. Examples can be found in HOL/Finite_Set.thy and HOL/Algebra/UnivPoly.thy. INCOMPATIBILITY: former 'instantiate' has been withdrawn, use 'interpret' instead. * New context element 'constrains' for adding type constraints to parameters. * Context expressions: renaming of parameters with syntax redeclaration. * Locale declaration: 'includes' disallowed. * Proper static binding of attribute syntax -- i.e. types / terms / facts mentioned as arguments are always those of the locale definition context, independently of the context of later invocations. Moreover, locale operations (renaming and type / term instantiation) are applied to attribute arguments as expected. INCOMPATIBILITY of the ML interface: always pass Attrib.src instead of actual attributes; rare situations may require Attrib.attribute to embed those attributes into Attrib.src that lack concrete syntax. Attribute implementations need to cooperate properly with the static binding mechanism. Basic parsers Args.XXX_typ/term/prop and Attrib.XXX_thm etc. already do the right thing without further intervention. Only unusual applications -- such as "where" or "of" (cf. src/Pure/Isar/attrib.ML), which process arguments depending both on the context and the facts involved -- may have to assign parsed values to argument tokens explicitly. * Changed parameter management in theorem generation for long goal statements with 'includes'. INCOMPATIBILITY: produces a different theorem statement in rare situations. * Locale inspection command 'print_locale' omits notes elements. Use 'print_locale!' to have them included in the output. *** Provers *** * Provers/hypsubst.ML: improved version of the subst method, for single-step rewriting: it now works in bound variable contexts. New is 'subst (asm)', for rewriting an assumption. INCOMPATIBILITY: may rewrite a different subterm than the original subst method, which is still available as 'simplesubst'. * Provers/quasi.ML: new transitivity reasoners for transitivity only and quasi orders. * Provers/trancl.ML: new transitivity reasoner for transitive and reflexive-transitive closure of relations. * Provers/blast.ML: new reference depth_limit to make blast's depth limit (previously hard-coded with a value of 20) user-definable. * Provers/simplifier.ML has been moved to Pure, where Simplifier.setup is peformed already. Object-logics merely need to finish their initial simpset configuration as before. INCOMPATIBILITY. *** HOL *** * Symbolic syntax of Hilbert Choice Operator is now as follows: syntax (epsilon) "_Eps" :: "[pttrn, bool] => 'a" ("(3\_./ _)" [0, 10] 10) The symbol \ is displayed as the alternative epsilon of LaTeX and x-symbol; use option '-m epsilon' to get it actually printed. Moreover, the mathematically important symbolic identifier \ becomes available as variable, constant etc. INCOMPATIBILITY, * "x > y" abbreviates "y < x" and "x >= y" abbreviates "y <= x". Similarly for all quantifiers: "ALL x > y" etc. The x-symbol for >= is \. New transitivity rules have been added to HOL/Orderings.thy to support corresponding Isar calculations. * "{x:A. P}" abbreviates "{x. x:A & P}", and similarly for "\" instead of ":". * theory SetInterval: changed the syntax for open intervals: Old New {..n(} {.. {\1<\.\.} \.\.\([^(}]*\)(} -> \.\.<\1} * Theory Commutative_Ring (in Library): method comm_ring for proving equalities in commutative rings; method 'algebra' provides a generic interface. * Theory Finite_Set: changed the syntax for 'setsum', summation over finite sets: "setsum (%x. e) A", which used to be "\x:A. e", is now either "SUM x:A. e" or "\x \ A. e". The bound variable can be a tuple pattern. Some new syntax forms are available: "\x | P. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {x. P}" "\x = a..b. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {a..b}" "\x = a..x < k. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {..x < k. e" used to be based on a separate function "Summation", which has been discontinued. * theory Finite_Set: in structured induction proofs, the insert case is now 'case (insert x F)' instead of the old counterintuitive 'case (insert F x)'. * The 'refute' command has been extended to support a much larger fragment of HOL, including axiomatic type classes, constdefs and typedefs, inductive datatypes and recursion. * New tactics 'sat' and 'satx' to prove propositional tautologies. Requires zChaff with proof generation to be installed. See HOL/ex/SAT_Examples.thy for examples. * Datatype induction via method 'induct' now preserves the name of the induction variable. For example, when proving P(xs::'a list) by induction on xs, the induction step is now P(xs) ==> P(a#xs) rather than P(list) ==> P(a#list) as previously. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY in unstructured proof scripts. * Reworked implementation of records. Improved scalability for records with many fields, avoiding performance problems for type inference. Records are no longer composed of nested field types, but of nested extension types. Therefore the record type only grows linear in the number of extensions and not in the number of fields. The top-level (users) view on records is preserved. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY only in strange cases, where the theory depends on the old record representation. The type generated for a record is called _ext_type. Flag record_quick_and_dirty_sensitive can be enabled to skip the proofs triggered by a record definition or a simproc (if quick_and_dirty is enabled). Definitions of large records can take quite long. New simproc record_upd_simproc for simplification of multiple record updates enabled by default. Moreover, trivial updates are also removed: r(|x := x r|) = r. INCOMPATIBILITY: old proofs break occasionally, since simplification is more powerful by default. * typedef: proper support for polymorphic sets, which contain extra type-variables in the term. * Simplifier: automatically reasons about transitivity chains involving "trancl" (r^+) and "rtrancl" (r^*) by setting up tactics provided by Provers/trancl.ML as additional solvers. INCOMPATIBILITY: old proofs break occasionally as simplification may now solve more goals than previously. * Simplifier: converts x <= y into x = y if assumption y <= x is present. Works for all partial orders (class "order"), in particular numbers and sets. For linear orders (e.g. numbers) it treats ~ x < y just like y <= x. * Simplifier: new simproc for "let x = a in f x". If a is a free or bound variable or a constant then the let is unfolded. Otherwise first a is simplified to b, and then f b is simplified to g. If possible we abstract b from g arriving at "let x = b in h x", otherwise we unfold the let and arrive at g. The simproc can be enabled/disabled by the reference use_let_simproc. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY since simplification is more powerful by default. * Classical reasoning: the meson method now accepts theorems as arguments. * Prover support: pre-release of the Isabelle-ATP linkup, which runs background jobs to provide advice on the provability of subgoals. * Theory OrderedGroup and Ring_and_Field: various additions and improvements to faciliate calculations involving equalities and inequalities. The following theorems have been eliminated or modified (INCOMPATIBILITY): abs_eq now named abs_of_nonneg abs_of_ge_0 now named abs_of_nonneg abs_minus_eq now named abs_of_nonpos imp_abs_id now named abs_of_nonneg imp_abs_neg_id now named abs_of_nonpos mult_pos now named mult_pos_pos mult_pos_le now named mult_nonneg_nonneg mult_pos_neg_le now named mult_nonneg_nonpos mult_pos_neg2_le now named mult_nonneg_nonpos2 mult_neg now named mult_neg_neg mult_neg_le now named mult_nonpos_nonpos * The following lemmas in Ring_and_Field have been added to the simplifier: zero_le_square not_square_less_zero The following lemmas have been deleted from Real/RealPow: realpow_zero_zero realpow_two realpow_less zero_le_power realpow_two_le abs_realpow_two realpow_two_abs * Theory Parity: added rules for simplifying exponents. * Theory List: The following theorems have been eliminated or modified (INCOMPATIBILITY): list_all_Nil now named list_all.simps(1) list_all_Cons now named list_all.simps(2) list_all_conv now named list_all_iff set_mem_eq now named mem_iff * Theories SetsAndFunctions and BigO (see HOL/Library) support asymptotic "big O" calculations. See the notes in BigO.thy. *** HOL-Complex *** * Theory RealDef: better support for embedding natural numbers and integers in the reals. The following theorems have been eliminated or modified (INCOMPATIBILITY): exp_ge_add_one_self now requires no hypotheses real_of_int_add reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric]) real_of_int_minus reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric]) real_of_int_diff reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric]) real_of_int_mult reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric]) * Theory RComplete: expanded support for floor and ceiling functions. * Theory Ln is new, with properties of the natural logarithm * Hyperreal: There is a new type constructor "star" for making nonstandard types. The old type names are now type synonyms: hypreal = real star hypnat = nat star hcomplex = complex star * Hyperreal: Many groups of similarly-defined constants have been replaced by polymorphic versions (INCOMPATIBILITY): star_of <-- hypreal_of_real, hypnat_of_nat, hcomplex_of_complex starset <-- starsetNat, starsetC *s* <-- *sNat*, *sc* starset_n <-- starsetNat_n, starsetC_n *sn* <-- *sNatn*, *scn* InternalSets <-- InternalNatSets, InternalCSets starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR} *f* <-- *fNat*, *fNat2*, *fc*, *fRc*, *fcR* starfun_n <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_n *fn* <-- *fNatn*, *fNat2n*, *fcn*, *fRcn*, *fcRn* InternalFuns <-- InternalNatFuns, InternalNatFuns2, Internal{C,RC,CR}Funs * Hyperreal: Many type-specific theorems have been removed in favor of theorems specific to various axiomatic type classes (INCOMPATIBILITY): add_commute <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_commute add_assoc <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_assocs OrderedGroup.add_0 <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_zero_left OrderedGroup.add_0_right <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_add_zero_right right_minus <-- hypreal_add_minus left_minus <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_add_minus_left mult_commute <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_mult_commute mult_assoc <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_mult_assoc mult_1_left <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_mult_1, hcomplex_mult_one_left mult_1_right <-- hcomplex_mult_one_right mult_zero_left <-- hcomplex_mult_zero_left left_distrib <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_mult_distrib right_distrib <-- hypnat_add_mult_distrib2 zero_neq_one <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_zero_not_eq_one right_inverse <-- hypreal_mult_inverse left_inverse <-- hypreal_mult_inverse_left, hcomplex_mult_inv_left order_refl <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_refl order_trans <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_trans order_antisym <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_anti_sym order_less_le <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_less_le linorder_linear <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_linear add_left_mono <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_add_left_mono mult_strict_left_mono <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_mult_less_mono2 add_nonneg_nonneg <-- hypreal_le_add_order * Hyperreal: Separate theorems having to do with type-specific versions of constants have been merged into theorems that apply to the new polymorphic constants (INCOMPATIBILITY): STAR_UNIV_set <-- {STAR_real,NatStar_real,STARC_complex}_set STAR_empty_set <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_empty_set STAR_Un <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Un STAR_Int <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Int STAR_Compl <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Compl STAR_subset <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_subset STAR_mem <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_mem STAR_mem_Compl <-- {STAR,STARC}_mem_Compl STAR_diff <-- {STAR,STARC}_diff STAR_star_of_image_subset <-- {STAR_hypreal_of_real, NatStar_hypreal_of_real, STARC_hcomplex_of_complex}_image_subset starset_n_Un <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Un starset_n_Int <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Int starset_n_Compl <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Compl starset_n_diff <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_diff InternalSets_Un <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Un InternalSets_Int <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Int InternalSets_Compl <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Compl InternalSets_diff <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_diff InternalSets_UNIV_diff <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_UNIV_diff InternalSets_starset_n <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_starset{Nat,C}_n starset_starset_n_eq <-- starset{Nat,C}_starset{Nat,C}_n_eq starset_n_starset <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_starset{Nat,C} starfun_n_starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_n_starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR} starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR} starfun_mult <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_mult starfun_add <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_add starfun_minus <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_minus starfun_diff <-- starfun{C,RC,CR}_diff starfun_o <-- starfun{NatNat2,Nat2,_stafunNat,C,C_starfunRC,_starfunCR}_o starfun_o2 <-- starfun{NatNat2,_stafunNat,C,C_starfunRC,_starfunCR}_o2 starfun_const_fun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_const_fun starfun_inverse <-- starfun{Nat,C,RC,CR}_inverse starfun_eq <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_eq starfun_eq_iff <-- starfun{C,RC,CR}_eq_iff starfun_Id <-- starfunC_Id starfun_approx <-- starfun{Nat,CR}_approx starfun_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_capprox starfun_abs <-- starfunNat_rabs starfun_lambda_cancel <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_lambda_cancel starfun_lambda_cancel2 <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_lambda_cancel2 starfun_mult_HFinite_approx <-- starfunCR_mult_HFinite_capprox starfun_mult_CFinite_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_mult_CFinite_capprox starfun_add_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_add_capprox starfun_add_approx <-- starfunCR_add_approx starfun_inverse_inverse <-- starfunC_inverse_inverse starfun_divide <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_divide starfun_n <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n starfun_n_mult <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_mult starfun_n_add <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_add starfun_n_add_minus <-- starfunNat_n_add_minus starfun_n_const_fun <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_const_fun starfun_n_minus <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_minus starfun_n_eq <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_eq star_n_add <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add star_n_minus <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_minus star_n_diff <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_diff star_n_mult <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_mult star_n_inverse <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_inverse star_n_le <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le star_n_less <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_less star_n_zero_num <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_zero_num star_n_one_num <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_one_num star_n_abs <-- hypreal_hrabs star_n_divide <-- hcomplex_divide star_of_add <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_add star_of_minus <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_minus star_of_diff <-- hypreal_of_real_diff star_of_mult <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_mult star_of_one <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_one star_of_zero <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_zero star_of_le <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat}_le_iff star_of_less <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat}_less_iff star_of_eq <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_eq_iff star_of_inverse <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_inverse star_of_divide <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_divide star_of_of_nat <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_of_nat star_of_of_int <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_of_int star_of_number_of <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_number_of star_of_number_less <-- number_of_less_hypreal_of_real_iff star_of_number_le <-- number_of_le_hypreal_of_real_iff star_of_eq_number <-- hypreal_of_real_eq_number_of_iff star_of_less_number <-- hypreal_of_real_less_number_of_iff star_of_le_number <-- hypreal_of_real_le_number_of_iff star_of_power <-- hypreal_of_real_power star_of_eq_0 <-- hcomplex_of_complex_zero_iff * Hyperreal: new method "transfer" that implements the transfer principle of nonstandard analysis. With a subgoal that mentions nonstandard types like "'a star", the command "apply transfer" replaces it with an equivalent one that mentions only standard types. To be successful, all free variables must have standard types; non- standard variables must have explicit universal quantifiers. * Hyperreal: A theory of Taylor series. *** HOLCF *** * Discontinued special version of 'constdefs' (which used to support continuous functions) in favor of the general Pure one with full type-inference. * New simplification procedure for solving continuity conditions; it is much faster on terms with many nested lambda abstractions (cubic instead of exponential time). * New syntax for domain package: selector names are now optional. Parentheses should be omitted unless argument is lazy, for example: domain 'a stream = cons "'a" (lazy "'a stream") * New command 'fixrec' for defining recursive functions with pattern matching; defining multiple functions with mutual recursion is also supported. Patterns may include the constants cpair, spair, up, sinl, sinr, or any data constructor defined by the domain package. The given equations are proven as rewrite rules. See HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for syntax and examples. * New commands 'cpodef' and 'pcpodef' for defining predicate subtypes of cpo and pcpo types. Syntax is exactly like the 'typedef' command, but the proof obligation additionally includes an admissibility requirement. The packages generate instances of class cpo or pcpo, with continuity and strictness theorems for Rep and Abs. * HOLCF: Many theorems have been renamed according to a more standard naming scheme (INCOMPATIBILITY): foo_inject: "foo$x = foo$y ==> x = y" foo_eq: "(foo$x = foo$y) = (x = y)" foo_less: "(foo$x << foo$y) = (x << y)" foo_strict: "foo$UU = UU" foo_defined: "... ==> foo$x ~= UU" foo_defined_iff: "(foo$x = UU) = (x = UU)" *** ZF *** * ZF/ex: theories Group and Ring provide examples in abstract algebra, including the First Isomorphism Theorem (on quotienting by the kernel of a homomorphism). * ZF/Simplifier: install second copy of type solver that actually makes use of TC rules declared to Isar proof contexts (or locales); the old version is still required for ML proof scripts. *** Cube *** * Converted to Isar theory format; use locales instead of axiomatic theories. *** ML *** * Pure/library.ML: added ##>, ##>>, #>> -- higher-order counterparts for ||>, ||>>, |>>, * Pure/library.ML no longer defines its own option datatype, but uses that of the SML basis, which has constructors NONE and SOME instead of None and Some, as well as exception Option.Option instead of OPTION. The functions the, if_none, is_some, is_none have been adapted accordingly, while Option.map replaces apsome. * Pure/library.ML: the exception LIST has been given up in favour of the standard exceptions Empty and Subscript, as well as Library.UnequalLengths. Function like Library.hd and Library.tl are superceded by the standard hd and tl functions etc. A number of basic list functions are no longer exported to the ML toplevel, as they are variants of predefined functions. The following suggests how one can translate existing code: rev_append xs ys = List.revAppend (xs, ys) nth_elem (i, xs) = List.nth (xs, i) last_elem xs = List.last xs flat xss = List.concat xss seq fs = List.app fs partition P xs = List.partition P xs mapfilter f xs = List.mapPartial f xs * Pure/library.ML: several combinators for linear functional transformations, notably reverse application and composition: x |> f f #> g (x, y) |-> f f #-> g * Pure/library.ML: introduced/changed precedence of infix operators: infix 1 |> |-> ||> ||>> |>> |>>> #> #->; infix 2 ?; infix 3 o oo ooo oooo; infix 4 ~~ upto downto; Maybe INCOMPATIBILITY when any of those is used in conjunction with other infix operators. * Pure/library.ML: natural list combinators fold, fold_rev, and fold_map support linear functional transformations and nesting. For example: fold f [x1, ..., xN] y = y |> f x1 |> ... |> f xN (fold o fold) f [xs1, ..., xsN] y = y |> fold f xs1 |> ... |> fold f xsN fold f [x1, ..., xN] = f x1 #> ... #> f xN (fold o fold) f [xs1, ..., xsN] = fold f xs1 #> ... #> fold f xsN * Pure/library.ML: the following selectors on type 'a option are available: the: 'a option -> 'a (*partial*) these: 'a option -> 'a where 'a = 'b list the_default: 'a -> 'a option -> 'a the_list: 'a option -> 'a list * Pure/General: structure AList (cf. Pure/General/alist.ML) provides basic operations for association lists, following natural argument order; moreover the explicit equality predicate passed here avoids potentially expensive polymorphic runtime equality checks. The old functions may be expressed as follows: assoc = uncurry (AList.lookup (op =)) assocs = these oo AList.lookup (op =) overwrite = uncurry (AList.update (op =)) o swap * Pure/General: structure AList (cf. Pure/General/alist.ML) provides val make: ('a -> 'b) -> 'a list -> ('a * 'b) list val find: ('a * 'b -> bool) -> ('c * 'b) list -> 'a -> 'c list replacing make_keylist and keyfilter (occassionally used) Naive rewrites: make_keylist = AList.make keyfilter = AList.find (op =) * eq_fst and eq_snd now take explicit equality parameter, thus avoiding eqtypes. Naive rewrites: eq_fst = eq_fst (op =) eq_snd = eq_snd (op =) * Removed deprecated apl and apr (rarely used). Naive rewrites: apl (n, op) =>>= curry op n apr (op, m) =>>= fn n => op (n, m) * Pure/General: structure OrdList (cf. Pure/General/ord_list.ML) provides a reasonably efficient light-weight implementation of sets as lists. * Pure/General: generic tables (cf. Pure/General/table.ML) provide a few new operations; existing lookup and update are now curried to follow natural argument order (for use with fold etc.); INCOMPATIBILITY, use (uncurry Symtab.lookup) etc. as last resort. * Pure/General: output via the Isabelle channels of writeln/warning/error etc. is now passed through Output.output, with a hook for arbitrary transformations depending on the print_mode (cf. Output.add_mode -- the first active mode that provides a output function wins). Already formatted output may be embedded into further text via Output.raw; the result of Pretty.string_of/str_of and derived functions (string_of_term/cterm/thm etc.) is already marked raw to accommodate easy composition of diagnostic messages etc. Programmers rarely need to care about Output.output or Output.raw at all, with some notable exceptions: Output.output is required when bypassing the standard channels (writeln etc.), or in token translations to produce properly formatted results; Output.raw is required when capturing already output material that will eventually be presented to the user a second time. For the default print mode, both Output.output and Output.raw have no effect. * Pure/General: Output.time_accumulator NAME creates an operator ('a -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b to measure runtime and count invocations; the cumulative results are displayed at the end of a batch session. * Pure/General: File.sysify_path and File.quote_sysify path have been replaced by File.platform_path and File.shell_path (with appropriate hooks). This provides a clean interface for unusual systems where the internal and external process view of file names are different. * Pure: more efficient orders for basic syntactic entities: added fast_string_ord, fast_indexname_ord, fast_term_ord; changed sort_ord and typ_ord to use fast_string_ord and fast_indexname_ord (term_ord is NOT affected); structures Symtab, Vartab, Typtab, Termtab use the fast orders now -- potential INCOMPATIBILITY for code that depends on a particular order for Symtab.keys, Symtab.dest, etc. (consider using Library.sort_strings on result). * Pure/term.ML: combinators fold_atyps, fold_aterms, fold_term_types, fold_types traverse types/terms from left to right, observing natural argument order. Supercedes previous foldl_XXX versions, add_frees, add_vars etc. have been adapted as well: INCOMPATIBILITY. * Pure: name spaces have been refined, with significant changes of the internal interfaces -- INCOMPATIBILITY. Renamed cond_extern(_table) to extern(_table). The plain name entry path is superceded by a general 'naming' context, which also includes the 'policy' to produce a fully qualified name and external accesses of a fully qualified name; NameSpace.extend is superceded by context dependent Sign.declare_name. Several theory and proof context operations modify the naming context. Especially note Theory.restore_naming and ProofContext.restore_naming to get back to a sane state; note that Theory.add_path is no longer sufficient to recover from Theory.absolute_path in particular. * Pure: new flags short_names (default false) and unique_names (default true) for controlling output of qualified names. If short_names is set, names are printed unqualified. If unique_names is reset, the name prefix is reduced to the minimum required to achieve the original result when interning again, even if there is an overlap with earlier declarations. * Pure/TheoryDataFun: change of the argument structure; 'prep_ext' is now 'extend', and 'merge' gets an additional Pretty.pp argument (useful for printing error messages). INCOMPATIBILITY. * Pure: major reorganization of the theory context. Type Sign.sg and Theory.theory are now identified, referring to the universal Context.theory (see Pure/context.ML). Actual signature and theory content is managed as theory data. The old code and interfaces were spread over many files and structures; the new arrangement introduces considerable INCOMPATIBILITY to gain more clarity: Context -- theory management operations (name, identity, inclusion, parents, ancestors, merge, etc.), plus generic theory data; Sign -- logical signature and syntax operations (declaring consts, types, etc.), plus certify/read for common entities; Theory -- logical theory operations (stating axioms, definitions, oracles), plus a copy of logical signature operations (consts, types, etc.); also a few basic management operations (Theory.copy, Theory.merge, etc.) The most basic sign_of operations (Theory.sign_of, Thm.sign_of_thm etc.) as well as the sign field in Thm.rep_thm etc. have been retained for convenience -- they merely return the theory. * Pure: type Type.tsig is superceded by theory in most interfaces. * Pure: the Isar proof context type is already defined early in Pure as Context.proof (note that ProofContext.context and Proof.context are aliases, where the latter is the preferred name). This enables other Isabelle components to refer to that type even before Isar is present. * Pure/sign/theory: discontinued named name spaces (i.e. classK, typeK, constK, axiomK, oracleK), but provide explicit operations for any of these kinds. For example, Sign.intern typeK is now Sign.intern_type, Theory.hide_space Sign.typeK is now Theory.hide_types. Also note that former Theory.hide_classes/types/consts are now Theory.hide_classes_i/types_i/consts_i, while the non '_i' versions internalize their arguments! INCOMPATIBILITY. * Pure: get_thm interface (of PureThy and ProofContext) expects datatype thmref (with constructors Name and NameSelection) instead of plain string -- INCOMPATIBILITY; * Pure: cases produced by proof methods specify options, where NONE means to remove case bindings -- INCOMPATIBILITY in (RAW_)METHOD_CASES. * Pure: the following operations retrieve axioms or theorems from a theory node or theory hierarchy, respectively: Theory.axioms_of: theory -> (string * term) list Theory.all_axioms_of: theory -> (string * term) list PureThy.thms_of: theory -> (string * thm) list PureThy.all_thms_of: theory -> (string * thm) list * Pure: print_tac now outputs the goal through the trace channel. * Isar toplevel: improved diagnostics, mostly for Poly/ML only. Reference Toplevel.debug (default false) controls detailed printing and tracing of low-level exceptions; Toplevel.profiling (default 0) controls execution profiling -- set to 1 for time and 2 for space (both increase the runtime). * Isar session: The initial use of ROOT.ML is now always timed, i.e. the log will show the actual process times, in contrast to the elapsed wall-clock time that the outer shell wrapper produces. * Simplifier: improved handling of bound variables (nameless representation, avoid allocating new strings). Simprocs that invoke the Simplifier recursively should use Simplifier.inherit_bounds to avoid local name clashes. Failure to do so produces warnings "Simplifier: renamed bound variable ..."; set Simplifier.debug_bounds for further details. * ML functions legacy_bindings and use_legacy_bindings produce ML fact bindings for all theorems stored within a given theory; this may help in porting non-Isar theories to Isar ones, while keeping ML proof scripts for the time being. * ML operator HTML.with_charset specifies the charset begin used for generated HTML files. For example: HTML.with_charset "utf-8" use_thy "Hebrew"; HTML.with_charset "utf-8" use_thy "Chinese"; *** System *** * Allow symlinks to all proper Isabelle executables (Isabelle, isabelle, isatool etc.). * ISABELLE_DOC_FORMAT setting specifies preferred document format (for isatool doc, isatool mkdir, display_drafts etc.). * isatool usedir: option -f allows specification of the ML file to be used by Isabelle; default is ROOT.ML. * New isatool version outputs the version identifier of the Isabelle distribution being used. * HOL: new isatool dimacs2hol converts files in DIMACS CNF format (containing Boolean satisfiability problems) into Isabelle/HOL theories. New in Isabelle2004 (April 2004) -------------------------------- *** General *** * Provers/order.ML: new efficient reasoner for partial and linear orders. Replaces linorder.ML. * Pure: Greek letters (except small lambda, \), as well as Gothic (\...\\...\), calligraphic (\...\), and Euler (\...\), are now considered normal letters, and can therefore be used anywhere where an ASCII letter (a...zA...Z) has until now. COMPATIBILITY: This obviously changes the parsing of some terms, especially where a symbol has been used as a binder, say '\x. ...', which is now a type error since \x will be parsed as an identifier. Fix it by inserting a space around former symbols. Call 'isatool fixgreek' to try to fix parsing errors in existing theory and ML files. * Pure: Macintosh and Windows line-breaks are now allowed in theory files. * Pure: single letter sub/superscripts (\<^isub> and \<^isup>) are now allowed in identifiers. Similar to Greek letters \<^isub> is now considered a normal (but invisible) letter. For multiple letter subscripts repeat \<^isub> like this: x\<^isub>1\<^isub>2. * Pure: There are now sub-/superscripts that can span more than one character. Text between \<^bsub> and \<^esub> is set in subscript in ProofGeneral and LaTeX, text between \<^bsup> and \<^esup> in superscript. The new control characters are not identifier parts. * Pure: Control-symbols of the form \<^raw:...> will literally print the content of "..." to the latex file instead of \isacntrl... . The "..." may consist of any printable characters excluding the end bracket >. * Pure: Using new Isar command "finalconsts" (or the ML functions Theory.add_finals or Theory.add_finals_i) it is now possible to declare constants "final", which prevents their being given a definition later. It is useful for constants whose behaviour is fixed axiomatically rather than definitionally, such as the meta-logic connectives. * Pure: 'instance' now handles general arities with general sorts (i.e. intersections of classes), * Presentation: generated HTML now uses a CSS style sheet to make layout (somewhat) independent of content. It is copied from lib/html/isabelle.css. It can be changed to alter the colors/layout of generated pages. *** Isar *** * Tactic emulation methods rule_tac, erule_tac, drule_tac, frule_tac, cut_tac, subgoal_tac and thin_tac: - Now understand static (Isar) contexts. As a consequence, users of Isar locales are no longer forced to write Isar proof scripts. For details see Isar Reference Manual, paragraph 4.3.2: Further tactic emulations. - INCOMPATIBILITY: names of variables to be instantiated may no longer be enclosed in quotes. Instead, precede variable name with `?'. This is consistent with the instantiation attribute "where". * Attributes "where" and "of": - Now take type variables of instantiated theorem into account when reading the instantiation string. This fixes a bug that caused instantiated theorems to have too special types in some circumstances. - "where" permits explicit instantiations of type variables. * Calculation commands "moreover" and "also" no longer interfere with current facts ("this"), admitting arbitrary combinations with "then" and derived forms. * Locales: - Goal statements involving the context element "includes" no longer generate theorems with internal delta predicates (those ending on "_axioms") in the premise. Resolve particular premise with .intro to obtain old form. - Fixed bug in type inference ("unify_frozen") that prevented mix of target specification and "includes" elements in goal statement. - Rule sets .intro and .axioms no longer declared as [intro?] and [elim?] (respectively) by default. - Experimental command for instantiation of locales in proof contexts: instantiate