# HG changeset patch
# User wenzelm
# Date 1346150749 -7200
# Node ID 12afbf6eb7f9db36d015111e993df99dbf36e8a4
# Parent  c04001b3a753bb1a950abac6d20ccb7310c7b4ab
more standard document preparation within session context;

diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Base.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Base.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+theory Base
+imports Pure
+begin
+
+ML_file "../antiquote_setup.ML"
+setup Antiquote_Setup.setup
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Document_Preparation.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Document_Preparation.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,611 @@
+theory Document_Preparation
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* Document preparation \label{ch:document-prep} *}
+
+text {* Isabelle/Isar provides a simple document preparation system
+  based on regular {PDF-\LaTeX} technology, with full support for
+  hyper-links and bookmarks.  Thus the results are well suited for WWW
+  browsing and as printed copies.
+
+  \medskip Isabelle generates {\LaTeX} output while running a
+  \emph{logic session} (see also \cite{isabelle-sys}).  Getting
+  started with a working configuration for common situations is quite
+  easy by using the Isabelle @{verbatim mkdir} and @{verbatim make}
+  tools.  First invoke
+\begin{ttbox}
+  isabelle mkdir Foo
+\end{ttbox}
+  to initialize a separate directory for session @{verbatim Foo} (it
+  is safe to experiment, since @{verbatim "isabelle mkdir"} never
+  overwrites existing files).  Ensure that @{verbatim "Foo/ROOT.ML"}
+  holds ML commands to load all theories required for this session;
+  furthermore @{verbatim "Foo/document/root.tex"} should include any
+  special {\LaTeX} macro packages required for your document (the
+  default is usually sufficient as a start).
+
+  The session is controlled by a separate @{verbatim IsaMakefile}
+  (with crude source dependencies by default).  This file is located
+  one level up from the @{verbatim Foo} directory location.  Now
+  invoke
+\begin{ttbox}
+  isabelle make Foo
+\end{ttbox}
+  to run the @{verbatim Foo} session, with browser information and
+  document preparation enabled.  Unless any errors are reported by
+  Isabelle or {\LaTeX}, the output will appear inside the directory
+  defined by the @{verbatim ISABELLE_BROWSER_INFO} setting (as
+  reported by the batch job in verbose mode).
+
+  \medskip You may also consider to tune the @{verbatim usedir}
+  options in @{verbatim IsaMakefile}, for example to switch the output
+  format between @{verbatim pdf} and @{verbatim dvi}, or activate the
+  @{verbatim "-D"} option to retain a second copy of the generated
+  {\LaTeX} sources (for manual inspection or separate runs of
+  @{executable latex}).
+
+  \medskip See \emph{The Isabelle System Manual} \cite{isabelle-sys}
+  for further details on Isabelle logic sessions and theory
+  presentation.  The Isabelle/HOL tutorial \cite{isabelle-hol-book}
+  also covers theory presentation to some extent.
+*}
+
+
+section {* Markup commands \label{sec:markup} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "header"} & : & @{text "toplevel \<rightarrow> toplevel"} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{command_def "chapter"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "section"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "subsection"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "subsubsection"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "text"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "text_raw"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{command_def "sect"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
+    @{command_def "subsect"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
+    @{command_def "subsubsect"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
+    @{command_def "txt"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
+    @{command_def "txt_raw"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Markup commands provide a structured way to insert text into the
+  document generated from a theory.  Each markup command takes a
+  single @{syntax text} argument, which is passed as argument to a
+  corresponding {\LaTeX} macro.  The default macros provided by
+  @{file "~~/lib/texinputs/isabelle.sty"} can be redefined according
+  to the needs of the underlying document and {\LaTeX} styles.
+
+  Note that formal comments (\secref{sec:comments}) are similar to
+  markup commands, but have a different status within Isabelle/Isar
+  syntax.
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{command chapter} | @@{command section} | @@{command subsection} |
+      @@{command subsubsection} | @@{command text}) @{syntax target}? @{syntax text}
+    ;
+    (@@{command header} | @@{command text_raw} | @@{command sect} | @@{command subsect} |
+      @@{command subsubsect} | @@{command txt} | @@{command txt_raw}) @{syntax text}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command header} provides plain text markup just preceding
+  the formal beginning of a theory.  The corresponding {\LaTeX} macro
+  is @{verbatim "\\isamarkupheader"}, which acts like @{command
+  section} by default.
+  
+  \item @{command chapter}, @{command section}, @{command subsection},
+  and @{command subsubsection} mark chapter and section headings
+  within the main theory body or local theory targets.  The
+  corresponding {\LaTeX} macros are @{verbatim "\\isamarkupchapter"},
+  @{verbatim "\\isamarkupsection"}, @{verbatim
+  "\\isamarkupsubsection"} etc.
+
+  \item @{command sect}, @{command subsect}, and @{command subsubsect}
+  mark section headings within proofs.  The corresponding {\LaTeX}
+  macros are @{verbatim "\\isamarkupsect"}, @{verbatim
+  "\\isamarkupsubsect"} etc.
+
+  \item @{command text} and @{command txt} specify paragraphs of plain
+  text.  This corresponds to a {\LaTeX} environment @{verbatim
+  "\\begin{isamarkuptext}"} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim
+  "\\end{isamarkuptext}"} etc.
+
+  \item @{command text_raw} and @{command txt_raw} insert {\LaTeX}
+  source into the output, without additional markup.  Thus the full
+  range of document manipulations becomes available, at the risk of
+  messing up document output.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Except for @{command "text_raw"} and @{command "txt_raw"}, the text
+  passed to any of the above markup commands may refer to formal
+  entities via \emph{document antiquotations}, see also
+  \secref{sec:antiq}.  These are interpreted in the present theory or
+  proof context, or the named @{text "target"}.
+
+  \medskip The proof markup commands closely resemble those for theory
+  specifications, but have a different formal status and produce
+  different {\LaTeX} macros.  The default definitions coincide for
+  analogous commands such as @{command section} and @{command sect}.
+*}
+
+
+section {* Document Antiquotations \label{sec:antiq} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{antiquotation_def "theory"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def "thm"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def "lemma"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def "prop"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def "term"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def term_type} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def typeof} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def const} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def abbrev} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def typ} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def type} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def class} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def "text"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def goals} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def subgoals} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def prf} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def full_prf} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def ML} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def ML_op} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def ML_type} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def ML_struct} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+    @{antiquotation_def "file"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  The overall content of an Isabelle/Isar theory may alternate between
+  formal and informal text.  The main body consists of formal
+  specification and proof commands, interspersed with markup commands
+  (\secref{sec:markup}) or document comments (\secref{sec:comments}).
+  The argument of markup commands quotes informal text to be printed
+  in the resulting document, but may again refer to formal entities
+  via \emph{document antiquotations}.
+
+  For example, embedding of ``@{text [source=false] "@{term [show_types] \"f x = a + x\"}"}''
+  within a text block makes
+  \isa{{\isacharparenleft}f{\isasymColon}{\isacharprime}a\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isacharprime}a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharparenleft}x{\isasymColon}{\isacharprime}a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharparenleft}a{\isasymColon}{\isacharprime}a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharplus}\ x} appear in the final {\LaTeX} document.
+
+  Antiquotations usually spare the author tedious typing of logical
+  entities in full detail.  Even more importantly, some degree of
+  consistency-checking between the main body of formal text and its
+  informal explanation is achieved, since terms and types appearing in
+  antiquotations are checked within the current theory or proof
+  context.
+
+  %% FIXME less monolithic presentation, move to individual sections!?
+  @{rail "
+    '@{' antiquotation '}'
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def antiquotation}:
+      @@{antiquotation theory} options @{syntax name} |
+      @@{antiquotation thm} options styles @{syntax thmrefs} |
+      @@{antiquotation lemma} options @{syntax prop} @'by' @{syntax method} @{syntax method}? |
+      @@{antiquotation prop} options styles @{syntax prop} |
+      @@{antiquotation term} options styles @{syntax term} |
+      @@{antiquotation (HOL) value} options styles @{syntax term} |
+      @@{antiquotation term_type} options styles @{syntax term} |
+      @@{antiquotation typeof} options styles @{syntax term} |
+      @@{antiquotation const} options @{syntax term} |
+      @@{antiquotation abbrev} options @{syntax term} |
+      @@{antiquotation typ} options @{syntax type} |
+      @@{antiquotation type} options @{syntax name} |
+      @@{antiquotation class} options @{syntax name} |
+      @@{antiquotation text} options @{syntax name}
+    ;
+    @{syntax antiquotation}:
+      @@{antiquotation goals} options |
+      @@{antiquotation subgoals} options |
+      @@{antiquotation prf} options @{syntax thmrefs} |
+      @@{antiquotation full_prf} options @{syntax thmrefs} |
+      @@{antiquotation ML} options @{syntax name} |
+      @@{antiquotation ML_op} options @{syntax name} |
+      @@{antiquotation ML_type} options @{syntax name} |
+      @@{antiquotation ML_struct} options @{syntax name} |
+      @@{antiquotation \"file\"} options @{syntax name}
+    ;
+    options: '[' (option * ',') ']'
+    ;
+    option: @{syntax name} | @{syntax name} '=' @{syntax name}
+    ;
+    styles: '(' (style + ',') ')'
+    ;
+    style: (@{syntax name} +)
+  "}
+
+  Note that the syntax of antiquotations may \emph{not} include source
+  comments @{verbatim "(*"}~@{text "\<dots>"}~@{verbatim "*)"} nor verbatim
+  text @{verbatim "{"}@{verbatim "*"}~@{text "\<dots>"}~@{verbatim
+  "*"}@{verbatim "}"}.
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{text "@{theory A}"} prints the name @{text "A"}, which is
+  guaranteed to refer to a valid ancestor theory in the current
+  context.
+
+  \item @{text "@{thm a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n}"} prints theorems @{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"}.
+  Full fact expressions are allowed here, including attributes
+  (\secref{sec:syn-att}).
+
+  \item @{text "@{prop \<phi>}"} prints a well-typed proposition @{text
+  "\<phi>"}.
+
+  \item @{text "@{lemma \<phi> by m}"} proves a well-typed proposition
+  @{text "\<phi>"} by method @{text m} and prints the original @{text "\<phi>"}.
+
+  \item @{text "@{term t}"} prints a well-typed term @{text "t"}.
+  
+  \item @{text "@{value t}"} evaluates a term @{text "t"} and prints
+  its result, see also @{command_ref (HOL) value}.
+
+  \item @{text "@{term_type t}"} prints a well-typed term @{text "t"}
+  annotated with its type.
+
+  \item @{text "@{typeof t}"} prints the type of a well-typed term
+  @{text "t"}.
+
+  \item @{text "@{const c}"} prints a logical or syntactic constant
+  @{text "c"}.
+  
+  \item @{text "@{abbrev c x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>n}"} prints a constant abbreviation
+  @{text "c x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>n \<equiv> rhs"} as defined in the current context.
+
+  \item @{text "@{typ \<tau>}"} prints a well-formed type @{text "\<tau>"}.
+
+  \item @{text "@{type \<kappa>}"} prints a (logical or syntactic) type
+    constructor @{text "\<kappa>"}.
+
+  \item @{text "@{class c}"} prints a class @{text c}.
+
+  \item @{text "@{text s}"} prints uninterpreted source text @{text
+  s}.  This is particularly useful to print portions of text according
+  to the Isabelle document style, without demanding well-formedness,
+  e.g.\ small pieces of terms that should not be parsed or
+  type-checked yet.
+
+  \item @{text "@{goals}"} prints the current \emph{dynamic} goal
+  state.  This is mainly for support of tactic-emulation scripts
+  within Isar.  Presentation of goal states does not conform to the
+  idea of human-readable proof documents!
+
+  When explaining proofs in detail it is usually better to spell out
+  the reasoning via proper Isar proof commands, instead of peeking at
+  the internal machine configuration.
+  
+  \item @{text "@{subgoals}"} is similar to @{text "@{goals}"}, but
+  does not print the main goal.
+  
+  \item @{text "@{prf a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n}"} prints the (compact) proof terms
+  corresponding to the theorems @{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"}. Note that this
+  requires proof terms to be switched on for the current logic
+  session.
+  
+  \item @{text "@{full_prf a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n}"} is like @{text "@{prf a\<^sub>1 \<dots>
+  a\<^sub>n}"}, but prints the full proof terms, i.e.\ also displays
+  information omitted in the compact proof term, which is denoted by
+  ``@{text _}'' placeholders there.
+  
+  \item @{text "@{ML s}"}, @{text "@{ML_op s}"}, @{text "@{ML_type
+  s}"}, and @{text "@{ML_struct s}"} check text @{text s} as ML value,
+  infix operator, type, and structure, respectively.  The source is
+  printed verbatim.
+
+  \item @{text "@{file path}"} checks that @{text "path"} refers to a
+  file (or directory) and prints it verbatim.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Styled antiquotations *}
+
+text {* The antiquotations @{text thm}, @{text prop} and @{text
+  term} admit an extra \emph{style} specification to modify the
+  printed result.  A style is specified by a name with a possibly
+  empty number of arguments;  multiple styles can be sequenced with
+  commas.  The following standard styles are available:
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{text lhs} extracts the first argument of any application
+  form with at least two arguments --- typically meta-level or
+  object-level equality, or any other binary relation.
+  
+  \item @{text rhs} is like @{text lhs}, but extracts the second
+  argument.
+  
+  \item @{text "concl"} extracts the conclusion @{text C} from a rule
+  in Horn-clause normal form @{text "A\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> A\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> C"}.
+  
+  \item @{text "prem"} @{text n} extract premise number
+  @{text "n"} from from a rule in Horn-clause
+  normal form @{text "A\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> A\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> C"}
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* General options *}
+
+text {* The following options are available to tune the printed output
+  of antiquotations.  Note that many of these coincide with global ML
+  flags of the same names.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def show_types}~@{text "= bool"} and
+  @{antiquotation_option_def show_sorts}~@{text "= bool"} control
+  printing of explicit type and sort constraints.
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def show_structs}~@{text "= bool"}
+  controls printing of implicit structures.
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def show_abbrevs}~@{text "= bool"}
+  controls folding of abbreviations.
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def names_long}~@{text "= bool"} forces
+  names of types and constants etc.\ to be printed in their fully
+  qualified internal form.
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def names_short}~@{text "= bool"}
+  forces names of types and constants etc.\ to be printed unqualified.
+  Note that internalizing the output again in the current context may
+  well yield a different result.
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def names_unique}~@{text "= bool"}
+  determines whether the printed version of qualified names should be
+  made sufficiently long to avoid overlap with names declared further
+  back.  Set to @{text false} for more concise output.
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def eta_contract}~@{text "= bool"}
+  prints terms in @{text \<eta>}-contracted form.
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def display}~@{text "= bool"} indicates
+  if the text is to be output as multi-line ``display material'',
+  rather than a small piece of text without line breaks (which is the
+  default).
+
+  In this mode the embedded entities are printed in the same style as
+  the main theory text.
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def break}~@{text "= bool"} controls
+  line breaks in non-display material.
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def quotes}~@{text "= bool"} indicates
+  if the output should be enclosed in double quotes.
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def mode}~@{text "= name"} adds @{text
+  name} to the print mode to be used for presentation.  Note that the
+  standard setup for {\LaTeX} output is already present by default,
+  including the modes @{text latex} and @{text xsymbols}.
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def margin}~@{text "= nat"} and
+  @{antiquotation_option_def indent}~@{text "= nat"} change the margin
+  or indentation for pretty printing of display material.
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def goals_limit}~@{text "= nat"}
+  determines the maximum number of goals to be printed (for goal-based
+  antiquotation).
+
+  \item @{antiquotation_option_def source}~@{text "= bool"} prints the
+  original source text of the antiquotation arguments, rather than its
+  internal representation.  Note that formal checking of
+  @{antiquotation "thm"}, @{antiquotation "term"}, etc. is still
+  enabled; use the @{antiquotation "text"} antiquotation for unchecked
+  output.
+
+  Regular @{text "term"} and @{text "typ"} antiquotations with @{text
+  "source = false"} involve a full round-trip from the original source
+  to an internalized logical entity back to a source form, according
+  to the syntax of the current context.  Thus the printed output is
+  not under direct control of the author, it may even fluctuate a bit
+  as the underlying theory is changed later on.
+
+  In contrast, @{antiquotation_option source}~@{text "= true"}
+  admits direct printing of the given source text, with the desirable
+  well-formedness check in the background, but without modification of
+  the printed text.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  For boolean flags, ``@{text "name = true"}'' may be abbreviated as
+  ``@{text name}''.  All of the above flags are disabled by default,
+  unless changed from ML, say in the @{verbatim "ROOT.ML"} of the
+  logic session.
+*}
+
+
+section {* Markup via command tags \label{sec:tags} *}
+
+text {* Each Isabelle/Isar command may be decorated by additional
+  presentation tags, to indicate some modification in the way it is
+  printed in the document.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def tags}: ( tag * )
+    ;
+    tag: '%' (@{syntax ident} | @{syntax string})
+  "}
+
+  Some tags are pre-declared for certain classes of commands, serving
+  as default markup if no tags are given in the text:
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{ll}
+    @{text "theory"} & theory begin/end \\
+    @{text "proof"} & all proof commands \\
+    @{text "ML"} & all commands involving ML code \\
+  \end{tabular}
+
+  \medskip The Isabelle document preparation system
+  \cite{isabelle-sys} allows tagged command regions to be presented
+  specifically, e.g.\ to fold proof texts, or drop parts of the text
+  completely.
+
+  For example ``@{command "by"}~@{text "%invisible auto"}'' causes
+  that piece of proof to be treated as @{text invisible} instead of
+  @{text "proof"} (the default), which may be shown or hidden
+  depending on the document setup.  In contrast, ``@{command
+  "by"}~@{text "%visible auto"}'' forces this text to be shown
+  invariably.
+
+  Explicit tag specifications within a proof apply to all subsequent
+  commands of the same level of nesting.  For example, ``@{command
+  "proof"}~@{text "%visible \<dots>"}~@{command "qed"}'' forces the whole
+  sub-proof to be typeset as @{text visible} (unless some of its parts
+  are tagged differently).
+
+  \medskip Command tags merely produce certain markup environments for
+  type-setting.  The meaning of these is determined by {\LaTeX}
+  macros, as defined in @{file "~~/lib/texinputs/isabelle.sty"} or
+  by the document author.  The Isabelle document preparation tools
+  also provide some high-level options to specify the meaning of
+  arbitrary tags to ``keep'', ``drop'', or ``fold'' the corresponding
+  parts of the text.  Logic sessions may also specify ``document
+  versions'', where given tags are interpreted in some particular way.
+  Again see \cite{isabelle-sys} for further details.
+*}
+
+
+section {* Railroad diagrams *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{antiquotation_def "rail"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "'rail' string"}
+
+  The @{antiquotation rail} antiquotation allows to include syntax
+  diagrams into Isabelle documents.  {\LaTeX} requires the style file
+  @{"file" "~~/lib/texinputs/pdfsetup.sty"}, which can be used via
+  @{verbatim "\\usepackage{pdfsetup}"} in @{verbatim "root.tex"}, for
+  example.
+
+  The rail specification language is quoted here as Isabelle @{syntax
+  string}; it has its own grammar given below.
+
+  @{rail "
+  rule? + ';'
+  ;
+  rule: ((identifier | @{syntax antiquotation}) ':')? body
+  ;
+  body: concatenation + '|'
+  ;
+  concatenation: ((atom '?'?) +) (('*' | '+') atom?)?
+  ;
+  atom: '(' body? ')' | identifier |
+    '@'? (string | @{syntax antiquotation}) |
+    '\\\\\\\\'
+  "}
+
+  The lexical syntax of @{text "identifier"} coincides with that of
+  @{syntax ident} in regular Isabelle syntax, but @{text string} uses
+  single quotes instead of double quotes of the standard @{syntax
+  string} category, to avoid extra escapes.
+
+  Each @{text rule} defines a formal language (with optional name),
+  using a notation that is similar to EBNF or regular expressions with
+  recursion.  The meaning and visual appearance of these rail language
+  elements is illustrated by the following representative examples.
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item Empty @{verbatim "()"}
+
+  @{rail "()"}
+
+  \item Nonterminal @{verbatim "A"}
+
+  @{rail "A"}
+
+  \item Nonterminal via Isabelle antiquotation
+  @{verbatim "@{syntax method}"}
+
+  @{rail "@{syntax method}"}
+
+  \item Terminal @{verbatim "'xyz'"}
+
+  @{rail "'xyz'"}
+
+  \item Terminal in keyword style @{verbatim "@'xyz'"}
+
+  @{rail "@'xyz'"}
+
+  \item Terminal via Isabelle antiquotation
+  @{verbatim "@@{method rule}"}
+
+  @{rail "@@{method rule}"}
+
+  \item Concatenation @{verbatim "A B C"}
+
+  @{rail "A B C"}
+
+  \item Linebreak @{verbatim "\\\\"} inside
+  concatenation\footnote{Strictly speaking, this is only a single
+  backslash, but the enclosing @{syntax string} syntax requires a
+  second one for escaping.} @{verbatim "A B C \\\\ D E F"}
+
+  @{rail "A B C \\ D E F"}
+
+  \item Variants @{verbatim "A | B | C"}
+
+  @{rail "A | B | C"}
+
+  \item Option @{verbatim "A ?"}
+
+  @{rail "A ?"}
+
+  \item Repetition @{verbatim "A *"}
+
+  @{rail "A *"}
+
+  \item Repetition with separator @{verbatim "A * sep"}
+
+  @{rail "A * sep"}
+
+  \item Strict repetition @{verbatim "A +"}
+
+  @{rail "A +"}
+
+  \item Strict repetition with separator @{verbatim "A + sep"}
+
+  @{rail "A + sep"}
+
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Draft presentation *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "display_drafts"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_drafts"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{command display_drafts} | @@{command print_drafts}) (@{syntax name} +)
+
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "display_drafts"}~@{text paths} and @{command
+  "print_drafts"}~@{text paths} perform simple output of a given list
+  of raw source files.  Only those symbols that do not require
+  additional {\LaTeX} packages are displayed properly, everything else
+  is left verbatim.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/First_Order_Logic.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/First_Order_Logic.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+
+header {* Example: First-Order Logic *}
+
+theory %visible First_Order_Logic
+imports Base  (* FIXME Pure!? *)
+begin
+
+text {*
+  \noindent In order to commence a new object-logic within
+  Isabelle/Pure we introduce abstract syntactic categories @{text "i"}
+  for individuals and @{text "o"} for object-propositions.  The latter
+  is embedded into the language of Pure propositions by means of a
+  separate judgment.
+*}
+
+typedecl i
+typedecl o
+
+judgment
+  Trueprop :: "o \<Rightarrow> prop"    ("_" 5)
+
+text {*
+  \noindent Note that the object-logic judgement is implicit in the
+  syntax: writing @{prop A} produces @{term "Trueprop A"} internally.
+  From the Pure perspective this means ``@{prop A} is derivable in the
+  object-logic''.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Equational reasoning \label{sec:framework-ex-equal} *}
+
+text {*
+  Equality is axiomatized as a binary predicate on individuals, with
+  reflexivity as introduction, and substitution as elimination
+  principle.  Note that the latter is particularly convenient in a
+  framework like Isabelle, because syntactic congruences are
+  implicitly produced by unification of @{term "B x"} against
+  expressions containing occurrences of @{term x}.
+*}
+
+axiomatization
+  equal :: "i \<Rightarrow> i \<Rightarrow> o"  (infix "=" 50)
+where
+  refl [intro]: "x = x" and
+  subst [elim]: "x = y \<Longrightarrow> B x \<Longrightarrow> B y"
+
+text {*
+  \noindent Substitution is very powerful, but also hard to control in
+  full generality.  We derive some common symmetry~/ transitivity
+  schemes of @{term equal} as particular consequences.
+*}
+
+theorem sym [sym]:
+  assumes "x = y"
+  shows "y = x"
+proof -
+  have "x = x" ..
+  with `x = y` show "y = x" ..
+qed
+
+theorem forw_subst [trans]:
+  assumes "y = x" and "B x"
+  shows "B y"
+proof -
+  from `y = x` have "x = y" ..
+  from this and `B x` show "B y" ..
+qed
+
+theorem back_subst [trans]:
+  assumes "B x" and "x = y"
+  shows "B y"
+proof -
+  from `x = y` and `B x`
+  show "B y" ..
+qed
+
+theorem trans [trans]:
+  assumes "x = y" and "y = z"
+  shows "x = z"
+proof -
+  from `y = z` and `x = y`
+  show "x = z" ..
+qed
+
+
+subsection {* Basic group theory *}
+
+text {*
+  As an example for equational reasoning we consider some bits of
+  group theory.  The subsequent locale definition postulates group
+  operations and axioms; we also derive some consequences of this
+  specification.
+*}
+
+locale group =
+  fixes prod :: "i \<Rightarrow> i \<Rightarrow> i"  (infix "\<circ>" 70)
+    and inv :: "i \<Rightarrow> i"  ("(_\<inverse>)" [1000] 999)
+    and unit :: i  ("1")
+  assumes assoc: "(x \<circ> y) \<circ> z = x \<circ> (y \<circ> z)"
+    and left_unit:  "1 \<circ> x = x"
+    and left_inv: "x\<inverse> \<circ> x = 1"
+begin
+
+theorem right_inv: "x \<circ> x\<inverse> = 1"
+proof -
+  have "x \<circ> x\<inverse> = 1 \<circ> (x \<circ> x\<inverse>)" by (rule left_unit [symmetric])
+  also have "\<dots> = (1 \<circ> x) \<circ> x\<inverse>" by (rule assoc [symmetric])
+  also have "1 = (x\<inverse>)\<inverse> \<circ> x\<inverse>" by (rule left_inv [symmetric])
+  also have "\<dots> \<circ> x = (x\<inverse>)\<inverse> \<circ> (x\<inverse> \<circ> x)" by (rule assoc)
+  also have "x\<inverse> \<circ> x = 1" by (rule left_inv)
+  also have "((x\<inverse>)\<inverse> \<circ> \<dots>) \<circ> x\<inverse> = (x\<inverse>)\<inverse> \<circ> (1 \<circ> x\<inverse>)" by (rule assoc)
+  also have "1 \<circ> x\<inverse> = x\<inverse>" by (rule left_unit)
+  also have "(x\<inverse>)\<inverse> \<circ> \<dots> = 1" by (rule left_inv)
+  finally show "x \<circ> x\<inverse> = 1" .
+qed
+
+theorem right_unit: "x \<circ> 1 = x"
+proof -
+  have "1 = x\<inverse> \<circ> x" by (rule left_inv [symmetric])
+  also have "x \<circ> \<dots> = (x \<circ> x\<inverse>) \<circ> x" by (rule assoc [symmetric])
+  also have "x \<circ> x\<inverse> = 1" by (rule right_inv)
+  also have "\<dots> \<circ> x = x" by (rule left_unit)
+  finally show "x \<circ> 1 = x" .
+qed
+
+text {*
+  \noindent Reasoning from basic axioms is often tedious.  Our proofs
+  work by producing various instances of the given rules (potentially
+  the symmetric form) using the pattern ``@{command have}~@{text
+  eq}~@{command "by"}~@{text "(rule r)"}'' and composing the chain of
+  results via @{command also}/@{command finally}.  These steps may
+  involve any of the transitivity rules declared in
+  \secref{sec:framework-ex-equal}, namely @{thm trans} in combining
+  the first two results in @{thm right_inv} and in the final steps of
+  both proofs, @{thm forw_subst} in the first combination of @{thm
+  right_unit}, and @{thm back_subst} in all other calculational steps.
+
+  Occasional substitutions in calculations are adequate, but should
+  not be over-emphasized.  The other extreme is to compose a chain by
+  plain transitivity only, with replacements occurring always in
+  topmost position. For example:
+*}
+
+(*<*)
+theorem "\<And>A. PROP A \<Longrightarrow> PROP A"
+proof -
+  assume [symmetric, defn]: "\<And>x y. (x \<equiv> y) \<equiv> Trueprop (x = y)"
+(*>*)
+  have "x \<circ> 1 = x \<circ> (x\<inverse> \<circ> x)" unfolding left_inv ..
+  also have "\<dots> = (x \<circ> x\<inverse>) \<circ> x" unfolding assoc ..
+  also have "\<dots> = 1 \<circ> x" unfolding right_inv ..
+  also have "\<dots> = x" unfolding left_unit ..
+  finally have "x \<circ> 1 = x" .
+(*<*)
+qed
+(*>*)
+
+text {*
+  \noindent Here we have re-used the built-in mechanism for unfolding
+  definitions in order to normalize each equational problem.  A more
+  realistic object-logic would include proper setup for the Simplifier
+  (\secref{sec:simplifier}), the main automated tool for equational
+  reasoning in Isabelle.  Then ``@{command unfolding}~@{thm
+  left_inv}~@{command ".."}'' would become ``@{command "by"}~@{text
+  "(simp only: left_inv)"}'' etc.
+*}
+
+end
+
+
+subsection {* Propositional logic \label{sec:framework-ex-prop} *}
+
+text {*
+  We axiomatize basic connectives of propositional logic: implication,
+  disjunction, and conjunction.  The associated rules are modeled
+  after Gentzen's system of Natural Deduction \cite{Gentzen:1935}.
+*}
+
+axiomatization
+  imp :: "o \<Rightarrow> o \<Rightarrow> o"  (infixr "\<longrightarrow>" 25) where
+  impI [intro]: "(A \<Longrightarrow> B) \<Longrightarrow> A \<longrightarrow> B" and
+  impD [dest]: "(A \<longrightarrow> B) \<Longrightarrow> A \<Longrightarrow> B"
+
+axiomatization
+  disj :: "o \<Rightarrow> o \<Rightarrow> o"  (infixr "\<or>" 30) where
+  disjI\<^isub>1 [intro]: "A \<Longrightarrow> A \<or> B" and
+  disjI\<^isub>2 [intro]: "B \<Longrightarrow> A \<or> B" and
+  disjE [elim]: "A \<or> B \<Longrightarrow> (A \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> (B \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> C"
+
+axiomatization
+  conj :: "o \<Rightarrow> o \<Rightarrow> o"  (infixr "\<and>" 35) where
+  conjI [intro]: "A \<Longrightarrow> B \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B" and
+  conjD\<^isub>1: "A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A" and
+  conjD\<^isub>2: "A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> B"
+
+text {*
+  \noindent The conjunctive destructions have the disadvantage that
+  decomposing @{prop "A \<and> B"} involves an immediate decision which
+  component should be projected.  The more convenient simultaneous
+  elimination @{prop "A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> (A \<Longrightarrow> B \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> C"} can be derived as
+  follows:
+*}
+
+theorem conjE [elim]:
+  assumes "A \<and> B"
+  obtains A and B
+proof
+  from `A \<and> B` show A by (rule conjD\<^isub>1)
+  from `A \<and> B` show B by (rule conjD\<^isub>2)
+qed
+
+text {*
+  \noindent Here is an example of swapping conjuncts with a single
+  intermediate elimination step:
+*}
+
+(*<*)
+lemma "\<And>A. PROP A \<Longrightarrow> PROP A"
+proof -
+(*>*)
+  assume "A \<and> B"
+  then obtain B and A ..
+  then have "B \<and> A" ..
+(*<*)
+qed
+(*>*)
+
+text {*
+  \noindent Note that the analogous elimination rule for disjunction
+  ``@{text "\<ASSUMES> A \<or> B \<OBTAINS> A \<BBAR> B"}'' coincides with
+  the original axiomatization of @{thm disjE}.
+
+  \medskip We continue propositional logic by introducing absurdity
+  with its characteristic elimination.  Plain truth may then be
+  defined as a proposition that is trivially true.
+*}
+
+axiomatization
+  false :: o  ("\<bottom>") where
+  falseE [elim]: "\<bottom> \<Longrightarrow> A"
+
+definition
+  true :: o  ("\<top>") where
+  "\<top> \<equiv> \<bottom> \<longrightarrow> \<bottom>"
+
+theorem trueI [intro]: \<top>
+  unfolding true_def ..
+
+text {*
+  \medskip\noindent Now negation represents an implication towards
+  absurdity:
+*}
+
+definition
+  not :: "o \<Rightarrow> o"  ("\<not> _" [40] 40) where
+  "\<not> A \<equiv> A \<longrightarrow> \<bottom>"
+
+theorem notI [intro]:
+  assumes "A \<Longrightarrow> \<bottom>"
+  shows "\<not> A"
+unfolding not_def
+proof
+  assume A
+  then show \<bottom> by (rule `A \<Longrightarrow> \<bottom>`)
+qed
+
+theorem notE [elim]:
+  assumes "\<not> A" and A
+  shows B
+proof -
+  from `\<not> A` have "A \<longrightarrow> \<bottom>" unfolding not_def .
+  from `A \<longrightarrow> \<bottom>` and `A` have \<bottom> ..
+  then show B ..
+qed
+
+
+subsection {* Classical logic *}
+
+text {*
+  Subsequently we state the principle of classical contradiction as a
+  local assumption.  Thus we refrain from forcing the object-logic
+  into the classical perspective.  Within that context, we may derive
+  well-known consequences of the classical principle.
+*}
+
+locale classical =
+  assumes classical: "(\<not> C \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> C"
+begin
+
+theorem double_negation:
+  assumes "\<not> \<not> C"
+  shows C
+proof (rule classical)
+  assume "\<not> C"
+  with `\<not> \<not> C` show C ..
+qed
+
+theorem tertium_non_datur: "C \<or> \<not> C"
+proof (rule double_negation)
+  show "\<not> \<not> (C \<or> \<not> C)"
+  proof
+    assume "\<not> (C \<or> \<not> C)"
+    have "\<not> C"
+    proof
+      assume C then have "C \<or> \<not> C" ..
+      with `\<not> (C \<or> \<not> C)` show \<bottom> ..
+    qed
+    then have "C \<or> \<not> C" ..
+    with `\<not> (C \<or> \<not> C)` show \<bottom> ..
+  qed
+qed
+
+text {*
+  \noindent These examples illustrate both classical reasoning and
+  non-trivial propositional proofs in general.  All three rules
+  characterize classical logic independently, but the original rule is
+  already the most convenient to use, because it leaves the conclusion
+  unchanged.  Note that @{prop "(\<not> C \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> C"} fits again into our
+  format for eliminations, despite the additional twist that the
+  context refers to the main conclusion.  So we may write @{thm
+  classical} as the Isar statement ``@{text "\<OBTAINS> \<not> thesis"}''.
+  This also explains nicely how classical reasoning really works:
+  whatever the main @{text thesis} might be, we may always assume its
+  negation!
+*}
+
+end
+
+
+subsection {* Quantifiers \label{sec:framework-ex-quant} *}
+
+text {*
+  Representing quantifiers is easy, thanks to the higher-order nature
+  of the underlying framework.  According to the well-known technique
+  introduced by Church \cite{church40}, quantifiers are operators on
+  predicates, which are syntactically represented as @{text "\<lambda>"}-terms
+  of type @{typ "i \<Rightarrow> o"}.  Binder notation turns @{text "All (\<lambda>x. B
+  x)"} into @{text "\<forall>x. B x"} etc.
+*}
+
+axiomatization
+  All :: "(i \<Rightarrow> o) \<Rightarrow> o"  (binder "\<forall>" 10) where
+  allI [intro]: "(\<And>x. B x) \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. B x" and
+  allD [dest]: "(\<forall>x. B x) \<Longrightarrow> B a"
+
+axiomatization
+  Ex :: "(i \<Rightarrow> o) \<Rightarrow> o"  (binder "\<exists>" 10) where
+  exI [intro]: "B a \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>x. B x)" and
+  exE [elim]: "(\<exists>x. B x) \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. B x \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> C"
+
+text {*
+  \noindent The statement of @{thm exE} corresponds to ``@{text
+  "\<ASSUMES> \<exists>x. B x \<OBTAINS> x \<WHERE> B x"}'' in Isar.  In the
+  subsequent example we illustrate quantifier reasoning involving all
+  four rules:
+*}
+
+theorem
+  assumes "\<exists>x. \<forall>y. R x y"
+  shows "\<forall>y. \<exists>x. R x y"
+proof    -- {* @{text "\<forall>"} introduction *}
+  obtain x where "\<forall>y. R x y" using `\<exists>x. \<forall>y. R x y` ..    -- {* @{text "\<exists>"} elimination *}
+  fix y have "R x y" using `\<forall>y. R x y` ..    -- {* @{text "\<forall>"} destruction *}
+  then show "\<exists>x. R x y" ..    -- {* @{text "\<exists>"} introduction *}
+qed
+
+
+subsection {* Canonical reasoning patterns *}
+
+text {*
+  The main rules of first-order predicate logic from
+  \secref{sec:framework-ex-prop} and \secref{sec:framework-ex-quant}
+  can now be summarized as follows, using the native Isar statement
+  format of \secref{sec:framework-stmt}.
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{l}
+  @{text "impI: \<ASSUMES> A \<Longrightarrow> B \<SHOWS> A \<longrightarrow> B"} \\
+  @{text "impD: \<ASSUMES> A \<longrightarrow> B \<AND> A \<SHOWS> B"} \\[1ex]
+
+  @{text "disjI\<^isub>1: \<ASSUMES> A \<SHOWS> A \<or> B"} \\
+  @{text "disjI\<^isub>2: \<ASSUMES> B \<SHOWS> A \<or> B"} \\
+  @{text "disjE: \<ASSUMES> A \<or> B \<OBTAINS> A \<BBAR> B"} \\[1ex]
+
+  @{text "conjI: \<ASSUMES> A \<AND> B \<SHOWS> A \<and> B"} \\
+  @{text "conjE: \<ASSUMES> A \<and> B \<OBTAINS> A \<AND> B"} \\[1ex]
+
+  @{text "falseE: \<ASSUMES> \<bottom> \<SHOWS> A"} \\
+  @{text "trueI: \<SHOWS> \<top>"} \\[1ex]
+
+  @{text "notI: \<ASSUMES> A \<Longrightarrow> \<bottom> \<SHOWS> \<not> A"} \\
+  @{text "notE: \<ASSUMES> \<not> A \<AND> A \<SHOWS> B"} \\[1ex]
+
+  @{text "allI: \<ASSUMES> \<And>x. B x \<SHOWS> \<forall>x. B x"} \\
+  @{text "allE: \<ASSUMES> \<forall>x. B x \<SHOWS> B a"} \\[1ex]
+
+  @{text "exI: \<ASSUMES> B a \<SHOWS> \<exists>x. B x"} \\
+  @{text "exE: \<ASSUMES> \<exists>x. B x \<OBTAINS> a \<WHERE> B a"}
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  \noindent This essentially provides a declarative reading of Pure
+  rules as Isar reasoning patterns: the rule statements tells how a
+  canonical proof outline shall look like.  Since the above rules have
+  already been declared as @{attribute (Pure) intro}, @{attribute
+  (Pure) elim}, @{attribute (Pure) dest} --- each according to its
+  particular shape --- we can immediately write Isar proof texts as
+  follows:
+*}
+
+(*<*)
+theorem "\<And>A. PROP A \<Longrightarrow> PROP A"
+proof -
+(*>*)
+
+  txt_raw {*\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have "A \<longrightarrow> B"
+  proof
+    assume A
+    show B sorry %noproof
+  qed
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have "A \<longrightarrow> B" and A sorry %noproof
+  then have B ..
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have A sorry %noproof
+  then have "A \<or> B" ..
+
+  have B sorry %noproof
+  then have "A \<or> B" ..
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have "A \<or> B" sorry %noproof
+  then have C
+  proof
+    assume A
+    then show C sorry %noproof
+  next
+    assume B
+    then show C sorry %noproof
+  qed
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have A and B sorry %noproof
+  then have "A \<and> B" ..
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have "A \<and> B" sorry %noproof
+  then obtain A and B ..
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have "\<bottom>" sorry %noproof
+  then have A ..
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have "\<top>" ..
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have "\<not> A"
+  proof
+    assume A
+    then show "\<bottom>" sorry %noproof
+  qed
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have "\<not> A" and A sorry %noproof
+  then have B ..
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have "\<forall>x. B x"
+  proof
+    fix x
+    show "B x" sorry %noproof
+  qed
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have "\<forall>x. B x" sorry %noproof
+  then have "B a" ..
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have "\<exists>x. B x"
+  proof
+    show "B a" sorry %noproof
+  qed
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
+
+  have "\<exists>x. B x" sorry %noproof
+  then obtain a where "B a" ..
+
+  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}*}
+
+(*<*)
+qed
+(*>*)
+
+text {*
+  \bigskip\noindent Of course, these proofs are merely examples.  As
+  sketched in \secref{sec:framework-subproof}, there is a fair amount
+  of flexibility in expressing Pure deductions in Isar.  Here the user
+  is asked to express himself adequately, aiming at proof texts of
+  literary quality.
+*}
+
+end %visible
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Framework.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Framework.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1016 @@
+theory Framework
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* The Isabelle/Isar Framework \label{ch:isar-framework} *}
+
+text {*
+  Isabelle/Isar
+  \cite{Wenzel:1999:TPHOL,Wenzel-PhD,Nipkow-TYPES02,Wenzel-Paulson:2006,Wenzel:2006:Festschrift}
+  is intended as a generic framework for developing formal
+  mathematical documents with full proof checking.  Definitions and
+  proofs are organized as theories.  An assembly of theory sources may
+  be presented as a printed document; see also
+  \chref{ch:document-prep}.
+
+  The main objective of Isar is the design of a human-readable
+  structured proof language, which is called the ``primary proof
+  format'' in Isar terminology.  Such a primary proof language is
+  somewhere in the middle between the extremes of primitive proof
+  objects and actual natural language.  In this respect, Isar is a bit
+  more formalistic than Mizar
+  \cite{Trybulec:1993:MizarFeatures,Rudnicki:1992:MizarOverview,Wiedijk:1999:Mizar},
+  using logical symbols for certain reasoning schemes where Mizar
+  would prefer English words; see \cite{Wenzel-Wiedijk:2002} for
+  further comparisons of these systems.
+
+  So Isar challenges the traditional way of recording informal proofs
+  in mathematical prose, as well as the common tendency to see fully
+  formal proofs directly as objects of some logical calculus (e.g.\
+  @{text "\<lambda>"}-terms in a version of type theory).  In fact, Isar is
+  better understood as an interpreter of a simple block-structured
+  language for describing the data flow of local facts and goals,
+  interspersed with occasional invocations of proof methods.
+  Everything is reduced to logical inferences internally, but these
+  steps are somewhat marginal compared to the overall bookkeeping of
+  the interpretation process.  Thanks to careful design of the syntax
+  and semantics of Isar language elements, a formal record of Isar
+  instructions may later appear as an intelligible text to the
+  attentive reader.
+
+  The Isar proof language has emerged from careful analysis of some
+  inherent virtues of the existing logical framework of Isabelle/Pure
+  \cite{paulson-found,paulson700}, notably composition of higher-order
+  natural deduction rules, which is a generalization of Gentzen's
+  original calculus \cite{Gentzen:1935}.  The approach of generic
+  inference systems in Pure is continued by Isar towards actual proof
+  texts.
+
+  Concrete applications require another intermediate layer: an
+  object-logic.  Isabelle/HOL \cite{isa-tutorial} (simply-typed
+  set-theory) is being used most of the time; Isabelle/ZF
+  \cite{isabelle-ZF} is less extensively developed, although it would
+  probably fit better for classical mathematics.
+
+  \medskip In order to illustrate natural deduction in Isar, we shall
+  refer to the background theory and library of Isabelle/HOL.  This
+  includes common notions of predicate logic, naive set-theory etc.\
+  using fairly standard mathematical notation.  From the perspective
+  of generic natural deduction there is nothing special about the
+  logical connectives of HOL (@{text "\<and>"}, @{text "\<or>"}, @{text "\<forall>"},
+  @{text "\<exists>"}, etc.), only the resulting reasoning principles are
+  relevant to the user.  There are similar rules available for
+  set-theory operators (@{text "\<inter>"}, @{text "\<union>"}, @{text "\<Inter>"}, @{text
+  "\<Union>"}, etc.), or any other theory developed in the library (lattice
+  theory, topology etc.).
+
+  Subsequently we briefly review fragments of Isar proof texts
+  corresponding directly to such general deduction schemes.  The
+  examples shall refer to set-theory, to minimize the danger of
+  understanding connectives of predicate logic as something special.
+
+  \medskip The following deduction performs @{text "\<inter>"}-introduction,
+  working forwards from assumptions towards the conclusion.  We give
+  both the Isar text, and depict the primitive rule involved, as
+  determined by unification of the problem against rules that are
+  declared in the library context.
+*}
+
+text_raw {*\medskip\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}*}
+
+(*<*)
+notepad
+begin
+(*>*)
+    assume "x \<in> A" and "x \<in> B"
+    then have "x \<in> A \<inter> B" ..
+(*<*)
+end
+(*>*)
+
+text_raw {*\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}*}
+
+text {*
+  \infer{@{prop "x \<in> A \<inter> B"}}{@{prop "x \<in> A"} & @{prop "x \<in> B"}}
+*}
+
+text_raw {*\end{minipage}*}
+
+text {*
+  \medskip\noindent Note that @{command assume} augments the proof
+  context, @{command then} indicates that the current fact shall be
+  used in the next step, and @{command have} states an intermediate
+  goal.  The two dots ``@{command ".."}'' refer to a complete proof of
+  this claim, using the indicated facts and a canonical rule from the
+  context.  We could have been more explicit here by spelling out the
+  final proof step via the @{command "by"} command:
+*}
+
+(*<*)
+notepad
+begin
+(*>*)
+    assume "x \<in> A" and "x \<in> B"
+    then have "x \<in> A \<inter> B" by (rule IntI)
+(*<*)
+end
+(*>*)
+
+text {*
+  \noindent The format of the @{text "\<inter>"}-introduction rule represents
+  the most basic inference, which proceeds from given premises to a
+  conclusion, without any nested proof context involved.
+
+  The next example performs backwards introduction on @{term "\<Inter>\<A>"},
+  the intersection of all sets within a given set.  This requires a
+  nested proof of set membership within a local context, where @{term
+  A} is an arbitrary-but-fixed member of the collection:
+*}
+
+text_raw {*\medskip\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}*}
+
+(*<*)
+notepad
+begin
+(*>*)
+    have "x \<in> \<Inter>\<A>"
+    proof
+      fix A
+      assume "A \<in> \<A>"
+      show "x \<in> A" sorry %noproof
+    qed
+(*<*)
+end
+(*>*)
+
+text_raw {*\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}*}
+
+text {*
+  \infer{@{prop "x \<in> \<Inter>\<A>"}}{\infer*{@{prop "x \<in> A"}}{@{text "[A][A \<in> \<A>]"}}}
+*}
+
+text_raw {*\end{minipage}*}
+
+text {*
+  \medskip\noindent This Isar reasoning pattern again refers to the
+  primitive rule depicted above.  The system determines it in the
+  ``@{command proof}'' step, which could have been spelt out more
+  explicitly as ``@{command proof}~@{text "(rule InterI)"}''.  Note
+  that the rule involves both a local parameter @{term "A"} and an
+  assumption @{prop "A \<in> \<A>"} in the nested reasoning.  This kind of
+  compound rule typically demands a genuine sub-proof in Isar, working
+  backwards rather than forwards as seen before.  In the proof body we
+  encounter the @{command fix}-@{command assume}-@{command show}
+  outline of nested sub-proofs that is typical for Isar.  The final
+  @{command show} is like @{command have} followed by an additional
+  refinement of the enclosing claim, using the rule derived from the
+  proof body.
+
+  \medskip The next example involves @{term "\<Union>\<A>"}, which can be
+  characterized as the set of all @{term "x"} such that @{prop "\<exists>A. x
+  \<in> A \<and> A \<in> \<A>"}.  The elimination rule for @{prop "x \<in> \<Union>\<A>"} does
+  not mention @{text "\<exists>"} and @{text "\<and>"} at all, but admits to obtain
+  directly a local @{term "A"} such that @{prop "x \<in> A"} and @{prop "A
+  \<in> \<A>"} hold.  This corresponds to the following Isar proof and
+  inference rule, respectively:
+*}
+
+text_raw {*\medskip\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}*}
+
+(*<*)
+notepad
+begin
+(*>*)
+    assume "x \<in> \<Union>\<A>"
+    then have C
+    proof
+      fix A
+      assume "x \<in> A" and "A \<in> \<A>"
+      show C sorry %noproof
+    qed
+(*<*)
+end
+(*>*)
+
+text_raw {*\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}*}
+
+text {*
+  \infer{@{prop "C"}}{@{prop "x \<in> \<Union>\<A>"} & \infer*{@{prop "C"}~}{@{text "[A][x \<in> A, A \<in> \<A>]"}}}
+*}
+
+text_raw {*\end{minipage}*}
+
+text {*
+  \medskip\noindent Although the Isar proof follows the natural
+  deduction rule closely, the text reads not as natural as
+  anticipated.  There is a double occurrence of an arbitrary
+  conclusion @{prop "C"}, which represents the final result, but is
+  irrelevant for now.  This issue arises for any elimination rule
+  involving local parameters.  Isar provides the derived language
+  element @{command obtain}, which is able to perform the same
+  elimination proof more conveniently:
+*}
+
+(*<*)
+notepad
+begin
+(*>*)
+    assume "x \<in> \<Union>\<A>"
+    then obtain A where "x \<in> A" and "A \<in> \<A>" ..
+(*<*)
+end
+(*>*)
+
+text {*
+  \noindent Here we avoid to mention the final conclusion @{prop "C"}
+  and return to plain forward reasoning.  The rule involved in the
+  ``@{command ".."}'' proof is the same as before.
+*}
+
+
+section {* The Pure framework \label{sec:framework-pure} *}
+
+text {*
+  The Pure logic \cite{paulson-found,paulson700} is an intuitionistic
+  fragment of higher-order logic \cite{church40}.  In type-theoretic
+  parlance, there are three levels of @{text "\<lambda>"}-calculus with
+  corresponding arrows @{text "\<Rightarrow>"}/@{text "\<And>"}/@{text "\<Longrightarrow>"}:
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{ll}
+  @{text "\<alpha> \<Rightarrow> \<beta>"} & syntactic function space (terms depending on terms) \\
+  @{text "\<And>x. B(x)"} & universal quantification (proofs depending on terms) \\
+  @{text "A \<Longrightarrow> B"} & implication (proofs depending on proofs) \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  \noindent Here only the types of syntactic terms, and the
+  propositions of proof terms have been shown.  The @{text
+  "\<lambda>"}-structure of proofs can be recorded as an optional feature of
+  the Pure inference kernel \cite{Berghofer-Nipkow:2000:TPHOL}, but
+  the formal system can never depend on them due to \emph{proof
+  irrelevance}.
+
+  On top of this most primitive layer of proofs, Pure implements a
+  generic calculus for nested natural deduction rules, similar to
+  \cite{Schroeder-Heister:1984}.  Here object-logic inferences are
+  internalized as formulae over @{text "\<And>"} and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"}.
+  Combining such rule statements may involve higher-order unification
+  \cite{paulson-natural}.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Primitive inferences *}
+
+text {*
+  Term syntax provides explicit notation for abstraction @{text "\<lambda>x ::
+  \<alpha>. b(x)"} and application @{text "b a"}, while types are usually
+  implicit thanks to type-inference; terms of type @{text "prop"} are
+  called propositions.  Logical statements are composed via @{text "\<And>x
+  :: \<alpha>. B(x)"} and @{text "A \<Longrightarrow> B"}.  Primitive reasoning operates on
+  judgments of the form @{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<phi>"}, with standard introduction
+  and elimination rules for @{text "\<And>"} and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} that refer to
+  fixed parameters @{text "x\<^isub>1, \<dots>, x\<^isub>m"} and hypotheses
+  @{text "A\<^isub>1, \<dots>, A\<^isub>n"} from the context @{text "\<Gamma>"};
+  the corresponding proof terms are left implicit.  The subsequent
+  inference rules define @{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<phi>"} inductively, relative to a
+  collection of axioms:
+
+  \[
+  \infer{@{text "\<turnstile> A"}}{(@{text "A"} \text{~axiom})}
+  \qquad
+  \infer{@{text "A \<turnstile> A"}}{}
+  \]
+
+  \[
+  \infer{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<And>x. B(x)"}}{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B(x)"} & @{text "x \<notin> \<Gamma>"}}
+  \qquad
+  \infer{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B(a)"}}{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<And>x. B(x)"}}
+  \]
+
+  \[
+  \infer{@{text "\<Gamma> - A \<turnstile> A \<Longrightarrow> B"}}{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B"}}
+  \qquad
+  \infer{@{text "\<Gamma>\<^sub>1 \<union> \<Gamma>\<^sub>2 \<turnstile> B"}}{@{text "\<Gamma>\<^sub>1 \<turnstile> A \<Longrightarrow> B"} & @{text "\<Gamma>\<^sub>2 \<turnstile> A"}}
+  \]
+
+  Furthermore, Pure provides a built-in equality @{text "\<equiv> :: \<alpha> \<Rightarrow> \<alpha> \<Rightarrow>
+  prop"} with axioms for reflexivity, substitution, extensionality,
+  and @{text "\<alpha>\<beta>\<eta>"}-conversion on @{text "\<lambda>"}-terms.
+
+  \medskip An object-logic introduces another layer on top of Pure,
+  e.g.\ with types @{text "i"} for individuals and @{text "o"} for
+  propositions, term constants @{text "Trueprop :: o \<Rightarrow> prop"} as
+  (implicit) derivability judgment and connectives like @{text "\<and> :: o
+  \<Rightarrow> o \<Rightarrow> o"} or @{text "\<forall> :: (i \<Rightarrow> o) \<Rightarrow> o"}, and axioms for object-level
+  rules such as @{text "conjI: A \<Longrightarrow> B \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B"} or @{text "allI: (\<And>x. B
+  x) \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. B x"}.  Derived object rules are represented as theorems of
+  Pure.  After the initial object-logic setup, further axiomatizations
+  are usually avoided; plain definitions and derived principles are
+  used exclusively.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Reasoning with rules \label{sec:framework-resolution} *}
+
+text {*
+  Primitive inferences mostly serve foundational purposes.  The main
+  reasoning mechanisms of Pure operate on nested natural deduction
+  rules expressed as formulae, using @{text "\<And>"} to bind local
+  parameters and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} to express entailment.  Multiple
+  parameters and premises are represented by repeating these
+  connectives in a right-associative manner.
+
+  Since @{text "\<And>"} and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} commute thanks to the theorem
+  @{prop "(A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. B x)) \<equiv> (\<And>x. A \<Longrightarrow> B x)"}, we may assume w.l.o.g.\
+  that rule statements always observe the normal form where
+  quantifiers are pulled in front of implications at each level of
+  nesting.  This means that any Pure proposition may be presented as a
+  \emph{Hereditary Harrop Formula} \cite{Miller:1991} which is of the
+  form @{text "\<And>x\<^isub>1 \<dots> x\<^isub>m. H\<^isub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> H\<^isub>n \<Longrightarrow>
+  A"} for @{text "m, n \<ge> 0"}, and @{text "A"} atomic, and @{text
+  "H\<^isub>1, \<dots>, H\<^isub>n"} being recursively of the same format.
+  Following the convention that outermost quantifiers are implicit,
+  Horn clauses @{text "A\<^isub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> A\<^isub>n \<Longrightarrow> A"} are a special
+  case of this.
+
+  For example, @{text "\<inter>"}-introduction rule encountered before is
+  represented as a Pure theorem as follows:
+  \[
+  @{text "IntI:"}~@{prop "x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<inter> B"}
+  \]
+
+  \noindent This is a plain Horn clause, since no further nesting on
+  the left is involved.  The general @{text "\<Inter>"}-introduction
+  corresponds to a Hereditary Harrop Formula with one additional level
+  of nesting:
+  \[
+  @{text "InterI:"}~@{prop "(\<And>A. A \<in> \<A> \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A) \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> \<Inter>\<A>"}
+  \]
+
+  \medskip Goals are also represented as rules: @{text "A\<^isub>1 \<Longrightarrow>
+  \<dots> A\<^isub>n \<Longrightarrow> C"} states that the sub-goals @{text "A\<^isub>1, \<dots>,
+  A\<^isub>n"} entail the result @{text "C"}; for @{text "n = 0"} the
+  goal is finished.  To allow @{text "C"} being a rule statement
+  itself, we introduce the protective marker @{text "# :: prop \<Rightarrow>
+  prop"}, which is defined as identity and hidden from the user.  We
+  initialize and finish goal states as follows:
+
+  \[
+  \begin{array}{c@ {\qquad}c}
+  \infer[(@{inference_def init})]{@{text "C \<Longrightarrow> #C"}}{} &
+  \infer[(@{inference_def finish})]{@{text C}}{@{text "#C"}}
+  \end{array}
+  \]
+
+  \noindent Goal states are refined in intermediate proof steps until
+  a finished form is achieved.  Here the two main reasoning principles
+  are @{inference resolution}, for back-chaining a rule against a
+  sub-goal (replacing it by zero or more sub-goals), and @{inference
+  assumption}, for solving a sub-goal (finding a short-circuit with
+  local assumptions).  Below @{text "\<^vec>x"} stands for @{text
+  "x\<^isub>1, \<dots>, x\<^isub>n"} (@{text "n \<ge> 0"}).
+
+  \[
+  \infer[(@{inference_def resolution})]
+  {@{text "(\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>H \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> \<^vec>A (\<^vec>a \<^vec>x))\<vartheta> \<Longrightarrow> C\<vartheta>"}}
+  {\begin{tabular}{rl}
+    @{text "rule:"} &
+    @{text "\<^vec>A \<^vec>a \<Longrightarrow> B \<^vec>a"} \\
+    @{text "goal:"} &
+    @{text "(\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>H \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> B' \<^vec>x) \<Longrightarrow> C"} \\
+    @{text "goal unifier:"} &
+    @{text "(\<lambda>\<^vec>x. B (\<^vec>a \<^vec>x))\<vartheta> = B'\<vartheta>"} \\
+   \end{tabular}}
+  \]
+
+  \medskip
+
+  \[
+  \infer[(@{inference_def assumption})]{@{text "C\<vartheta>"}}
+  {\begin{tabular}{rl}
+    @{text "goal:"} &
+    @{text "(\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>H \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> A \<^vec>x) \<Longrightarrow> C"} \\
+    @{text "assm unifier:"} & @{text "A\<vartheta> = H\<^sub>i\<vartheta>"}~~\text{(for some~@{text "H\<^sub>i"})} \\
+   \end{tabular}}
+  \]
+
+  The following trace illustrates goal-oriented reasoning in
+  Isabelle/Pure:
+
+  {\footnotesize
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{r@ {\quad}l}
+  @{text "(A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> B \<and> A) \<Longrightarrow> #(A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> B \<and> A)"} & @{text "(init)"} \\
+  @{text "(A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> B) \<Longrightarrow> (A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A) \<Longrightarrow> #\<dots>"} & @{text "(resolution B \<Longrightarrow> A \<Longrightarrow> B \<and> A)"} \\
+  @{text "(A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B) \<Longrightarrow> (A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A) \<Longrightarrow> #\<dots>"} & @{text "(resolution A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> B)"} \\
+  @{text "(A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A) \<Longrightarrow> #\<dots>"} & @{text "(assumption)"} \\
+  @{text "(A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B) \<Longrightarrow> #\<dots>"} & @{text "(resolution A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A)"} \\
+  @{text "#\<dots>"} & @{text "(assumption)"} \\
+  @{text "A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> B \<and> A"} & @{text "(finish)"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+  }
+
+  Compositions of @{inference assumption} after @{inference
+  resolution} occurs quite often, typically in elimination steps.
+  Traditional Isabelle tactics accommodate this by a combined
+  @{inference_def elim_resolution} principle.  In contrast, Isar uses
+  a slightly more refined combination, where the assumptions to be
+  closed are marked explicitly, using again the protective marker
+  @{text "#"}:
+
+  \[
+  \infer[(@{inference refinement})]
+  {@{text "(\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>H \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> \<^vec>G' (\<^vec>a \<^vec>x))\<vartheta> \<Longrightarrow> C\<vartheta>"}}
+  {\begin{tabular}{rl}
+    @{text "sub\<hyphen>proof:"} &
+    @{text "\<^vec>G \<^vec>a \<Longrightarrow> B \<^vec>a"} \\
+    @{text "goal:"} &
+    @{text "(\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>H \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> B' \<^vec>x) \<Longrightarrow> C"} \\
+    @{text "goal unifier:"} &
+    @{text "(\<lambda>\<^vec>x. B (\<^vec>a \<^vec>x))\<vartheta> = B'\<vartheta>"} \\
+    @{text "assm unifiers:"} &
+    @{text "(\<lambda>\<^vec>x. G\<^sub>j (\<^vec>a \<^vec>x))\<vartheta> = #H\<^sub>i\<vartheta>"} \\
+    & \quad (for each marked @{text "G\<^sub>j"} some @{text "#H\<^sub>i"}) \\
+   \end{tabular}}
+  \]
+
+  \noindent Here the @{text "sub\<hyphen>proof"} rule stems from the
+  main @{command fix}-@{command assume}-@{command show} outline of
+  Isar (cf.\ \secref{sec:framework-subproof}): each assumption
+  indicated in the text results in a marked premise @{text "G"} above.
+  The marking enforces resolution against one of the sub-goal's
+  premises.  Consequently, @{command fix}-@{command assume}-@{command
+  show} enables to fit the result of a sub-proof quite robustly into a
+  pending sub-goal, while maintaining a good measure of flexibility.
+*}
+
+
+section {* The Isar proof language \label{sec:framework-isar} *}
+
+text {*
+  Structured proofs are presented as high-level expressions for
+  composing entities of Pure (propositions, facts, and goals).  The
+  Isar proof language allows to organize reasoning within the
+  underlying rule calculus of Pure, but Isar is not another logical
+  calculus!
+
+  Isar is an exercise in sound minimalism.  Approximately half of the
+  language is introduced as primitive, the rest defined as derived
+  concepts.  The following grammar describes the core language
+  (category @{text "proof"}), which is embedded into theory
+  specification elements such as @{command theorem}; see also
+  \secref{sec:framework-stmt} for the separate category @{text
+  "statement"}.
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
+    @{text "theory\<hyphen>stmt"} & = & @{command "theorem"}~@{text "statement proof  |"}~~@{command "definition"}~@{text "\<dots>  |  \<dots>"} \\[1ex]
+
+    @{text "proof"} & = & @{text "prfx\<^sup>*"}~@{command "proof"}~@{text "method\<^sup>? stmt\<^sup>*"}~@{command "qed"}~@{text "method\<^sup>?"} \\[1ex]
+
+    @{text prfx} & = & @{command "using"}~@{text "facts"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "unfolding"}~@{text "facts"} \\
+
+    @{text stmt} & = & @{command "{"}~@{text "stmt\<^sup>*"}~@{command "}"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "next"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "note"}~@{text "name = facts"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "let"}~@{text "term = term"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "fix"}~@{text "var\<^sup>+"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command assume}~@{text "\<guillemotleft>inference\<guillemotright> name: props"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "then"}@{text "\<^sup>?"}~@{text goal} \\
+    @{text goal} & = & @{command "have"}~@{text "name: props proof"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "show"}~@{text "name: props proof"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+
+  \medskip Simultaneous propositions or facts may be separated by the
+  @{keyword "and"} keyword.
+
+  \medskip The syntax for terms and propositions is inherited from
+  Pure (and the object-logic).  A @{text "pattern"} is a @{text
+  "term"} with schematic variables, to be bound by higher-order
+  matching.
+
+  \medskip Facts may be referenced by name or proposition.  For
+  example, the result of ``@{command have}~@{text "a: A \<langle>proof\<rangle>"}''
+  becomes available both as @{text "a"} and
+  \isacharbackquoteopen@{text "A"}\isacharbackquoteclose.  Moreover,
+  fact expressions may involve attributes that modify either the
+  theorem or the background context.  For example, the expression
+  ``@{text "a [OF b]"}'' refers to the composition of two facts
+  according to the @{inference resolution} inference of
+  \secref{sec:framework-resolution}, while ``@{text "a [intro]"}''
+  declares a fact as introduction rule in the context.
+
+  The special fact called ``@{fact this}'' always refers to the last
+  result, as produced by @{command note}, @{command assume}, @{command
+  have}, or @{command show}.  Since @{command note} occurs
+  frequently together with @{command then} we provide some
+  abbreviations:
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
+    @{command from}~@{text a} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command note}~@{text a}~@{command then} \\
+    @{command with}~@{text a} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command from}~@{text "a \<AND> this"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  The @{text "method"} category is essentially a parameter and may be
+  populated later.  Methods use the facts indicated by @{command
+  "then"} or @{command using}, and then operate on the goal state.
+  Some basic methods are predefined: ``@{method "-"}'' leaves the goal
+  unchanged, ``@{method this}'' applies the facts as rules to the
+  goal, ``@{method (Pure) "rule"}'' applies the facts to another rule and the
+  result to the goal (both ``@{method this}'' and ``@{method (Pure) rule}''
+  refer to @{inference resolution} of
+  \secref{sec:framework-resolution}).  The secondary arguments to
+  ``@{method (Pure) rule}'' may be specified explicitly as in ``@{text "(rule
+  a)"}'', or picked from the context.  In the latter case, the system
+  first tries rules declared as @{attribute (Pure) elim} or
+  @{attribute (Pure) dest}, followed by those declared as @{attribute
+  (Pure) intro}.
+
+  The default method for @{command proof} is ``@{method (Pure) rule}''
+  (arguments picked from the context), for @{command qed} it is
+  ``@{method "-"}''.  Further abbreviations for terminal proof steps
+  are ``@{command "by"}~@{text "method\<^sub>1 method\<^sub>2"}'' for
+  ``@{command proof}~@{text "method\<^sub>1"}~@{command qed}~@{text
+  "method\<^sub>2"}'', and ``@{command ".."}'' for ``@{command
+  "by"}~@{method (Pure) rule}, and ``@{command "."}'' for ``@{command
+  "by"}~@{method this}''.  The @{command unfolding} element operates
+  directly on the current facts and goal by applying equalities.
+
+  \medskip Block structure can be indicated explicitly by ``@{command
+  "{"}~@{text "\<dots>"}~@{command "}"}'', although the body of a sub-proof
+  already involves implicit nesting.  In any case, @{command next}
+  jumps into the next section of a block, i.e.\ it acts like closing
+  an implicit block scope and opening another one; there is no direct
+  correspondence to subgoals here.
+
+  The remaining elements @{command fix} and @{command assume} build up
+  a local context (see \secref{sec:framework-context}), while
+  @{command show} refines a pending sub-goal by the rule resulting
+  from a nested sub-proof (see \secref{sec:framework-subproof}).
+  Further derived concepts will support calculational reasoning (see
+  \secref{sec:framework-calc}).
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Context elements \label{sec:framework-context} *}
+
+text {*
+  In judgments @{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<phi>"} of the primitive framework, @{text "\<Gamma>"}
+  essentially acts like a proof context.  Isar elaborates this idea
+  towards a higher-level notion, with additional information for
+  type-inference, term abbreviations, local facts, hypotheses etc.
+
+  The element @{command fix}~@{text "x :: \<alpha>"} declares a local
+  parameter, i.e.\ an arbitrary-but-fixed entity of a given type; in
+  results exported from the context, @{text "x"} may become anything.
+  The @{command assume}~@{text "\<guillemotleft>inference\<guillemotright>"} element provides a
+  general interface to hypotheses: ``@{command assume}~@{text
+  "\<guillemotleft>inference\<guillemotright> A"}'' produces @{text "A \<turnstile> A"} locally, while the
+  included inference tells how to discharge @{text A} from results
+  @{text "A \<turnstile> B"} later on.  There is no user-syntax for @{text
+  "\<guillemotleft>inference\<guillemotright>"}, i.e.\ it may only occur internally when derived
+  commands are defined in ML.
+
+  At the user-level, the default inference for @{command assume} is
+  @{inference discharge} as given below.  The additional variants
+  @{command presume} and @{command def} are defined as follows:
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
+    @{command presume}~@{text A} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command assume}~@{text "\<guillemotleft>weak\<hyphen>discharge\<guillemotright> A"} \\
+    @{command def}~@{text "x \<equiv> a"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command fix}~@{text x}~@{command assume}~@{text "\<guillemotleft>expansion\<guillemotright> x \<equiv> a"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  \[
+  \infer[(@{inference_def discharge})]{@{text "\<strut>\<Gamma> - A \<turnstile> #A \<Longrightarrow> B"}}{@{text "\<strut>\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B"}}
+  \]
+  \[
+  \infer[(@{inference_def "weak\<hyphen>discharge"})]{@{text "\<strut>\<Gamma> - A \<turnstile> A \<Longrightarrow> B"}}{@{text "\<strut>\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B"}}
+  \]
+  \[
+  \infer[(@{inference_def expansion})]{@{text "\<strut>\<Gamma> - (x \<equiv> a) \<turnstile> B a"}}{@{text "\<strut>\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B x"}}
+  \]
+
+  \medskip Note that @{inference discharge} and @{inference
+  "weak\<hyphen>discharge"} differ in the marker for @{prop A}, which is
+  relevant when the result of a @{command fix}-@{command
+  assume}-@{command show} outline is composed with a pending goal,
+  cf.\ \secref{sec:framework-subproof}.
+
+  The most interesting derived context element in Isar is @{command
+  obtain} \cite[\S5.3]{Wenzel-PhD}, which supports generalized
+  elimination steps in a purely forward manner.  The @{command obtain}
+  command takes a specification of parameters @{text "\<^vec>x"} and
+  assumptions @{text "\<^vec>A"} to be added to the context, together
+  with a proof of a case rule stating that this extension is
+  conservative (i.e.\ may be removed from closed results later on):
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{l}
+  @{text "\<langle>facts\<rangle>"}~~@{command obtain}~@{text "\<^vec>x \<WHERE> \<^vec>A \<^vec>x  \<langle>proof\<rangle> \<equiv>"} \\[0.5ex]
+  \quad @{command have}~@{text "case: \<And>thesis. (\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>A \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> thesis) \<Longrightarrow> thesis\<rangle>"} \\
+  \quad @{command proof}~@{method "-"} \\
+  \qquad @{command fix}~@{text thesis} \\
+  \qquad @{command assume}~@{text "[intro]: \<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>A \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> thesis"} \\
+  \qquad @{command show}~@{text thesis}~@{command using}~@{text "\<langle>facts\<rangle> \<langle>proof\<rangle>"} \\
+  \quad @{command qed} \\
+  \quad @{command fix}~@{text "\<^vec>x"}~@{command assume}~@{text "\<guillemotleft>elimination case\<guillemotright> \<^vec>A \<^vec>x"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  \[
+  \infer[(@{inference elimination})]{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B"}}{
+    \begin{tabular}{rl}
+    @{text "case:"} &
+    @{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<And>thesis. (\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>A \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> thesis) \<Longrightarrow> thesis"} \\[0.2ex]
+    @{text "result:"} &
+    @{text "\<Gamma> \<union> \<^vec>A \<^vec>y \<turnstile> B"} \\[0.2ex]
+    \end{tabular}}
+  \]
+
+  \noindent Here the name ``@{text thesis}'' is a specific convention
+  for an arbitrary-but-fixed proposition; in the primitive natural
+  deduction rules shown before we have occasionally used @{text C}.
+  The whole statement of ``@{command obtain}~@{text x}~@{keyword
+  "where"}~@{text "A x"}'' may be read as a claim that @{text "A x"}
+  may be assumed for some arbitrary-but-fixed @{text "x"}.  Also note
+  that ``@{command obtain}~@{text "A \<AND> B"}'' without parameters
+  is similar to ``@{command have}~@{text "A \<AND> B"}'', but the
+  latter involves multiple sub-goals.
+
+  \medskip The subsequent Isar proof texts explain all context
+  elements introduced above using the formal proof language itself.
+  After finishing a local proof within a block, we indicate the
+  exported result via @{command note}.
+*}
+
+(*<*)
+theorem True
+proof
+(*>*)
+  txt_raw {* \begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth} *}
+  {
+    fix x
+    have "B x" sorry %noproof
+  }
+  note `\<And>x. B x`
+  txt_raw {* \end{minipage}\quad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth} *}(*<*)next(*>*)
+  {
+    assume A
+    have B sorry %noproof
+  }
+  note `A \<Longrightarrow> B`
+  txt_raw {* \end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth} *}(*<*)next(*>*)
+  {
+    def x \<equiv> a
+    have "B x" sorry %noproof
+  }
+  note `B a`
+  txt_raw {* \end{minipage}\quad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth} *}(*<*)next(*>*)
+  {
+    obtain x where "A x" sorry %noproof
+    have B sorry %noproof
+  }
+  note `B`
+  txt_raw {* \end{minipage} *}
+(*<*)
+qed
+(*>*)
+
+text {*
+  \bigskip\noindent This illustrates the meaning of Isar context
+  elements without goals getting in between.
+*}
+
+subsection {* Structured statements \label{sec:framework-stmt} *}
+
+text {*
+  The category @{text "statement"} of top-level theorem specifications
+  is defined as follows:
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
+  @{text "statement"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{text "name: props \<AND> \<dots>"} \\
+  & @{text "|"} & @{text "context\<^sup>* conclusion"} \\[0.5ex]
+
+  @{text "context"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{text "\<FIXES> vars \<AND> \<dots>"} \\
+  & @{text "|"} & @{text "\<ASSUMES> name: props \<AND> \<dots>"} \\
+
+  @{text "conclusion"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{text "\<SHOWS> name: props \<AND> \<dots>"} \\
+  & @{text "|"} & @{text "\<OBTAINS> vars \<AND> \<dots> \<WHERE> name: props \<AND> \<dots>"} \\
+  & & \quad @{text "\<BBAR> \<dots>"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+
+  \medskip\noindent A simple @{text "statement"} consists of named
+  propositions.  The full form admits local context elements followed
+  by the actual conclusions, such as ``@{keyword "fixes"}~@{text
+  x}~@{keyword "assumes"}~@{text "A x"}~@{keyword "shows"}~@{text "B
+  x"}''.  The final result emerges as a Pure rule after discharging
+  the context: @{prop "\<And>x. A x \<Longrightarrow> B x"}.
+
+  The @{keyword "obtains"} variant is another abbreviation defined
+  below; unlike @{command obtain} (cf.\
+  \secref{sec:framework-context}) there may be several ``cases''
+  separated by ``@{text "\<BBAR>"}'', each consisting of several
+  parameters (@{text "vars"}) and several premises (@{text "props"}).
+  This specifies multi-branch elimination rules.
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{l}
+  @{text "\<OBTAINS> \<^vec>x \<WHERE> \<^vec>A \<^vec>x   \<BBAR>   \<dots>   \<equiv>"} \\[0.5ex]
+  \quad @{text "\<FIXES> thesis"} \\
+  \quad @{text "\<ASSUMES> [intro]: \<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>A \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> thesis  \<AND>  \<dots>"} \\
+  \quad @{text "\<SHOWS> thesis"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  Presenting structured statements in such an ``open'' format usually
+  simplifies the subsequent proof, because the outer structure of the
+  problem is already laid out directly.  E.g.\ consider the following
+  canonical patterns for @{text "\<SHOWS>"} and @{text "\<OBTAINS>"},
+  respectively:
+*}
+
+text_raw {*\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}*}
+
+theorem
+  fixes x and y
+  assumes "A x" and "B y"
+  shows "C x y"
+proof -
+  from `A x` and `B y`
+  show "C x y" sorry %noproof
+qed
+
+text_raw {*\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}*}
+
+theorem
+  obtains x and y
+  where "A x" and "B y"
+proof -
+  have "A a" and "B b" sorry %noproof
+  then show thesis ..
+qed
+
+text_raw {*\end{minipage}*}
+
+text {*
+  \medskip\noindent Here local facts \isacharbackquoteopen@{text "A
+  x"}\isacharbackquoteclose\ and \isacharbackquoteopen@{text "B
+  y"}\isacharbackquoteclose\ are referenced immediately; there is no
+  need to decompose the logical rule structure again.  In the second
+  proof the final ``@{command then}~@{command show}~@{text
+  thesis}~@{command ".."}''  involves the local rule case @{text "\<And>x
+  y. A x \<Longrightarrow> B y \<Longrightarrow> thesis"} for the particular instance of terms @{text
+  "a"} and @{text "b"} produced in the body.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Structured proof refinement \label{sec:framework-subproof} *}
+
+text {*
+  By breaking up the grammar for the Isar proof language, we may
+  understand a proof text as a linear sequence of individual proof
+  commands.  These are interpreted as transitions of the Isar virtual
+  machine (Isar/VM), which operates on a block-structured
+  configuration in single steps.  This allows users to write proof
+  texts in an incremental manner, and inspect intermediate
+  configurations for debugging.
+
+  The basic idea is analogous to evaluating algebraic expressions on a
+  stack machine: @{text "(a + b) \<cdot> c"} then corresponds to a sequence
+  of single transitions for each symbol @{text "(, a, +, b, ), \<cdot>, c"}.
+  In Isar the algebraic values are facts or goals, and the operations
+  are inferences.
+
+  \medskip The Isar/VM state maintains a stack of nodes, each node
+  contains the local proof context, the linguistic mode, and a pending
+  goal (optional).  The mode determines the type of transition that
+  may be performed next, it essentially alternates between forward and
+  backward reasoning, with an intermediate stage for chained facts
+  (see \figref{fig:isar-vm}).
+
+  \begin{figure}[htb]
+  \begin{center}
+  \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{isar-vm}
+  \end{center}
+  \caption{Isar/VM modes}\label{fig:isar-vm}
+  \end{figure}
+
+  For example, in @{text "state"} mode Isar acts like a mathematical
+  scratch-pad, accepting declarations like @{command fix}, @{command
+  assume}, and claims like @{command have}, @{command show}.  A goal
+  statement changes the mode to @{text "prove"}, which means that we
+  may now refine the problem via @{command unfolding} or @{command
+  proof}.  Then we are again in @{text "state"} mode of a proof body,
+  which may issue @{command show} statements to solve pending
+  sub-goals.  A concluding @{command qed} will return to the original
+  @{text "state"} mode one level upwards.  The subsequent Isar/VM
+  trace indicates block structure, linguistic mode, goal state, and
+  inferences:
+*}
+
+text_raw {* \begingroup\footnotesize *}
+(*<*)notepad begin
+(*>*)
+  txt_raw {* \begin{minipage}[t]{0.18\textwidth} *}
+  have "A \<longrightarrow> B"
+  proof
+    assume A
+    show B
+      sorry %noproof
+  qed
+  txt_raw {* \end{minipage}\quad
+\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\textwidth}
+@{text "begin"} \\
+\\
+\\
+@{text "begin"} \\
+@{text "end"} \\
+@{text "end"} \\
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\textwidth}
+@{text "prove"} \\
+@{text "state"} \\
+@{text "state"} \\
+@{text "prove"} \\
+@{text "state"} \\
+@{text "state"} \\
+\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}[t]{0.35\textwidth}
+@{text "(A \<longrightarrow> B) \<Longrightarrow> #(A \<longrightarrow> B)"} \\
+@{text "(A \<Longrightarrow> B) \<Longrightarrow> #(A \<longrightarrow> B)"} \\
+\\
+\\
+@{text "#(A \<longrightarrow> B)"} \\
+@{text "A \<longrightarrow> B"} \\
+\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
+@{text "(init)"} \\
+@{text "(resolution impI)"} \\
+\\
+\\
+@{text "(refinement #A \<Longrightarrow> B)"} \\
+@{text "(finish)"} \\
+\end{minipage} *}
+(*<*)
+end
+(*>*)
+text_raw {* \endgroup *}
+
+text {*
+  \noindent Here the @{inference refinement} inference from
+  \secref{sec:framework-resolution} mediates composition of Isar
+  sub-proofs nicely.  Observe that this principle incorporates some
+  degree of freedom in proof composition.  In particular, the proof
+  body allows parameters and assumptions to be re-ordered, or commuted
+  according to Hereditary Harrop Form.  Moreover, context elements
+  that are not used in a sub-proof may be omitted altogether.  For
+  example:
+*}
+
+text_raw {*\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}*}
+
+(*<*)
+notepad
+begin
+(*>*)
+  have "\<And>x y. A x \<Longrightarrow> B y \<Longrightarrow> C x y"
+  proof -
+    fix x and y
+    assume "A x" and "B y"
+    show "C x y" sorry %noproof
+  qed
+
+txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}*}
+
+(*<*)
+next
+(*>*)
+  have "\<And>x y. A x \<Longrightarrow> B y \<Longrightarrow> C x y"
+  proof -
+    fix x assume "A x"
+    fix y assume "B y"
+    show "C x y" sorry %noproof
+  qed
+
+txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}*}
+
+(*<*)
+next
+(*>*)
+  have "\<And>x y. A x \<Longrightarrow> B y \<Longrightarrow> C x y"
+  proof -
+    fix y assume "B y"
+    fix x assume "A x"
+    show "C x y" sorry
+  qed
+
+txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}*}
+(*<*)
+next
+(*>*)
+  have "\<And>x y. A x \<Longrightarrow> B y \<Longrightarrow> C x y"
+  proof -
+    fix y assume "B y"
+    fix x
+    show "C x y" sorry
+  qed
+(*<*)
+end
+(*>*)
+
+text_raw {*\end{minipage}*}
+
+text {*
+  \medskip\noindent Such ``peephole optimizations'' of Isar texts are
+  practically important to improve readability, by rearranging
+  contexts elements according to the natural flow of reasoning in the
+  body, while still observing the overall scoping rules.
+
+  \medskip This illustrates the basic idea of structured proof
+  processing in Isar.  The main mechanisms are based on natural
+  deduction rule composition within the Pure framework.  In
+  particular, there are no direct operations on goal states within the
+  proof body.  Moreover, there is no hidden automated reasoning
+  involved, just plain unification.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Calculational reasoning \label{sec:framework-calc} *}
+
+text {*
+  The existing Isar infrastructure is sufficiently flexible to support
+  calculational reasoning (chains of transitivity steps) as derived
+  concept.  The generic proof elements introduced below depend on
+  rules declared as @{attribute trans} in the context.  It is left to
+  the object-logic to provide a suitable rule collection for mixed
+  relations of @{text "="}, @{text "<"}, @{text "\<le>"}, @{text "\<subset>"},
+  @{text "\<subseteq>"} etc.  Due to the flexibility of rule composition
+  (\secref{sec:framework-resolution}), substitution of equals by
+  equals is covered as well, even substitution of inequalities
+  involving monotonicity conditions; see also \cite[\S6]{Wenzel-PhD}
+  and \cite{Bauer-Wenzel:2001}.
+
+  The generic calculational mechanism is based on the observation that
+  rules such as @{text "trans:"}~@{prop "x = y \<Longrightarrow> y = z \<Longrightarrow> x = z"}
+  proceed from the premises towards the conclusion in a deterministic
+  fashion.  Thus we may reason in forward mode, feeding intermediate
+  results into rules selected from the context.  The course of
+  reasoning is organized by maintaining a secondary fact called
+  ``@{fact calculation}'', apart from the primary ``@{fact this}''
+  already provided by the Isar primitives.  In the definitions below,
+  @{attribute OF} refers to @{inference resolution}
+  (\secref{sec:framework-resolution}) with multiple rule arguments,
+  and @{text "trans"} represents to a suitable rule from the context:
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command "also"}@{text "\<^sub>0"} & \equiv & @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = this"} \\
+    @{command "also"}@{text "\<^sub>n\<^sub>+\<^sub>1"} & \equiv & @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = trans [OF calculation this]"} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{command "finally"} & \equiv & @{command "also"}~@{command "from"}~@{text calculation} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  \noindent The start of a calculation is determined implicitly in the
+  text: here @{command also} sets @{fact calculation} to the current
+  result; any subsequent occurrence will update @{fact calculation} by
+  combination with the next result and a transitivity rule.  The
+  calculational sequence is concluded via @{command finally}, where
+  the final result is exposed for use in a concluding claim.
+
+  Here is a canonical proof pattern, using @{command have} to
+  establish the intermediate results:
+*}
+
+(*<*)
+notepad
+begin
+(*>*)
+  have "a = b" sorry
+  also have "\<dots> = c" sorry
+  also have "\<dots> = d" sorry
+  finally have "a = d" .
+(*<*)
+end
+(*>*)
+
+text {*
+  \noindent The term ``@{text "\<dots>"}'' above is a special abbreviation
+  provided by the Isabelle/Isar syntax layer: it statically refers to
+  the right-hand side argument of the previous statement given in the
+  text.  Thus it happens to coincide with relevant sub-expressions in
+  the calculational chain, but the exact correspondence is dependent
+  on the transitivity rules being involved.
+
+  \medskip Symmetry rules such as @{prop "x = y \<Longrightarrow> y = x"} are like
+  transitivities with only one premise.  Isar maintains a separate
+  rule collection declared via the @{attribute sym} attribute, to be
+  used in fact expressions ``@{text "a [symmetric]"}'', or single-step
+  proofs ``@{command assume}~@{text "x = y"}~@{command then}~@{command
+  have}~@{text "y = x"}~@{command ".."}''.
+*}
+
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Generic.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Generic.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1279 @@
+theory Generic
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* Generic tools and packages \label{ch:gen-tools} *}
+
+section {* Configuration options \label{sec:config} *}
+
+text {* Isabelle/Pure maintains a record of named configuration
+  options within the theory or proof context, with values of type
+  @{ML_type bool}, @{ML_type int}, @{ML_type real}, or @{ML_type
+  string}.  Tools may declare options in ML, and then refer to these
+  values (relative to the context).  Thus global reference variables
+  are easily avoided.  The user may change the value of a
+  configuration option by means of an associated attribute of the same
+  name.  This form of context declaration works particularly well with
+  commands such as @{command "declare"} or @{command "using"} like
+  this:
+*}
+
+declare [[show_main_goal = false]]
+
+notepad
+begin
+  note [[show_main_goal = true]]
+end
+
+text {* For historical reasons, some tools cannot take the full proof
+  context into account and merely refer to the background theory.
+  This is accommodated by configuration options being declared as
+  ``global'', which may not be changed within a local context.
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
+    @{command_def "print_configs"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax name} ('=' ('true' | 'false' | @{syntax int} | @{syntax float} | @{syntax name}))?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{command "print_configs"} prints the available configuration
+  options, with names, types, and current values.
+  
+  \item @{text "name = value"} as an attribute expression modifies the
+  named option, with the syntax of the value depending on the option's
+  type.  For @{ML_type bool} the default value is @{text true}.  Any
+  attempt to change a global option in a local context is ignored.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Basic proof tools *}
+
+subsection {* Miscellaneous methods and attributes \label{sec:misc-meth-att} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def unfold} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def fold} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def insert} & : & @{text method} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{method_def erule}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def drule}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def frule}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def intro} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def elim} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def succeed} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def fail} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{method fold} | @@{method unfold} | @@{method insert}) @{syntax thmrefs}
+    ;
+    (@@{method erule} | @@{method drule} | @@{method frule})
+      ('(' @{syntax nat} ')')? @{syntax thmrefs}
+    ;
+    (@@{method intro} | @@{method elim}) @{syntax thmrefs}?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{method unfold}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} and @{method fold}~@{text
+  "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} expand (or fold back) the given definitions throughout
+  all goals; any chained facts provided are inserted into the goal and
+  subject to rewriting as well.
+
+  \item @{method insert}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} inserts theorems as facts
+  into all goals of the proof state.  Note that current facts
+  indicated for forward chaining are ignored.
+
+  \item @{method erule}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"}, @{method
+  drule}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"}, and @{method frule}~@{text
+  "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} are similar to the basic @{method rule}
+  method (see \secref{sec:pure-meth-att}), but apply rules by
+  elim-resolution, destruct-resolution, and forward-resolution,
+  respectively \cite{isabelle-implementation}.  The optional natural
+  number argument (default 0) specifies additional assumption steps to
+  be performed here.
+
+  Note that these methods are improper ones, mainly serving for
+  experimentation and tactic script emulation.  Different modes of
+  basic rule application are usually expressed in Isar at the proof
+  language level, rather than via implicit proof state manipulations.
+  For example, a proper single-step elimination would be done using
+  the plain @{method rule} method, with forward chaining of current
+  facts.
+
+  \item @{method intro} and @{method elim} repeatedly refine some goal
+  by intro- or elim-resolution, after having inserted any chained
+  facts.  Exactly the rules given as arguments are taken into account;
+  this allows fine-tuned decomposition of a proof problem, in contrast
+  to common automated tools.
+
+  \item @{method succeed} yields a single (unchanged) result; it is
+  the identity of the ``@{text ","}'' method combinator (cf.\
+  \secref{sec:proof-meth}).
+
+  \item @{method fail} yields an empty result sequence; it is the
+  identity of the ``@{text "|"}'' method combinator (cf.\
+  \secref{sec:proof-meth}).
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{attribute_def tagged} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def untagged} & : & @{text attribute} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{attribute_def THEN} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def unfolded} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def folded} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def abs_def} & : & @{text attribute} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{attribute_def rotated} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (Pure) elim_format} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def standard}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def no_vars}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{attribute tagged} @{syntax name} @{syntax name}
+    ;
+    @@{attribute untagged} @{syntax name}
+    ;
+    @@{attribute THEN} ('[' @{syntax nat} ']')? @{syntax thmref}
+    ;
+    (@@{attribute unfolded} | @@{attribute folded}) @{syntax thmrefs}
+    ;
+    @@{attribute rotated} @{syntax int}?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{attribute tagged}~@{text "name value"} and @{attribute
+  untagged}~@{text name} add and remove \emph{tags} of some theorem.
+  Tags may be any list of string pairs that serve as formal comment.
+  The first string is considered the tag name, the second its value.
+  Note that @{attribute untagged} removes any tags of the same name.
+
+  \item @{attribute THEN}~@{text a} composes rules by resolution; it
+  resolves with the first premise of @{text a} (an alternative
+  position may be also specified).  See also @{ML_op "RS"} in
+  \cite{isabelle-implementation}.
+  
+  \item @{attribute unfolded}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} and @{attribute
+  folded}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} expand and fold back again the given
+  definitions throughout a rule.
+
+  \item @{attribute abs_def} turns an equation of the form @{prop "f x
+  y \<equiv> t"} into @{prop "f \<equiv> \<lambda>x y. t"}, which ensures that @{method
+  simp} or @{method unfold} steps always expand it.  This also works
+  for object-logic equality.
+
+  \item @{attribute rotated}~@{text n} rotate the premises of a
+  theorem by @{text n} (default 1).
+
+  \item @{attribute (Pure) elim_format} turns a destruction rule into
+  elimination rule format, by resolving with the rule @{prop "PROP A \<Longrightarrow>
+  (PROP A \<Longrightarrow> PROP B) \<Longrightarrow> PROP B"}.
+  
+  Note that the Classical Reasoner (\secref{sec:classical}) provides
+  its own version of this operation.
+
+  \item @{attribute standard} puts a theorem into the standard form of
+  object-rules at the outermost theory level.  Note that this
+  operation violates the local proof context (including active
+  locales).
+
+  \item @{attribute no_vars} replaces schematic variables by free
+  ones; this is mainly for tuning output of pretty printed theorems.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Low-level equational reasoning *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def subst} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def hypsubst} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def split} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{method subst} ('(' 'asm' ')')? \\ ('(' (@{syntax nat}+) ')')? @{syntax thmref}
+    ;
+    @@{method split} @{syntax thmrefs}
+  "}
+
+  These methods provide low-level facilities for equational reasoning
+  that are intended for specialized applications only.  Normally,
+  single step calculations would be performed in a structured text
+  (see also \secref{sec:calculation}), while the Simplifier methods
+  provide the canonical way for automated normalization (see
+  \secref{sec:simplifier}).
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method subst}~@{text eq} performs a single substitution step
+  using rule @{text eq}, which may be either a meta or object
+  equality.
+
+  \item @{method subst}~@{text "(asm) eq"} substitutes in an
+  assumption.
+
+  \item @{method subst}~@{text "(i \<dots> j) eq"} performs several
+  substitutions in the conclusion. The numbers @{text i} to @{text j}
+  indicate the positions to substitute at.  Positions are ordered from
+  the top of the term tree moving down from left to right. For
+  example, in @{text "(a + b) + (c + d)"} there are three positions
+  where commutativity of @{text "+"} is applicable: 1 refers to @{text
+  "a + b"}, 2 to the whole term, and 3 to @{text "c + d"}.
+
+  If the positions in the list @{text "(i \<dots> j)"} are non-overlapping
+  (e.g.\ @{text "(2 3)"} in @{text "(a + b) + (c + d)"}) you may
+  assume all substitutions are performed simultaneously.  Otherwise
+  the behaviour of @{text subst} is not specified.
+
+  \item @{method subst}~@{text "(asm) (i \<dots> j) eq"} performs the
+  substitutions in the assumptions. The positions refer to the
+  assumptions in order from left to right.  For example, given in a
+  goal of the form @{text "P (a + b) \<Longrightarrow> P (c + d) \<Longrightarrow> \<dots>"}, position 1 of
+  commutativity of @{text "+"} is the subterm @{text "a + b"} and
+  position 2 is the subterm @{text "c + d"}.
+
+  \item @{method hypsubst} performs substitution using some
+  assumption; this only works for equations of the form @{text "x =
+  t"} where @{text x} is a free or bound variable.
+
+  \item @{method split}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} performs single-step case
+  splitting using the given rules.  Splitting is performed in the
+  conclusion or some assumption of the subgoal, depending of the
+  structure of the rule.
+  
+  Note that the @{method simp} method already involves repeated
+  application of split rules as declared in the current context, using
+  @{attribute split}, for example.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Further tactic emulations \label{sec:tactics} *}
+
+text {*
+  The following improper proof methods emulate traditional tactics.
+  These admit direct access to the goal state, which is normally
+  considered harmful!  In particular, this may involve both numbered
+  goal addressing (default 1), and dynamic instantiation within the
+  scope of some subgoal.
+
+  \begin{warn}
+    Dynamic instantiations refer to universally quantified parameters
+    of a subgoal (the dynamic context) rather than fixed variables and
+    term abbreviations of a (static) Isar context.
+  \end{warn}
+
+  Tactic emulation methods, unlike their ML counterparts, admit
+  simultaneous instantiation from both dynamic and static contexts.
+  If names occur in both contexts goal parameters hide locally fixed
+  variables.  Likewise, schematic variables refer to term
+  abbreviations, if present in the static context.  Otherwise the
+  schematic variable is interpreted as a schematic variable and left
+  to be solved by unification with certain parts of the subgoal.
+
+  Note that the tactic emulation proof methods in Isabelle/Isar are
+  consistently named @{text foo_tac}.  Note also that variable names
+  occurring on left hand sides of instantiations must be preceded by a
+  question mark if they coincide with a keyword or contain dots.  This
+  is consistent with the attribute @{attribute "where"} (see
+  \secref{sec:pure-meth-att}).
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def rule_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def erule_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def drule_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def frule_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def cut_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def thin_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def subgoal_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def rename_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def rotate_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def tactic}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def raw_tactic}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{method rule_tac} | @@{method erule_tac} | @@{method drule_tac} |
+      @@{method frule_tac} | @@{method cut_tac} | @@{method thin_tac}) @{syntax goal_spec}? \\
+    ( dynamic_insts @'in' @{syntax thmref} | @{syntax thmrefs} )
+    ;
+    @@{method subgoal_tac} @{syntax goal_spec}? (@{syntax prop} +)
+    ;
+    @@{method rename_tac} @{syntax goal_spec}? (@{syntax name} +)
+    ;
+    @@{method rotate_tac} @{syntax goal_spec}? @{syntax int}?
+    ;
+    (@@{method tactic} | @@{method raw_tactic}) @{syntax text}
+    ;
+
+    dynamic_insts: ((@{syntax name} '=' @{syntax term}) + @'and')
+  "}
+
+\begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method rule_tac} etc. do resolution of rules with explicit
+  instantiation.  This works the same way as the ML tactics @{ML
+  res_inst_tac} etc. (see \cite{isabelle-implementation})
+
+  Multiple rules may be only given if there is no instantiation; then
+  @{method rule_tac} is the same as @{ML resolve_tac} in ML (see
+  \cite{isabelle-implementation}).
+
+  \item @{method cut_tac} inserts facts into the proof state as
+  assumption of a subgoal; instantiations may be given as well.  Note
+  that the scope of schematic variables is spread over the main goal
+  statement and rule premises are turned into new subgoals.  This is
+  in contrast to the regular method @{method insert} which inserts
+  closed rule statements.
+
+  \item @{method thin_tac}~@{text \<phi>} deletes the specified premise
+  from a subgoal.  Note that @{text \<phi>} may contain schematic
+  variables, to abbreviate the intended proposition; the first
+  matching subgoal premise will be deleted.  Removing useless premises
+  from a subgoal increases its readability and can make search tactics
+  run faster.
+
+  \item @{method subgoal_tac}~@{text "\<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"} adds the propositions
+  @{text "\<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"} as local premises to a subgoal, and poses the same
+  as new subgoals (in the original context).
+
+  \item @{method rename_tac}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>n"} renames parameters of a
+  goal according to the list @{text "x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>n"}, which refers to the
+  \emph{suffix} of variables.
+
+  \item @{method rotate_tac}~@{text n} rotates the premises of a
+  subgoal by @{text n} positions: from right to left if @{text n} is
+  positive, and from left to right if @{text n} is negative; the
+  default value is 1.
+
+  \item @{method tactic}~@{text "text"} produces a proof method from
+  any ML text of type @{ML_type tactic}.  Apart from the usual ML
+  environment and the current proof context, the ML code may refer to
+  the locally bound values @{ML_text facts}, which indicates any
+  current facts used for forward-chaining.
+
+  \item @{method raw_tactic} is similar to @{method tactic}, but
+  presents the goal state in its raw internal form, where simultaneous
+  subgoals appear as conjunction of the logical framework instead of
+  the usual split into several subgoals.  While feature this is useful
+  for debugging of complex method definitions, it should not never
+  appear in production theories.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* The Simplifier \label{sec:simplifier} *}
+
+subsection {* Simplification methods *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def simp} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def simp_all} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{method simp} | @@{method simp_all}) opt? (@{syntax simpmod} * )
+    ;
+
+    opt: '(' ('no_asm' | 'no_asm_simp' | 'no_asm_use' | 'asm_lr' ) ')'
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def simpmod}: ('add' | 'del' | 'only' | 'cong' (() | 'add' | 'del') |
+      'split' (() | 'add' | 'del')) ':' @{syntax thmrefs}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method simp} invokes the Simplifier, after declaring
+  additional rules according to the arguments given.  Note that the
+  @{text only} modifier first removes all other rewrite rules,
+  congruences, and looper tactics (including splits), and then behaves
+  like @{text add}.
+
+  \medskip The @{text cong} modifiers add or delete Simplifier
+  congruence rules (see also \secref{sec:simp-cong}), the default is
+  to add.
+
+  \medskip The @{text split} modifiers add or delete rules for the
+  Splitter (see also \cite{isabelle-ref}), the default is to add.
+  This works only if the Simplifier method has been properly setup to
+  include the Splitter (all major object logics such HOL, HOLCF, FOL,
+  ZF do this already).
+
+  \item @{method simp_all} is similar to @{method simp}, but acts on
+  all goals (backwards from the last to the first one).
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  By default the Simplifier methods take local assumptions fully into
+  account, using equational assumptions in the subsequent
+  normalization process, or simplifying assumptions themselves (cf.\
+  @{ML asm_full_simp_tac} in \cite{isabelle-ref}).  In structured
+  proofs this is usually quite well behaved in practice: just the
+  local premises of the actual goal are involved, additional facts may
+  be inserted via explicit forward-chaining (via @{command "then"},
+  @{command "from"}, @{command "using"} etc.).
+
+  Additional Simplifier options may be specified to tune the behavior
+  further (mostly for unstructured scripts with many accidental local
+  facts): ``@{text "(no_asm)"}'' means assumptions are ignored
+  completely (cf.\ @{ML simp_tac}), ``@{text "(no_asm_simp)"}'' means
+  assumptions are used in the simplification of the conclusion but are
+  not themselves simplified (cf.\ @{ML asm_simp_tac}), and ``@{text
+  "(no_asm_use)"}'' means assumptions are simplified but are not used
+  in the simplification of each other or the conclusion (cf.\ @{ML
+  full_simp_tac}).  For compatibility reasons, there is also an option
+  ``@{text "(asm_lr)"}'', which means that an assumption is only used
+  for simplifying assumptions which are to the right of it (cf.\ @{ML
+  asm_lr_simp_tac}).
+
+  The configuration option @{text "depth_limit"} limits the number of
+  recursive invocations of the simplifier during conditional
+  rewriting.
+
+  \medskip The Splitter package is usually configured to work as part
+  of the Simplifier.  The effect of repeatedly applying @{ML
+  split_tac} can be simulated by ``@{text "(simp only: split:
+  a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n)"}''.  There is also a separate @{text split}
+  method available for single-step case splitting.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Declaring rules *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "print_simpset"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{attribute_def simp} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def split} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{attribute simp} | @@{attribute split}) (() | 'add' | 'del')
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "print_simpset"} prints the collection of rules
+  declared to the Simplifier, which is also known as ``simpset''
+  internally \cite{isabelle-ref}.
+
+  \item @{attribute simp} declares simplification rules.
+
+  \item @{attribute split} declares case split rules.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Congruence rules\label{sec:simp-cong} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{attribute_def cong} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{attribute cong} (() | 'add' | 'del')
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{attribute cong} declares congruence rules to the Simplifier
+  context.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Congruence rules are equalities of the form @{text [display]
+  "\<dots> \<Longrightarrow> f ?x\<^sub>1 \<dots> ?x\<^sub>n = f ?y\<^sub>1 \<dots> ?y\<^sub>n"}
+
+  This controls the simplification of the arguments of @{text f}.  For
+  example, some arguments can be simplified under additional
+  assumptions: @{text [display] "?P\<^sub>1 \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> (?Q\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> ?P\<^sub>2 \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q\<^sub>2) \<Longrightarrow>
+  (?P\<^sub>1 \<longrightarrow> ?P\<^sub>2) \<longleftrightarrow> (?Q\<^sub>1 \<longrightarrow> ?Q\<^sub>2)"}
+
+  Given this rule, the simplifier assumes @{text "?Q\<^sub>1"} and extracts
+  rewrite rules from it when simplifying @{text "?P\<^sub>2"}.  Such local
+  assumptions are effective for rewriting formulae such as @{text "x =
+  0 \<longrightarrow> y + x = y"}.
+
+  %FIXME
+  %The local assumptions are also provided as theorems to the solver;
+  %see \secref{sec:simp-solver} below.
+
+  \medskip The following congruence rule for bounded quantifiers also
+  supplies contextual information --- about the bound variable:
+  @{text [display] "(?A = ?B) \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. x \<in> ?B \<Longrightarrow> ?P x \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q x) \<Longrightarrow>
+    (\<forall>x \<in> ?A. ?P x) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x \<in> ?B. ?Q x)"}
+
+  \medskip This congruence rule for conditional expressions can
+  supply contextual information for simplifying the arms:
+  @{text [display] "?p = ?q \<Longrightarrow> (?q \<Longrightarrow> ?a = ?c) \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> ?q \<Longrightarrow> ?b = ?d) \<Longrightarrow>
+    (if ?p then ?a else ?b) = (if ?q then ?c else ?d)"}
+
+  A congruence rule can also \emph{prevent} simplification of some
+  arguments.  Here is an alternative congruence rule for conditional
+  expressions that conforms to non-strict functional evaluation:
+  @{text [display] "?p = ?q \<Longrightarrow> (if ?p then ?a else ?b) = (if ?q then ?a else ?b)"}
+
+  Only the first argument is simplified; the others remain unchanged.
+  This can make simplification much faster, but may require an extra
+  case split over the condition @{text "?q"} to prove the goal.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Simplification procedures *}
+
+text {* Simplification procedures are ML functions that produce proven
+  rewrite rules on demand.  They are associated with higher-order
+  patterns that approximate the left-hand sides of equations.  The
+  Simplifier first matches the current redex against one of the LHS
+  patterns; if this succeeds, the corresponding ML function is
+  invoked, passing the Simplifier context and redex term.  Thus rules
+  may be specifically fashioned for particular situations, resulting
+  in a more powerful mechanism than term rewriting by a fixed set of
+  rules.
+
+  Any successful result needs to be a (possibly conditional) rewrite
+  rule @{text "t \<equiv> u"} that is applicable to the current redex.  The
+  rule will be applied just as any ordinary rewrite rule.  It is
+  expected to be already in \emph{internal form}, bypassing the
+  automatic preprocessing of object-level equivalences.
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "simproc_setup"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    simproc & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command simproc_setup} @{syntax name} '(' (@{syntax term} + '|') ')' '='
+      @{syntax text} \\ (@'identifier' (@{syntax nameref}+))?
+    ;
+
+    @@{attribute simproc} (('add' ':')? | 'del' ':') (@{syntax name}+)
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "simproc_setup"} defines a named simplification
+  procedure that is invoked by the Simplifier whenever any of the
+  given term patterns match the current redex.  The implementation,
+  which is provided as ML source text, needs to be of type @{ML_type
+  "morphism -> simpset -> cterm -> thm option"}, where the @{ML_type
+  cterm} represents the current redex @{text r} and the result is
+  supposed to be some proven rewrite rule @{text "r \<equiv> r'"} (or a
+  generalized version), or @{ML NONE} to indicate failure.  The
+  @{ML_type simpset} argument holds the full context of the current
+  Simplifier invocation, including the actual Isar proof context.  The
+  @{ML_type morphism} informs about the difference of the original
+  compilation context wrt.\ the one of the actual application later
+  on.  The optional @{keyword "identifier"} specifies theorems that
+  represent the logical content of the abstract theory of this
+  simproc.
+
+  Morphisms and identifiers are only relevant for simprocs that are
+  defined within a local target context, e.g.\ in a locale.
+
+  \item @{text "simproc add: name"} and @{text "simproc del: name"}
+  add or delete named simprocs to the current Simplifier context.  The
+  default is to add a simproc.  Note that @{command "simproc_setup"}
+  already adds the new simproc to the subsequent context.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsubsection {* Example *}
+
+text {* The following simplification procedure for @{thm
+  [source=false, show_types] unit_eq} in HOL performs fine-grained
+  control over rule application, beyond higher-order pattern matching.
+  Declaring @{thm unit_eq} as @{attribute simp} directly would make
+  the simplifier loop!  Note that a version of this simplification
+  procedure is already active in Isabelle/HOL.  *}
+
+simproc_setup unit ("x::unit") = {*
+  fn _ => fn _ => fn ct =>
+    if HOLogic.is_unit (term_of ct) then NONE
+    else SOME (mk_meta_eq @{thm unit_eq})
+*}
+
+text {* Since the Simplifier applies simplification procedures
+  frequently, it is important to make the failure check in ML
+  reasonably fast. *}
+
+
+subsection {* Forward simplification *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{attribute_def simplified} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{attribute simplified} opt? @{syntax thmrefs}?
+    ;
+
+    opt: '(' ('no_asm' | 'no_asm_simp' | 'no_asm_use') ')'
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{attribute simplified}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} causes a theorem to
+  be simplified, either by exactly the specified rules @{text "a\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
+  a\<^sub>n"}, or the implicit Simplifier context if no arguments are given.
+  The result is fully simplified by default, including assumptions and
+  conclusion; the options @{text no_asm} etc.\ tune the Simplifier in
+  the same way as the for the @{text simp} method.
+
+  Note that forward simplification restricts the simplifier to its
+  most basic operation of term rewriting; solver and looper tactics
+  \cite{isabelle-ref} are \emph{not} involved here.  The @{text
+  simplified} attribute should be only rarely required under normal
+  circumstances.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* The Classical Reasoner \label{sec:classical} *}
+
+subsection {* Basic concepts *}
+
+text {* Although Isabelle is generic, many users will be working in
+  some extension of classical first-order logic.  Isabelle/ZF is built
+  upon theory FOL, while Isabelle/HOL conceptually contains
+  first-order logic as a fragment.  Theorem-proving in predicate logic
+  is undecidable, but many automated strategies have been developed to
+  assist in this task.
+
+  Isabelle's classical reasoner is a generic package that accepts
+  certain information about a logic and delivers a suite of automatic
+  proof tools, based on rules that are classified and declared in the
+  context.  These proof procedures are slow and simplistic compared
+  with high-end automated theorem provers, but they can save
+  considerable time and effort in practice.  They can prove theorems
+  such as Pelletier's \cite{pelletier86} problems 40 and 41 in a few
+  milliseconds (including full proof reconstruction): *}
+
+lemma "(\<exists>y. \<forall>x. F x y \<longleftrightarrow> F x x) \<longrightarrow> \<not> (\<forall>x. \<exists>y. \<forall>z. F z y \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> F z x)"
+  by blast
+
+lemma "(\<forall>z. \<exists>y. \<forall>x. f x y \<longleftrightarrow> f x z \<and> \<not> f x x) \<longrightarrow> \<not> (\<exists>z. \<forall>x. f x z)"
+  by blast
+
+text {* The proof tools are generic.  They are not restricted to
+  first-order logic, and have been heavily used in the development of
+  the Isabelle/HOL library and applications.  The tactics can be
+  traced, and their components can be called directly; in this manner,
+  any proof can be viewed interactively.  *}
+
+
+subsubsection {* The sequent calculus *}
+
+text {* Isabelle supports natural deduction, which is easy to use for
+  interactive proof.  But natural deduction does not easily lend
+  itself to automation, and has a bias towards intuitionism.  For
+  certain proofs in classical logic, it can not be called natural.
+  The \emph{sequent calculus}, a generalization of natural deduction,
+  is easier to automate.
+
+  A \textbf{sequent} has the form @{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>"}, where @{text "\<Gamma>"}
+  and @{text "\<Delta>"} are sets of formulae.\footnote{For first-order
+  logic, sequents can equivalently be made from lists or multisets of
+  formulae.} The sequent @{text "P\<^sub>1, \<dots>, P\<^sub>m \<turnstile> Q\<^sub>1, \<dots>, Q\<^sub>n"} is
+  \textbf{valid} if @{text "P\<^sub>1 \<and> \<dots> \<and> P\<^sub>m"} implies @{text "Q\<^sub>1 \<or> \<dots> \<or>
+  Q\<^sub>n"}.  Thus @{text "P\<^sub>1, \<dots>, P\<^sub>m"} represent assumptions, each of which
+  is true, while @{text "Q\<^sub>1, \<dots>, Q\<^sub>n"} represent alternative goals.  A
+  sequent is \textbf{basic} if its left and right sides have a common
+  formula, as in @{text "P, Q \<turnstile> Q, R"}; basic sequents are trivially
+  valid.
+
+  Sequent rules are classified as \textbf{right} or \textbf{left},
+  indicating which side of the @{text "\<turnstile>"} symbol they operate on.
+  Rules that operate on the right side are analogous to natural
+  deduction's introduction rules, and left rules are analogous to
+  elimination rules.  The sequent calculus analogue of @{text "(\<longrightarrow>I)"}
+  is the rule
+  \[
+  \infer[@{text "(\<longrightarrow>R)"}]{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, P \<longrightarrow> Q"}}{@{text "P, \<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, Q"}}
+  \]
+  Applying the rule backwards, this breaks down some implication on
+  the right side of a sequent; @{text "\<Gamma>"} and @{text "\<Delta>"} stand for
+  the sets of formulae that are unaffected by the inference.  The
+  analogue of the pair @{text "(\<or>I1)"} and @{text "(\<or>I2)"} is the
+  single rule
+  \[
+  \infer[@{text "(\<or>R)"}]{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, P \<or> Q"}}{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, P, Q"}}
+  \]
+  This breaks down some disjunction on the right side, replacing it by
+  both disjuncts.  Thus, the sequent calculus is a kind of
+  multiple-conclusion logic.
+
+  To illustrate the use of multiple formulae on the right, let us
+  prove the classical theorem @{text "(P \<longrightarrow> Q) \<or> (Q \<longrightarrow> P)"}.  Working
+  backwards, we reduce this formula to a basic sequent:
+  \[
+  \infer[@{text "(\<or>R)"}]{@{text "\<turnstile> (P \<longrightarrow> Q) \<or> (Q \<longrightarrow> P)"}}
+    {\infer[@{text "(\<longrightarrow>R)"}]{@{text "\<turnstile> (P \<longrightarrow> Q), (Q \<longrightarrow> P)"}}
+      {\infer[@{text "(\<longrightarrow>R)"}]{@{text "P \<turnstile> Q, (Q \<longrightarrow> P)"}}
+        {@{text "P, Q \<turnstile> Q, P"}}}}
+  \]
+
+  This example is typical of the sequent calculus: start with the
+  desired theorem and apply rules backwards in a fairly arbitrary
+  manner.  This yields a surprisingly effective proof procedure.
+  Quantifiers add only few complications, since Isabelle handles
+  parameters and schematic variables.  See \cite[Chapter
+  10]{paulson-ml2} for further discussion.  *}
+
+
+subsubsection {* Simulating sequents by natural deduction *}
+
+text {* Isabelle can represent sequents directly, as in the
+  object-logic LK.  But natural deduction is easier to work with, and
+  most object-logics employ it.  Fortunately, we can simulate the
+  sequent @{text "P\<^sub>1, \<dots>, P\<^sub>m \<turnstile> Q\<^sub>1, \<dots>, Q\<^sub>n"} by the Isabelle formula
+  @{text "P\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<Longrightarrow> P\<^sub>m \<Longrightarrow> \<not> Q\<^sub>2 \<Longrightarrow> ... \<Longrightarrow> \<not> Q\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> Q\<^sub>1"} where the order of
+  the assumptions and the choice of @{text "Q\<^sub>1"} are arbitrary.
+  Elim-resolution plays a key role in simulating sequent proofs.
+
+  We can easily handle reasoning on the left.  Elim-resolution with
+  the rules @{text "(\<or>E)"}, @{text "(\<bottom>E)"} and @{text "(\<exists>E)"} achieves
+  a similar effect as the corresponding sequent rules.  For the other
+  connectives, we use sequent-style elimination rules instead of
+  destruction rules such as @{text "(\<and>E1, 2)"} and @{text "(\<forall>E)"}.
+  But note that the rule @{text "(\<not>L)"} has no effect under our
+  representation of sequents!
+  \[
+  \infer[@{text "(\<not>L)"}]{@{text "\<not> P, \<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>"}}{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, P"}}
+  \]
+
+  What about reasoning on the right?  Introduction rules can only
+  affect the formula in the conclusion, namely @{text "Q\<^sub>1"}.  The
+  other right-side formulae are represented as negated assumptions,
+  @{text "\<not> Q\<^sub>2, \<dots>, \<not> Q\<^sub>n"}.  In order to operate on one of these, it
+  must first be exchanged with @{text "Q\<^sub>1"}.  Elim-resolution with the
+  @{text swap} rule has this effect: @{text "\<not> P \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> R \<Longrightarrow> P) \<Longrightarrow> R"}
+
+  To ensure that swaps occur only when necessary, each introduction
+  rule is converted into a swapped form: it is resolved with the
+  second premise of @{text "(swap)"}.  The swapped form of @{text
+  "(\<and>I)"}, which might be called @{text "(\<not>\<and>E)"}, is
+  @{text [display] "\<not> (P \<and> Q) \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> R \<Longrightarrow> P) \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> R \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> R"}
+
+  Similarly, the swapped form of @{text "(\<longrightarrow>I)"} is
+  @{text [display] "\<not> (P \<longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> R \<Longrightarrow> P \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> R"}
+
+  Swapped introduction rules are applied using elim-resolution, which
+  deletes the negated formula.  Our representation of sequents also
+  requires the use of ordinary introduction rules.  If we had no
+  regard for readability of intermediate goal states, we could treat
+  the right side more uniformly by representing sequents as @{text
+  [display] "P\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<Longrightarrow> P\<^sub>m \<Longrightarrow> \<not> Q\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<Longrightarrow> \<not> Q\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> \<bottom>"}
+*}
+
+
+subsubsection {* Extra rules for the sequent calculus *}
+
+text {* As mentioned, destruction rules such as @{text "(\<and>E1, 2)"} and
+  @{text "(\<forall>E)"} must be replaced by sequent-style elimination rules.
+  In addition, we need rules to embody the classical equivalence
+  between @{text "P \<longrightarrow> Q"} and @{text "\<not> P \<or> Q"}.  The introduction
+  rules @{text "(\<or>I1, 2)"} are replaced by a rule that simulates
+  @{text "(\<or>R)"}: @{text [display] "(\<not> Q \<Longrightarrow> P) \<Longrightarrow> P \<or> Q"}
+
+  The destruction rule @{text "(\<longrightarrow>E)"} is replaced by @{text [display]
+  "(P \<longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> P \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> (Q \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R"}
+
+  Quantifier replication also requires special rules.  In classical
+  logic, @{text "\<exists>x. P x"} is equivalent to @{text "\<not> (\<forall>x. \<not> P x)"};
+  the rules @{text "(\<exists>R)"} and @{text "(\<forall>L)"} are dual:
+  \[
+  \infer[@{text "(\<exists>R)"}]{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, \<exists>x. P x"}}{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, \<exists>x. P x, P t"}}
+  \qquad
+  \infer[@{text "(\<forall>L)"}]{@{text "\<forall>x. P x, \<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>"}}{@{text "P t, \<forall>x. P x, \<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>"}}
+  \]
+  Thus both kinds of quantifier may be replicated.  Theorems requiring
+  multiple uses of a universal formula are easy to invent; consider
+  @{text [display] "(\<forall>x. P x \<longrightarrow> P (f x)) \<and> P a \<longrightarrow> P (f\<^sup>n a)"} for any
+  @{text "n > 1"}.  Natural examples of the multiple use of an
+  existential formula are rare; a standard one is @{text "\<exists>x. \<forall>y. P x
+  \<longrightarrow> P y"}.
+
+  Forgoing quantifier replication loses completeness, but gains
+  decidability, since the search space becomes finite.  Many useful
+  theorems can be proved without replication, and the search generally
+  delivers its verdict in a reasonable time.  To adopt this approach,
+  represent the sequent rules @{text "(\<exists>R)"}, @{text "(\<exists>L)"} and
+  @{text "(\<forall>R)"} by @{text "(\<exists>I)"}, @{text "(\<exists>E)"} and @{text "(\<forall>I)"},
+  respectively, and put @{text "(\<forall>E)"} into elimination form: @{text
+  [display] "\<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> (P t \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> Q"}
+
+  Elim-resolution with this rule will delete the universal formula
+  after a single use.  To replicate universal quantifiers, replace the
+  rule by @{text [display] "\<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> (P t \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> Q"}
+
+  To replicate existential quantifiers, replace @{text "(\<exists>I)"} by
+  @{text [display] "(\<not> (\<exists>x. P x) \<Longrightarrow> P t) \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x. P x"}
+
+  All introduction rules mentioned above are also useful in swapped
+  form.
+
+  Replication makes the search space infinite; we must apply the rules
+  with care.  The classical reasoner distinguishes between safe and
+  unsafe rules, applying the latter only when there is no alternative.
+  Depth-first search may well go down a blind alley; best-first search
+  is better behaved in an infinite search space.  However, quantifier
+  replication is too expensive to prove any but the simplest theorems.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Rule declarations *}
+
+text {* The proof tools of the Classical Reasoner depend on
+  collections of rules declared in the context, which are classified
+  as introduction, elimination or destruction and as \emph{safe} or
+  \emph{unsafe}.  In general, safe rules can be attempted blindly,
+  while unsafe rules must be used with care.  A safe rule must never
+  reduce a provable goal to an unprovable set of subgoals.
+
+  The rule @{text "P \<Longrightarrow> P \<or> Q"} is unsafe because it reduces @{text "P
+  \<or> Q"} to @{text "P"}, which might turn out as premature choice of an
+  unprovable subgoal.  Any rule is unsafe whose premises contain new
+  unknowns.  The elimination rule @{text "\<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> (P t \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> Q"} is
+  unsafe, since it is applied via elim-resolution, which discards the
+  assumption @{text "\<forall>x. P x"} and replaces it by the weaker
+  assumption @{text "P t"}.  The rule @{text "P t \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x. P x"} is
+  unsafe for similar reasons.  The quantifier duplication rule @{text
+  "\<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> (P t \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> Q"} is unsafe in a different sense:
+  since it keeps the assumption @{text "\<forall>x. P x"}, it is prone to
+  looping.  In classical first-order logic, all rules are safe except
+  those mentioned above.
+
+  The safe~/ unsafe distinction is vague, and may be regarded merely
+  as a way of giving some rules priority over others.  One could argue
+  that @{text "(\<or>E)"} is unsafe, because repeated application of it
+  could generate exponentially many subgoals.  Induction rules are
+  unsafe because inductive proofs are difficult to set up
+  automatically.  Any inference is unsafe that instantiates an unknown
+  in the proof state --- thus matching must be used, rather than
+  unification.  Even proof by assumption is unsafe if it instantiates
+  unknowns shared with other subgoals.
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "print_claset"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{attribute_def intro} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def elim} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def dest} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def rule} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def iff} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def swapped} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{attribute intro} | @@{attribute elim} | @@{attribute dest}) ('!' | () | '?') @{syntax nat}?
+    ;
+    @@{attribute rule} 'del'
+    ;
+    @@{attribute iff} (((() | 'add') '?'?) | 'del')
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "print_claset"} prints the collection of rules
+  declared to the Classical Reasoner, i.e.\ the @{ML_type claset}
+  within the context.
+
+  \item @{attribute intro}, @{attribute elim}, and @{attribute dest}
+  declare introduction, elimination, and destruction rules,
+  respectively.  By default, rules are considered as \emph{unsafe}
+  (i.e.\ not applied blindly without backtracking), while ``@{text
+  "!"}'' classifies as \emph{safe}.  Rule declarations marked by
+  ``@{text "?"}'' coincide with those of Isabelle/Pure, cf.\
+  \secref{sec:pure-meth-att} (i.e.\ are only applied in single steps
+  of the @{method rule} method).  The optional natural number
+  specifies an explicit weight argument, which is ignored by the
+  automated reasoning tools, but determines the search order of single
+  rule steps.
+
+  Introduction rules are those that can be applied using ordinary
+  resolution.  Their swapped forms are generated internally, which
+  will be applied using elim-resolution.  Elimination rules are
+  applied using elim-resolution.  Rules are sorted by the number of
+  new subgoals they will yield; rules that generate the fewest
+  subgoals will be tried first.  Otherwise, later declarations take
+  precedence over earlier ones.
+
+  Rules already present in the context with the same classification
+  are ignored.  A warning is printed if the rule has already been
+  added with some other classification, but the rule is added anyway
+  as requested.
+
+  \item @{attribute rule}~@{text del} deletes all occurrences of a
+  rule from the classical context, regardless of its classification as
+  introduction~/ elimination~/ destruction and safe~/ unsafe.
+
+  \item @{attribute iff} declares logical equivalences to the
+  Simplifier and the Classical reasoner at the same time.
+  Non-conditional rules result in a safe introduction and elimination
+  pair; conditional ones are considered unsafe.  Rules with negative
+  conclusion are automatically inverted (using @{text "\<not>"}-elimination
+  internally).
+
+  The ``@{text "?"}'' version of @{attribute iff} declares rules to
+  the Isabelle/Pure context only, and omits the Simplifier
+  declaration.
+
+  \item @{attribute swapped} turns an introduction rule into an
+  elimination, by resolving with the classical swap principle @{text
+  "\<not> P \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> R \<Longrightarrow> P) \<Longrightarrow> R"} in the second position.  This is mainly for
+  illustrative purposes: the Classical Reasoner already swaps rules
+  internally as explained above.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Structured methods *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def rule} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def contradiction} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{method rule} @{syntax thmrefs}?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method rule} as offered by the Classical Reasoner is a
+  refinement over the Pure one (see \secref{sec:pure-meth-att}).  Both
+  versions work the same, but the classical version observes the
+  classical rule context in addition to that of Isabelle/Pure.
+
+  Common object logics (HOL, ZF, etc.) declare a rich collection of
+  classical rules (even if these would qualify as intuitionistic
+  ones), but only few declarations to the rule context of
+  Isabelle/Pure (\secref{sec:pure-meth-att}).
+
+  \item @{method contradiction} solves some goal by contradiction,
+  deriving any result from both @{text "\<not> A"} and @{text A}.  Chained
+  facts, which are guaranteed to participate, may appear in either
+  order.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Automated methods *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def blast} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def auto} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def force} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def fast} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def slow} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def best} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def fastforce} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def slowsimp} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def bestsimp} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def deepen} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{method blast} @{syntax nat}? (@{syntax clamod} * )
+    ;
+    @@{method auto} (@{syntax nat} @{syntax nat})? (@{syntax clasimpmod} * )
+    ;
+    @@{method force} (@{syntax clasimpmod} * )
+    ;
+    (@@{method fast} | @@{method slow} | @@{method best}) (@{syntax clamod} * )
+    ;
+    (@@{method fastforce} | @@{method slowsimp} | @@{method bestsimp})
+      (@{syntax clasimpmod} * )
+    ;
+    @@{method deepen} (@{syntax nat} ?) (@{syntax clamod} * )
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def clamod}:
+      (('intro' | 'elim' | 'dest') ('!' | () | '?') | 'del') ':' @{syntax thmrefs}
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def clasimpmod}: ('simp' (() | 'add' | 'del' | 'only') |
+      ('cong' | 'split') (() | 'add' | 'del') |
+      'iff' (((() | 'add') '?'?) | 'del') |
+      (('intro' | 'elim' | 'dest') ('!' | () | '?') | 'del')) ':' @{syntax thmrefs}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method blast} is a separate classical tableau prover that
+  uses the same classical rule declarations as explained before.
+
+  Proof search is coded directly in ML using special data structures.
+  A successful proof is then reconstructed using regular Isabelle
+  inferences.  It is faster and more powerful than the other classical
+  reasoning tools, but has major limitations too.
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item It does not use the classical wrapper tacticals, such as the
+  integration with the Simplifier of @{method fastforce}.
+
+  \item It does not perform higher-order unification, as needed by the
+  rule @{thm [source=false] rangeI} in HOL.  There are often
+  alternatives to such rules, for example @{thm [source=false]
+  range_eqI}.
+
+  \item Function variables may only be applied to parameters of the
+  subgoal.  (This restriction arises because the prover does not use
+  higher-order unification.)  If other function variables are present
+  then the prover will fail with the message \texttt{Function Var's
+  argument not a bound variable}.
+
+  \item Its proof strategy is more general than @{method fast} but can
+  be slower.  If @{method blast} fails or seems to be running forever,
+  try @{method fast} and the other proof tools described below.
+
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  The optional integer argument specifies a bound for the number of
+  unsafe steps used in a proof.  By default, @{method blast} starts
+  with a bound of 0 and increases it successively to 20.  In contrast,
+  @{text "(blast lim)"} tries to prove the goal using a search bound
+  of @{text "lim"}.  Sometimes a slow proof using @{method blast} can
+  be made much faster by supplying the successful search bound to this
+  proof method instead.
+
+  \item @{method auto} combines classical reasoning with
+  simplification.  It is intended for situations where there are a lot
+  of mostly trivial subgoals; it proves all the easy ones, leaving the
+  ones it cannot prove.  Occasionally, attempting to prove the hard
+  ones may take a long time.
+
+  The optional depth arguments in @{text "(auto m n)"} refer to its
+  builtin classical reasoning procedures: @{text m} (default 4) is for
+  @{method blast}, which is tried first, and @{text n} (default 2) is
+  for a slower but more general alternative that also takes wrappers
+  into account.
+
+  \item @{method force} is intended to prove the first subgoal
+  completely, using many fancy proof tools and performing a rather
+  exhaustive search.  As a result, proof attempts may take rather long
+  or diverge easily.
+
+  \item @{method fast}, @{method best}, @{method slow} attempt to
+  prove the first subgoal using sequent-style reasoning as explained
+  before.  Unlike @{method blast}, they construct proofs directly in
+  Isabelle.
+
+  There is a difference in search strategy and back-tracking: @{method
+  fast} uses depth-first search and @{method best} uses best-first
+  search (guided by a heuristic function: normally the total size of
+  the proof state).
+
+  Method @{method slow} is like @{method fast}, but conducts a broader
+  search: it may, when backtracking from a failed proof attempt, undo
+  even the step of proving a subgoal by assumption.
+
+  \item @{method fastforce}, @{method slowsimp}, @{method bestsimp}
+  are like @{method fast}, @{method slow}, @{method best},
+  respectively, but use the Simplifier as additional wrapper. The name
+  @{method fastforce}, reflects the behaviour of this popular method
+  better without requiring an understanding of its implementation.
+
+  \item @{method deepen} works by exhaustive search up to a certain
+  depth.  The start depth is 4 (unless specified explicitly), and the
+  depth is increased iteratively up to 10.  Unsafe rules are modified
+  to preserve the formula they act on, so that it be used repeatedly.
+  This method can prove more goals than @{method fast}, but is much
+  slower, for example if the assumptions have many universal
+  quantifiers.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Any of the above methods support additional modifiers of the context
+  of classical (and simplifier) rules, but the ones related to the
+  Simplifier are explicitly prefixed by @{text simp} here.  The
+  semantics of these ad-hoc rule declarations is analogous to the
+  attributes given before.  Facts provided by forward chaining are
+  inserted into the goal before commencing proof search.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Semi-automated methods *}
+
+text {* These proof methods may help in situations when the
+  fully-automated tools fail.  The result is a simpler subgoal that
+  can be tackled by other means, such as by manual instantiation of
+  quantifiers.
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def safe} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def clarify} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def clarsimp} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{method safe} | @@{method clarify}) (@{syntax clamod} * )
+    ;
+    @@{method clarsimp} (@{syntax clasimpmod} * )
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method safe} repeatedly performs safe steps on all subgoals.
+  It is deterministic, with at most one outcome.
+
+  \item @{method clarify} performs a series of safe steps without
+  splitting subgoals; see also @{ML clarify_step_tac}.
+
+  \item @{method clarsimp} acts like @{method clarify}, but also does
+  simplification.  Note that if the Simplifier context includes a
+  splitter for the premises, the subgoal may still be split.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Single-step tactics *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{index_ML safe_step_tac: "Proof.context -> int -> tactic"} \\
+    @{index_ML inst_step_tac: "Proof.context -> int -> tactic"} \\
+    @{index_ML step_tac: "Proof.context -> int -> tactic"} \\
+    @{index_ML slow_step_tac: "Proof.context -> int -> tactic"} \\
+    @{index_ML clarify_step_tac: "Proof.context -> int -> tactic"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  These are the primitive tactics behind the (semi)automated proof
+  methods of the Classical Reasoner.  By calling them yourself, you
+  can execute these procedures one step at a time.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{ML safe_step_tac}~@{text "ctxt i"} performs a safe step on
+  subgoal @{text i}.  The safe wrapper tacticals are applied to a
+  tactic that may include proof by assumption or Modus Ponens (taking
+  care not to instantiate unknowns), or substitution.
+
+  \item @{ML inst_step_tac} is like @{ML safe_step_tac}, but allows
+  unknowns to be instantiated.
+
+  \item @{ML step_tac}~@{text "ctxt i"} is the basic step of the proof
+  procedure.  The unsafe wrapper tacticals are applied to a tactic
+  that tries @{ML safe_tac}, @{ML inst_step_tac}, or applies an unsafe
+  rule from the context.
+
+  \item @{ML slow_step_tac} resembles @{ML step_tac}, but allows
+  backtracking between using safe rules with instantiation (@{ML
+  inst_step_tac}) and using unsafe rules.  The resulting search space
+  is larger.
+
+  \item @{ML clarify_step_tac}~@{text "ctxt i"} performs a safe step
+  on subgoal @{text i}.  No splitting step is applied; for example,
+  the subgoal @{text "A \<and> B"} is left as a conjunction.  Proof by
+  assumption, Modus Ponens, etc., may be performed provided they do
+  not instantiate unknowns.  Assumptions of the form @{text "x = t"}
+  may be eliminated.  The safe wrapper tactical is applied.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Object-logic setup \label{sec:object-logic} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "judgment"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{method_def atomize} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{attribute_def atomize} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def rule_format} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def rulify} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  The very starting point for any Isabelle object-logic is a ``truth
+  judgment'' that links object-level statements to the meta-logic
+  (with its minimal language of @{text prop} that covers universal
+  quantification @{text "\<And>"} and implication @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"}).
+
+  Common object-logics are sufficiently expressive to internalize rule
+  statements over @{text "\<And>"} and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} within their own
+  language.  This is useful in certain situations where a rule needs
+  to be viewed as an atomic statement from the meta-level perspective,
+  e.g.\ @{text "\<And>x. x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> P x"} versus @{text "\<forall>x \<in> A. P x"}.
+
+  From the following language elements, only the @{method atomize}
+  method and @{attribute rule_format} attribute are occasionally
+  required by end-users, the rest is for those who need to setup their
+  own object-logic.  In the latter case existing formulations of
+  Isabelle/FOL or Isabelle/HOL may be taken as realistic examples.
+
+  Generic tools may refer to the information provided by object-logic
+  declarations internally.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command judgment} @{syntax name} '::' @{syntax type} @{syntax mixfix}?
+    ;
+    @@{attribute atomize} ('(' 'full' ')')?
+    ;
+    @@{attribute rule_format} ('(' 'noasm' ')')?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{command "judgment"}~@{text "c :: \<sigma> (mx)"} declares constant
+  @{text c} as the truth judgment of the current object-logic.  Its
+  type @{text \<sigma>} should specify a coercion of the category of
+  object-level propositions to @{text prop} of the Pure meta-logic;
+  the mixfix annotation @{text "(mx)"} would typically just link the
+  object language (internally of syntactic category @{text logic})
+  with that of @{text prop}.  Only one @{command "judgment"}
+  declaration may be given in any theory development.
+  
+  \item @{method atomize} (as a method) rewrites any non-atomic
+  premises of a sub-goal, using the meta-level equations declared via
+  @{attribute atomize} (as an attribute) beforehand.  As a result,
+  heavily nested goals become amenable to fundamental operations such
+  as resolution (cf.\ the @{method (Pure) rule} method).  Giving the ``@{text
+  "(full)"}'' option here means to turn the whole subgoal into an
+  object-statement (if possible), including the outermost parameters
+  and assumptions as well.
+
+  A typical collection of @{attribute atomize} rules for a particular
+  object-logic would provide an internalization for each of the
+  connectives of @{text "\<And>"}, @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"}, and @{text "\<equiv>"}.
+  Meta-level conjunction should be covered as well (this is
+  particularly important for locales, see \secref{sec:locale}).
+
+  \item @{attribute rule_format} rewrites a theorem by the equalities
+  declared as @{attribute rulify} rules in the current object-logic.
+  By default, the result is fully normalized, including assumptions
+  and conclusions at any depth.  The @{text "(no_asm)"} option
+  restricts the transformation to the conclusion of a rule.
+
+  In common object-logics (HOL, FOL, ZF), the effect of @{attribute
+  rule_format} is to replace (bounded) universal quantification
+  (@{text "\<forall>"}) and implication (@{text "\<longrightarrow>"}) by the corresponding
+  rule statements over @{text "\<And>"} and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"}.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/HOL_Specific.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/HOL_Specific.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,2366 @@
+theory HOL_Specific
+imports Base Main "~~/src/HOL/Library/Old_Recdef"
+begin
+
+chapter {* Isabelle/HOL \label{ch:hol} *}
+
+section {* Higher-Order Logic *}
+
+text {* Isabelle/HOL is based on Higher-Order Logic, a polymorphic
+  version of Church's Simple Theory of Types.  HOL can be best
+  understood as a simply-typed version of classical set theory.  The
+  logic was first implemented in Gordon's HOL system
+  \cite{mgordon-hol}.  It extends Church's original logic
+  \cite{church40} by explicit type variables (naive polymorphism) and
+  a sound axiomatization scheme for new types based on subsets of
+  existing types.
+
+  Andrews's book \cite{andrews86} is a full description of the
+  original Church-style higher-order logic, with proofs of correctness
+  and completeness wrt.\ certain set-theoretic interpretations.  The
+  particular extensions of Gordon-style HOL are explained semantically
+  in two chapters of the 1993 HOL book \cite{pitts93}.
+
+  Experience with HOL over decades has demonstrated that higher-order
+  logic is widely applicable in many areas of mathematics and computer
+  science.  In a sense, Higher-Order Logic is simpler than First-Order
+  Logic, because there are fewer restrictions and special cases.  Note
+  that HOL is \emph{weaker} than FOL with axioms for ZF set theory,
+  which is traditionally considered the standard foundation of regular
+  mathematics, but for most applications this does not matter.  If you
+  prefer ML to Lisp, you will probably prefer HOL to ZF.
+
+  \medskip The syntax of HOL follows @{text "\<lambda>"}-calculus and
+  functional programming.  Function application is curried.  To apply
+  the function @{text f} of type @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^sub>2 \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^sub>3"} to the
+  arguments @{text a} and @{text b} in HOL, you simply write @{text "f
+  a b"} (as in ML or Haskell).  There is no ``apply'' operator; the
+  existing application of the Pure @{text "\<lambda>"}-calculus is re-used.
+  Note that in HOL @{text "f (a, b)"} means ``@{text "f"} applied to
+  the pair @{text "(a, b)"} (which is notation for @{text "Pair a
+  b"}).  The latter typically introduces extra formal efforts that can
+  be avoided by currying functions by default.  Explicit tuples are as
+  infrequent in HOL formalizations as in good ML or Haskell programs.
+
+  \medskip Isabelle/HOL has a distinct feel, compared to other
+  object-logics like Isabelle/ZF.  It identifies object-level types
+  with meta-level types, taking advantage of the default
+  type-inference mechanism of Isabelle/Pure.  HOL fully identifies
+  object-level functions with meta-level functions, with native
+  abstraction and application.
+
+  These identifications allow Isabelle to support HOL particularly
+  nicely, but they also mean that HOL requires some sophistication
+  from the user.  In particular, an understanding of Hindley-Milner
+  type-inference with type-classes, which are both used extensively in
+  the standard libraries and applications.  Beginners can set
+  @{attribute show_types} or even @{attribute show_sorts} to get more
+  explicit information about the result of type-inference.  *}
+
+
+section {* Inductive and coinductive definitions \label{sec:hol-inductive} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "inductive"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "inductive_set"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "coinductive"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "coinductive_set"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) mono} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  An \emph{inductive definition} specifies the least predicate or set
+  @{text R} closed under given rules: applying a rule to elements of
+  @{text R} yields a result within @{text R}.  For example, a
+  structural operational semantics is an inductive definition of an
+  evaluation relation.
+
+  Dually, a \emph{coinductive definition} specifies the greatest
+  predicate or set @{text R} that is consistent with given rules:
+  every element of @{text R} can be seen as arising by applying a rule
+  to elements of @{text R}.  An important example is using
+  bisimulation relations to formalise equivalence of processes and
+  infinite data structures.
+
+  Both inductive and coinductive definitions are based on the
+  Knaster-Tarski fixed-point theorem for complete lattices.  The
+  collection of introduction rules given by the user determines a
+  functor on subsets of set-theoretic relations.  The required
+  monotonicity of the recursion scheme is proven as a prerequisite to
+  the fixed-point definition and the resulting consequences.  This
+  works by pushing inclusion through logical connectives and any other
+  operator that might be wrapped around recursive occurrences of the
+  defined relation: there must be a monotonicity theorem of the form
+  @{text "A \<le> B \<Longrightarrow> \<M> A \<le> \<M> B"}, for each premise @{text "\<M> R t"} in an
+  introduction rule.  The default rule declarations of Isabelle/HOL
+  already take care of most common situations.
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{command (HOL) inductive} | @@{command (HOL) inductive_set} |
+      @@{command (HOL) coinductive} | @@{command (HOL) coinductive_set})
+    @{syntax target}? \\
+    @{syntax \"fixes\"} (@'for' @{syntax \"fixes\"})? (@'where' clauses)? \\
+    (@'monos' @{syntax thmrefs})?
+    ;
+    clauses: (@{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop} + '|')
+    ;
+    @@{attribute (HOL) mono} (() | 'add' | 'del')
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "inductive"} and @{command (HOL)
+  "coinductive"} define (co)inductive predicates from the introduction
+  rules.
+
+  The propositions given as @{text "clauses"} in the @{keyword
+  "where"} part are either rules of the usual @{text "\<And>/\<Longrightarrow>"} format
+  (with arbitrary nesting), or equalities using @{text "\<equiv>"}.  The
+  latter specifies extra-logical abbreviations in the sense of
+  @{command_ref abbreviation}.  Introducing abstract syntax
+  simultaneously with the actual introduction rules is occasionally
+  useful for complex specifications.
+
+  The optional @{keyword "for"} part contains a list of parameters of
+  the (co)inductive predicates that remain fixed throughout the
+  definition, in contrast to arguments of the relation that may vary
+  in each occurrence within the given @{text "clauses"}.
+
+  The optional @{keyword "monos"} declaration contains additional
+  \emph{monotonicity theorems}, which are required for each operator
+  applied to a recursive set in the introduction rules.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "inductive_set"} and @{command (HOL)
+  "coinductive_set"} are wrappers for to the previous commands for
+  native HOL predicates.  This allows to define (co)inductive sets,
+  where multiple arguments are simulated via tuples.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) mono} declares monotonicity rules in the
+  context.  These rule are involved in the automated monotonicity
+  proof of the above inductive and coinductive definitions.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Derived rules *}
+
+text {* A (co)inductive definition of @{text R} provides the following
+  main theorems:
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{text R.intros} is the list of introduction rules as proven
+  theorems, for the recursive predicates (or sets).  The rules are
+  also available individually, using the names given them in the
+  theory file;
+
+  \item @{text R.cases} is the case analysis (or elimination) rule;
+
+  \item @{text R.induct} or @{text R.coinduct} is the (co)induction
+  rule;
+
+  \item @{text R.simps} is the equation unrolling the fixpoint of the
+  predicate one step.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  When several predicates @{text "R\<^sub>1, \<dots>, R\<^sub>n"} are
+  defined simultaneously, the list of introduction rules is called
+  @{text "R\<^sub>1_\<dots>_R\<^sub>n.intros"}, the case analysis rules are
+  called @{text "R\<^sub>1.cases, \<dots>, R\<^sub>n.cases"}, and the list
+  of mutual induction rules is called @{text
+  "R\<^sub>1_\<dots>_R\<^sub>n.inducts"}.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Monotonicity theorems *}
+
+text {* The context maintains a default set of theorems that are used
+  in monotonicity proofs.  New rules can be declared via the
+  @{attribute (HOL) mono} attribute.  See the main Isabelle/HOL
+  sources for some examples.  The general format of such monotonicity
+  theorems is as follows:
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item Theorems of the form @{text "A \<le> B \<Longrightarrow> \<M> A \<le> \<M> B"}, for proving
+  monotonicity of inductive definitions whose introduction rules have
+  premises involving terms such as @{text "\<M> R t"}.
+
+  \item Monotonicity theorems for logical operators, which are of the
+  general form @{text "(\<dots> \<longrightarrow> \<dots>) \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> (\<dots> \<longrightarrow> \<dots>) \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<longrightarrow> \<dots>"}.  For example, in
+  the case of the operator @{text "\<or>"}, the corresponding theorem is
+  \[
+  \infer{@{text "P\<^sub>1 \<or> P\<^sub>2 \<longrightarrow> Q\<^sub>1 \<or> Q\<^sub>2"}}{@{text "P\<^sub>1 \<longrightarrow> Q\<^sub>1"} & @{text "P\<^sub>2 \<longrightarrow> Q\<^sub>2"}}
+  \]
+
+  \item De Morgan style equations for reasoning about the ``polarity''
+  of expressions, e.g.
+  \[
+  @{prop "\<not> \<not> P \<longleftrightarrow> P"} \qquad\qquad
+  @{prop "\<not> (P \<and> Q) \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> P \<or> \<not> Q"}
+  \]
+
+  \item Equations for reducing complex operators to more primitive
+  ones whose monotonicity can easily be proved, e.g.
+  \[
+  @{prop "(P \<longrightarrow> Q) \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> P \<or> Q"} \qquad\qquad
+  @{prop "Ball A P \<equiv> \<forall>x. x \<in> A \<longrightarrow> P x"}
+  \]
+
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+subsubsection {* Examples *}
+
+text {* The finite powerset operator can be defined inductively like this: *}
+
+inductive_set Fin :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a set set" for A :: "'a set"
+where
+  empty: "{} \<in> Fin A"
+| insert: "a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> B \<in> Fin A \<Longrightarrow> insert a B \<in> Fin A"
+
+text {* The accessible part of a relation is defined as follows: *}
+
+inductive acc :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool"
+  for r :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool"  (infix "\<prec>" 50)
+where acc: "(\<And>y. y \<prec> x \<Longrightarrow> acc r y) \<Longrightarrow> acc r x"
+
+text {* Common logical connectives can be easily characterized as
+non-recursive inductive definitions with parameters, but without
+arguments. *}
+
+inductive AND for A B :: bool
+where "A \<Longrightarrow> B \<Longrightarrow> AND A B"
+
+inductive OR for A B :: bool
+where "A \<Longrightarrow> OR A B"
+  | "B \<Longrightarrow> OR A B"
+
+inductive EXISTS for B :: "'a \<Rightarrow> bool"
+where "B a \<Longrightarrow> EXISTS B"
+
+text {* Here the @{text "cases"} or @{text "induct"} rules produced by
+  the @{command inductive} package coincide with the expected
+  elimination rules for Natural Deduction.  Already in the original
+  article by Gerhard Gentzen \cite{Gentzen:1935} there is a hint that
+  each connective can be characterized by its introductions, and the
+  elimination can be constructed systematically. *}
+
+
+section {* Recursive functions \label{sec:recursion} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "primrec"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "fun"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "function"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "termination"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) primrec} @{syntax target}? @{syntax \"fixes\"} @'where' equations
+    ;
+    (@@{command (HOL) fun} | @@{command (HOL) function}) @{syntax target}? functionopts?
+      @{syntax \"fixes\"} \\ @'where' equations
+    ;
+
+    equations: (@{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop} + '|')
+    ;
+    functionopts: '(' (('sequential' | 'domintros') + ',') ')'
+    ;
+    @@{command (HOL) termination} @{syntax term}?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "primrec"} defines primitive recursive
+  functions over datatypes (see also @{command_ref (HOL) datatype} and
+  @{command_ref (HOL) rep_datatype}).  The given @{text equations}
+  specify reduction rules that are produced by instantiating the
+  generic combinator for primitive recursion that is available for
+  each datatype.
+
+  Each equation needs to be of the form:
+
+  @{text [display] "f x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m (C y\<^sub>1 \<dots> y\<^sub>k) z\<^sub>1 \<dots> z\<^sub>n = rhs"}
+
+  such that @{text C} is a datatype constructor, @{text rhs} contains
+  only the free variables on the left-hand side (or from the context),
+  and all recursive occurrences of @{text "f"} in @{text "rhs"} are of
+  the form @{text "f \<dots> y\<^sub>i \<dots>"} for some @{text i}.  At most one
+  reduction rule for each constructor can be given.  The order does
+  not matter.  For missing constructors, the function is defined to
+  return a default value, but this equation is made difficult to
+  access for users.
+
+  The reduction rules are declared as @{attribute simp} by default,
+  which enables standard proof methods like @{method simp} and
+  @{method auto} to normalize expressions of @{text "f"} applied to
+  datatype constructions, by simulating symbolic computation via
+  rewriting.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "function"} defines functions by general
+  wellfounded recursion. A detailed description with examples can be
+  found in \cite{isabelle-function}. The function is specified by a
+  set of (possibly conditional) recursive equations with arbitrary
+  pattern matching. The command generates proof obligations for the
+  completeness and the compatibility of patterns.
+
+  The defined function is considered partial, and the resulting
+  simplification rules (named @{text "f.psimps"}) and induction rule
+  (named @{text "f.pinduct"}) are guarded by a generated domain
+  predicate @{text "f_dom"}. The @{command (HOL) "termination"}
+  command can then be used to establish that the function is total.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "fun"} is a shorthand notation for ``@{command
+  (HOL) "function"}~@{text "(sequential)"}, followed by automated
+  proof attempts regarding pattern matching and termination.  See
+  \cite{isabelle-function} for further details.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "termination"}~@{text f} commences a
+  termination proof for the previously defined function @{text f}.  If
+  this is omitted, the command refers to the most recent function
+  definition.  After the proof is closed, the recursive equations and
+  the induction principle is established.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Recursive definitions introduced by the @{command (HOL) "function"}
+  command accommodate reasoning by induction (cf.\ @{method induct}):
+  rule @{text "f.induct"} refers to a specific induction rule, with
+  parameters named according to the user-specified equations. Cases
+  are numbered starting from 1.  For @{command (HOL) "primrec"}, the
+  induction principle coincides with structural recursion on the
+  datatype where the recursion is carried out.
+
+  The equations provided by these packages may be referred later as
+  theorem list @{text "f.simps"}, where @{text f} is the (collective)
+  name of the functions defined.  Individual equations may be named
+  explicitly as well.
+
+  The @{command (HOL) "function"} command accepts the following
+  options.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{text sequential} enables a preprocessor which disambiguates
+  overlapping patterns by making them mutually disjoint.  Earlier
+  equations take precedence over later ones.  This allows to give the
+  specification in a format very similar to functional programming.
+  Note that the resulting simplification and induction rules
+  correspond to the transformed specification, not the one given
+  originally. This usually means that each equation given by the user
+  may result in several theorems.  Also note that this automatic
+  transformation only works for ML-style datatype patterns.
+
+  \item @{text domintros} enables the automated generation of
+  introduction rules for the domain predicate. While mostly not
+  needed, they can be helpful in some proofs about partial functions.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+subsubsection {* Example: evaluation of expressions *}
+
+text {* Subsequently, we define mutual datatypes for arithmetic and
+  boolean expressions, and use @{command primrec} for evaluation
+  functions that follow the same recursive structure. *}
+
+datatype 'a aexp =
+    IF "'a bexp"  "'a aexp"  "'a aexp"
+  | Sum "'a aexp"  "'a aexp"
+  | Diff "'a aexp"  "'a aexp"
+  | Var 'a
+  | Num nat
+and 'a bexp =
+    Less "'a aexp"  "'a aexp"
+  | And "'a bexp"  "'a bexp"
+  | Neg "'a bexp"
+
+
+text {* \medskip Evaluation of arithmetic and boolean expressions *}
+
+primrec evala :: "('a \<Rightarrow> nat) \<Rightarrow> 'a aexp \<Rightarrow> nat"
+  and evalb :: "('a \<Rightarrow> nat) \<Rightarrow> 'a bexp \<Rightarrow> bool"
+where
+  "evala env (IF b a1 a2) = (if evalb env b then evala env a1 else evala env a2)"
+| "evala env (Sum a1 a2) = evala env a1 + evala env a2"
+| "evala env (Diff a1 a2) = evala env a1 - evala env a2"
+| "evala env (Var v) = env v"
+| "evala env (Num n) = n"
+| "evalb env (Less a1 a2) = (evala env a1 < evala env a2)"
+| "evalb env (And b1 b2) = (evalb env b1 \<and> evalb env b2)"
+| "evalb env (Neg b) = (\<not> evalb env b)"
+
+text {* Since the value of an expression depends on the value of its
+  variables, the functions @{const evala} and @{const evalb} take an
+  additional parameter, an \emph{environment} that maps variables to
+  their values.
+
+  \medskip Substitution on expressions can be defined similarly.  The
+  mapping @{text f} of type @{typ "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a aexp"} given as a
+  parameter is lifted canonically on the types @{typ "'a aexp"} and
+  @{typ "'a bexp"}, respectively.
+*}
+
+primrec substa :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b aexp) \<Rightarrow> 'a aexp \<Rightarrow> 'b aexp"
+  and substb :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b aexp) \<Rightarrow> 'a bexp \<Rightarrow> 'b bexp"
+where
+  "substa f (IF b a1 a2) = IF (substb f b) (substa f a1) (substa f a2)"
+| "substa f (Sum a1 a2) = Sum (substa f a1) (substa f a2)"
+| "substa f (Diff a1 a2) = Diff (substa f a1) (substa f a2)"
+| "substa f (Var v) = f v"
+| "substa f (Num n) = Num n"
+| "substb f (Less a1 a2) = Less (substa f a1) (substa f a2)"
+| "substb f (And b1 b2) = And (substb f b1) (substb f b2)"
+| "substb f (Neg b) = Neg (substb f b)"
+
+text {* In textbooks about semantics one often finds substitution
+  theorems, which express the relationship between substitution and
+  evaluation.  For @{typ "'a aexp"} and @{typ "'a bexp"}, we can prove
+  such a theorem by mutual induction, followed by simplification.
+*}
+
+lemma subst_one:
+  "evala env (substa (Var (v := a')) a) = evala (env (v := evala env a')) a"
+  "evalb env (substb (Var (v := a')) b) = evalb (env (v := evala env a')) b"
+  by (induct a and b) simp_all
+
+lemma subst_all:
+  "evala env (substa s a) = evala (\<lambda>x. evala env (s x)) a"
+  "evalb env (substb s b) = evalb (\<lambda>x. evala env (s x)) b"
+  by (induct a and b) simp_all
+
+
+subsubsection {* Example: a substitution function for terms *}
+
+text {* Functions on datatypes with nested recursion are also defined
+  by mutual primitive recursion. *}
+
+datatype ('a, 'b) "term" = Var 'a | App 'b "('a, 'b) term list"
+
+text {* A substitution function on type @{typ "('a, 'b) term"} can be
+  defined as follows, by working simultaneously on @{typ "('a, 'b)
+  term list"}: *}
+
+primrec subst_term :: "('a \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b) term) \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b) term \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b) term" and
+  subst_term_list :: "('a \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b) term) \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b) term list \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b) term list"
+where
+  "subst_term f (Var a) = f a"
+| "subst_term f (App b ts) = App b (subst_term_list f ts)"
+| "subst_term_list f [] = []"
+| "subst_term_list f (t # ts) = subst_term f t # subst_term_list f ts"
+
+text {* The recursion scheme follows the structure of the unfolded
+  definition of type @{typ "('a, 'b) term"}.  To prove properties of this
+  substitution function, mutual induction is needed:
+*}
+
+lemma "subst_term (subst_term f1 \<circ> f2) t = subst_term f1 (subst_term f2 t)" and
+  "subst_term_list (subst_term f1 \<circ> f2) ts = subst_term_list f1 (subst_term_list f2 ts)"
+  by (induct t and ts) simp_all
+
+
+subsubsection {* Example: a map function for infinitely branching trees *}
+
+text {* Defining functions on infinitely branching datatypes by
+  primitive recursion is just as easy.
+*}
+
+datatype 'a tree = Atom 'a | Branch "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a tree"
+
+primrec map_tree :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'a tree \<Rightarrow> 'b tree"
+where
+  "map_tree f (Atom a) = Atom (f a)"
+| "map_tree f (Branch ts) = Branch (\<lambda>x. map_tree f (ts x))"
+
+text {* Note that all occurrences of functions such as @{text ts}
+  above must be applied to an argument.  In particular, @{term
+  "map_tree f \<circ> ts"} is not allowed here. *}
+
+text {* Here is a simple composition lemma for @{term map_tree}: *}
+
+lemma "map_tree g (map_tree f t) = map_tree (g \<circ> f) t"
+  by (induct t) simp_all
+
+
+subsection {* Proof methods related to recursive definitions *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def (HOL) pat_completeness} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) relation} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) lexicographic_order} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) size_change} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) induction_schema} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{method (HOL) relation} @{syntax term}
+    ;
+    @@{method (HOL) lexicographic_order} (@{syntax clasimpmod} * )
+    ;
+    @@{method (HOL) size_change} ( orders (@{syntax clasimpmod} * ) )
+    ;
+    @@{method (HOL) induction_schema}
+    ;
+    orders: ( 'max' | 'min' | 'ms' ) *
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) pat_completeness} is a specialized method to
+  solve goals regarding the completeness of pattern matching, as
+  required by the @{command (HOL) "function"} package (cf.\
+  \cite{isabelle-function}).
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) relation}~@{text R} introduces a termination
+  proof using the relation @{text R}.  The resulting proof state will
+  contain goals expressing that @{text R} is wellfounded, and that the
+  arguments of recursive calls decrease with respect to @{text R}.
+  Usually, this method is used as the initial proof step of manual
+  termination proofs.
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) "lexicographic_order"} attempts a fully
+  automated termination proof by searching for a lexicographic
+  combination of size measures on the arguments of the function. The
+  method accepts the same arguments as the @{method auto} method,
+  which it uses internally to prove local descents.  The @{syntax
+  clasimpmod} modifiers are accepted (as for @{method auto}).
+
+  In case of failure, extensive information is printed, which can help
+  to analyse the situation (cf.\ \cite{isabelle-function}).
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) "size_change"} also works on termination goals,
+  using a variation of the size-change principle, together with a
+  graph decomposition technique (see \cite{krauss_phd} for details).
+  Three kinds of orders are used internally: @{text max}, @{text min},
+  and @{text ms} (multiset), which is only available when the theory
+  @{text Multiset} is loaded. When no order kinds are given, they are
+  tried in order. The search for a termination proof uses SAT solving
+  internally.
+
+  For local descent proofs, the @{syntax clasimpmod} modifiers are
+  accepted (as for @{method auto}).
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) induction_schema} derives user-specified
+  induction rules from well-founded induction and completeness of
+  patterns. This factors out some operations that are done internally
+  by the function package and makes them available separately. See
+  @{file "~~/src/HOL/ex/Induction_Schema.thy"} for examples.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Functions with explicit partiality *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "partial_function"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) "partial_function_mono"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) partial_function} @{syntax target}?
+      '(' @{syntax nameref} ')' @{syntax \"fixes\"} \\
+      @'where' @{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "partial_function"}~@{text "(mode)"} defines
+  recursive functions based on fixpoints in complete partial
+  orders. No termination proof is required from the user or
+  constructed internally. Instead, the possibility of non-termination
+  is modelled explicitly in the result type, which contains an
+  explicit bottom element.
+
+  Pattern matching and mutual recursion are currently not supported.
+  Thus, the specification consists of a single function described by a
+  single recursive equation.
+
+  There are no fixed syntactic restrictions on the body of the
+  function, but the induced functional must be provably monotonic
+  wrt.\ the underlying order.  The monotonicitity proof is performed
+  internally, and the definition is rejected when it fails. The proof
+  can be influenced by declaring hints using the
+  @{attribute (HOL) partial_function_mono} attribute.
+
+  The mandatory @{text mode} argument specifies the mode of operation
+  of the command, which directly corresponds to a complete partial
+  order on the result type. By default, the following modes are
+  defined:
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{text option} defines functions that map into the @{type
+  option} type. Here, the value @{term None} is used to model a
+  non-terminating computation. Monotonicity requires that if @{term
+  None} is returned by a recursive call, then the overall result must
+  also be @{term None}. This is best achieved through the use of the
+  monadic operator @{const "Option.bind"}.
+
+  \item @{text tailrec} defines functions with an arbitrary result
+  type and uses the slightly degenerated partial order where @{term
+  "undefined"} is the bottom element.  Now, monotonicity requires that
+  if @{term undefined} is returned by a recursive call, then the
+  overall result must also be @{term undefined}. In practice, this is
+  only satisfied when each recursive call is a tail call, whose result
+  is directly returned. Thus, this mode of operation allows the
+  definition of arbitrary tail-recursive functions.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Experienced users may define new modes by instantiating the locale
+  @{const "partial_function_definitions"} appropriately.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) partial_function_mono} declares rules for
+  use in the internal monononicity proofs of partial function
+  definitions.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Old-style recursive function definitions (TFL) *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "recdef"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory)"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "recdef_tc"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  The old TFL commands @{command (HOL) "recdef"} and @{command (HOL)
+  "recdef_tc"} for defining recursive are mostly obsolete; @{command
+  (HOL) "function"} or @{command (HOL) "fun"} should be used instead.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) recdef} ('(' @'permissive' ')')? \\
+      @{syntax name} @{syntax term} (@{syntax prop} +) hints?
+    ;
+    recdeftc @{syntax thmdecl}? tc
+    ;
+    hints: '(' @'hints' ( recdefmod * ) ')'
+    ;
+    recdefmod: (('recdef_simp' | 'recdef_cong' | 'recdef_wf')
+      (() | 'add' | 'del') ':' @{syntax thmrefs}) | @{syntax clasimpmod}
+    ;
+    tc: @{syntax nameref} ('(' @{syntax nat} ')')?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "recdef"} defines general well-founded
+  recursive functions (using the TFL package), see also
+  \cite{isabelle-HOL}.  The ``@{text "(permissive)"}'' option tells
+  TFL to recover from failed proof attempts, returning unfinished
+  results.  The @{text recdef_simp}, @{text recdef_cong}, and @{text
+  recdef_wf} hints refer to auxiliary rules to be used in the internal
+  automated proof process of TFL.  Additional @{syntax clasimpmod}
+  declarations may be given to tune the context of the Simplifier
+  (cf.\ \secref{sec:simplifier}) and Classical reasoner (cf.\
+  \secref{sec:classical}).
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "recdef_tc"}~@{text "c (i)"} recommences the
+  proof for leftover termination condition number @{text i} (default
+  1) as generated by a @{command (HOL) "recdef"} definition of
+  constant @{text c}.
+
+  Note that in most cases, @{command (HOL) "recdef"} is able to finish
+  its internal proofs without manual intervention.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  \medskip Hints for @{command (HOL) "recdef"} may be also declared
+  globally, using the following attributes.
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) recdef_simp} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) recdef_cong} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) recdef_wf} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{attribute (HOL) recdef_simp} | @@{attribute (HOL) recdef_cong} |
+      @@{attribute (HOL) recdef_wf}) (() | 'add' | 'del')
+  "}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Datatypes \label{sec:hol-datatype} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "datatype"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "rep_datatype"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) datatype} (spec + @'and')
+    ;
+    @@{command (HOL) rep_datatype} ('(' (@{syntax name} +) ')')? (@{syntax term} +)
+    ;
+
+    spec: @{syntax typespec_sorts} @{syntax mixfix}? '=' (cons + '|')
+    ;
+    cons: @{syntax name} (@{syntax type} * ) @{syntax mixfix}?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "datatype"} defines inductive datatypes in
+  HOL.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "rep_datatype"} represents existing types as
+  datatypes.
+
+  For foundational reasons, some basic types such as @{typ nat}, @{typ
+  "'a \<times> 'b"}, @{typ "'a + 'b"}, @{typ bool} and @{typ unit} are
+  introduced by more primitive means using @{command_ref typedef}.  To
+  recover the rich infrastructure of @{command datatype} (e.g.\ rules
+  for @{method cases} and @{method induct} and the primitive recursion
+  combinators), such types may be represented as actual datatypes
+  later.  This is done by specifying the constructors of the desired
+  type, and giving a proof of the induction rule, distinctness and
+  injectivity of constructors.
+
+  For example, see @{file "~~/src/HOL/Sum_Type.thy"} for the
+  representation of the primitive sum type as fully-featured datatype.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  The generated rules for @{method induct} and @{method cases} provide
+  case names according to the given constructors, while parameters are
+  named after the types (see also \secref{sec:cases-induct}).
+
+  See \cite{isabelle-HOL} for more details on datatypes, but beware of
+  the old-style theory syntax being used there!  Apart from proper
+  proof methods for case-analysis and induction, there are also
+  emulations of ML tactics @{method (HOL) case_tac} and @{method (HOL)
+  induct_tac} available, see \secref{sec:hol-induct-tac}; these admit
+  to refer directly to the internal structure of subgoals (including
+  internally bound parameters).
+*}
+
+
+subsubsection {* Examples *}
+
+text {* We define a type of finite sequences, with slightly different
+  names than the existing @{typ "'a list"} that is already in @{theory
+  Main}: *}
+
+datatype 'a seq = Empty | Seq 'a "'a seq"
+
+text {* We can now prove some simple lemma by structural induction: *}
+
+lemma "Seq x xs \<noteq> xs"
+proof (induct xs arbitrary: x)
+  case Empty
+  txt {* This case can be proved using the simplifier: the freeness
+    properties of the datatype are already declared as @{attribute
+    simp} rules. *}
+  show "Seq x Empty \<noteq> Empty"
+    by simp
+next
+  case (Seq y ys)
+  txt {* The step case is proved similarly. *}
+  show "Seq x (Seq y ys) \<noteq> Seq y ys"
+    using `Seq y ys \<noteq> ys` by simp
+qed
+
+text {* Here is a more succinct version of the same proof: *}
+
+lemma "Seq x xs \<noteq> xs"
+  by (induct xs arbitrary: x) simp_all
+
+
+section {* Records \label{sec:hol-record} *}
+
+text {*
+  In principle, records merely generalize the concept of tuples, where
+  components may be addressed by labels instead of just position.  The
+  logical infrastructure of records in Isabelle/HOL is slightly more
+  advanced, though, supporting truly extensible record schemes.  This
+  admits operations that are polymorphic with respect to record
+  extension, yielding ``object-oriented'' effects like (single)
+  inheritance.  See also \cite{NaraschewskiW-TPHOLs98} for more
+  details on object-oriented verification and record subtyping in HOL.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Basic concepts *}
+
+text {*
+  Isabelle/HOL supports both \emph{fixed} and \emph{schematic} records
+  at the level of terms and types.  The notation is as follows:
+
+  \begin{center}
+  \begin{tabular}{l|l|l}
+    & record terms & record types \\ \hline
+    fixed & @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b\<rparr>"} & @{text "\<lparr>x :: A, y :: B\<rparr>"} \\
+    schematic & @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b, \<dots> = m\<rparr>"} &
+      @{text "\<lparr>x :: A, y :: B, \<dots> :: M\<rparr>"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \end{center}
+
+  \noindent The ASCII representation of @{text "\<lparr>x = a\<rparr>"} is @{text
+  "(| x = a |)"}.
+
+  A fixed record @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b\<rparr>"} has field @{text x} of value
+  @{text a} and field @{text y} of value @{text b}.  The corresponding
+  type is @{text "\<lparr>x :: A, y :: B\<rparr>"}, assuming that @{text "a :: A"}
+  and @{text "b :: B"}.
+
+  A record scheme like @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b, \<dots> = m\<rparr>"} contains fields
+  @{text x} and @{text y} as before, but also possibly further fields
+  as indicated by the ``@{text "\<dots>"}'' notation (which is actually part
+  of the syntax).  The improper field ``@{text "\<dots>"}'' of a record
+  scheme is called the \emph{more part}.  Logically it is just a free
+  variable, which is occasionally referred to as ``row variable'' in
+  the literature.  The more part of a record scheme may be
+  instantiated by zero or more further components.  For example, the
+  previous scheme may get instantiated to @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b, z =
+  c, \<dots> = m'\<rparr>"}, where @{text m'} refers to a different more part.
+  Fixed records are special instances of record schemes, where
+  ``@{text "\<dots>"}'' is properly terminated by the @{text "() :: unit"}
+  element.  In fact, @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b\<rparr>"} is just an abbreviation
+  for @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b, \<dots> = ()\<rparr>"}.
+
+  \medskip Two key observations make extensible records in a simply
+  typed language like HOL work out:
+
+  \begin{enumerate}
+
+  \item the more part is internalized, as a free term or type
+  variable,
+
+  \item field names are externalized, they cannot be accessed within
+  the logic as first-class values.
+
+  \end{enumerate}
+
+  \medskip In Isabelle/HOL record types have to be defined explicitly,
+  fixing their field names and types, and their (optional) parent
+  record.  Afterwards, records may be formed using above syntax, while
+  obeying the canonical order of fields as given by their declaration.
+  The record package provides several standard operations like
+  selectors and updates.  The common setup for various generic proof
+  tools enable succinct reasoning patterns.  See also the Isabelle/HOL
+  tutorial \cite{isabelle-hol-book} for further instructions on using
+  records in practice.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Record specifications *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "record"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) record} @{syntax typespec_sorts} '=' \\
+      (@{syntax type} '+')? (constdecl +)
+    ;
+    constdecl: @{syntax name} '::' @{syntax type} @{syntax mixfix}?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "record"}~@{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>m) t = \<tau> + c\<^sub>1 :: \<sigma>\<^sub>1
+  \<dots> c\<^sub>n :: \<sigma>\<^sub>n"} defines extensible record type @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>m) t"},
+  derived from the optional parent record @{text "\<tau>"} by adding new
+  field components @{text "c\<^sub>i :: \<sigma>\<^sub>i"} etc.
+
+  The type variables of @{text "\<tau>"} and @{text "\<sigma>\<^sub>i"} need to be
+  covered by the (distinct) parameters @{text "\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
+  \<alpha>\<^sub>m"}.  Type constructor @{text t} has to be new, while @{text
+  \<tau>} needs to specify an instance of an existing record type.  At
+  least one new field @{text "c\<^sub>i"} has to be specified.
+  Basically, field names need to belong to a unique record.  This is
+  not a real restriction in practice, since fields are qualified by
+  the record name internally.
+
+  The parent record specification @{text \<tau>} is optional; if omitted
+  @{text t} becomes a root record.  The hierarchy of all records
+  declared within a theory context forms a forest structure, i.e.\ a
+  set of trees starting with a root record each.  There is no way to
+  merge multiple parent records!
+
+  For convenience, @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>m) t"} is made a
+  type abbreviation for the fixed record type @{text "\<lparr>c\<^sub>1 ::
+  \<sigma>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>n :: \<sigma>\<^sub>n\<rparr>"}, likewise is @{text
+  "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>m, \<zeta>) t_scheme"} made an abbreviation for
+  @{text "\<lparr>c\<^sub>1 :: \<sigma>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>n :: \<sigma>\<^sub>n, \<dots> ::
+  \<zeta>\<rparr>"}.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Record operations *}
+
+text {*
+  Any record definition of the form presented above produces certain
+  standard operations.  Selectors and updates are provided for any
+  field, including the improper one ``@{text more}''.  There are also
+  cumulative record constructor functions.  To simplify the
+  presentation below, we assume for now that @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
+  \<alpha>\<^sub>m) t"} is a root record with fields @{text "c\<^sub>1 ::
+  \<sigma>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>n :: \<sigma>\<^sub>n"}.
+
+  \medskip \textbf{Selectors} and \textbf{updates} are available for
+  any field (including ``@{text more}''):
+
+  \begin{matharray}{lll}
+    @{text "c\<^sub>i"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<lparr>\<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr> \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>\<^sub>i"} \\
+    @{text "c\<^sub>i_update"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<sigma>\<^sub>i \<Rightarrow> \<lparr>\<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr> \<Rightarrow> \<lparr>\<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr>"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  There is special syntax for application of updates: @{text "r\<lparr>x :=
+  a\<rparr>"} abbreviates term @{text "x_update a r"}.  Further notation for
+  repeated updates is also available: @{text "r\<lparr>x := a\<rparr>\<lparr>y := b\<rparr>\<lparr>z :=
+  c\<rparr>"} may be written @{text "r\<lparr>x := a, y := b, z := c\<rparr>"}.  Note that
+  because of postfix notation the order of fields shown here is
+  reverse than in the actual term.  Since repeated updates are just
+  function applications, fields may be freely permuted in @{text "\<lparr>x
+  := a, y := b, z := c\<rparr>"}, as far as logical equality is concerned.
+  Thus commutativity of independent updates can be proven within the
+  logic for any two fields, but not as a general theorem.
+
+  \medskip The \textbf{make} operation provides a cumulative record
+  constructor function:
+
+  \begin{matharray}{lll}
+    @{text "t.make"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<sigma>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<sigma>\<^sub>n \<Rightarrow> \<lparr>\<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>\<rparr>"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  \medskip We now reconsider the case of non-root records, which are
+  derived of some parent.  In general, the latter may depend on
+  another parent as well, resulting in a list of \emph{ancestor
+  records}.  Appending the lists of fields of all ancestors results in
+  a certain field prefix.  The record package automatically takes care
+  of this by lifting operations over this context of ancestor fields.
+  Assuming that @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>m) t"} has ancestor
+  fields @{text "b\<^sub>1 :: \<rho>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, b\<^sub>k :: \<rho>\<^sub>k"},
+  the above record operations will get the following types:
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{lll}
+    @{text "c\<^sub>i"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr> \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>\<^sub>i"} \\
+    @{text "c\<^sub>i_update"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<sigma>\<^sub>i \<Rightarrow>
+      \<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr> \<Rightarrow>
+      \<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr>"} \\
+    @{text "t.make"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<rho>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<rho>\<^sub>k \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<sigma>\<^sub>n \<Rightarrow>
+      \<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>\<rparr>"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  \noindent Some further operations address the extension aspect of a
+  derived record scheme specifically: @{text "t.fields"} produces a
+  record fragment consisting of exactly the new fields introduced here
+  (the result may serve as a more part elsewhere); @{text "t.extend"}
+  takes a fixed record and adds a given more part; @{text
+  "t.truncate"} restricts a record scheme to a fixed record.
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{lll}
+    @{text "t.fields"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<sigma>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<sigma>\<^sub>n \<Rightarrow> \<lparr>\<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>\<rparr>"} \\
+    @{text "t.extend"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>\<rparr> \<Rightarrow>
+      \<zeta> \<Rightarrow> \<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr>"} \\
+    @{text "t.truncate"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr> \<Rightarrow> \<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>\<rparr>"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  \noindent Note that @{text "t.make"} and @{text "t.fields"} coincide
+  for root records.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Derived rules and proof tools *}
+
+text {*
+  The record package proves several results internally, declaring
+  these facts to appropriate proof tools.  This enables users to
+  reason about record structures quite conveniently.  Assume that
+  @{text t} is a record type as specified above.
+
+  \begin{enumerate}
+
+  \item Standard conversions for selectors or updates applied to
+  record constructor terms are made part of the default Simplifier
+  context; thus proofs by reduction of basic operations merely require
+  the @{method simp} method without further arguments.  These rules
+  are available as @{text "t.simps"}, too.
+
+  \item Selectors applied to updated records are automatically reduced
+  by an internal simplification procedure, which is also part of the
+  standard Simplifier setup.
+
+  \item Inject equations of a form analogous to @{prop "(x, y) = (x',
+  y') \<equiv> x = x' \<and> y = y'"} are declared to the Simplifier and Classical
+  Reasoner as @{attribute iff} rules.  These rules are available as
+  @{text "t.iffs"}.
+
+  \item The introduction rule for record equality analogous to @{text
+  "x r = x r' \<Longrightarrow> y r = y r' \<dots> \<Longrightarrow> r = r'"} is declared to the Simplifier,
+  and as the basic rule context as ``@{attribute intro}@{text "?"}''.
+  The rule is called @{text "t.equality"}.
+
+  \item Representations of arbitrary record expressions as canonical
+  constructor terms are provided both in @{method cases} and @{method
+  induct} format (cf.\ the generic proof methods of the same name,
+  \secref{sec:cases-induct}).  Several variations are available, for
+  fixed records, record schemes, more parts etc.
+
+  The generic proof methods are sufficiently smart to pick the most
+  sensible rule according to the type of the indicated record
+  expression: users just need to apply something like ``@{text "(cases
+  r)"}'' to a certain proof problem.
+
+  \item The derived record operations @{text "t.make"}, @{text
+  "t.fields"}, @{text "t.extend"}, @{text "t.truncate"} are \emph{not}
+  treated automatically, but usually need to be expanded by hand,
+  using the collective fact @{text "t.defs"}.
+
+  \end{enumerate}
+*}
+
+
+subsubsection {* Examples *}
+
+text {* See @{file "~~/src/HOL/ex/Records.thy"}, for example. *}
+
+
+section {* Adhoc tuples *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) split_format}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{attribute (HOL) split_format} ('(' 'complete' ')')?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) split_format}\ @{text "(complete)"} causes
+  arguments in function applications to be represented canonically
+  according to their tuple type structure.
+
+  Note that this operation tends to invent funny names for new local
+  parameters introduced.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Typedef axiomatization \label{sec:hol-typedef} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "typedef"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  A Gordon/HOL-style type definition is a certain axiom scheme that
+  identifies a new type with a subset of an existing type.  More
+  precisely, the new type is defined by exhibiting an existing type
+  @{text \<tau>}, a set @{text "A :: \<tau> set"}, and a theorem that proves
+  @{prop "\<exists>x. x \<in> A"}.  Thus @{text A} is a non-empty subset of @{text
+  \<tau>}, and the new type denotes this subset.  New functions are
+  postulated that establish an isomorphism between the new type and
+  the subset.  In general, the type @{text \<tau>} may involve type
+  variables @{text "\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n"} which means that the type definition
+  produces a type constructor @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n) t"} depending on
+  those type arguments.
+
+  The axiomatization can be considered a ``definition'' in the sense
+  of the particular set-theoretic interpretation of HOL
+  \cite{pitts93}, where the universe of types is required to be
+  downwards-closed wrt.\ arbitrary non-empty subsets.  Thus genuinely
+  new types introduced by @{command "typedef"} stay within the range
+  of HOL models by construction.  Note that @{command_ref
+  type_synonym} from Isabelle/Pure merely introduces syntactic
+  abbreviations, without any logical significance.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) typedef} alt_name? abs_type '=' rep_set
+    ;
+
+    alt_name: '(' (@{syntax name} | @'open' | @'open' @{syntax name}) ')'
+    ;
+    abs_type: @{syntax typespec_sorts} @{syntax mixfix}?
+    ;
+    rep_set: @{syntax term} (@'morphisms' @{syntax name} @{syntax name})?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "typedef"}~@{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n) t = A"}
+  axiomatizes a type definition in the background theory of the
+  current context, depending on a non-emptiness result of the set
+  @{text A} that needs to be proven here.  The set @{text A} may
+  contain type variables @{text "\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n"} as specified on the LHS,
+  but no term variables.
+
+  Even though a local theory specification, the newly introduced type
+  constructor cannot depend on parameters or assumptions of the
+  context: this is structurally impossible in HOL.  In contrast, the
+  non-emptiness proof may use local assumptions in unusual situations,
+  which could result in different interpretations in target contexts:
+  the meaning of the bijection between the representing set @{text A}
+  and the new type @{text t} may then change in different application
+  contexts.
+
+  By default, @{command (HOL) "typedef"} defines both a type
+  constructor @{text t} for the new type, and a term constant @{text
+  t} for the representing set within the old type.  Use the ``@{text
+  "(open)"}'' option to suppress a separate constant definition
+  altogether.  The injection from type to set is called @{text Rep_t},
+  its inverse @{text Abs_t}, unless explicit @{keyword (HOL)
+  "morphisms"} specification provides alternative names.
+
+  The core axiomatization uses the locale predicate @{const
+  type_definition} as defined in Isabelle/HOL.  Various basic
+  consequences of that are instantiated accordingly, re-using the
+  locale facts with names derived from the new type constructor.  Thus
+  the generic @{thm type_definition.Rep} is turned into the specific
+  @{text "Rep_t"}, for example.
+
+  Theorems @{thm type_definition.Rep}, @{thm
+  type_definition.Rep_inverse}, and @{thm type_definition.Abs_inverse}
+  provide the most basic characterization as a corresponding
+  injection/surjection pair (in both directions).  The derived rules
+  @{thm type_definition.Rep_inject} and @{thm
+  type_definition.Abs_inject} provide a more convenient version of
+  injectivity, suitable for automated proof tools (e.g.\ in
+  declarations involving @{attribute simp} or @{attribute iff}).
+  Furthermore, the rules @{thm type_definition.Rep_cases}~/ @{thm
+  type_definition.Rep_induct}, and @{thm type_definition.Abs_cases}~/
+  @{thm type_definition.Abs_induct} provide alternative views on
+  surjectivity.  These rules are already declared as set or type rules
+  for the generic @{method cases} and @{method induct} methods,
+  respectively.
+
+  An alternative name for the set definition (and other derived
+  entities) may be specified in parentheses; the default is to use
+  @{text t} directly.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  \begin{warn}
+  If you introduce a new type axiomatically, i.e.\ via @{command_ref
+  typedecl} and @{command_ref axiomatization}, the minimum requirement
+  is that it has a non-empty model, to avoid immediate collapse of the
+  HOL logic.  Moreover, one needs to demonstrate that the
+  interpretation of such free-form axiomatizations can coexist with
+  that of the regular @{command_def typedef} scheme, and any extension
+  that other people might have introduced elsewhere (e.g.\ in HOLCF
+  \cite{MuellerNvOS99}).
+  \end{warn}
+*}
+
+subsubsection {* Examples *}
+
+text {* Type definitions permit the introduction of abstract data
+  types in a safe way, namely by providing models based on already
+  existing types.  Given some abstract axiomatic description @{text P}
+  of a type, this involves two steps:
+
+  \begin{enumerate}
+
+  \item Find an appropriate type @{text \<tau>} and subset @{text A} which
+  has the desired properties @{text P}, and make a type definition
+  based on this representation.
+
+  \item Prove that @{text P} holds for @{text \<tau>} by lifting @{text P}
+  from the representation.
+
+  \end{enumerate}
+
+  You can later forget about the representation and work solely in
+  terms of the abstract properties @{text P}.
+
+  \medskip The following trivial example pulls a three-element type
+  into existence within the formal logical environment of HOL. *}
+
+typedef three = "{(True, True), (True, False), (False, True)}"
+  by blast
+
+definition "One = Abs_three (True, True)"
+definition "Two = Abs_three (True, False)"
+definition "Three = Abs_three (False, True)"
+
+lemma three_distinct: "One \<noteq> Two"  "One \<noteq> Three"  "Two \<noteq> Three"
+  by (simp_all add: One_def Two_def Three_def Abs_three_inject three_def)
+
+lemma three_cases:
+  fixes x :: three obtains "x = One" | "x = Two" | "x = Three"
+  by (cases x) (auto simp: One_def Two_def Three_def Abs_three_inject three_def)
+
+text {* Note that such trivial constructions are better done with
+  derived specification mechanisms such as @{command datatype}: *}
+
+datatype three' = One' | Two' | Three'
+
+text {* This avoids re-doing basic definitions and proofs from the
+  primitive @{command typedef} above. *}
+
+
+section {* Functorial structure of types *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "enriched_type"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"}
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) enriched_type} (@{syntax name} ':')? @{syntax term}
+    ;
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "enriched_type"}~@{text "prefix: m"} allows to
+  prove and register properties about the functorial structure of type
+  constructors.  These properties then can be used by other packages
+  to deal with those type constructors in certain type constructions.
+  Characteristic theorems are noted in the current local theory.  By
+  default, they are prefixed with the base name of the type
+  constructor, an explicit prefix can be given alternatively.
+
+  The given term @{text "m"} is considered as \emph{mapper} for the
+  corresponding type constructor and must conform to the following
+  type pattern:
+
+  \begin{matharray}{lll}
+    @{text "m"} & @{text "::"} &
+      @{text "\<sigma>\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<sigma>\<^isub>k \<Rightarrow> (\<^vec>\<alpha>\<^isub>n) t \<Rightarrow> (\<^vec>\<beta>\<^isub>n) t"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  \noindent where @{text t} is the type constructor, @{text
+  "\<^vec>\<alpha>\<^isub>n"} and @{text "\<^vec>\<beta>\<^isub>n"} are distinct
+  type variables free in the local theory and @{text "\<sigma>\<^isub>1"},
+  \ldots, @{text "\<sigma>\<^isub>k"} is a subsequence of @{text "\<alpha>\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow>
+  \<beta>\<^isub>1"}, @{text "\<beta>\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<alpha>\<^isub>1"}, \ldots,
+  @{text "\<alpha>\<^isub>n \<Rightarrow> \<beta>\<^isub>n"}, @{text "\<beta>\<^isub>n \<Rightarrow>
+  \<alpha>\<^isub>n"}.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Transfer package *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def (HOL) "transfer"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) "transfer'"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) "transfer_prover"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) "transfer_rule"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) "relator_eq"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) "transfer"} method replaces the current subgoal
+    with a logically equivalent one that uses different types and
+    constants. The replacement of types and constants is guided by the
+    database of transfer rules. Goals are generalized over all free
+    variables by default; this is necessary for variables whose types
+    change, but can be overridden for specific variables with e.g.
+    @{text "transfer fixing: x y z"}.
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) "transfer'"} is a variant of @{method (HOL)
+    transfer} that allows replacing a subgoal with one that is
+    logically stronger (rather than equivalent). For example, a
+    subgoal involving equality on a quotient type could be replaced
+    with a subgoal involving equality (instead of the corresponding
+    equivalence relation) on the underlying raw type.
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) "transfer_prover"} method assists with proving
+    a transfer rule for a new constant, provided the constant is
+    defined in terms of other constants that already have transfer
+    rules. It should be applied after unfolding the constant
+    definitions.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) "transfer_rule"} attribute maintains a
+    collection of transfer rules, which relate constants at two
+    different types. Typical transfer rules may relate different type
+    instances of the same polymorphic constant, or they may relate an
+    operation on a raw type to a corresponding operation on an
+    abstract type (quotient or subtype). For example:
+
+    @{text "((A ===> B) ===> list_all2 A ===> list_all2 B) map map"}\\
+    @{text "(cr_int ===> cr_int ===> cr_int) (\<lambda>(x,y) (u,v). (x+u, y+v)) plus"}
+
+    Lemmas involving predicates on relations can also be registered
+    using the same attribute. For example:
+
+    @{text "bi_unique A \<Longrightarrow> (list_all2 A ===> op =) distinct distinct"}\\
+    @{text "\<lbrakk>bi_unique A; bi_unique B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> bi_unique (prod_rel A B)"}
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) relator_eq} attribute collects identity laws
+    for relators of various type constructors, e.g. @{text "list_all2
+    (op =) = (op =)"}. The @{method (HOL) transfer} method uses these
+    lemmas to infer transfer rules for non-polymorphic constants on
+    the fly.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+*}
+
+
+section {* Lifting package *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "setup_lifting"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"}\\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "lift_definition"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"}\\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "print_quotmaps"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"}\\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "print_quotients"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"}\\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) "quot_map"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) "invariant_commute"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) setup_lifting} ('(' 'no_abs_code' ')')? \\
+      @{syntax thmref} @{syntax thmref}?;
+  "}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) lift_definition} @{syntax name} '::' @{syntax type}  @{syntax mixfix}? \\
+      'is' @{syntax term};
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "setup_lifting"} Sets up the Lifting package
+    to work with a user-defined type. The user must provide either a
+    quotient theorem @{text "Quotient R Abs Rep T"} or a
+    type_definition theorem @{text "type_definition Rep Abs A"}.  The
+    package configures transfer rules for equality and quantifiers on
+    the type, and sets up the @{command_def (HOL) "lift_definition"}
+    command to work with the type.  In the case of a quotient theorem,
+    an optional theorem @{text "reflp R"} can be provided as a second
+    argument.  This allows the package to generate stronger transfer
+    rules.
+
+    @{command (HOL) "setup_lifting"} is called automatically if a
+    quotient type is defined by the command @{command (HOL)
+    "quotient_type"} from the Quotient package.
+
+    If @{command (HOL) "setup_lifting"} is called with a
+    type_definition theorem, the abstract type implicitly defined by
+    the theorem is declared as an abstract type in the code
+    generator. This allows @{command (HOL) "lift_definition"} to
+    register (generated) code certificate theorems as abstract code
+    equations in the code generator.  The option @{text "no_abs_code"}
+    of the command @{command (HOL) "setup_lifting"} can turn off that
+    behavior and causes that code certificate theorems generated by
+    @{command (HOL) "lift_definition"} are not registred as abstract
+    code equations.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "lift_definition"} @{text "f :: \<tau> is t"}
+    Defines a new function @{text f} with an abstract type @{text \<tau>}
+    in terms of a corresponding operation @{text t} on a
+    representation type.  The term @{text t} doesn't have to be
+    necessarily a constant but it can be any term.
+
+    Users must discharge a respectfulness proof obligation when each
+    constant is defined. For a type copy, i.e. a typedef with @{text
+    UNIV}, the proof is discharged automatically. The obligation is
+    presented in a user-friendly, readable form. A respectfulness
+    theorem in the standard format @{text f.rsp} and a transfer rule
+    @{text f.tranfer} for the Transfer package are generated by the
+    package.
+
+    Integration with code_abstype: For typedefs (e.g. subtypes
+    corresponding to a datatype invariant, such as dlist), @{command
+    (HOL) "lift_definition"} generates a code certificate theorem
+    @{text f.rep_eq} and sets up code generation for each constant.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "print_quotmaps"} prints stored quotient map
+    theorems.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "print_quotients"} prints stored quotient
+    theorems.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) quot_map} registers a quotient map
+    theorem. For examples see @{file
+    "~~/src/HOL/Library/Quotient_List.thy"} or other Quotient_*.thy
+    files.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) invariant_commute} registers a theorem which
+    shows a relationship between the constant @{text
+    Lifting.invariant} (used for internal encoding of proper subtypes)
+    and a relator.  Such theorems allows the package to hide @{text
+    Lifting.invariant} from a user in a user-readable form of a
+    respectfulness theorem. For examples see @{file
+    "~~/src/HOL/Library/Quotient_List.thy"} or other Quotient_*.thy
+    files.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Quotient types *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "quotient_type"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"}\\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "quotient_definition"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"}\\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "print_quotmapsQ3"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"}\\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "print_quotientsQ3"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"}\\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "print_quotconsts"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"}\\
+    @{method_def (HOL) "lifting"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) "lifting_setup"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) "descending"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) "descending_setup"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) "partiality_descending"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) "partiality_descending_setup"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) "regularize"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) "injection"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) "cleaning"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) "quot_thm"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) "quot_lifted"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) "quot_respect"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) "quot_preserve"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  The quotient package defines a new quotient type given a raw type
+  and a partial equivalence relation.  It also includes automation for
+  transporting definitions and theorems.  It can automatically produce
+  definitions and theorems on the quotient type, given the
+  corresponding constants and facts on the raw type.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) quotient_type} (spec + @'and');
+
+    spec: @{syntax typespec} @{syntax mixfix}? '=' \\
+     @{syntax type} '/' ('partial' ':')? @{syntax term} \\
+     (@'morphisms' @{syntax name} @{syntax name})?;
+  "}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) quotient_definition} constdecl? @{syntax thmdecl}? \\
+    @{syntax term} 'is' @{syntax term};
+
+    constdecl: @{syntax name} ('::' @{syntax type})? @{syntax mixfix}?
+  "}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{method (HOL) lifting} @{syntax thmrefs}?
+    ;
+
+    @@{method (HOL) lifting_setup} @{syntax thmrefs}?
+    ;
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "quotient_type"} defines quotient types. The
+  injection from a quotient type to a raw type is called @{text
+  rep_t}, its inverse @{text abs_t} unless explicit @{keyword (HOL)
+  "morphisms"} specification provides alternative names. @{command
+  (HOL) "quotient_type"} requires the user to prove that the relation
+  is an equivalence relation (predicate @{text equivp}), unless the
+  user specifies explicitely @{text partial} in which case the
+  obligation is @{text part_equivp}.  A quotient defined with @{text
+  partial} is weaker in the sense that less things can be proved
+  automatically.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "quotient_definition"} defines a constant on
+  the quotient type.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "print_quotmapsQ3"} prints quotient map
+  functions.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "print_quotientsQ3"} prints quotients.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "print_quotconsts"} prints quotient constants.
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) "lifting"} and @{method (HOL) "lifting_setup"}
+    methods match the current goal with the given raw theorem to be
+    lifted producing three new subgoals: regularization, injection and
+    cleaning subgoals. @{method (HOL) "lifting"} tries to apply the
+    heuristics for automatically solving these three subgoals and
+    leaves only the subgoals unsolved by the heuristics to the user as
+    opposed to @{method (HOL) "lifting_setup"} which leaves the three
+    subgoals unsolved.
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) "descending"} and @{method (HOL)
+    "descending_setup"} try to guess a raw statement that would lift
+    to the current subgoal. Such statement is assumed as a new subgoal
+    and @{method (HOL) "descending"} continues in the same way as
+    @{method (HOL) "lifting"} does. @{method (HOL) "descending"} tries
+    to solve the arising regularization, injection and cleaning
+    subgoals with the analoguous method @{method (HOL)
+    "descending_setup"} which leaves the four unsolved subgoals.
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) "partiality_descending"} finds the regularized
+    theorem that would lift to the current subgoal, lifts it and
+    leaves as a subgoal. This method can be used with partial
+    equivalence quotients where the non regularized statements would
+    not be true. @{method (HOL) "partiality_descending_setup"} leaves
+    the injection and cleaning subgoals unchanged.
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) "regularize"} applies the regularization
+    heuristics to the current subgoal.
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) "injection"} applies the injection heuristics
+    to the current goal using the stored quotient respectfulness
+    theorems.
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) "cleaning"} applies the injection cleaning
+    heuristics to the current subgoal using the stored quotient
+    preservation theorems.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) quot_lifted} attribute tries to
+    automatically transport the theorem to the quotient type.
+    The attribute uses all the defined quotients types and quotient
+    constants often producing undesired results or theorems that
+    cannot be lifted.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) quot_respect} and @{attribute (HOL)
+    quot_preserve} attributes declare a theorem as a respectfulness
+    and preservation theorem respectively.  These are stored in the
+    local theory store and used by the @{method (HOL) "injection"}
+    and @{method (HOL) "cleaning"} methods respectively.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) quot_thm} declares that a certain theorem
+    is a quotient extension theorem. Quotient extension theorems
+    allow for quotienting inside container types. Given a polymorphic
+    type that serves as a container, a map function defined for this
+    container using @{command (HOL) "enriched_type"} and a relation
+    map defined for for the container type, the quotient extension
+    theorem should be @{term "Quotient3 R Abs Rep \<Longrightarrow> Quotient3
+    (rel_map R) (map Abs) (map Rep)"}. Quotient extension theorems
+    are stored in a database and are used all the steps of lifting
+    theorems.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Coercive subtyping *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) coercion} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) coercion_enabled} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) coercion_map} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Coercive subtyping allows the user to omit explicit type
+  conversions, also called \emph{coercions}.  Type inference will add
+  them as necessary when parsing a term. See
+  \cite{traytel-berghofer-nipkow-2011} for details.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{attribute (HOL) coercion} (@{syntax term})?
+    ;
+  "}
+  @{rail "
+    @@{attribute (HOL) coercion_map} (@{syntax term})?
+    ;
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) "coercion"}~@{text "f"} registers a new
+  coercion function @{text "f :: \<sigma>\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>\<^isub>2"} where @{text "\<sigma>\<^isub>1"} and
+  @{text "\<sigma>\<^isub>2"} are type constructors without arguments.  Coercions are
+  composed by the inference algorithm if needed.  Note that the type
+  inference algorithm is complete only if the registered coercions
+  form a lattice.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) "coercion_map"}~@{text "map"} registers a
+  new map function to lift coercions through type constructors. The
+  function @{text "map"} must conform to the following type pattern
+
+  \begin{matharray}{lll}
+    @{text "map"} & @{text "::"} &
+      @{text "f\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<Rightarrow> f\<^isub>n \<Rightarrow> (\<alpha>\<^isub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^isub>n) t \<Rightarrow> (\<beta>\<^isub>1, \<dots>, \<beta>\<^isub>n) t"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  where @{text "t"} is a type constructor and @{text "f\<^isub>i"} is of type
+  @{text "\<alpha>\<^isub>i \<Rightarrow> \<beta>\<^isub>i"} or @{text "\<beta>\<^isub>i \<Rightarrow> \<alpha>\<^isub>i"}.  Registering a map function
+  overwrites any existing map function for this particular type
+  constructor.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) "coercion_enabled"} enables the coercion
+  inference algorithm.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Arithmetic proof support *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def (HOL) arith} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) arith} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) arith_split} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) arith} decides linear arithmetic problems (on
+  types @{text nat}, @{text int}, @{text real}).  Any current facts
+  are inserted into the goal before running the procedure.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) arith} declares facts that are supplied to
+  the arithmetic provers implicitly.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) arith_split} attribute declares case split
+  rules to be expanded before @{method (HOL) arith} is invoked.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Note that a simpler (but faster) arithmetic prover is already
+  invoked by the Simplifier.
+*}
+
+
+section {* Intuitionistic proof search *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def (HOL) iprover} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{method (HOL) iprover} ( @{syntax rulemod} * )
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) iprover} performs intuitionistic proof search,
+  depending on specifically declared rules from the context, or given
+  as explicit arguments.  Chained facts are inserted into the goal
+  before commencing proof search.
+
+  Rules need to be classified as @{attribute (Pure) intro},
+  @{attribute (Pure) elim}, or @{attribute (Pure) dest}; here the
+  ``@{text "!"}'' indicator refers to ``safe'' rules, which may be
+  applied aggressively (without considering back-tracking later).
+  Rules declared with ``@{text "?"}'' are ignored in proof search (the
+  single-step @{method (Pure) rule} method still observes these).  An
+  explicit weight annotation may be given as well; otherwise the
+  number of rule premises will be taken into account here.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Model Elimination and Resolution *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def (HOL) "meson"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) "metis"} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{method (HOL) meson} @{syntax thmrefs}?
+    ;
+
+    @@{method (HOL) metis}
+      ('(' ('partial_types' | 'full_types' | 'no_types' | @{syntax name}) ')')?
+      @{syntax thmrefs}?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) meson} implements Loveland's model elimination
+  procedure \cite{loveland-78}.  See @{file
+  "~~/src/HOL/ex/Meson_Test.thy"} for examples.
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) metis} combines ordered resolution and ordered
+  paramodulation to find first-order (or mildly higher-order) proofs.
+  The first optional argument specifies a type encoding; see the
+  Sledgehammer manual \cite{isabelle-sledgehammer} for details.  The
+  directory @{file "~~/src/HOL/Metis_Examples"} contains several small
+  theories developed to a large extent using @{method (HOL) metis}.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Coherent Logic *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def (HOL) "coherent"} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{method (HOL) coherent} @{syntax thmrefs}?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) coherent} solves problems of \emph{Coherent
+  Logic} \cite{Bezem-Coquand:2005}, which covers applications in
+  confluence theory, lattice theory and projective geometry.  See
+  @{file "~~/src/HOL/ex/Coherent.thy"} for some examples.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Proving propositions *}
+
+text {*
+  In addition to the standard proof methods, a number of diagnosis
+  tools search for proofs and provide an Isar proof snippet on success.
+  These tools are available via the following commands.
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "solve_direct"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "try"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "try0"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "sledgehammer"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "sledgehammer_params"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"}
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) try}
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) try0} ( ( ( 'simp' | 'intro' | 'elim' | 'dest' ) ':' @{syntax thmrefs} ) + ) ?
+      @{syntax nat}?
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) sledgehammer} ( '[' args ']' )? facts? @{syntax nat}?
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) sledgehammer_params} ( ( '[' args ']' ) ? )
+    ;
+
+    args: ( @{syntax name} '=' value + ',' )
+    ;
+
+    facts: '(' ( ( ( ( 'add' | 'del' ) ':' ) ? @{syntax thmrefs} ) + ) ? ')'
+    ;
+  "} % FIXME check args "value"
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "solve_direct"} checks whether the current
+  subgoals can be solved directly by an existing theorem. Duplicate
+  lemmas can be detected in this way.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "try0"} attempts to prove a subgoal
+  using a combination of standard proof methods (@{method auto},
+  @{method simp}, @{method blast}, etc.).  Additional facts supplied
+  via @{text "simp:"}, @{text "intro:"}, @{text "elim:"}, and @{text
+  "dest:"} are passed to the appropriate proof methods.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "try"} attempts to prove or disprove a subgoal
+  using a combination of provers and disprovers (@{command (HOL)
+  "solve_direct"}, @{command (HOL) "quickcheck"}, @{command (HOL)
+  "try0"}, @{command (HOL) "sledgehammer"}, @{command (HOL)
+  "nitpick"}).
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "sledgehammer"} attempts to prove a subgoal
+  using external automatic provers (resolution provers and SMT
+  solvers). See the Sledgehammer manual \cite{isabelle-sledgehammer}
+  for details.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "sledgehammer_params"} changes @{command (HOL)
+  "sledgehammer"} configuration options persistently.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Checking and refuting propositions *}
+
+text {*
+  Identifying incorrect propositions usually involves evaluation of
+  particular assignments and systematic counterexample search.  This
+  is supported by the following commands.
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "value"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "values"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "quickcheck"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "refute"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "nitpick"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "quickcheck_params"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "refute_params"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "nitpick_params"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "quickcheck_generator"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "find_unused_assms"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"}
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) value} ( '[' @{syntax name} ']' )? modes? @{syntax term}
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) values} modes? @{syntax nat}? @{syntax term}
+    ;
+
+    (@@{command (HOL) quickcheck} | @@{command (HOL) refute} | @@{command (HOL) nitpick})
+      ( '[' args ']' )? @{syntax nat}?
+    ;
+
+    (@@{command (HOL) quickcheck_params} | @@{command (HOL) refute_params} |
+      @@{command (HOL) nitpick_params}) ( '[' args ']' )?
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) quickcheck_generator} @{syntax nameref} \\
+      'operations:' ( @{syntax term} +)
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) find_unused_assms} @{syntax name}?
+    ;
+
+    modes: '(' (@{syntax name} +) ')'
+    ;
+
+    args: ( @{syntax name} '=' value + ',' )
+    ;
+  "} % FIXME check "value"
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "value"}~@{text t} evaluates and prints a
+  term; optionally @{text modes} can be specified, which are appended
+  to the current print mode; see \secref{sec:print-modes}.
+  Internally, the evaluation is performed by registered evaluators,
+  which are invoked sequentially until a result is returned.
+  Alternatively a specific evaluator can be selected using square
+  brackets; typical evaluators use the current set of code equations
+  to normalize and include @{text simp} for fully symbolic evaluation
+  using the simplifier, @{text nbe} for \emph{normalization by
+  evaluation} and \emph{code} for code generation in SML.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "values"}~@{text t} enumerates a set
+  comprehension by evaluation and prints its values up to the given
+  number of solutions; optionally @{text modes} can be specified,
+  which are appended to the current print mode; see
+  \secref{sec:print-modes}.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "quickcheck"} tests the current goal for
+  counterexamples using a series of assignments for its free
+  variables; by default the first subgoal is tested, an other can be
+  selected explicitly using an optional goal index.  Assignments can
+  be chosen exhausting the search space upto a given size, or using a
+  fixed number of random assignments in the search space, or exploring
+  the search space symbolically using narrowing.  By default,
+  quickcheck uses exhaustive testing.  A number of configuration
+  options are supported for @{command (HOL) "quickcheck"}, notably:
+
+    \begin{description}
+
+    \item[@{text tester}] specifies which testing approach to apply.
+    There are three testers, @{text exhaustive}, @{text random}, and
+    @{text narrowing}.  An unknown configuration option is treated as
+    an argument to tester, making @{text "tester ="} optional.  When
+    multiple testers are given, these are applied in parallel.  If no
+    tester is specified, quickcheck uses the testers that are set
+    active, i.e., configurations @{attribute
+    quickcheck_exhaustive_active}, @{attribute
+    quickcheck_random_active}, @{attribute
+    quickcheck_narrowing_active} are set to true.
+
+    \item[@{text size}] specifies the maximum size of the search space
+    for assignment values.
+
+    \item[@{text genuine_only}] sets quickcheck only to return genuine
+    counterexample, but not potentially spurious counterexamples due
+    to underspecified functions.
+
+    \item[@{text abort_potential}] sets quickcheck to abort once it
+    found a potentially spurious counterexample and to not continue
+    to search for a further genuine counterexample.
+    For this option to be effective, the @{text genuine_only} option
+    must be set to false.
+
+    \item[@{text eval}] takes a term or a list of terms and evaluates
+    these terms under the variable assignment found by quickcheck.
+    This option is currently only supported by the default
+    (exhaustive) tester.
+
+    \item[@{text iterations}] sets how many sets of assignments are
+    generated for each particular size.
+
+    \item[@{text no_assms}] specifies whether assumptions in
+    structured proofs should be ignored.
+
+    \item[@{text locale}] specifies how to process conjectures in
+    a locale context, i.e., they can be interpreted or expanded.
+    The option is a whitespace-separated list of the two words
+    @{text interpret} and @{text expand}. The list determines the
+    order they are employed. The default setting is to first use
+    interpretations and then test the expanded conjecture.
+    The option is only provided as attribute declaration, but not
+    as parameter to the command.
+
+    \item[@{text timeout}] sets the time limit in seconds.
+
+    \item[@{text default_type}] sets the type(s) generally used to
+    instantiate type variables.
+
+    \item[@{text report}] if set quickcheck reports how many tests
+    fulfilled the preconditions.
+
+    \item[@{text use_subtype}] if set quickcheck automatically lifts
+    conjectures to registered subtypes if possible, and tests the
+    lifted conjecture.
+
+    \item[@{text quiet}] if set quickcheck does not output anything
+    while testing.
+
+    \item[@{text verbose}] if set quickcheck informs about the current
+    size and cardinality while testing.
+
+    \item[@{text expect}] can be used to check if the user's
+    expectation was met (@{text no_expectation}, @{text
+    no_counterexample}, or @{text counterexample}).
+
+    \end{description}
+
+  These option can be given within square brackets.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "quickcheck_params"} changes @{command (HOL)
+  "quickcheck"} configuration options persistently.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "quickcheck_generator"} creates random and
+  exhaustive value generators for a given type and operations.  It
+  generates values by using the operations as if they were
+  constructors of that type.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "refute"} tests the current goal for
+  counterexamples using a reduction to SAT. The following
+  configuration options are supported:
+
+    \begin{description}
+
+    \item[@{text minsize}] specifies the minimum size (cardinality) of
+    the models to search for.
+
+    \item[@{text maxsize}] specifies the maximum size (cardinality) of
+    the models to search for. Nonpositive values mean @{text "\<infinity>"}.
+
+    \item[@{text maxvars}] specifies the maximum number of Boolean
+    variables to use when transforming the term into a propositional
+    formula.  Nonpositive values mean @{text "\<infinity>"}.
+
+    \item[@{text satsolver}] specifies the SAT solver to use.
+
+    \item[@{text no_assms}] specifies whether assumptions in
+    structured proofs should be ignored.
+
+    \item[@{text maxtime}] sets the time limit in seconds.
+
+    \item[@{text expect}] can be used to check if the user's
+    expectation was met (@{text genuine}, @{text potential}, @{text
+    none}, or @{text unknown}).
+
+    \end{description}
+
+  These option can be given within square brackets.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "refute_params"} changes @{command (HOL)
+  "refute"} configuration options persistently.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "nitpick"} tests the current goal for
+  counterexamples using a reduction to first-order relational
+  logic. See the Nitpick manual \cite{isabelle-nitpick} for details.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "nitpick_params"} changes @{command (HOL)
+  "nitpick"} configuration options persistently.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "find_unused_assms"} finds potentially superfluous
+  assumptions in theorems using quickcheck.
+  It takes the theory name to be checked for superfluous assumptions as
+  optional argument. If not provided, it checks the current theory.
+  Options to the internal quickcheck invocations can be changed with
+  common configuration declarations.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Unstructured case analysis and induction \label{sec:hol-induct-tac} *}
+
+text {*
+  The following tools of Isabelle/HOL support cases analysis and
+  induction in unstructured tactic scripts; see also
+  \secref{sec:cases-induct} for proper Isar versions of similar ideas.
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def (HOL) case_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) induct_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (HOL) ind_cases}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "inductive_cases"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{method (HOL) case_tac} @{syntax goal_spec}? @{syntax term} rule?
+    ;
+    @@{method (HOL) induct_tac} @{syntax goal_spec}? (@{syntax insts} * @'and') rule?
+    ;
+    @@{method (HOL) ind_cases} (@{syntax prop}+) (@'for' (@{syntax name}+))?
+    ;
+    @@{command (HOL) inductive_cases} (@{syntax thmdecl}? (@{syntax prop}+) + @'and')
+    ;
+
+    rule: 'rule' ':' @{syntax thmref}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) case_tac} and @{method (HOL) induct_tac} admit
+  to reason about inductive types.  Rules are selected according to
+  the declarations by the @{attribute cases} and @{attribute induct}
+  attributes, cf.\ \secref{sec:cases-induct}.  The @{command (HOL)
+  datatype} package already takes care of this.
+
+  These unstructured tactics feature both goal addressing and dynamic
+  instantiation.  Note that named rule cases are \emph{not} provided
+  as would be by the proper @{method cases} and @{method induct} proof
+  methods (see \secref{sec:cases-induct}).  Unlike the @{method
+  induct} method, @{method induct_tac} does not handle structured rule
+  statements, only the compact object-logic conclusion of the subgoal
+  being addressed.
+
+  \item @{method (HOL) ind_cases} and @{command (HOL)
+  "inductive_cases"} provide an interface to the internal @{ML_text
+  mk_cases} operation.  Rules are simplified in an unrestricted
+  forward manner.
+
+  While @{method (HOL) ind_cases} is a proof method to apply the
+  result immediately as elimination rules, @{command (HOL)
+  "inductive_cases"} provides case split theorems at the theory level
+  for later use.  The @{keyword "for"} argument of the @{method (HOL)
+  ind_cases} method allows to specify a list of variables that should
+  be generalized before applying the resulting rule.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Executable code *}
+
+text {* For validation purposes, it is often useful to \emph{execute}
+  specifications.  In principle, execution could be simulated by
+  Isabelle's inference kernel, i.e. by a combination of resolution and
+  simplification.  Unfortunately, this approach is rather inefficient.
+  A more efficient way of executing specifications is to translate
+  them into a functional programming language such as ML.
+
+  Isabelle provides a generic framework to support code generation
+  from executable specifications.  Isabelle/HOL instantiates these
+  mechanisms in a way that is amenable to end-user applications.  Code
+  can be generated for functional programs (including overloading
+  using type classes) targeting SML \cite{SML}, OCaml \cite{OCaml},
+  Haskell \cite{haskell-revised-report} and Scala
+  \cite{scala-overview-tech-report}.  Conceptually, code generation is
+  split up in three steps: \emph{selection} of code theorems,
+  \emph{translation} into an abstract executable view and
+  \emph{serialization} to a specific \emph{target language}.
+  Inductive specifications can be executed using the predicate
+  compiler which operates within HOL.  See \cite{isabelle-codegen} for
+  an introduction.
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "export_code"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) code} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_abort"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_datatype"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "print_codesetup"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) code_unfold} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) code_post} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (HOL) code_abbrev} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "print_codeproc"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_thms"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_deps"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_const"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_type"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_class"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_instance"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_reserved"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_monad"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_include"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_modulename"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_reflect"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "code_pred"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"}
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command (HOL) export_code} ( constexpr + ) \\
+       ( ( @'in' target ( @'module_name' @{syntax string} ) ? \\
+        ( @'file' ( @{syntax string} | '-' ) ) ? ( '(' args ')' ) ?) + ) ?
+    ;
+
+    const: @{syntax term}
+    ;
+
+    constexpr: ( const | 'name._' | '_' )
+    ;
+
+    typeconstructor: @{syntax nameref}
+    ;
+
+    class: @{syntax nameref}
+    ;
+
+    target: 'SML' | 'OCaml' | 'Haskell' | 'Scala'
+    ;
+
+    @@{attribute (HOL) code} ( 'del' | 'abstype' | 'abstract' )?
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_abort} ( const + )
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_datatype} ( const + )
+    ;
+
+    @@{attribute (HOL) code_unfold} ( 'del' ) ?
+    ;
+
+    @@{attribute (HOL) code_post} ( 'del' ) ?
+    ;
+
+    @@{attribute (HOL) code_abbrev}
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_thms} ( constexpr + ) ?
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_deps} ( constexpr + ) ?
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_const} (const + @'and') \\
+      ( ( '(' target ( syntax ? + @'and' ) ')' ) + )
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_type} (typeconstructor + @'and') \\
+      ( ( '(' target ( syntax ? + @'and' ) ')' ) + )
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_class} (class + @'and') \\
+      ( ( '(' target \\ ( @{syntax string} ? + @'and' ) ')' ) + )
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_instance} (( typeconstructor '::' class ) + @'and') \\
+      ( ( '(' target ( '-' ? + @'and' ) ')' ) + )
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_reserved} target ( @{syntax string} + )
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_monad} const const target
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_include} target ( @{syntax string} ( @{syntax string} | '-') )
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_modulename} target ( ( @{syntax string} @{syntax string} ) + )
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_reflect} @{syntax string} \\
+      ( @'datatypes' ( @{syntax string} '=' ( '_' | ( @{syntax string} + '|' ) + @'and' ) ) ) ? \\
+      ( @'functions' ( @{syntax string} + ) ) ? ( @'file' @{syntax string} ) ?
+    ;
+
+    @@{command (HOL) code_pred} \\( '(' @'modes' ':' modedecl ')')? \\ const
+    ;
+
+    syntax: @{syntax string} | ( @'infix' | @'infixl' | @'infixr' ) @{syntax nat} @{syntax string}
+    ;
+
+    modedecl: (modes | ((const ':' modes) \\
+         (@'and' ((const ':' modes @'and') +))?))
+    ;
+
+    modes: mode @'as' const
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "export_code"} generates code for a given list
+  of constants in the specified target language(s).  If no
+  serialization instruction is given, only abstract code is generated
+  internally.
+
+  Constants may be specified by giving them literally, referring to
+  all executable contants within a certain theory by giving @{text
+  "name.*"}, or referring to \emph{all} executable constants currently
+  available by giving @{text "*"}.
+
+  By default, for each involved theory one corresponding name space
+  module is generated.  Alternativly, a module name may be specified
+  after the @{keyword "module_name"} keyword; then \emph{all} code is
+  placed in this module.
+
+  For \emph{SML}, \emph{OCaml} and \emph{Scala} the file specification
+  refers to a single file; for \emph{Haskell}, it refers to a whole
+  directory, where code is generated in multiple files reflecting the
+  module hierarchy.  Omitting the file specification denotes standard
+  output.
+
+  Serializers take an optional list of arguments in parentheses.  For
+  \emph{SML} and \emph{OCaml}, ``@{text no_signatures}`` omits
+  explicit module signatures.
+
+  For \emph{Haskell} a module name prefix may be given using the
+  ``@{text "root:"}'' argument; ``@{text string_classes}'' adds a
+  ``@{verbatim "deriving (Read, Show)"}'' clause to each appropriate
+  datatype declaration.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) code} explicitly selects (or with option
+  ``@{text "del"}'' deselects) a code equation for code generation.
+  Usually packages introducing code equations provide a reasonable
+  default setup for selection.  Variants @{text "code abstype"} and
+  @{text "code abstract"} declare abstract datatype certificates or
+  code equations on abstract datatype representations respectively.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_abort"} declares constants which are not
+  required to have a definition by means of code equations; if needed
+  these are implemented by program abort instead.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_datatype"} specifies a constructor set
+  for a logical type.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "print_codesetup"} gives an overview on
+  selected code equations and code generator datatypes.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) code_unfold} declares (or with option
+  ``@{text "del"}'' removes) theorems which during preprocessing
+  are applied as rewrite rules to any code equation or evaluation
+  input.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) code_post} declares (or with option ``@{text
+  "del"}'' removes) theorems which are applied as rewrite rules to any
+  result of an evaluation.
+
+  \item @{attribute (HOL) code_abbrev} declares equations which are
+  applied as rewrite rules to any result of an evaluation and
+  symmetrically during preprocessing to any code equation or evaluation
+  input.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "print_codeproc"} prints the setup of the code
+  generator preprocessor.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_thms"} prints a list of theorems
+  representing the corresponding program containing all given
+  constants after preprocessing.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_deps"} visualizes dependencies of
+  theorems representing the corresponding program containing all given
+  constants after preprocessing.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_const"} associates a list of constants
+  with target-specific serializations; omitting a serialization
+  deletes an existing serialization.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_type"} associates a list of type
+  constructors with target-specific serializations; omitting a
+  serialization deletes an existing serialization.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_class"} associates a list of classes
+  with target-specific class names; omitting a serialization deletes
+  an existing serialization.  This applies only to \emph{Haskell}.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_instance"} declares a list of type
+  constructor / class instance relations as ``already present'' for a
+  given target.  Omitting a ``@{text "-"}'' deletes an existing
+  ``already present'' declaration.  This applies only to
+  \emph{Haskell}.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_reserved"} declares a list of names as
+  reserved for a given target, preventing it to be shadowed by any
+  generated code.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_monad"} provides an auxiliary mechanism
+  to generate monadic code for Haskell.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_include"} adds arbitrary named content
+  (``include'') to generated code.  A ``@{text "-"}'' as last argument
+  will remove an already added ``include''.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_modulename"} declares aliasings from one
+  module name onto another.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_reflect"} without a ``@{text "file"}''
+  argument compiles code into the system runtime environment and
+  modifies the code generator setup that future invocations of system
+  runtime code generation referring to one of the ``@{text
+  "datatypes"}'' or ``@{text "functions"}'' entities use these
+  precompiled entities.  With a ``@{text "file"}'' argument, the
+  corresponding code is generated into that specified file without
+  modifying the code generator setup.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "code_pred"} creates code equations for a
+    predicate given a set of introduction rules. Optional mode
+    annotations determine which arguments are supposed to be input or
+    output. If alternative introduction rules are declared, one must
+    prove a corresponding elimination rule.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Definition by specification \label{sec:hol-specification} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def (HOL) "specification"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def (HOL) "ax_specification"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+  (@@{command (HOL) specification} | @@{command (HOL) ax_specification})
+    '(' (decl +) ')' \\ (@{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop} +)
+  ;
+  decl: ((@{syntax name} ':')? @{syntax term} '(' @'overloaded' ')'?)
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "specification"}~@{text "decls \<phi>"} sets up a
+  goal stating the existence of terms with the properties specified to
+  hold for the constants given in @{text decls}.  After finishing the
+  proof, the theory will be augmented with definitions for the given
+  constants, as well as with theorems stating the properties for these
+  constants.
+
+  \item @{command (HOL) "ax_specification"}~@{text "decls \<phi>"} sets up
+  a goal stating the existence of terms with the properties specified
+  to hold for the constants given in @{text decls}.  After finishing
+  the proof, the theory will be augmented with axioms expressing the
+  properties given in the first place.
+
+  \item @{text decl} declares a constant to be defined by the
+  specification given.  The definition for the constant @{text c} is
+  bound to the name @{text c_def} unless a theorem name is given in
+  the declaration.  Overloaded constants should be declared as such.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Whether to use @{command (HOL) "specification"} or @{command (HOL)
+  "ax_specification"} is to some extent a matter of style.  @{command
+  (HOL) "specification"} introduces no new axioms, and so by
+  construction cannot introduce inconsistencies, whereas @{command
+  (HOL) "ax_specification"} does introduce axioms, but only after the
+  user has explicitly proven it to be safe.  A practical issue must be
+  considered, though: After introducing two constants with the same
+  properties using @{command (HOL) "specification"}, one can prove
+  that the two constants are, in fact, equal.  If this might be a
+  problem, one should use @{command (HOL) "ax_specification"}.
+*}
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Inner_Syntax.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Inner_Syntax.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1574 @@
+theory Inner_Syntax
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* Inner syntax --- the term language \label{ch:inner-syntax} *}
+
+text {* The inner syntax of Isabelle provides concrete notation for
+  the main entities of the logical framework, notably @{text
+  "\<lambda>"}-terms with types and type classes.  Applications may either
+  extend existing syntactic categories by additional notation, or
+  define new sub-languages that are linked to the standard term
+  language via some explicit markers.  For example @{verbatim
+  FOO}~@{text "foo"} could embed the syntax corresponding for some
+  user-defined nonterminal @{text "foo"} --- within the bounds of the
+  given lexical syntax of Isabelle/Pure.
+
+  The most basic way to specify concrete syntax for logical entities
+  works via mixfix annotations (\secref{sec:mixfix}), which may be
+  usually given as part of the original declaration or via explicit
+  notation commands later on (\secref{sec:notation}).  This already
+  covers many needs of concrete syntax without having to understand
+  the full complexity of inner syntax layers.
+
+  Further details of the syntax engine involves the classical
+  distinction of lexical language versus context-free grammar (see
+  \secref{sec:pure-syntax}), and various mechanisms for \emph{syntax
+  transformations} (see \secref{sec:syntax-transformations}).
+*}
+
+
+section {* Printing logical entities *}
+
+subsection {* Diagnostic commands \label{sec:print-diag} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "typ"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "term"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "prop"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "thm"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "prf"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "full_prf"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "pr"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  These diagnostic commands assist interactive development by printing
+  internal logical entities in a human-readable fashion.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command typ} @{syntax modes}? @{syntax type} ('::' @{syntax sort})?
+    ;
+    @@{command term} @{syntax modes}? @{syntax term}
+    ;
+    @@{command prop} @{syntax modes}? @{syntax prop}
+    ;
+    @@{command thm} @{syntax modes}? @{syntax thmrefs}
+    ;
+    ( @@{command prf} | @@{command full_prf} ) @{syntax modes}? @{syntax thmrefs}?
+    ;
+    @@{command pr} @{syntax modes}? @{syntax nat}?
+    ;
+
+    @{syntax_def modes}: '(' (@{syntax name} + ) ')'
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "typ"}~@{text \<tau>} reads and prints a type expression
+  according to the current context.
+
+  \item @{command "typ"}~@{text "\<tau> :: s"} uses type-inference to
+  determine the most general way to make @{text "\<tau>"} conform to sort
+  @{text "s"}.  For concrete @{text "\<tau>"} this checks if the type
+  belongs to that sort.  Dummy type parameters ``@{text "_"}''
+  (underscore) are assigned to fresh type variables with most general
+  sorts, according the the principles of type-inference.
+
+  \item @{command "term"}~@{text t} and @{command "prop"}~@{text \<phi>}
+  read, type-check and print terms or propositions according to the
+  current theory or proof context; the inferred type of @{text t} is
+  output as well.  Note that these commands are also useful in
+  inspecting the current environment of term abbreviations.
+
+  \item @{command "thm"}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} retrieves
+  theorems from the current theory or proof context.  Note that any
+  attributes included in the theorem specifications are applied to a
+  temporary context derived from the current theory or proof; the
+  result is discarded, i.e.\ attributes involved in @{text "a\<^sub>1,
+  \<dots>, a\<^sub>n"} do not have any permanent effect.
+
+  \item @{command "prf"} displays the (compact) proof term of the
+  current proof state (if present), or of the given theorems. Note
+  that this requires proof terms to be switched on for the current
+  object logic (see the ``Proof terms'' section of the Isabelle
+  reference manual for information on how to do this).
+
+  \item @{command "full_prf"} is like @{command "prf"}, but displays
+  the full proof term, i.e.\ also displays information omitted in the
+  compact proof term, which is denoted by ``@{text _}'' placeholders
+  there.
+
+  \item @{command "pr"}~@{text "goals"} prints the current proof state
+  (if present), including current facts and goals.  The optional limit
+  arguments affect the number of goals to be displayed, which is
+  initially 10.  Omitting limit value leaves the current setting
+  unchanged.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  All of the diagnostic commands above admit a list of @{text modes}
+  to be specified, which is appended to the current print mode; see
+  also \secref{sec:print-modes}.  Thus the output behavior may be
+  modified according particular print mode features.  For example,
+  @{command "pr"}~@{text "(latex xsymbols)"} would print the current
+  proof state with mathematical symbols and special characters
+  represented in {\LaTeX} source, according to the Isabelle style
+  \cite{isabelle-sys}.
+
+  Note that antiquotations (cf.\ \secref{sec:antiq}) provide a more
+  systematic way to include formal items into the printed text
+  document.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Details of printed content *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{tabular}{rcll}
+    @{attribute_def show_types} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
+    @{attribute_def show_sorts} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
+    @{attribute_def show_consts} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
+    @{attribute_def show_abbrevs} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text true} \\
+    @{attribute_def show_brackets} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
+    @{attribute_def names_long} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
+    @{attribute_def names_short} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
+    @{attribute_def names_unique} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text true} \\
+    @{attribute_def eta_contract} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text true} \\
+    @{attribute_def goals_limit} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text 10} \\
+    @{attribute_def show_main_goal} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
+    @{attribute_def show_hyps} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
+    @{attribute_def show_tags} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
+    @{attribute_def show_question_marks} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text true} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  These configuration options control the detail of information that
+  is displayed for types, terms, theorems, goals etc.  See also
+  \secref{sec:config}.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{attribute show_types} and @{attribute show_sorts} control
+  printing of type constraints for term variables, and sort
+  constraints for type variables.  By default, neither of these are
+  shown in output.  If @{attribute show_sorts} is enabled, types are
+  always shown as well.
+
+  Note that displaying types and sorts may explain why a polymorphic
+  inference rule fails to resolve with some goal, or why a rewrite
+  rule does not apply as expected.
+
+  \item @{attribute show_consts} controls printing of types of
+  constants when displaying a goal state.
+
+  Note that the output can be enormous, because polymorphic constants
+  often occur at several different type instances.
+
+  \item @{attribute show_abbrevs} controls folding of constant
+  abbreviations.
+
+  \item @{attribute show_brackets} controls bracketing in pretty
+  printed output.  If enabled, all sub-expressions of the pretty
+  printing tree will be parenthesized, even if this produces malformed
+  term syntax!  This crude way of showing the internal structure of
+  pretty printed entities may occasionally help to diagnose problems
+  with operator priorities, for example.
+
+  \item @{attribute names_long}, @{attribute names_short}, and
+  @{attribute names_unique} control the way of printing fully
+  qualified internal names in external form.  See also
+  \secref{sec:antiq} for the document antiquotation options of the
+  same names.
+
+  \item @{attribute eta_contract} controls @{text "\<eta>"}-contracted
+  printing of terms.
+
+  The @{text \<eta>}-contraction law asserts @{prop "(\<lambda>x. f x) \<equiv> f"},
+  provided @{text x} is not free in @{text f}.  It asserts
+  \emph{extensionality} of functions: @{prop "f \<equiv> g"} if @{prop "f x \<equiv>
+  g x"} for all @{text x}.  Higher-order unification frequently puts
+  terms into a fully @{text \<eta>}-expanded form.  For example, if @{text
+  F} has type @{text "(\<tau> \<Rightarrow> \<tau>) \<Rightarrow> \<tau>"} then its expanded form is @{term
+  "\<lambda>h. F (\<lambda>x. h x)"}.
+
+  Enabling @{attribute eta_contract} makes Isabelle perform @{text
+  \<eta>}-contractions before printing, so that @{term "\<lambda>h. F (\<lambda>x. h x)"}
+  appears simply as @{text F}.
+
+  Note that the distinction between a term and its @{text \<eta>}-expanded
+  form occasionally matters.  While higher-order resolution and
+  rewriting operate modulo @{text "\<alpha>\<beta>\<eta>"}-conversion, some other tools
+  might look at terms more discretely.
+
+  \item @{attribute goals_limit} controls the maximum number of
+  subgoals to be shown in goal output.
+
+  \item @{attribute show_main_goal} controls whether the main result
+  to be proven should be displayed.  This information might be
+  relevant for schematic goals, to inspect the current claim that has
+  been synthesized so far.
+
+  \item @{attribute show_hyps} controls printing of implicit
+  hypotheses of local facts.  Normally, only those hypotheses are
+  displayed that are \emph{not} covered by the assumptions of the
+  current context: this situation indicates a fault in some tool being
+  used.
+
+  By enabling @{attribute show_hyps}, output of \emph{all} hypotheses
+  can be enforced, which is occasionally useful for diagnostic
+  purposes.
+
+  \item @{attribute show_tags} controls printing of extra annotations
+  within theorems, such as internal position information, or the case
+  names being attached by the attribute @{attribute case_names}.
+
+  Note that the @{attribute tagged} and @{attribute untagged}
+  attributes provide low-level access to the collection of tags
+  associated with a theorem.
+
+  \item @{attribute show_question_marks} controls printing of question
+  marks for schematic variables, such as @{text ?x}.  Only the leading
+  question mark is affected, the remaining text is unchanged
+  (including proper markup for schematic variables that might be
+  relevant for user interfaces).
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Alternative print modes \label{sec:print-modes} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{mldecls}
+    @{index_ML print_mode_value: "unit -> string list"} \\
+    @{index_ML Print_Mode.with_modes: "string list -> ('a -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b"} \\
+  \end{mldecls}
+
+  The \emph{print mode} facility allows to modify various operations
+  for printing.  Commands like @{command typ}, @{command term},
+  @{command thm} (see \secref{sec:print-diag}) take additional print
+  modes as optional argument.  The underlying ML operations are as
+  follows.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{ML "print_mode_value ()"} yields the list of currently
+  active print mode names.  This should be understood as symbolic
+  representation of certain individual features for printing (with
+  precedence from left to right).
+
+  \item @{ML Print_Mode.with_modes}~@{text "modes f x"} evaluates
+  @{text "f x"} in an execution context where the print mode is
+  prepended by the given @{text "modes"}.  This provides a thread-safe
+  way to augment print modes.  It is also monotonic in the set of mode
+  names: it retains the default print mode that certain
+  user-interfaces might have installed for their proper functioning!
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  \begin{warn}
+  The old global reference @{ML print_mode} should never be used
+  directly in applications.  Its main reason for being publicly
+  accessible is to support historic versions of Proof~General.
+  \end{warn}
+
+  \medskip The pretty printer for inner syntax maintains alternative
+  mixfix productions for any print mode name invented by the user, say
+  in commands like @{command notation} or @{command abbreviation}.
+  Mode names can be arbitrary, but the following ones have a specific
+  meaning by convention:
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item @{verbatim "\"\""} (the empty string): default mode;
+  implicitly active as last element in the list of modes.
+
+  \item @{verbatim input}: dummy print mode that is never active; may
+  be used to specify notation that is only available for input.
+
+  \item @{verbatim internal} dummy print mode that is never active;
+  used internally in Isabelle/Pure.
+
+  \item @{verbatim xsymbols}: enable proper mathematical symbols
+  instead of ASCII art.\footnote{This traditional mode name stems from
+  the ``X-Symbol'' package for old versions Proof~General with XEmacs,
+  although that package has been superseded by Unicode in recent
+  years.}
+
+  \item @{verbatim HTML}: additional mode that is active in HTML
+  presentation of Isabelle theory sources; allows to provide
+  alternative output notation.
+
+  \item @{verbatim latex}: additional mode that is active in {\LaTeX}
+  document preparation of Isabelle theory sources; allows to provide
+  alternative output notation.
+
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Printing limits *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{mldecls}
+    @{index_ML Pretty.margin_default: "int Unsynchronized.ref"} \\
+    @{index_ML print_depth: "int -> unit"} \\
+  \end{mldecls}
+
+  These ML functions set limits for pretty printed text.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{ML Pretty.margin_default} indicates the global default for
+  the right margin of the built-in pretty printer, with initial value
+  76.  Note that user-interfaces typically control margins
+  automatically when resizing windows, or even bypass the formatting
+  engine of Isabelle/ML altogether and do it within the front end via
+  Isabelle/Scala.
+
+  \item @{ML print_depth}~@{text n} limits the printing depth of the
+  ML toplevel pretty printer; the precise effect depends on the ML
+  compiler and run-time system.  Typically @{text n} should be less
+  than 10.  Bigger values such as 100--1000 are useful for debugging.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Mixfix annotations \label{sec:mixfix} *}
+
+text {* Mixfix annotations specify concrete \emph{inner syntax} of
+  Isabelle types and terms.  Locally fixed parameters in toplevel
+  theorem statements, locale and class specifications also admit
+  mixfix annotations in a fairly uniform manner.  A mixfix annotation
+  describes describes the concrete syntax, the translation to abstract
+  syntax, and the pretty printing.  Special case annotations provide a
+  simple means of specifying infix operators and binders.
+
+  Isabelle mixfix syntax is inspired by {\OBJ} \cite{OBJ}.  It allows
+  to specify any context-free priority grammar, which is more general
+  than the fixity declarations of ML and Prolog.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def mixfix}: '(' mfix ')'
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def struct_mixfix}: '(' ( mfix | @'structure' ) ')'
+    ;
+
+    mfix: @{syntax template} prios? @{syntax nat}? |
+      (@'infix' | @'infixl' | @'infixr') @{syntax template} @{syntax nat} |
+      @'binder' @{syntax template} prios? @{syntax nat}
+    ;
+    template: string
+    ;
+    prios: '[' (@{syntax nat} + ',') ']'
+  "}
+
+  The string given as @{text template} may include literal text,
+  spacing, blocks, and arguments (denoted by ``@{text _}''); the
+  special symbol ``@{verbatim "\<index>"}'' (printed as ``@{text "\<index>"}'')
+  represents an index argument that specifies an implicit structure
+  reference (see also \secref{sec:locale}).  Infix and binder
+  declarations provide common abbreviations for particular mixfix
+  declarations.  So in practice, mixfix templates mostly degenerate to
+  literal text for concrete syntax, such as ``@{verbatim "++"}'' for
+  an infix symbol.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* The general mixfix form *}
+
+text {* In full generality, mixfix declarations work as follows.
+  Suppose a constant @{text "c :: \<tau>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<tau>\<^sub>n \<Rightarrow> \<tau>"} is annotated by
+  @{text "(mixfix [p\<^sub>1, \<dots>, p\<^sub>n] p)"}, where @{text "mixfix"} is a string
+  @{text "d\<^sub>0 _ d\<^sub>1 _ \<dots> _ d\<^sub>n"} consisting of delimiters that surround
+  argument positions as indicated by underscores.
+
+  Altogether this determines a production for a context-free priority
+  grammar, where for each argument @{text "i"} the syntactic category
+  is determined by @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i"} (with priority @{text "p\<^sub>i"}), and the
+  result category is determined from @{text "\<tau>"} (with priority @{text
+  "p"}).  Priority specifications are optional, with default 0 for
+  arguments and 1000 for the result.\footnote{Omitting priorities is
+  prone to syntactic ambiguities unless the delimiter tokens determine
+  fully bracketed notation, as in @{text "if _ then _ else _ fi"}.}
+
+  Since @{text "\<tau>"} may be again a function type, the constant
+  type scheme may have more argument positions than the mixfix
+  pattern.  Printing a nested application @{text "c t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>m"} for
+  @{text "m > n"} works by attaching concrete notation only to the
+  innermost part, essentially by printing @{text "(c t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>n) \<dots> t\<^sub>m"}
+  instead.  If a term has fewer arguments than specified in the mixfix
+  template, the concrete syntax is ignored.
+
+  \medskip A mixfix template may also contain additional directives
+  for pretty printing, notably spaces, blocks, and breaks.  The
+  general template format is a sequence over any of the following
+  entities.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{text "d"} is a delimiter, namely a non-empty sequence of
+  characters other than the following special characters:
+
+  \smallskip
+  \begin{tabular}{ll}
+    @{verbatim "'"} & single quote \\
+    @{verbatim "_"} & underscore \\
+    @{text "\<index>"} & index symbol \\
+    @{verbatim "("} & open parenthesis \\
+    @{verbatim ")"} & close parenthesis \\
+    @{verbatim "/"} & slash \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  \item @{verbatim "'"} escapes the special meaning of these
+  meta-characters, producing a literal version of the following
+  character, unless that is a blank.
+
+  A single quote followed by a blank separates delimiters, without
+  affecting printing, but input tokens may have additional white space
+  here.
+
+  \item @{verbatim "_"} is an argument position, which stands for a
+  certain syntactic category in the underlying grammar.
+
+  \item @{text "\<index>"} is an indexed argument position; this is the place
+  where implicit structure arguments can be attached.
+
+  \item @{text "s"} is a non-empty sequence of spaces for printing.
+  This and the following specifications do not affect parsing at all.
+
+  \item @{verbatim "("}@{text n} opens a pretty printing block.  The
+  optional number specifies how much indentation to add when a line
+  break occurs within the block.  If the parenthesis is not followed
+  by digits, the indentation defaults to 0.  A block specified via
+  @{verbatim "(00"} is unbreakable.
+
+  \item @{verbatim ")"} closes a pretty printing block.
+
+  \item @{verbatim "//"} forces a line break.
+
+  \item @{verbatim "/"}@{text s} allows a line break.  Here @{text s}
+  stands for the string of spaces (zero or more) right after the
+  slash.  These spaces are printed if the break is \emph{not} taken.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  The general idea of pretty printing with blocks and breaks is also
+  described in \cite{paulson-ml2}; it goes back to \cite{Oppen:1980}.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Infixes *}
+
+text {* Infix operators are specified by convenient short forms that
+  abbreviate general mixfix annotations as follows:
+
+  \begin{center}
+  \begin{tabular}{lll}
+
+  @{verbatim "("}@{keyword_def "infix"}~@{verbatim "\""}@{text sy}@{verbatim "\""} @{text "p"}@{verbatim ")"}
+  & @{text "\<mapsto>"} &
+  @{verbatim "(\"(_ "}@{text sy}@{verbatim "/ _)\" ["}@{text "p + 1"}@{verbatim ", "}@{text "p + 1"}@{verbatim "]"}@{text " p"}@{verbatim ")"} \\
+  @{verbatim "("}@{keyword_def "infixl"}~@{verbatim "\""}@{text sy}@{verbatim "\""} @{text "p"}@{verbatim ")"}
+  & @{text "\<mapsto>"} &
+  @{verbatim "(\"(_ "}@{text sy}@{verbatim "/ _)\" ["}@{text "p"}@{verbatim ", "}@{text "p + 1"}@{verbatim "]"}@{text " p"}@{verbatim ")"} \\
+  @{verbatim "("}@{keyword_def "infixr"}~@{verbatim "\""}@{text sy}@{verbatim "\""} @{text "p"}@{verbatim ")"}
+  & @{text "\<mapsto>"} &
+  @{verbatim "(\"(_ "}@{text sy}@{verbatim "/ _)\" ["}@{text "p + 1"}@{verbatim ", "}@{text "p"}@{verbatim "]"}@{text " p"}@{verbatim ")"} \\
+
+  \end{tabular}
+  \end{center}
+
+  The mixfix template @{verbatim "\"(_ "}@{text sy}@{verbatim "/ _)\""}
+  specifies two argument positions; the delimiter is preceded by a
+  space and followed by a space or line break; the entire phrase is a
+  pretty printing block.
+
+  The alternative notation @{verbatim "op"}~@{text sy} is introduced
+  in addition.  Thus any infix operator may be written in prefix form
+  (as in ML), independently of the number of arguments in the term.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Binders *}
+
+text {* A \emph{binder} is a variable-binding construct such as a
+  quantifier.  The idea to formalize @{text "\<forall>x. b"} as @{text "All
+  (\<lambda>x. b)"} for @{text "All :: ('a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> bool"} already goes back
+  to \cite{church40}.  Isabelle declarations of certain higher-order
+  operators may be annotated with @{keyword_def "binder"} annotations
+  as follows:
+
+  \begin{center}
+  @{text "c :: "}@{verbatim "\""}@{text "(\<tau>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^sub>2) \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^sub>3"}@{verbatim "\"  ("}@{keyword "binder"}@{verbatim " \""}@{text "sy"}@{verbatim "\" ["}@{text "p"}@{verbatim "] "}@{text "q"}@{verbatim ")"}
+  \end{center}
+
+  This introduces concrete binder syntax @{text "sy x. b"}, where
+  @{text x} is a bound variable of type @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>1"}, the body @{text
+  b} has type @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>2"} and the whole term has type @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>3"}.
+  The optional integer @{text p} specifies the syntactic priority of
+  the body; the default is @{text "q"}, which is also the priority of
+  the whole construct.
+
+  Internally, the binder syntax is expanded to something like this:
+  \begin{center}
+  @{text "c_binder :: "}@{verbatim "\""}@{text "idts \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^sub>2 \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^sub>3"}@{verbatim "\"  (\"(3"}@{text sy}@{verbatim "_./ _)\" [0, "}@{text "p"}@{verbatim "] "}@{text "q"}@{verbatim ")"}
+  \end{center}
+
+  Here @{syntax (inner) idts} is the nonterminal symbol for a list of
+  identifiers with optional type constraints (see also
+  \secref{sec:pure-grammar}).  The mixfix template @{verbatim
+  "\"(3"}@{text sy}@{verbatim "_./ _)\""} defines argument positions
+  for the bound identifiers and the body, separated by a dot with
+  optional line break; the entire phrase is a pretty printing block of
+  indentation level 3.  Note that there is no extra space after @{text
+  "sy"}, so it needs to be included user specification if the binder
+  syntax ends with a token that may be continued by an identifier
+  token at the start of @{syntax (inner) idts}.
+
+  Furthermore, a syntax translation to transforms @{text "c_binder x\<^sub>1
+  \<dots> x\<^sub>n b"} into iterated application @{text "c (\<lambda>x\<^sub>1. \<dots> c (\<lambda>x\<^sub>n. b)\<dots>)"}.
+  This works in both directions, for parsing and printing.  *}
+
+
+section {* Explicit notation \label{sec:notation} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
+    @{command_def "type_notation"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "no_type_notation"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "notation"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "no_notation"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "write"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Commands that introduce new logical entities (terms or types)
+  usually allow to provide mixfix annotations on the spot, which is
+  convenient for default notation.  Nonetheless, the syntax may be
+  modified later on by declarations for explicit notation.  This
+  allows to add or delete mixfix annotations for of existing logical
+  entities within the current context.
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{command type_notation} | @@{command no_type_notation}) @{syntax target}?
+      @{syntax mode}? \\ (@{syntax nameref} @{syntax mixfix} + @'and')
+    ;
+    (@@{command notation} | @@{command no_notation}) @{syntax target}? @{syntax mode}? \\
+      (@{syntax nameref} @{syntax struct_mixfix} + @'and')
+    ;
+    @@{command write} @{syntax mode}? (@{syntax nameref} @{syntax struct_mixfix} + @'and')
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "type_notation"}~@{text "c (mx)"} associates mixfix
+  syntax with an existing type constructor.  The arity of the
+  constructor is retrieved from the context.
+
+  \item @{command "no_type_notation"} is similar to @{command
+  "type_notation"}, but removes the specified syntax annotation from
+  the present context.
+
+  \item @{command "notation"}~@{text "c (mx)"} associates mixfix
+  syntax with an existing constant or fixed variable.  The type
+  declaration of the given entity is retrieved from the context.
+
+  \item @{command "no_notation"} is similar to @{command "notation"},
+  but removes the specified syntax annotation from the present
+  context.
+
+  \item @{command "write"} is similar to @{command "notation"}, but
+  works within an Isar proof body.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* The Pure syntax \label{sec:pure-syntax} *}
+
+subsection {* Lexical matters \label{sec:inner-lex} *}
+
+text {* The inner lexical syntax vaguely resembles the outer one
+  (\secref{sec:outer-lex}), but some details are different.  There are
+  two main categories of inner syntax tokens:
+
+  \begin{enumerate}
+
+  \item \emph{delimiters} --- the literal tokens occurring in
+  productions of the given priority grammar (cf.\
+  \secref{sec:priority-grammar});
+
+  \item \emph{named tokens} --- various categories of identifiers etc.
+
+  \end{enumerate}
+
+  Delimiters override named tokens and may thus render certain
+  identifiers inaccessible.  Sometimes the logical context admits
+  alternative ways to refer to the same entity, potentially via
+  qualified names.
+
+  \medskip The categories for named tokens are defined once and for
+  all as follows, reusing some categories of the outer token syntax
+  (\secref{sec:outer-lex}).
+
+  \begin{center}
+  \begin{supertabular}{rcl}
+    @{syntax_def (inner) id} & = & @{syntax_ref ident} \\
+    @{syntax_def (inner) longid} & = & @{syntax_ref longident} \\
+    @{syntax_def (inner) var} & = & @{syntax_ref var} \\
+    @{syntax_def (inner) tid} & = & @{syntax_ref typefree} \\
+    @{syntax_def (inner) tvar} & = & @{syntax_ref typevar} \\
+    @{syntax_def (inner) num_token} & = & @{syntax_ref nat}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "-"}@{syntax_ref nat} \\
+    @{syntax_def (inner) float_token} & = & @{syntax_ref nat}@{verbatim "."}@{syntax_ref nat}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "-"}@{syntax_ref nat}@{verbatim "."}@{syntax_ref nat} \\
+    @{syntax_def (inner) xnum_token} & = & @{verbatim "#"}@{syntax_ref nat}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "#-"}@{syntax_ref nat} \\
+
+    @{syntax_def (inner) str_token} & = & @{verbatim "''"} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim "''"} \\
+  \end{supertabular}
+  \end{center}
+
+  The token categories @{syntax (inner) num_token}, @{syntax (inner)
+  float_token}, @{syntax (inner) xnum_token}, and @{syntax (inner)
+  str_token} are not used in Pure.  Object-logics may implement numerals
+  and string constants by adding appropriate syntax declarations,
+  together with some translation functions (e.g.\ see Isabelle/HOL).
+
+  The derived categories @{syntax_def (inner) num_const}, @{syntax_def
+  (inner) float_const}, and @{syntax_def (inner) num_const} provide
+  robust access to the respective tokens: the syntax tree holds a
+  syntactic constant instead of a free variable.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Priority grammars \label{sec:priority-grammar} *}
+
+text {* A context-free grammar consists of a set of \emph{terminal
+  symbols}, a set of \emph{nonterminal symbols} and a set of
+  \emph{productions}.  Productions have the form @{text "A = \<gamma>"},
+  where @{text A} is a nonterminal and @{text \<gamma>} is a string of
+  terminals and nonterminals.  One designated nonterminal is called
+  the \emph{root symbol}.  The language defined by the grammar
+  consists of all strings of terminals that can be derived from the
+  root symbol by applying productions as rewrite rules.
+
+  The standard Isabelle parser for inner syntax uses a \emph{priority
+  grammar}.  Each nonterminal is decorated by an integer priority:
+  @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>p\<^sup>)"}.  In a derivation, @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>p\<^sup>)"} may be rewritten
+  using a production @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>q\<^sup>) = \<gamma>"} only if @{text "p \<le> q"}.  Any
+  priority grammar can be translated into a normal context-free
+  grammar by introducing new nonterminals and productions.
+
+  \medskip Formally, a set of context free productions @{text G}
+  induces a derivation relation @{text "\<longrightarrow>\<^sub>G"} as follows.  Let @{text
+  \<alpha>} and @{text \<beta>} denote strings of terminal or nonterminal symbols.
+  Then @{text "\<alpha> A\<^sup>(\<^sup>p\<^sup>) \<beta> \<longrightarrow>\<^sub>G \<alpha> \<gamma> \<beta>"} holds if and only if @{text G}
+  contains some production @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>q\<^sup>) = \<gamma>"} for @{text "p \<le> q"}.
+
+  \medskip The following grammar for arithmetic expressions
+  demonstrates how binding power and associativity of operators can be
+  enforced by priorities.
+
+  \begin{center}
+  \begin{tabular}{rclr}
+  @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} & @{text "="} & @{verbatim "("} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim ")"} \\
+  @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} & @{text "="} & @{verbatim 0} \\
+  @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} & @{text "="} & @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "+"} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} \\
+  @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} & @{text "="} & @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "*"} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} \\
+  @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} & @{text "="} & @{verbatim "-"} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \end{center}
+  The choice of priorities determines that @{verbatim "-"} binds
+  tighter than @{verbatim "*"}, which binds tighter than @{verbatim
+  "+"}.  Furthermore @{verbatim "+"} associates to the left and
+  @{verbatim "*"} to the right.
+
+  \medskip For clarity, grammars obey these conventions:
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item All priorities must lie between 0 and 1000.
+
+  \item Priority 0 on the right-hand side and priority 1000 on the
+  left-hand side may be omitted.
+
+  \item The production @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>p\<^sup>) = \<alpha>"} is written as @{text "A = \<alpha>
+  (p)"}, i.e.\ the priority of the left-hand side actually appears in
+  a column on the far right.
+
+  \item Alternatives are separated by @{text "|"}.
+
+  \item Repetition is indicated by dots @{text "(\<dots>)"} in an informal
+  but obvious way.
+
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  Using these conventions, the example grammar specification above
+  takes the form:
+  \begin{center}
+  \begin{tabular}{rclc}
+    @{text A} & @{text "="} & @{verbatim "("} @{text A} @{verbatim ")"} \\
+              & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim 0} & \qquad\qquad \\
+              & @{text "|"} & @{text A} @{verbatim "+"} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(0)"} \\
+              & @{text "|"} & @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "*"} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(2)"} \\
+              & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "-"} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(3)"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \end{center}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* The Pure grammar \label{sec:pure-grammar} *}
+
+text {* The priority grammar of the @{text "Pure"} theory is defined
+  approximately like this:
+
+  \begin{center}
+  \begin{supertabular}{rclr}
+
+  @{syntax_def (inner) any} & = & @{text "prop  |  logic"} \\\\
+
+  @{syntax_def (inner) prop} & = & @{verbatim "("} @{text prop} @{verbatim ")"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>4\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "::"} @{text type} & @{text "(3)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "any\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "=="} @{text "any\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(2)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "any\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} @{text "\<equiv>"} @{text "any\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(2)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "&&&"} @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(2)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "==>"} @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(1)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(1)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "[|"} @{text prop} @{verbatim ";"} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim ";"} @{text prop} @{verbatim "|]"} @{verbatim "==>"} @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(1)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "\<lbrakk>"} @{text prop} @{verbatim ";"} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim ";"} @{text prop} @{text "\<rbrakk>"} @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(1)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "!!"} @{text idts} @{verbatim "."} @{text prop} & @{text "(0)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "\<And>"} @{text idts} @{verbatim "."} @{text prop} & @{text "(0)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim OFCLASS} @{verbatim "("} @{text type} @{verbatim ","} @{text logic} @{verbatim ")"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim SORT_CONSTRAINT} @{verbatim "("} @{text type} @{verbatim ")"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim TERM} @{text logic} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim PROP} @{text aprop} \\\\
+
+  @{syntax_def (inner) aprop} & = & @{verbatim "("} @{text aprop} @{verbatim ")"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "id  |  longid  |  var  |  "}@{verbatim "_"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "..."} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim CONST} @{text "id  |  "}@{verbatim CONST} @{text "longid"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim XCONST} @{text "id  |  "}@{verbatim XCONST} @{text "longid"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "logic\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)  any\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>) \<dots> any\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(999)"} \\\\
+
+  @{syntax_def (inner) logic} & = & @{verbatim "("} @{text logic} @{verbatim ")"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "logic\<^sup>(\<^sup>4\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "::"} @{text type} & @{text "(3)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "id  |  longid  |  var  |  "}@{verbatim "_"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "..."} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim CONST} @{text "id  |  "}@{verbatim CONST} @{text "longid"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim XCONST} @{text "id  |  "}@{verbatim XCONST} @{text "longid"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "logic\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)  any\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>) \<dots> any\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(999)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "\<struct> index\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "%"} @{text pttrns} @{verbatim "."} @{text "any\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(3)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text \<lambda>} @{text pttrns} @{verbatim "."} @{text "any\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(3)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim op} @{verbatim "=="}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim op} @{text "\<equiv>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim op} @{verbatim "&&&"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim op} @{verbatim "==>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim op} @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim TYPE} @{verbatim "("} @{text type} @{verbatim ")"} \\\\
+
+  @{syntax_def (inner) idt} & = & @{verbatim "("} @{text idt} @{verbatim ")"}@{text "  |  id  |  "}@{verbatim "_"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text id} @{verbatim "::"} @{text type} & @{text "(0)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "_"} @{verbatim "::"} @{text type} & @{text "(0)"} \\\\
+
+  @{syntax_def (inner) index} & = & @{verbatim "\<^bsub>"} @{text "logic\<^sup>(\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "\<^esub>"}@{text "  |  |  \<index>"} \\\\
+
+  @{syntax_def (inner) idts} & = & @{text "idt  |  idt\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>) idts"} & @{text "(0)"} \\\\
+
+  @{syntax_def (inner) pttrn} & = & @{text idt} \\\\
+
+  @{syntax_def (inner) pttrns} & = & @{text "pttrn  |  pttrn\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>) pttrns"} & @{text "(0)"} \\\\
+
+  @{syntax_def (inner) type} & = & @{verbatim "("} @{text type} @{verbatim ")"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "tid  |  tvar  |  "}@{verbatim "_"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "tid"} @{verbatim "::"} @{text "sort  |  tvar  "}@{verbatim "::"} @{text "sort  |  "}@{verbatim "_"} @{verbatim "::"} @{text "sort"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "type_name  |  type\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>) type_name"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "("} @{text type} @{verbatim ","} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim ","} @{text type} @{verbatim ")"} @{text type_name} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "type\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "=>"} @{text type} & @{text "(0)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "type\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} @{text "\<Rightarrow>"} @{text type} & @{text "(0)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "["} @{text type} @{verbatim ","} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim ","} @{text type} @{verbatim "]"} @{verbatim "=>"} @{text type} & @{text "(0)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "["} @{text type} @{verbatim ","} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim ","} @{text type} @{verbatim "]"} @{text "\<Rightarrow>"} @{text type} & @{text "(0)"} \\
+  @{syntax_def (inner) type_name} & = & @{text "id  |  longid"} \\\\
+
+  @{syntax_def (inner) sort} & = & @{syntax class_name}~@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "{}"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "{"} @{syntax class_name} @{verbatim ","} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim ","} @{syntax class_name} @{verbatim "}"} \\
+  @{syntax_def (inner) class_name} & = & @{text "id  |  longid"} \\
+  \end{supertabular}
+  \end{center}
+
+  \medskip Here literal terminals are printed @{verbatim "verbatim"};
+  see also \secref{sec:inner-lex} for further token categories of the
+  inner syntax.  The meaning of the nonterminals defined by the above
+  grammar is as follows:
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) any} denotes any term.
+
+  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) prop} denotes meta-level propositions,
+  which are terms of type @{typ prop}.  The syntax of such formulae of
+  the meta-logic is carefully distinguished from usual conventions for
+  object-logics.  In particular, plain @{text "\<lambda>"}-term notation is
+  \emph{not} recognized as @{syntax (inner) prop}.
+
+  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) aprop} denotes atomic propositions, which
+  are embedded into regular @{syntax (inner) prop} by means of an
+  explicit @{verbatim PROP} token.
+
+  Terms of type @{typ prop} with non-constant head, e.g.\ a plain
+  variable, are printed in this form.  Constants that yield type @{typ
+  prop} are expected to provide their own concrete syntax; otherwise
+  the printed version will appear like @{syntax (inner) logic} and
+  cannot be parsed again as @{syntax (inner) prop}.
+
+  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) logic} denotes arbitrary terms of a
+  logical type, excluding type @{typ prop}.  This is the main
+  syntactic category of object-logic entities, covering plain @{text
+  \<lambda>}-term notation (variables, abstraction, application), plus
+  anything defined by the user.
+
+  When specifying notation for logical entities, all logical types
+  (excluding @{typ prop}) are \emph{collapsed} to this single category
+  of @{syntax (inner) logic}.
+
+  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) index} denotes an optional index term for
+  indexed syntax.  If omitted, it refers to the first @{keyword
+  "structure"} variable in the context.  The special dummy ``@{text
+  "\<index>"}'' serves as pattern variable in mixfix annotations that
+  introduce indexed notation.
+
+  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) idt} denotes identifiers, possibly
+  constrained by types.
+
+  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) idts} denotes a sequence of @{syntax_ref
+  (inner) idt}.  This is the most basic category for variables in
+  iterated binders, such as @{text "\<lambda>"} or @{text "\<And>"}.
+
+  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) pttrn} and @{syntax_ref (inner) pttrns}
+  denote patterns for abstraction, cases bindings etc.  In Pure, these
+  categories start as a merely copy of @{syntax (inner) idt} and
+  @{syntax (inner) idts}, respectively.  Object-logics may add
+  additional productions for binding forms.
+
+  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) type} denotes types of the meta-logic.
+
+  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) sort} denotes meta-level sorts.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Here are some further explanations of certain syntax features.
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item In @{syntax (inner) idts}, note that @{text "x :: nat y"} is
+  parsed as @{text "x :: (nat y)"}, treating @{text y} like a type
+  constructor applied to @{text nat}.  To avoid this interpretation,
+  write @{text "(x :: nat) y"} with explicit parentheses.
+
+  \item Similarly, @{text "x :: nat y :: nat"} is parsed as @{text "x ::
+  (nat y :: nat)"}.  The correct form is @{text "(x :: nat) (y ::
+  nat)"}, or @{text "(x :: nat) y :: nat"} if @{text y} is last in the
+  sequence of identifiers.
+
+  \item Type constraints for terms bind very weakly.  For example,
+  @{text "x < y :: nat"} is normally parsed as @{text "(x < y) ::
+  nat"}, unless @{text "<"} has a very low priority, in which case the
+  input is likely to be ambiguous.  The correct form is @{text "x < (y
+  :: nat)"}.
+
+  \item Constraints may be either written with two literal colons
+  ``@{verbatim "::"}'' or the double-colon symbol @{verbatim "\<Colon>"},
+  which actually looks exactly the same in some {\LaTeX} styles.
+
+  \item Dummy variables (written as underscore) may occur in different
+  roles.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item A type ``@{text "_"}'' or ``@{text "_ :: sort"}'' acts like an
+  anonymous inference parameter, which is filled-in according to the
+  most general type produced by the type-checking phase.
+
+  \item A bound ``@{text "_"}'' refers to a vacuous abstraction, where
+  the body does not refer to the binding introduced here.  As in the
+  term @{term "\<lambda>x _. x"}, which is @{text "\<alpha>"}-equivalent to @{text
+  "\<lambda>x y. x"}.
+
+  \item A free ``@{text "_"}'' refers to an implicit outer binding.
+  Higher definitional packages usually allow forms like @{text "f x _
+  = x"}.
+
+  \item A schematic ``@{text "_"}'' (within a term pattern, see
+  \secref{sec:term-decls}) refers to an anonymous variable that is
+  implicitly abstracted over its context of locally bound variables.
+  For example, this allows pattern matching of @{text "{x. f x = g
+  x}"} against @{text "{x. _ = _}"}, or even @{text "{_. _ = _}"} by
+  using both bound and schematic dummies.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  \item The three literal dots ``@{verbatim "..."}'' may be also
+  written as ellipsis symbol @{verbatim "\<dots>"}.  In both cases this
+  refers to a special schematic variable, which is bound in the
+  context.  This special term abbreviation works nicely with
+  calculational reasoning (\secref{sec:calculation}).
+
+  \item @{verbatim CONST} ensures that the given identifier is treated
+  as constant term, and passed through the parse tree in fully
+  internalized form.  This is particularly relevant for translation
+  rules (\secref{sec:syn-trans}), notably on the RHS.
+
+  \item @{verbatim XCONST} is similar to @{verbatim CONST}, but
+  retains the constant name as given.  This is only relevant to
+  translation rules (\secref{sec:syn-trans}), notably on the LHS.
+
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Inspecting the syntax *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "print_syntax"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "print_syntax"} prints the inner syntax of the
+  current context.  The output can be quite large; the most important
+  sections are explained below.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{text "lexicon"} lists the delimiters of the inner token
+  language; see \secref{sec:inner-lex}.
+
+  \item @{text "prods"} lists the productions of the underlying
+  priority grammar; see \secref{sec:priority-grammar}.
+
+  The nonterminal @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>p\<^sup>)"} is rendered in plain text as @{text
+  "A[p]"}; delimiters are quoted.  Many productions have an extra
+  @{text "\<dots> => name"}.  These names later become the heads of parse
+  trees; they also guide the pretty printer.
+
+  Productions without such parse tree names are called \emph{copy
+  productions}.  Their right-hand side must have exactly one
+  nonterminal symbol (or named token).  The parser does not create a
+  new parse tree node for copy productions, but simply returns the
+  parse tree of the right-hand symbol.
+
+  If the right-hand side of a copy production consists of a single
+  nonterminal without any delimiters, then it is called a \emph{chain
+  production}.  Chain productions act as abbreviations: conceptually,
+  they are removed from the grammar by adding new productions.
+  Priority information attached to chain productions is ignored; only
+  the dummy value @{text "-1"} is displayed.
+
+  \item @{text "print modes"} lists the alternative print modes
+  provided by this grammar; see \secref{sec:print-modes}.
+
+  \item @{text "parse_rules"} and @{text "print_rules"} relate to
+  syntax translations (macros); see \secref{sec:syn-trans}.
+
+  \item @{text "parse_ast_translation"} and @{text
+  "print_ast_translation"} list sets of constants that invoke
+  translation functions for abstract syntax trees, which are only
+  required in very special situations; see \secref{sec:tr-funs}.
+
+  \item @{text "parse_translation"} and @{text "print_translation"}
+  list the sets of constants that invoke regular translation
+  functions; see \secref{sec:tr-funs}.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Ambiguity of parsed expressions *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{tabular}{rcll}
+    @{attribute_def syntax_ambiguity_warning} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text true} \\
+    @{attribute_def syntax_ambiguity_limit} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text 10} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+
+  Depending on the grammar and the given input, parsing may be
+  ambiguous.  Isabelle lets the Earley parser enumerate all possible
+  parse trees, and then tries to make the best out of the situation.
+  Terms that cannot be type-checked are filtered out, which often
+  leads to a unique result in the end.  Unlike regular type
+  reconstruction, which is applied to the whole collection of input
+  terms simultaneously, the filtering stage only treats each given
+  term in isolation.  Filtering is also not attempted for individual
+  types or raw ASTs (as required for @{command translations}).
+
+  Certain warning or error messages are printed, depending on the
+  situation and the given configuration options.  Parsing ultimately
+  fails, if multiple results remain after the filtering phase.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{attribute syntax_ambiguity_warning} controls output of
+  explicit warning messages about syntax ambiguity.
+
+  \item @{attribute syntax_ambiguity_limit} determines the number of
+  resulting parse trees that are shown as part of the printed message
+  in case of an ambiguity.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Syntax transformations \label{sec:syntax-transformations} *}
+
+text {* The inner syntax engine of Isabelle provides separate
+  mechanisms to transform parse trees either as rewrite systems on
+  first-order ASTs (\secref{sec:syn-trans}), or ML functions on ASTs
+  or syntactic @{text "\<lambda>"}-terms (\secref{sec:tr-funs}).  This works
+  both for parsing and printing, as outlined in
+  \figref{fig:parse-print}.
+
+  \begin{figure}[htbp]
+  \begin{center}
+  \begin{tabular}{cl}
+  string          & \\
+  @{text "\<down>"}     & lexer + parser \\
+  parse tree      & \\
+  @{text "\<down>"}     & parse AST translation \\
+  AST             & \\
+  @{text "\<down>"}     & AST rewriting (macros) \\
+  AST             & \\
+  @{text "\<down>"}     & parse translation \\
+  --- pre-term ---    & \\
+  @{text "\<down>"}     & print translation \\
+  AST             & \\
+  @{text "\<down>"}     & AST rewriting (macros) \\
+  AST             & \\
+  @{text "\<down>"}     & print AST translation \\
+  string          &
+  \end{tabular}
+  \end{center}
+  \caption{Parsing and printing with translations}\label{fig:parse-print}
+  \end{figure}
+
+  These intermediate syntax tree formats eventually lead to a pre-term
+  with all names and binding scopes resolved, but most type
+  information still missing.  Explicit type constraints might be given by
+  the user, or implicit position information by the system --- both
+  need to be passed-through carefully by syntax transformations.
+
+  Pre-terms are further processed by the so-called \emph{check} and
+  \emph{unckeck} phases that are intertwined with type-inference (see
+  also \cite{isabelle-implementation}).  The latter allows to operate
+  on higher-order abstract syntax with proper binding and type
+  information already available.
+
+  As a rule of thumb, anything that manipulates bindings of variables
+  or constants needs to be implemented as syntax transformation (see
+  below).  Anything else is better done via check/uncheck: a prominent
+  example application is the @{command abbreviation} concept of
+  Isabelle/Pure. *}
+
+
+subsection {* Abstract syntax trees \label{sec:ast} *}
+
+text {* The ML datatype @{ML_type Ast.ast} explicitly represents the
+  intermediate AST format that is used for syntax rewriting
+  (\secref{sec:syn-trans}).  It is defined in ML as follows:
+  \begin{ttbox}
+  datatype ast =
+    Constant of string |
+    Variable of string |
+    Appl of ast list
+  \end{ttbox}
+
+  An AST is either an atom (constant or variable) or a list of (at
+  least two) subtrees.  Occasional diagnostic output of ASTs uses
+  notation that resembles S-expression of LISP.  Constant atoms are
+  shown as quoted strings, variable atoms as non-quoted strings and
+  applications as a parenthesized list of subtrees.  For example, the
+  AST
+  @{ML [display] "Ast.Appl
+  [Ast.Constant \"_abs\", Ast.Variable \"x\", Ast.Variable \"t\"]"}
+  is pretty-printed as @{verbatim "(\"_abs\" x t)"}.  Note that
+  @{verbatim "()"} and @{verbatim "(x)"} are excluded as ASTs, because
+  they have too few subtrees.
+
+  \medskip AST application is merely a pro-forma mechanism to indicate
+  certain syntactic structures.  Thus @{verbatim "(c a b)"} could mean
+  either term application or type application, depending on the
+  syntactic context.
+
+  Nested application like @{verbatim "((\"_abs\" x t) u)"} is also
+  possible, but ASTs are definitely first-order: the syntax constant
+  @{verbatim "\"_abs\""} does not bind the @{verbatim x} in any way.
+  Proper bindings are introduced in later stages of the term syntax,
+  where @{verbatim "(\"_abs\" x t)"} becomes an @{ML Abs} node and
+  occurrences of @{verbatim x} in @{verbatim t} are replaced by bound
+  variables (represented as de-Bruijn indices).
+*}
+
+
+subsubsection {* AST constants versus variables *}
+
+text {* Depending on the situation --- input syntax, output syntax,
+  translation patterns --- the distinction of atomic asts as @{ML
+  Ast.Constant} versus @{ML Ast.Variable} serves slightly different
+  purposes.
+
+  Input syntax of a term such as @{text "f a b = c"} does not yet
+  indicate the scopes of atomic entities @{text "f, a, b, c"}: they
+  could be global constants or local variables, even bound ones
+  depending on the context of the term.  @{ML Ast.Variable} leaves
+  this choice still open: later syntax layers (or translation
+  functions) may capture such a variable to determine its role
+  specifically, to make it a constant, bound variable, free variable
+  etc.  In contrast, syntax translations that introduce already known
+  constants would rather do it via @{ML Ast.Constant} to prevent
+  accidental re-interpretation later on.
+
+  Output syntax turns term constants into @{ML Ast.Constant} and
+  variables (free or schematic) into @{ML Ast.Variable}.  This
+  information is precise when printing fully formal @{text "\<lambda>"}-terms.
+
+  In AST translation patterns (\secref{sec:syn-trans}) the system
+  guesses from the current theory context which atoms should be
+  treated as constant versus variable for the matching process.
+  Sometimes this needs to be indicated more explicitly using @{text
+  "CONST c"} inside the term language.  It is also possible to use
+  @{command syntax} declarations (without mixfix annotation) to
+  enforce that certain unqualified names are always treated as
+  constant within the syntax machinery.
+
+  \medskip For ASTs that represent the language of types or sorts, the
+  situation is much simpler, since the concrete syntax already
+  distinguishes type variables from type constants (constructors).  So
+  @{text "('a, 'b) foo"} corresponds to an AST application of some
+  constant for @{text foo} and variable arguments for @{text "'a"} and
+  @{text "'b"}.  Note that the postfix application is merely a feature
+  of the concrete syntax, while in the AST the constructor occurs in
+  head position.  *}
+
+
+subsubsection {* Authentic syntax names *}
+
+text {* Naming constant entities within ASTs is another delicate
+  issue.  Unqualified names are looked up in the name space tables in
+  the last stage of parsing, after all translations have been applied.
+  Since syntax transformations do not know about this later name
+  resolution yet, there can be surprises in boundary cases.
+
+  \emph{Authentic syntax names} for @{ML Ast.Constant} avoid this
+  problem: the fully-qualified constant name with a special prefix for
+  its formal category (@{text "class"}, @{text "type"}, @{text
+  "const"}, @{text "fixed"}) represents the information faithfully
+  within the untyped AST format.  Accidental overlap with free or
+  bound variables is excluded as well.  Authentic syntax names work
+  implicitly in the following situations:
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item Input of term constants (or fixed variables) that are
+  introduced by concrete syntax via @{command notation}: the
+  correspondence of a particular grammar production to some known term
+  entity is preserved.
+
+  \item Input of type constants (constructors) and type classes ---
+  thanks to explicit syntactic distinction independently on the
+  context.
+
+  \item Output of term constants, type constants, type classes ---
+  this information is already available from the internal term to be
+  printed.
+
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  In other words, syntax transformations that operate on input terms
+  written as prefix applications are difficult to make robust.
+  Luckily, this case rarely occurs in practice, because syntax forms
+  to be translated usually correspond to some bits of concrete
+  notation. *}
+
+
+subsection {* Raw syntax and translations \label{sec:syn-trans} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{tabular}{rcll}
+    @{command_def "nonterminal"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "syntax"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "no_syntax"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "translations"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "no_translations"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{attribute_def syntax_ast_trace} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
+    @{attribute_def syntax_ast_stats} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+
+  Unlike mixfix notation for existing formal entities
+  (\secref{sec:notation}), raw syntax declarations provide full access
+  to the priority grammar of the inner syntax, without any sanity
+  checks.  This includes additional syntactic categories (via
+  @{command nonterminal}) and free-form grammar productions (via
+  @{command syntax}).  Additional syntax translations (or macros, via
+  @{command translations}) are required to turn resulting parse trees
+  into proper representations of formal entities again.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command nonterminal} (@{syntax name} + @'and')
+    ;
+    (@@{command syntax} | @@{command no_syntax}) @{syntax mode}? (constdecl +)
+    ;
+    (@@{command translations} | @@{command no_translations})
+      (transpat ('==' | '=>' | '<=' | '\<rightleftharpoons>' | '\<rightharpoonup>' | '\<leftharpoondown>') transpat +)
+    ;
+
+    constdecl: @{syntax name} '::' @{syntax type} @{syntax mixfix}?
+    ;
+    mode: ('(' ( @{syntax name} | @'output' | @{syntax name} @'output' ) ')')
+    ;
+    transpat: ('(' @{syntax nameref} ')')? @{syntax string}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "nonterminal"}~@{text c} declares a type
+  constructor @{text c} (without arguments) to act as purely syntactic
+  type: a nonterminal symbol of the inner syntax.
+
+  \item @{command "syntax"}~@{text "(mode) c :: \<sigma> (mx)"} augments the
+  priority grammar and the pretty printer table for the given print
+  mode (default @{verbatim "\"\""}). An optional keyword @{keyword_ref
+  "output"} means that only the pretty printer table is affected.
+
+  Following \secref{sec:mixfix}, the mixfix annotation @{text "mx =
+  template ps q"} together with type @{text "\<sigma> = \<tau>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<tau>\<^sub>n \<Rightarrow> \<tau>"} and
+  specify a grammar production.  The @{text template} contains
+  delimiter tokens that surround @{text "n"} argument positions
+  (@{verbatim "_"}).  The latter correspond to nonterminal symbols
+  @{text "A\<^sub>i"} derived from the argument types @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i"} as
+  follows:
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item @{text "prop"} if @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i = prop"}
+
+  \item @{text "logic"} if @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i = (\<dots>)\<kappa>"} for logical type
+  constructor @{text "\<kappa> \<noteq> prop"}
+
+  \item @{text any} if @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i = \<alpha>"} for type variables
+
+  \item @{text "\<kappa>"} if @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i = \<kappa>"} for nonterminal @{text "\<kappa>"}
+  (syntactic type constructor)
+
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  Each @{text "A\<^sub>i"} is decorated by priority @{text "p\<^sub>i"} from the
+  given list @{text "ps"}; misssing priorities default to 0.
+
+  The resulting nonterminal of the production is determined similarly
+  from type @{text "\<tau>"}, with priority @{text "q"} and default 1000.
+
+  \medskip Parsing via this production produces parse trees @{text
+  "t\<^sub>1, \<dots>, t\<^sub>n"} for the argument slots.  The resulting parse tree is
+  composed as @{text "c t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>n"}, by using the syntax constant @{text
+  "c"} of the syntax declaration.
+
+  Such syntactic constants are invented on the spot, without formal
+  check wrt.\ existing declarations.  It is conventional to use plain
+  identifiers prefixed by a single underscore (e.g.\ @{text
+  "_foobar"}).  Names should be chosen with care, to avoid clashes
+  with other syntax declarations.
+
+  \medskip The special case of copy production is specified by @{text
+  "c = "}@{verbatim "\"\""} (empty string).  It means that the
+  resulting parse tree @{text "t"} is copied directly, without any
+  further decoration.
+
+  \item @{command "no_syntax"}~@{text "(mode) decls"} removes grammar
+  declarations (and translations) resulting from @{text decls}, which
+  are interpreted in the same manner as for @{command "syntax"} above.
+
+  \item @{command "translations"}~@{text rules} specifies syntactic
+  translation rules (i.e.\ macros) as first-order rewrite rules on
+  ASTs (\secref{sec:ast}).  The theory context maintains two
+  independent lists translation rules: parse rules (@{verbatim "=>"}
+  or @{text "\<rightharpoonup>"}) and print rules (@{verbatim "<="} or @{text "\<leftharpoondown>"}).
+  For convenience, both can be specified simultaneously as parse~/
+  print rules (@{verbatim "=="} or @{text "\<rightleftharpoons>"}).
+
+  Translation patterns may be prefixed by the syntactic category to be
+  used for parsing; the default is @{text logic} which means that
+  regular term syntax is used.  Both sides of the syntax translation
+  rule undergo parsing and parse AST translations
+  \secref{sec:tr-funs}, in order to perform some fundamental
+  normalization like @{text "\<lambda>x y. b \<leadsto> \<lambda>x. \<lambda>y. b"}, but other AST
+  translation rules are \emph{not} applied recursively here.
+
+  When processing AST patterns, the inner syntax lexer runs in a
+  different mode that allows identifiers to start with underscore.
+  This accommodates the usual naming convention for auxiliary syntax
+  constants --- those that do not have a logical counter part --- by
+  allowing to specify arbitrary AST applications within the term
+  syntax, independently of the corresponding concrete syntax.
+
+  Atomic ASTs are distinguished as @{ML Ast.Constant} versus @{ML
+  Ast.Variable} as follows: a qualified name or syntax constant
+  declared via @{command syntax}, or parse tree head of concrete
+  notation becomes @{ML Ast.Constant}, anything else @{ML
+  Ast.Variable}.  Note that @{text CONST} and @{text XCONST} within
+  the term language (\secref{sec:pure-grammar}) allow to enforce
+  treatment as constants.
+
+  AST rewrite rules @{text "(lhs, rhs)"} need to obey the following
+  side-conditions:
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item Rules must be left linear: @{text "lhs"} must not contain
+  repeated variables.\footnote{The deeper reason for this is that AST
+  equality is not well-defined: different occurrences of the ``same''
+  AST could be decorated differently by accidental type-constraints or
+  source position information, for example.}
+
+  \item Every variable in @{text "rhs"} must also occur in @{text
+  "lhs"}.
+
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \item @{command "no_translations"}~@{text rules} removes syntactic
+  translation rules, which are interpreted in the same manner as for
+  @{command "translations"} above.
+
+  \item @{attribute syntax_ast_trace} and @{attribute
+  syntax_ast_stats} control diagnostic output in the AST normalization
+  process, when translation rules are applied to concrete input or
+  output.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Raw syntax and translations provides a slightly more low-level
+  access to the grammar and the form of resulting parse trees.  It is
+  often possible to avoid this untyped macro mechanism, and use
+  type-safe @{command abbreviation} or @{command notation} instead.
+  Some important situations where @{command syntax} and @{command
+  translations} are really need are as follows:
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item Iterated replacement via recursive @{command translations}.
+  For example, consider list enumeration @{term "[a, b, c, d]"} as
+  defined in theory @{theory List} in Isabelle/HOL.
+
+  \item Change of binding status of variables: anything beyond the
+  built-in @{keyword "binder"} mixfix annotation requires explicit
+  syntax translations.  For example, consider list filter
+  comprehension @{term "[x \<leftarrow> xs . P]"} as defined in theory @{theory
+  List} in Isabelle/HOL.
+
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+subsubsection {* Applying translation rules *}
+
+text {* As a term is being parsed or printed, an AST is generated as
+  an intermediate form according to \figref{fig:parse-print}.  The AST
+  is normalized by applying translation rules in the manner of a
+  first-order term rewriting system.  We first examine how a single
+  rule is applied.
+
+  Let @{text "t"} be the abstract syntax tree to be normalized and
+  @{text "(lhs, rhs)"} some translation rule.  A subtree @{text "u"}
+  of @{text "t"} is called \emph{redex} if it is an instance of @{text
+  "lhs"}; in this case the pattern @{text "lhs"} is said to match the
+  object @{text "u"}.  A redex matched by @{text "lhs"} may be
+  replaced by the corresponding instance of @{text "rhs"}, thus
+  \emph{rewriting} the AST @{text "t"}.  Matching requires some notion
+  of \emph{place-holders} in rule patterns: @{ML Ast.Variable} serves
+  this purpose.
+
+  More precisely, the matching of the object @{text "u"} against the
+  pattern @{text "lhs"} is performed as follows:
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item Objects of the form @{ML Ast.Variable}~@{text "x"} or @{ML
+  Ast.Constant}~@{text "x"} are matched by pattern @{ML
+  Ast.Constant}~@{text "x"}.  Thus all atomic ASTs in the object are
+  treated as (potential) constants, and a successful match makes them
+  actual constants even before name space resolution (see also
+  \secref{sec:ast}).
+
+  \item Object @{text "u"} is matched by pattern @{ML
+  Ast.Variable}~@{text "x"}, binding @{text "x"} to @{text "u"}.
+
+  \item Object @{ML Ast.Appl}~@{text "us"} is matched by @{ML
+  Ast.Appl}~@{text "ts"} if @{text "us"} and @{text "ts"} have the
+  same length and each corresponding subtree matches.
+
+  \item In every other case, matching fails.
+
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  A successful match yields a substitution that is applied to @{text
+  "rhs"}, generating the instance that replaces @{text "u"}.
+
+  Normalizing an AST involves repeatedly applying translation rules
+  until none are applicable.  This works yoyo-like: top-down,
+  bottom-up, top-down, etc.  At each subtree position, rules are
+  chosen in order of appearance in the theory definitions.
+
+  The configuration options @{attribute syntax_ast_trace} and
+  @{attribute syntax_ast_stats} might help to understand this process
+  and diagnose problems.
+
+  \begin{warn}
+  If syntax translation rules work incorrectly, the output of
+  @{command_ref print_syntax} with its \emph{rules} sections reveals the
+  actual internal forms of AST pattern, without potentially confusing
+  concrete syntax.  Recall that AST constants appear as quoted strings
+  and variables without quotes.
+  \end{warn}
+
+  \begin{warn}
+  If @{attribute_ref eta_contract} is set to @{text "true"}, terms
+  will be @{text "\<eta>"}-contracted \emph{before} the AST rewriter sees
+  them.  Thus some abstraction nodes needed for print rules to match
+  may vanish.  For example, @{text "Ball A (\<lambda>x. P x)"} would contract
+  to @{text "Ball A P"} and the standard print rule would fail to
+  apply.  This problem can be avoided by hand-written ML translation
+  functions (see also \secref{sec:tr-funs}), which is in fact the same
+  mechanism used in built-in @{keyword "binder"} declarations.
+  \end{warn}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Syntax translation functions \label{sec:tr-funs} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "parse_ast_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "parse_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "typed_print_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_ast_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{ML_antiquotation_def "class_syntax"} & : & @{text ML_antiquotation} \\
+    @{ML_antiquotation_def "type_syntax"} & : & @{text ML_antiquotation} \\
+    @{ML_antiquotation_def "const_syntax"} & : & @{text ML_antiquotation} \\
+    @{ML_antiquotation_def "syntax_const"} & : & @{text ML_antiquotation} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Syntax translation functions written in ML admit almost arbitrary
+  manipulations of inner syntax, at the expense of some complexity and
+  obscurity in the implementation.
+
+  @{rail "
+  ( @@{command parse_ast_translation} | @@{command parse_translation} |
+    @@{command print_translation} | @@{command typed_print_translation} |
+    @@{command print_ast_translation}) ('(' @'advanced' ')')? @{syntax text}
+  ;
+  (@@{ML_antiquotation class_syntax} |
+   @@{ML_antiquotation type_syntax} |
+   @@{ML_antiquotation const_syntax} |
+   @@{ML_antiquotation syntax_const}) name
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command parse_translation} etc. declare syntax translation
+  functions to the theory.  Any of these commands have a single
+  @{syntax text} argument that refers to an ML expression of
+  appropriate type, which are as follows by default:
+
+  \medskip
+  {\footnotesize
+  \begin{tabular}{ll}
+  @{command parse_ast_translation} & : @{ML_type "(string * (Ast.ast list -> Ast.ast)) list"} \\
+  @{command parse_translation} & : @{ML_type "(string * (term list -> term)) list"} \\
+  @{command print_translation} & : @{ML_type "(string * (term list -> term)) list"} \\
+  @{command typed_print_translation} & : @{ML_type "(string * (typ -> term list -> term)) list"} \\
+  @{command print_ast_translation} & : @{ML_type "(string * (Ast.ast list -> Ast.ast)) list"} \\
+  \end{tabular}}
+  \medskip
+
+  The argument list consists of @{text "(c, tr)"} pairs, where @{text
+  "c"} is the syntax name of the formal entity involved, and @{text
+  "tr"} a function that translates a syntax form @{text "c args"} into
+  @{text "tr args"}.  The ML naming convention for parse translations
+  is @{text "c_tr"} and for print translations @{text "c_tr'"}.
+
+  The @{command_ref print_syntax} command displays the sets of names
+  associated with the translation functions of a theory under @{text
+  "parse_ast_translation"} etc.
+
+  If the @{verbatim "("}@{keyword "advanced"}@{verbatim ")"} option is
+  given, the corresponding translation functions depend on the current
+  theory or proof context as additional argument.  This allows to
+  implement advanced syntax mechanisms, as translations functions may
+  refer to specific theory declarations or auxiliary proof data.
+
+  \item @{text "@{class_syntax c}"}, @{text "@{type_syntax c}"},
+  @{text "@{const_syntax c}"} inline the authentic syntax name of the
+  given formal entities into the ML source.  This is the
+  fully-qualified logical name prefixed by a special marker to
+  indicate its kind: thus different logical name spaces are properly
+  distinguished within parse trees.
+
+  \item @{text "@{const_syntax c}"} inlines the name @{text "c"} of
+  the given syntax constant, having checked that it has been declared
+  via some @{command syntax} commands within the theory context.  Note
+  that the usual naming convention makes syntax constants start with
+  underscore, to reduce the chance of accidental clashes with other
+  names occurring in parse trees (unqualified constants etc.).
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsubsection {* The translation strategy *}
+
+text {* The different kinds of translation functions are invoked during
+  the transformations between parse trees, ASTs and syntactic terms
+  (cf.\ \figref{fig:parse-print}).  Whenever a combination of the form
+  @{text "c x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>n"} is encountered, and a translation function
+  @{text "f"} of appropriate kind is declared for @{text "c"}, the
+  result is produced by evaluation of @{text "f [x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>n]"} in ML.
+
+  For AST translations, the arguments @{text "x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>n"} are ASTs.  A
+  combination has the form @{ML "Ast.Constant"}~@{text "c"} or @{ML
+  "Ast.Appl"}~@{text "["}@{ML Ast.Constant}~@{text "c, x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>n]"}.
+  For term translations, the arguments are terms and a combination has
+  the form @{ML Const}~@{text "(c, \<tau>)"} or @{ML Const}~@{text "(c, \<tau>)
+  $ x\<^sub>1 $ \<dots> $ x\<^sub>n"}.  Terms allow more sophisticated transformations
+  than ASTs do, typically involving abstractions and bound
+  variables. \emph{Typed} print translations may even peek at the type
+  @{text "\<tau>"} of the constant they are invoked on, although that information
+  may be inaccurate.
+
+  Regardless of whether they act on ASTs or terms, translation
+  functions called during the parsing process differ from those for
+  printing in their overall behaviour:
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item [Parse translations] are applied bottom-up.  The arguments are
+  already in translated form.  The translations must not fail;
+  exceptions trigger an error message.  There may be at most one
+  function associated with any syntactic name.
+
+  \item [Print translations] are applied top-down.  They are supplied
+  with arguments that are partly still in internal form.  The result
+  again undergoes translation; therefore a print translation should
+  not introduce as head the very constant that invoked it.  The
+  function may raise exception @{ML Match} to indicate failure; in
+  this event it has no effect.  Multiple functions associated with
+  some syntactic name are tried in the order of declaration in the
+  theory.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Only constant atoms --- constructor @{ML Ast.Constant} for ASTs and
+  @{ML Const} for terms --- can invoke translation functions.  This
+  means that parse translations can only be associated with parse tree
+  heads of concrete syntax, or syntactic constants introduced via
+  other translations.  For plain identifiers within the term language,
+  the status of constant versus variable is not yet know during
+  parsing.  This is in contrast to print translations, where constants
+  are explicitly known from the given term in its fully internal form.
+*}
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/ML_Tactic.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/ML_Tactic.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+theory ML_Tactic
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* ML tactic expressions *}
+
+text {*
+  Isar Proof methods closely resemble traditional tactics, when used
+  in unstructured sequences of @{command "apply"} commands.
+  Isabelle/Isar provides emulations for all major ML tactics of
+  classic Isabelle --- mostly for the sake of easy porting of existing
+  developments, as actual Isar proof texts would demand much less
+  diversity of proof methods.
+
+  Unlike tactic expressions in ML, Isar proof methods provide proper
+  concrete syntax for additional arguments, options, modifiers etc.
+  Thus a typical method text is usually more concise than the
+  corresponding ML tactic.  Furthermore, the Isar versions of classic
+  Isabelle tactics often cover several variant forms by a single
+  method with separate options to tune the behavior.  For example,
+  method @{method simp} replaces all of @{ML simp_tac}~/ @{ML
+  asm_simp_tac}~/ @{ML full_simp_tac}~/ @{ML asm_full_simp_tac}, there
+  is also concrete syntax for augmenting the Simplifier context (the
+  current ``simpset'') in a convenient way.
+*}
+
+
+section {* Resolution tactics *}
+
+text {*
+  Classic Isabelle provides several variant forms of tactics for
+  single-step rule applications (based on higher-order resolution).
+  The space of resolution tactics has the following main dimensions.
+
+  \begin{enumerate}
+
+  \item The ``mode'' of resolution: intro, elim, destruct, or forward
+  (e.g.\ @{ML resolve_tac}, @{ML eresolve_tac}, @{ML dresolve_tac},
+  @{ML forward_tac}).
+
+  \item Optional explicit instantiation (e.g.\ @{ML resolve_tac} vs.\
+  @{ML res_inst_tac}).
+
+  \item Abbreviations for singleton arguments (e.g.\ @{ML resolve_tac}
+  vs.\ @{ML rtac}).
+
+  \end{enumerate}
+
+  Basically, the set of Isar tactic emulations @{method rule_tac},
+  @{method erule_tac}, @{method drule_tac}, @{method frule_tac} (see
+  \secref{sec:tactics}) would be sufficient to cover the four modes,
+  either with or without instantiation, and either with single or
+  multiple arguments.  Although it is more convenient in most cases to
+  use the plain @{method_ref (Pure) rule} method, or any of its
+  ``improper'' variants @{method erule}, @{method drule}, @{method
+  frule}.  Note that explicit goal addressing is only supported by the
+  actual @{method rule_tac} version.
+
+  With this in mind, plain resolution tactics correspond to Isar
+  methods as follows.
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{lll}
+    @{ML rtac}~@{text "a 1"} & & @{text "rule a"} \\
+    @{ML resolve_tac}~@{text "[a\<^sub>1, \<dots>] 1"} & & @{text "rule a\<^sub>1 \<dots>"} \\
+    @{ML res_inst_tac}~@{text "ctxt [(x\<^sub>1, t\<^sub>1), \<dots>] a 1"} & &
+    @{text "rule_tac x\<^sub>1 = t\<^sub>1 \<AND> \<dots> \<IN> a"} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{ML rtac}~@{text "a i"} & & @{text "rule_tac [i] a"} \\
+    @{ML resolve_tac}~@{text "[a\<^sub>1, \<dots>] i"} & & @{text "rule_tac [i] a\<^sub>1 \<dots>"} \\
+    @{ML res_inst_tac}~@{text "ctxt [(x\<^sub>1, t\<^sub>1), \<dots>] a i"} & &
+    @{text "rule_tac [i] x\<^sub>1 = t\<^sub>1 \<AND> \<dots> \<IN> a"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  Note that explicit goal addressing may be usually avoided by
+  changing the order of subgoals with @{command "defer"} or @{command
+  "prefer"} (see \secref{sec:tactic-commands}).
+*}
+
+
+section {* Simplifier tactics *}
+
+text {*
+  The main Simplifier tactics @{ML simp_tac} and variants (cf.\
+  \cite{isabelle-ref}) are all covered by the @{method simp} and
+  @{method simp_all} methods (see \secref{sec:simplifier}).  Note that
+  there is no individual goal addressing available, simplification
+  acts either on the first goal (@{method simp}) or all goals
+  (@{method simp_all}).
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{lll}
+    @{ML asm_full_simp_tac}~@{text "@{simpset} 1"} & & @{method simp} \\
+    @{ML ALLGOALS}~(@{ML asm_full_simp_tac}~@{text "@{simpset}"}) & & @{method simp_all} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{ML simp_tac}~@{text "@{simpset} 1"} & & @{method simp}~@{text "(no_asm)"} \\
+    @{ML asm_simp_tac}~@{text "@{simpset} 1"} & & @{method simp}~@{text "(no_asm_simp)"} \\
+    @{ML full_simp_tac}~@{text "@{simpset} 1"} & & @{method simp}~@{text "(no_asm_use)"} \\
+    @{ML asm_lr_simp_tac}~@{text "@{simpset} 1"} & & @{method simp}~@{text "(asm_lr)"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+*}
+
+
+section {* Classical Reasoner tactics *}
+
+text {* The Classical Reasoner provides a rather large number of
+  variations of automated tactics, such as @{ML blast_tac}, @{ML
+  fast_tac}, @{ML clarify_tac} etc.  The corresponding Isar methods
+  usually share the same base name, such as @{method blast}, @{method
+  fast}, @{method clarify} etc.\ (see \secref{sec:classical}).  *}
+
+
+section {* Miscellaneous tactics *}
+
+text {*
+  There are a few additional tactics defined in various theories of
+  Isabelle/HOL, some of these also in Isabelle/FOL or Isabelle/ZF.
+  The most common ones of these may be ported to Isar as follows.
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{lll}
+    @{ML stac}~@{text "a 1"} & & @{text "subst a"} \\
+    @{ML hyp_subst_tac}~@{text 1} & & @{text hypsubst} \\
+    @{ML strip_tac}~@{text 1} & @{text "\<approx>"} & @{text "intro strip"} \\
+    @{ML split_all_tac}~@{text 1} & & @{text "simp (no_asm_simp) only: split_tupled_all"} \\
+      & @{text "\<approx>"} & @{text "simp only: split_tupled_all"} \\
+      & @{text "\<lless>"} & @{text "clarify"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Tacticals *}
+
+text {*
+  Classic Isabelle provides a huge amount of tacticals for combination
+  and modification of existing tactics.  This has been greatly reduced
+  in Isar, providing the bare minimum of combinators only: ``@{text
+  ","}'' (sequential composition), ``@{text "|"}'' (alternative
+  choices), ``@{text "?"}'' (try), ``@{text "+"}'' (repeat at least
+  once).  These are usually sufficient in practice; if all fails,
+  arbitrary ML tactic code may be invoked via the @{method tactic}
+  method (see \secref{sec:tactics}).
+
+  \medskip Common ML tacticals may be expressed directly in Isar as
+  follows:
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{lll}
+    @{text "tac\<^sub>1"}~@{ML_text THEN}~@{text "tac\<^sub>2"} & & @{text "meth\<^sub>1, meth\<^sub>2"} \\
+    @{text "tac\<^sub>1"}~@{ML_text ORELSE}~@{text "tac\<^sub>2"} & & @{text "meth\<^sub>1 | meth\<^sub>2"} \\
+    @{ML TRY}~@{text tac} & & @{text "meth?"} \\
+    @{ML REPEAT1}~@{text tac} & & @{text "meth+"} \\
+    @{ML REPEAT}~@{text tac} & & @{text "(meth+)?"} \\
+    @{ML EVERY}~@{text "[tac\<^sub>1, \<dots>]"} & & @{text "meth\<^sub>1, \<dots>"} \\
+    @{ML FIRST}~@{text "[tac\<^sub>1, \<dots>]"} & & @{text "meth\<^sub>1 | \<dots>"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  \medskip @{ML CHANGED} (see \cite{isabelle-implementation}) is
+  usually not required in Isar, since most basic proof methods already
+  fail unless there is an actual change in the goal state.
+  Nevertheless, ``@{text "?"}''  (try) may be used to accept
+  \emph{unchanged} results as well.
+
+  \medskip @{ML ALLGOALS}, @{ML SOMEGOAL} etc.\ (see
+  \cite{isabelle-implementation}) are not available in Isar, since
+  there is no direct goal addressing.  Nevertheless, some basic
+  methods address all goals internally, notably @{method simp_all}
+  (see \secref{sec:simplifier}).  Also note that @{ML ALLGOALS} can be
+  often replaced by ``@{text "+"}'' (repeat at least once), although
+  this usually has a different operational behavior: subgoals are
+  solved in a different order.
+
+  \medskip Iterated resolution, such as
+  @{ML_text "REPEAT (FIRSTGOAL (resolve_tac ...))"}, is usually better
+  expressed using the @{method intro} and @{method elim} methods of
+  Isar (see \secref{sec:classical}).
+*}
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Misc.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Misc.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+theory Misc
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* Other commands *}
+
+section {* Inspecting the context *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "print_commands"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_theory"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_methods"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_attributes"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_theorems"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "find_theorems"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "find_consts"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "thm_deps"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "unused_thms"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_facts"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_binds"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{command print_theory} | @@{command print_theorems}) ('!'?)
+    ;
+
+    @@{command find_theorems} ('(' @{syntax nat}? 'with_dups'? ')')? \\ (thmcriterion * )
+    ;
+    thmcriterion: ('-'?) ('name' ':' @{syntax nameref} | 'intro' | 'elim' | 'dest' |
+      'solves' | 'simp' ':' @{syntax term} | @{syntax term})
+    ;
+    @@{command find_consts} (constcriterion * )
+    ;
+    constcriterion: ('-'?)
+      ('name' ':' @{syntax nameref} | 'strict' ':' @{syntax type} | @{syntax type})
+    ;
+    @@{command thm_deps} @{syntax thmrefs}
+    ;
+    @@{command unused_thms} ((@{syntax name} +) '-' (@{syntax name} * ))?
+  "}
+
+  These commands print certain parts of the theory and proof context.
+  Note that there are some further ones available, such as for the set
+  of rules declared for simplifications.
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{command "print_commands"} prints Isabelle's outer theory
+  syntax, including keywords and command.
+  
+  \item @{command "print_theory"} prints the main logical content of
+  the theory context; the ``@{text "!"}'' option indicates extra
+  verbosity.
+
+  \item @{command "print_methods"} prints all proof methods
+  available in the current theory context.
+  
+  \item @{command "print_attributes"} prints all attributes
+  available in the current theory context.
+  
+  \item @{command "print_theorems"} prints theorems resulting from the
+  last command; the ``@{text "!"}'' option indicates extra verbosity.
+  
+  \item @{command "find_theorems"}~@{text criteria} retrieves facts
+  from the theory or proof context matching all of given search
+  criteria.  The criterion @{text "name: p"} selects all theorems
+  whose fully qualified name matches pattern @{text p}, which may
+  contain ``@{text "*"}'' wildcards.  The criteria @{text intro},
+  @{text elim}, and @{text dest} select theorems that match the
+  current goal as introduction, elimination or destruction rules,
+  respectively.  The criterion @{text "solves"} returns all rules
+  that would directly solve the current goal.  The criterion
+  @{text "simp: t"} selects all rewrite rules whose left-hand side
+  matches the given term.  The criterion term @{text t} selects all
+  theorems that contain the pattern @{text t} -- as usual, patterns
+  may contain occurrences of the dummy ``@{text _}'', schematic
+  variables, and type constraints.
+  
+  Criteria can be preceded by ``@{text "-"}'' to select theorems that
+  do \emph{not} match. Note that giving the empty list of criteria
+  yields \emph{all} currently known facts.  An optional limit for the
+  number of printed facts may be given; the default is 40.  By
+  default, duplicates are removed from the search result. Use
+  @{text with_dups} to display duplicates.
+
+  \item @{command "find_consts"}~@{text criteria} prints all constants
+  whose type meets all of the given criteria. The criterion @{text
+  "strict: ty"} is met by any type that matches the type pattern
+  @{text ty}.  Patterns may contain both the dummy type ``@{text _}''
+  and sort constraints. The criterion @{text ty} is similar, but it
+  also matches against subtypes. The criterion @{text "name: p"} and
+  the prefix ``@{text "-"}'' function as described for @{command
+  "find_theorems"}.
+
+  \item @{command "thm_deps"}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"}
+  visualizes dependencies of facts, using Isabelle's graph browser
+  tool (see also \cite{isabelle-sys}).
+
+  \item @{command "unused_thms"}~@{text "A\<^isub>1 \<dots> A\<^isub>m - B\<^isub>1 \<dots> B\<^isub>n"}
+  displays all unused theorems in theories @{text "B\<^isub>1 \<dots> B\<^isub>n"}
+  or their parents, but not in @{text "A\<^isub>1 \<dots> A\<^isub>m"} or their parents.
+  If @{text n} is @{text 0}, the end of the range of theories
+  defaults to the current theory. If no range is specified,
+  only the unused theorems in the current theory are displayed.
+  
+  \item @{command "print_facts"} prints all local facts of the
+  current context, both named and unnamed ones.
+  
+  \item @{command "print_binds"} prints all term abbreviations
+  present in the context.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* System commands *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "cd"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "pwd"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "use_thy"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{command cd} | @@{command use_thy}) @{syntax name}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "cd"}~@{text path} changes the current directory
+  of the Isabelle process.
+
+  \item @{command "pwd"} prints the current working directory.
+
+  \item @{command "use_thy"}~@{text A} preload theory @{text A}.
+  These system commands are scarcely used when working interactively,
+  since loading of theories is done automatically as required.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  %FIXME proper place (!?)
+  Isabelle file specification may contain path variables (e.g.\
+  @{verbatim "$ISABELLE_HOME"}) that are expanded accordingly.  Note
+  that @{verbatim "~"} abbreviates @{verbatim "$USER_HOME"}, and
+  @{verbatim "~~"} abbreviates @{verbatim "$ISABELLE_HOME"}.  The
+  general syntax for path specifications follows POSIX conventions.
+*}
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Outer_Syntax.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Outer_Syntax.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+theory Outer_Syntax
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* Outer syntax --- the theory language \label{ch:outer-syntax} *}
+
+text {*
+  The rather generic framework of Isabelle/Isar syntax emerges from
+  three main syntactic categories: \emph{commands} of the top-level
+  Isar engine (covering theory and proof elements), \emph{methods} for
+  general goal refinements (analogous to traditional ``tactics''), and
+  \emph{attributes} for operations on facts (within a certain
+  context).  Subsequently we give a reference of basic syntactic
+  entities underlying Isabelle/Isar syntax in a bottom-up manner.
+  Concrete theory and proof language elements will be introduced later
+  on.
+
+  \medskip In order to get started with writing well-formed
+  Isabelle/Isar documents, the most important aspect to be noted is
+  the difference of \emph{inner} versus \emph{outer} syntax.  Inner
+  syntax is that of Isabelle types and terms of the logic, while outer
+  syntax is that of Isabelle/Isar theory sources (specifications and
+  proofs).  As a general rule, inner syntax entities may occur only as
+  \emph{atomic entities} within outer syntax.  For example, the string
+  @{verbatim "\"x + y\""} and identifier @{verbatim z} are legal term
+  specifications within a theory, while @{verbatim "x + y"} without
+  quotes is not.
+
+  Printed theory documents usually omit quotes to gain readability
+  (this is a matter of {\LaTeX} macro setup, say via @{verbatim
+  "\\isabellestyle"}, see also \cite{isabelle-sys}).  Experienced
+  users of Isabelle/Isar may easily reconstruct the lost technical
+  information, while mere readers need not care about quotes at all.
+
+  \medskip Isabelle/Isar input may contain any number of input
+  termination characters ``@{verbatim ";"}'' (semicolon) to separate
+  commands explicitly.  This is particularly useful in interactive
+  shell sessions to make clear where the current command is intended
+  to end.  Otherwise, the interpreter loop will continue to issue a
+  secondary prompt ``@{verbatim "#"}'' until an end-of-command is
+  clearly recognized from the input syntax, e.g.\ encounter of the
+  next command keyword.
+
+  More advanced interfaces such as Proof~General \cite{proofgeneral}
+  do not require explicit semicolons, the amount of input text is
+  determined automatically by inspecting the present content of the
+  Emacs text buffer.  In the printed presentation of Isabelle/Isar
+  documents semicolons are omitted altogether for readability.
+
+  \begin{warn}
+    Proof~General requires certain syntax classification tables in
+    order to achieve properly synchronized interaction with the
+    Isabelle/Isar process.  These tables need to be consistent with
+    the Isabelle version and particular logic image to be used in a
+    running session (common object-logics may well change the outer
+    syntax).  The standard setup should work correctly with any of the
+    ``official'' logic images derived from Isabelle/HOL (including
+    HOLCF etc.).  Users of alternative logics may need to tell
+    Proof~General explicitly, e.g.\ by giving an option @{verbatim "-k ZF"}
+    (in conjunction with @{verbatim "-l ZF"}, to specify the default
+    logic image).  Note that option @{verbatim "-L"} does both
+    of this at the same time.
+  \end{warn}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Lexical matters \label{sec:outer-lex} *}
+
+text {* The outer lexical syntax consists of three main categories of
+  syntax tokens:
+
+  \begin{enumerate}
+
+  \item \emph{major keywords} --- the command names that are available
+  in the present logic session;
+
+  \item \emph{minor keywords} --- additional literal tokens required
+  by the syntax of commands;
+
+  \item \emph{named tokens} --- various categories of identifiers etc.
+
+  \end{enumerate}
+
+  Major keywords and minor keywords are guaranteed to be disjoint.
+  This helps user-interfaces to determine the overall structure of a
+  theory text, without knowing the full details of command syntax.
+  Internally, there is some additional information about the kind of
+  major keywords, which approximates the command type (theory command,
+  proof command etc.).
+
+  Keywords override named tokens.  For example, the presence of a
+  command called @{verbatim term} inhibits the identifier @{verbatim
+  term}, but the string @{verbatim "\"term\""} can be used instead.
+  By convention, the outer syntax always allows quoted strings in
+  addition to identifiers, wherever a named entity is expected.
+
+  When tokenizing a given input sequence, the lexer repeatedly takes
+  the longest prefix of the input that forms a valid token.  Spaces,
+  tabs, newlines and formfeeds between tokens serve as explicit
+  separators.
+
+  \medskip The categories for named tokens are defined once and for
+  all as follows.
+
+  \begin{center}
+  \begin{supertabular}{rcl}
+    @{syntax_def ident} & = & @{text "letter quasiletter\<^sup>*"} \\
+    @{syntax_def longident} & = & @{text "ident("}@{verbatim "."}@{text "ident)\<^sup>+"} \\
+    @{syntax_def symident} & = & @{text "sym\<^sup>+  |  "}@{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<"}@{text ident}@{verbatim ">"} \\
+    @{syntax_def nat} & = & @{text "digit\<^sup>+"} \\
+    @{syntax_def float} & = & @{syntax_ref nat}@{verbatim "."}@{syntax_ref nat}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "-"}@{syntax_ref nat}@{verbatim "."}@{syntax_ref nat} \\
+    @{syntax_def var} & = & @{verbatim "?"}@{text "ident  |  "}@{verbatim "?"}@{text ident}@{verbatim "."}@{text nat} \\
+    @{syntax_def typefree} & = & @{verbatim "'"}@{text ident} \\
+    @{syntax_def typevar} & = & @{verbatim "?"}@{text "typefree  |  "}@{verbatim "?"}@{text typefree}@{verbatim "."}@{text nat} \\
+    @{syntax_def string} & = & @{verbatim "\""} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim "\""} \\
+    @{syntax_def altstring} & = & @{verbatim "`"} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim "`"} \\
+    @{syntax_def verbatim} & = & @{verbatim "{*"} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim "*"}@{verbatim "}"} \\[1ex]
+
+    @{text letter} & = & @{text "latin  |  "}@{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<"}@{text latin}@{verbatim ">"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<"}@{text "latin latin"}@{verbatim ">"}@{text "  |  greek  |"} \\
+          &   & @{verbatim "\<^isub>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<^isup>"} \\
+    @{text quasiletter} & = & @{text "letter  |  digit  |  "}@{verbatim "_"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "'"} \\
+    @{text latin} & = & @{verbatim a}@{text "  | \<dots> |  "}@{verbatim z}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim A}@{text "  |  \<dots> |  "}@{verbatim Z} \\
+    @{text digit} & = & @{verbatim "0"}@{text "  |  \<dots> |  "}@{verbatim "9"} \\
+    @{text sym} & = & @{verbatim "!"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "#"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "$"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "%"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "&"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "*"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "+"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "-"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "/"}@{text "  |"} \\
+    & & @{verbatim "<"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "="}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim ">"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "?"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "@"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "^"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "_"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "|"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "~"} \\
+    @{text greek} & = & @{verbatim "\<alpha>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<beta>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<gamma>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<delta>"}@{text "  |"} \\
+          &   & @{verbatim "\<epsilon>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<zeta>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<eta>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<theta>"}@{text "  |"} \\
+          &   & @{verbatim "\<iota>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<kappa>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<mu>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<nu>"}@{text "  |"} \\
+          &   & @{verbatim "\<xi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<pi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<rho>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<sigma>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<tau>"}@{text "  |"} \\
+          &   & @{verbatim "\<upsilon>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<phi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<chi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<psi>"}@{text "  |"} \\
+          &   & @{verbatim "\<omega>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Gamma>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Delta>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Theta>"}@{text "  |"} \\
+          &   & @{verbatim "\<Lambda>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Xi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Pi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Sigma>"}@{text "  |"} \\
+          &   & @{verbatim "\<Upsilon>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Phi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Psi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Omega>"} \\
+  \end{supertabular}
+  \end{center}
+
+  A @{syntax_ref var} or @{syntax_ref typevar} describes an unknown,
+  which is internally a pair of base name and index (ML type @{ML_type
+  indexname}).  These components are either separated by a dot as in
+  @{text "?x.1"} or @{text "?x7.3"} or run together as in @{text
+  "?x1"}.  The latter form is possible if the base name does not end
+  with digits.  If the index is 0, it may be dropped altogether:
+  @{text "?x"} and @{text "?x0"} and @{text "?x.0"} all refer to the
+  same unknown, with basename @{text "x"} and index 0.
+
+  The syntax of @{syntax_ref string} admits any characters, including
+  newlines; ``@{verbatim "\""}'' (double-quote) and ``@{verbatim
+  "\\"}'' (backslash) need to be escaped by a backslash; arbitrary
+  character codes may be specified as ``@{verbatim "\\"}@{text ddd}'',
+  with three decimal digits.  Alternative strings according to
+  @{syntax_ref altstring} are analogous, using single back-quotes
+  instead.
+
+  The body of @{syntax_ref verbatim} may consist of any text not
+  containing ``@{verbatim "*"}@{verbatim "}"}''; this allows
+  convenient inclusion of quotes without further escapes.  There is no
+  way to escape ``@{verbatim "*"}@{verbatim "}"}''.  If the quoted
+  text is {\LaTeX} source, one may usually add some blank or comment
+  to avoid the critical character sequence.
+
+  Source comments take the form @{verbatim "(*"}~@{text
+  "\<dots>"}~@{verbatim "*)"} and may be nested, although the user-interface
+  might prevent this.  Note that this form indicates source comments
+  only, which are stripped after lexical analysis of the input.  The
+  Isar syntax also provides proper \emph{document comments} that are
+  considered as part of the text (see \secref{sec:comments}).
+
+  Common mathematical symbols such as @{text \<forall>} are represented in
+  Isabelle as @{verbatim \<forall>}.  There are infinitely many Isabelle
+  symbols like this, although proper presentation is left to front-end
+  tools such as {\LaTeX}, Proof~General, or Isabelle/jEdit.  A list of
+  predefined Isabelle symbols that work well with these tools is given
+  in \appref{app:symbols}.  Note that @{verbatim "\<lambda>"} does not belong
+  to the @{text letter} category, since it is already used differently
+  in the Pure term language.  *}
+
+
+section {* Common syntax entities *}
+
+text {*
+  We now introduce several basic syntactic entities, such as names,
+  terms, and theorem specifications, which are factored out of the
+  actual Isar language elements to be described later.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Names *}
+
+text {* Entity @{syntax name} usually refers to any name of types,
+  constants, theorems etc.\ that are to be \emph{declared} or
+  \emph{defined} (so qualified identifiers are excluded here).  Quoted
+  strings provide an escape for non-identifier names or those ruled
+  out by outer syntax keywords (e.g.\ quoted @{verbatim "\"let\""}).
+  Already existing objects are usually referenced by @{syntax
+  nameref}.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def name}: @{syntax ident} | @{syntax symident} |
+      @{syntax string} | @{syntax nat}
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def parname}: '(' @{syntax name} ')'
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def nameref}: @{syntax name} | @{syntax longident}
+  "}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Numbers *}
+
+text {* The outer lexical syntax (\secref{sec:outer-lex}) admits
+  natural numbers and floating point numbers.  These are combined as
+  @{syntax int} and @{syntax real} as follows.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def int}: @{syntax nat} | '-' @{syntax nat}
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def real}: @{syntax float} | @{syntax int}
+  "}
+
+  Note that there is an overlap with the category @{syntax name},
+  which also includes @{syntax nat}.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Comments \label{sec:comments} *}
+
+text {* Large chunks of plain @{syntax text} are usually given
+  @{syntax verbatim}, i.e.\ enclosed in @{verbatim "{"}@{verbatim
+  "*"}~@{text "\<dots>"}~@{verbatim "*"}@{verbatim "}"}.  For convenience,
+  any of the smaller text units conforming to @{syntax nameref} are
+  admitted as well.  A marginal @{syntax comment} is of the form
+  @{verbatim "--"}~@{syntax text}.  Any number of these may occur
+  within Isabelle/Isar commands.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def text}: @{syntax verbatim} | @{syntax nameref}
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def comment}: '--' @{syntax text}
+  "}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Type classes, sorts and arities *}
+
+text {*
+  Classes are specified by plain names.  Sorts have a very simple
+  inner syntax, which is either a single class name @{text c} or a
+  list @{text "{c\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>n}"} referring to the
+  intersection of these classes.  The syntax of type arities is given
+  directly at the outer level.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def classdecl}: @{syntax name} (('<' | '\<subseteq>') (@{syntax nameref} + ','))?
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def sort}: @{syntax nameref}
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def arity}: ('(' (@{syntax sort} + ',') ')')? @{syntax sort}
+  "}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Types and terms \label{sec:types-terms} *}
+
+text {*
+  The actual inner Isabelle syntax, that of types and terms of the
+  logic, is far too sophisticated in order to be modelled explicitly
+  at the outer theory level.  Basically, any such entity has to be
+  quoted to turn it into a single token (the parsing and type-checking
+  is performed internally later).  For convenience, a slightly more
+  liberal convention is adopted: quotes may be omitted for any type or
+  term that is already atomic at the outer level.  For example, one
+  may just write @{verbatim x} instead of quoted @{verbatim "\"x\""}.
+  Note that symbolic identifiers (e.g.\ @{verbatim "++"} or @{text
+  "\<forall>"} are available as well, provided these have not been superseded
+  by commands or other keywords already (such as @{verbatim "="} or
+  @{verbatim "+"}).
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def type}: @{syntax nameref} | @{syntax typefree} |
+      @{syntax typevar}
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def term}: @{syntax nameref} | @{syntax var}
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def prop}: @{syntax term}
+  "}
+
+  Positional instantiations are indicated by giving a sequence of
+  terms, or the placeholder ``@{text _}'' (underscore), which means to
+  skip a position.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def inst}: '_' | @{syntax term}
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def insts}: (@{syntax inst} *)
+  "}
+
+  Type declarations and definitions usually refer to @{syntax
+  typespec} on the left-hand side.  This models basic type constructor
+  application at the outer syntax level.  Note that only plain postfix
+  notation is available here, but no infixes.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def typespec}:
+      (() | @{syntax typefree} | '(' ( @{syntax typefree} + ',' ) ')') @{syntax name}
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def typespec_sorts}:
+      (() | (@{syntax typefree} ('::' @{syntax sort})?) |
+        '(' ( (@{syntax typefree} ('::' @{syntax sort})?) + ',' ) ')') @{syntax name}
+  "}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Term patterns and declarations \label{sec:term-decls} *}
+
+text {* Wherever explicit propositions (or term fragments) occur in a
+  proof text, casual binding of schematic term variables may be given
+  specified via patterns of the form ``@{text "(\<IS> p\<^sub>1 \<dots> p\<^sub>n)"}''.
+  This works both for @{syntax term} and @{syntax prop}.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def term_pat}: '(' (@'is' @{syntax term} +) ')'
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def prop_pat}: '(' (@'is' @{syntax prop} +) ')'
+  "}
+
+  \medskip Declarations of local variables @{text "x :: \<tau>"} and
+  logical propositions @{text "a : \<phi>"} represent different views on
+  the same principle of introducing a local scope.  In practice, one
+  may usually omit the typing of @{syntax vars} (due to
+  type-inference), and the naming of propositions (due to implicit
+  references of current facts).  In any case, Isar proof elements
+  usually admit to introduce multiple such items simultaneously.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def vars}: (@{syntax name} +) ('::' @{syntax type})?
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def props}: @{syntax thmdecl}? (@{syntax prop} @{syntax prop_pat}? +)
+  "}
+
+  The treatment of multiple declarations corresponds to the
+  complementary focus of @{syntax vars} versus @{syntax props}.  In
+  ``@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>n :: \<tau>"}'' the typing refers to all variables, while
+  in @{text "a: \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"} the naming refers to all propositions
+  collectively.  Isar language elements that refer to @{syntax vars}
+  or @{syntax props} typically admit separate typings or namings via
+  another level of iteration, with explicit @{keyword_ref "and"}
+  separators; e.g.\ see @{command "fix"} and @{command "assume"} in
+  \secref{sec:proof-context}.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Attributes and theorems \label{sec:syn-att} *}
+
+text {* Attributes have their own ``semi-inner'' syntax, in the sense
+  that input conforming to @{syntax args} below is parsed by the
+  attribute a second time.  The attribute argument specifications may
+  be any sequence of atomic entities (identifiers, strings etc.), or
+  properly bracketed argument lists.  Below @{syntax atom} refers to
+  any atomic entity, including any @{syntax keyword} conforming to
+  @{syntax symident}.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def atom}: @{syntax nameref} | @{syntax typefree} |
+      @{syntax typevar} | @{syntax var} | @{syntax nat} | @{syntax float} |
+      @{syntax keyword}
+    ;
+    arg: @{syntax atom} | '(' @{syntax args} ')' | '[' @{syntax args} ']'
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def args}: arg *
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def attributes}: '[' (@{syntax nameref} @{syntax args} * ',') ']'
+  "}
+
+  Theorem specifications come in several flavors: @{syntax axmdecl}
+  and @{syntax thmdecl} usually refer to axioms, assumptions or
+  results of goal statements, while @{syntax thmdef} collects lists of
+  existing theorems.  Existing theorems are given by @{syntax thmref}
+  and @{syntax thmrefs}, the former requires an actual singleton
+  result.
+
+  There are three forms of theorem references:
+  \begin{enumerate}
+  
+  \item named facts @{text "a"},
+
+  \item selections from named facts @{text "a(i)"} or @{text "a(j - k)"},
+
+  \item literal fact propositions using @{syntax_ref altstring} syntax
+  @{verbatim "`"}@{text "\<phi>"}@{verbatim "`"} (see also method
+  @{method_ref fact}).
+
+  \end{enumerate}
+
+  Any kind of theorem specification may include lists of attributes
+  both on the left and right hand sides; attributes are applied to any
+  immediately preceding fact.  If names are omitted, the theorems are
+  not stored within the theorem database of the theory or proof
+  context, but any given attributes are applied nonetheless.
+
+  An extra pair of brackets around attributes (like ``@{text
+  "[[simproc a]]"}'') abbreviates a theorem reference involving an
+  internal dummy fact, which will be ignored later on.  So only the
+  effect of the attribute on the background context will persist.
+  This form of in-place declarations is particularly useful with
+  commands like @{command "declare"} and @{command "using"}.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def axmdecl}: @{syntax name} @{syntax attributes}? ':'
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def thmdecl}: thmbind ':'
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def thmdef}: thmbind '='
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def thmref}:
+      (@{syntax nameref} selection? | @{syntax altstring}) @{syntax attributes}? |
+      '[' @{syntax attributes} ']'
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def thmrefs}: @{syntax thmref} +
+    ;
+
+    thmbind: @{syntax name} @{syntax attributes} | @{syntax name} | @{syntax attributes}
+    ;
+    selection: '(' ((@{syntax nat} | @{syntax nat} '-' @{syntax nat}?) + ',') ')'
+  "}
+*}
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Preface.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Preface.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+theory Preface
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* Preface *}
+
+text {*
+  The \emph{Isabelle} system essentially provides a generic
+  infrastructure for building deductive systems (programmed in
+  Standard ML), with a special focus on interactive theorem proving in
+  higher-order logics.  Many years ago, even end-users would refer to
+  certain ML functions (goal commands, tactics, tacticals etc.) to
+  pursue their everyday theorem proving tasks.
+  
+  In contrast \emph{Isar} provides an interpreted language environment
+  of its own, which has been specifically tailored for the needs of
+  theory and proof development.  Compared to raw ML, the Isabelle/Isar
+  top-level provides a more robust and comfortable development
+  platform, with proper support for theory development graphs, managed
+  transactions with unlimited undo etc.  The Isabelle/Isar version of
+  the \emph{Proof~General} user interface
+  \cite{proofgeneral,Aspinall:TACAS:2000} provides a decent front-end
+  for interactive theory and proof development in this advanced
+  theorem proving environment, even though it is somewhat biased
+  towards old-style proof scripts.
+
+  \medskip Apart from the technical advances over bare-bones ML
+  programming, the main purpose of the Isar language is to provide a
+  conceptually different view on machine-checked proofs
+  \cite{Wenzel:1999:TPHOL,Wenzel-PhD}.  \emph{Isar} stands for
+  \emph{Intelligible semi-automated reasoning}.  Drawing from both the
+  traditions of informal mathematical proof texts and high-level
+  programming languages, Isar offers a versatile environment for
+  structured formal proof documents.  Thus properly written Isar
+  proofs become accessible to a broader audience than unstructured
+  tactic scripts (which typically only provide operational information
+  for the machine).  Writing human-readable proof texts certainly
+  requires some additional efforts by the writer to achieve a good
+  presentation, both of formal and informal parts of the text.  On the
+  other hand, human-readable formal texts gain some value in their own
+  right, independently of the mechanic proof-checking process.
+
+  Despite its grand design of structured proof texts, Isar is able to
+  assimilate the old tactical style as an ``improper'' sub-language.
+  This provides an easy upgrade path for existing tactic scripts, as
+  well as some means for interactive experimentation and debugging of
+  structured proofs.  Isabelle/Isar supports a broad range of proof
+  styles, both readable and unreadable ones.
+
+  \medskip The generic Isabelle/Isar framework (see
+  \chref{ch:isar-framework}) works reasonably well for any Isabelle
+  object-logic that conforms to the natural deduction view of the
+  Isabelle/Pure framework.  Specific language elements introduced by
+  Isabelle/HOL are described in \chref{ch:hol}.  Although the main
+  language elements are already provided by the Isabelle/Pure
+  framework, examples given in the generic parts will usually refer to
+  Isabelle/HOL.
+
+  \medskip Isar commands may be either \emph{proper} document
+  constructors, or \emph{improper commands}.  Some proof methods and
+  attributes introduced later are classified as improper as well.
+  Improper Isar language elements, which are marked by ``@{text
+  "\<^sup>*"}'' in the subsequent chapters; they are often helpful
+  when developing proof documents, but their use is discouraged for
+  the final human-readable outcome.  Typical examples are diagnostic
+  commands that print terms or theorems according to the current
+  context; other commands emulate old-style tactical theorem proving.
+*}
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Proof.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Proof.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1522 @@
+theory Proof
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* Proofs \label{ch:proofs} *}
+
+text {*
+  Proof commands perform transitions of Isar/VM machine
+  configurations, which are block-structured, consisting of a stack of
+  nodes with three main components: logical proof context, current
+  facts, and open goals.  Isar/VM transitions are typed according to
+  the following three different modes of operation:
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{text "proof(prove)"} means that a new goal has just been
+  stated that is now to be \emph{proven}; the next command may refine
+  it by some proof method, and enter a sub-proof to establish the
+  actual result.
+
+  \item @{text "proof(state)"} is like a nested theory mode: the
+  context may be augmented by \emph{stating} additional assumptions,
+  intermediate results etc.
+
+  \item @{text "proof(chain)"} is intermediate between @{text
+  "proof(state)"} and @{text "proof(prove)"}: existing facts (i.e.\
+  the contents of the special ``@{fact_ref this}'' register) have been
+  just picked up in order to be used when refining the goal claimed
+  next.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  The proof mode indicator may be understood as an instruction to the
+  writer, telling what kind of operation may be performed next.  The
+  corresponding typings of proof commands restricts the shape of
+  well-formed proof texts to particular command sequences.  So dynamic
+  arrangements of commands eventually turn out as static texts of a
+  certain structure.
+
+  \Appref{ap:refcard} gives a simplified grammar of the (extensible)
+  language emerging that way from the different types of proof
+  commands.  The main ideas of the overall Isar framework are
+  explained in \chref{ch:isar-framework}.
+*}
+
+
+section {* Proof structure *}
+
+subsection {* Formal notepad *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "notepad"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command notepad} @'begin'
+    ;
+    @@{command end}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "notepad"}~@{keyword "begin"} opens a proof state
+  without any goal statement.  This allows to experiment with Isar,
+  without producing any persistent result.
+
+  The notepad can be closed by @{command "end"} or discontinued by
+  @{command "oops"}.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Blocks *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "next"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{command_def "{"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{command_def "}"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  While Isar is inherently block-structured, opening and closing
+  blocks is mostly handled rather casually, with little explicit
+  user-intervention.  Any local goal statement automatically opens
+  \emph{two} internal blocks, which are closed again when concluding
+  the sub-proof (by @{command "qed"} etc.).  Sections of different
+  context within a sub-proof may be switched via @{command "next"},
+  which is just a single block-close followed by block-open again.
+  The effect of @{command "next"} is to reset the local proof context;
+  there is no goal focus involved here!
+
+  For slightly more advanced applications, there are explicit block
+  parentheses as well.  These typically achieve a stronger forward
+  style of reasoning.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "next"} switches to a fresh block within a
+  sub-proof, resetting the local context to the initial one.
+
+  \item @{command "{"} and @{command "}"} explicitly open and close
+  blocks.  Any current facts pass through ``@{command "{"}''
+  unchanged, while ``@{command "}"}'' causes any result to be
+  \emph{exported} into the enclosing context.  Thus fixed variables
+  are generalized, assumptions discharged, and local definitions
+  unfolded (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}).  There is no difference
+  of @{command "assume"} and @{command "presume"} in this mode of
+  forward reasoning --- in contrast to plain backward reasoning with
+  the result exported at @{command "show"} time.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Omitting proofs *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "oops"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> local_theory | theory"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  The @{command "oops"} command discontinues the current proof
+  attempt, while considering the partial proof text as properly
+  processed.  This is conceptually quite different from ``faking''
+  actual proofs via @{command_ref "sorry"} (see
+  \secref{sec:proof-steps}): @{command "oops"} does not observe the
+  proof structure at all, but goes back right to the theory level.
+  Furthermore, @{command "oops"} does not produce any result theorem
+  --- there is no intended claim to be able to complete the proof
+  in any way.
+
+  A typical application of @{command "oops"} is to explain Isar proofs
+  \emph{within} the system itself, in conjunction with the document
+  preparation tools of Isabelle described in \chref{ch:document-prep}.
+  Thus partial or even wrong proof attempts can be discussed in a
+  logically sound manner.  Note that the Isabelle {\LaTeX} macros can
+  be easily adapted to print something like ``@{text "\<dots>"}'' instead of
+  the keyword ``@{command "oops"}''.
+*}
+
+
+section {* Statements *}
+
+subsection {* Context elements \label{sec:proof-context} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "fix"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{command_def "assume"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{command_def "presume"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{command_def "def"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  The logical proof context consists of fixed variables and
+  assumptions.  The former closely correspond to Skolem constants, or
+  meta-level universal quantification as provided by the Isabelle/Pure
+  logical framework.  Introducing some \emph{arbitrary, but fixed}
+  variable via ``@{command "fix"}~@{text x}'' results in a local value
+  that may be used in the subsequent proof as any other variable or
+  constant.  Furthermore, any result @{text "\<turnstile> \<phi>[x]"} exported from
+  the context will be universally closed wrt.\ @{text x} at the
+  outermost level: @{text "\<turnstile> \<And>x. \<phi>[x]"} (this is expressed in normal
+  form using Isabelle's meta-variables).
+
+  Similarly, introducing some assumption @{text \<chi>} has two effects.
+  On the one hand, a local theorem is created that may be used as a
+  fact in subsequent proof steps.  On the other hand, any result
+  @{text "\<chi> \<turnstile> \<phi>"} exported from the context becomes conditional wrt.\
+  the assumption: @{text "\<turnstile> \<chi> \<Longrightarrow> \<phi>"}.  Thus, solving an enclosing goal
+  using such a result would basically introduce a new subgoal stemming
+  from the assumption.  How this situation is handled depends on the
+  version of assumption command used: while @{command "assume"}
+  insists on solving the subgoal by unification with some premise of
+  the goal, @{command "presume"} leaves the subgoal unchanged in order
+  to be proved later by the user.
+
+  Local definitions, introduced by ``@{command "def"}~@{text "x \<equiv>
+  t"}'', are achieved by combining ``@{command "fix"}~@{text x}'' with
+  another version of assumption that causes any hypothetical equation
+  @{text "x \<equiv> t"} to be eliminated by the reflexivity rule.  Thus,
+  exporting some result @{text "x \<equiv> t \<turnstile> \<phi>[x]"} yields @{text "\<turnstile>
+  \<phi>[t]"}.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command fix} (@{syntax vars} + @'and')
+    ;
+    (@@{command assume} | @@{command presume}) (@{syntax props} + @'and')
+    ;
+    @@{command def} (def + @'and')
+    ;
+    def: @{syntax thmdecl}? \\ @{syntax name} ('==' | '\<equiv>') @{syntax term} @{syntax term_pat}?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{command "fix"}~@{text x} introduces a local variable @{text
+  x} that is \emph{arbitrary, but fixed.}
+  
+  \item @{command "assume"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} and @{command
+  "presume"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} introduce a local fact @{text "\<phi> \<turnstile> \<phi>"} by
+  assumption.  Subsequent results applied to an enclosing goal (e.g.\
+  by @{command_ref "show"}) are handled as follows: @{command
+  "assume"} expects to be able to unify with existing premises in the
+  goal, while @{command "presume"} leaves @{text \<phi>} as new subgoals.
+  
+  Several lists of assumptions may be given (separated by
+  @{keyword_ref "and"}; the resulting list of current facts consists
+  of all of these concatenated.
+  
+  \item @{command "def"}~@{text "x \<equiv> t"} introduces a local
+  (non-polymorphic) definition.  In results exported from the context,
+  @{text x} is replaced by @{text t}.  Basically, ``@{command
+  "def"}~@{text "x \<equiv> t"}'' abbreviates ``@{command "fix"}~@{text
+  x}~@{command "assume"}~@{text "x \<equiv> t"}'', with the resulting
+  hypothetical equation solved by reflexivity.
+  
+  The default name for the definitional equation is @{text x_def}.
+  Several simultaneous definitions may be given at the same time.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  The special name @{fact_ref prems} refers to all assumptions of the
+  current context as a list of theorems.  This feature should be used
+  with great care!  It is better avoided in final proof texts.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Term abbreviations \label{sec:term-abbrev} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "let"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{keyword_def "is"} & : & syntax \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Abbreviations may be either bound by explicit @{command
+  "let"}~@{text "p \<equiv> t"} statements, or by annotating assumptions or
+  goal statements with a list of patterns ``@{text "(\<IS> p\<^sub>1 \<dots>
+  p\<^sub>n)"}''.  In both cases, higher-order matching is invoked to
+  bind extra-logical term variables, which may be either named
+  schematic variables of the form @{text ?x}, or nameless dummies
+  ``@{variable _}'' (underscore). Note that in the @{command "let"}
+  form the patterns occur on the left-hand side, while the @{keyword
+  "is"} patterns are in postfix position.
+
+  Polymorphism of term bindings is handled in Hindley-Milner style,
+  similar to ML.  Type variables referring to local assumptions or
+  open goal statements are \emph{fixed}, while those of finished
+  results or bound by @{command "let"} may occur in \emph{arbitrary}
+  instances later.  Even though actual polymorphism should be rarely
+  used in practice, this mechanism is essential to achieve proper
+  incremental type-inference, as the user proceeds to build up the
+  Isar proof text from left to right.
+
+  \medskip Term abbreviations are quite different from local
+  definitions as introduced via @{command "def"} (see
+  \secref{sec:proof-context}).  The latter are visible within the
+  logic as actual equations, while abbreviations disappear during the
+  input process just after type checking.  Also note that @{command
+  "def"} does not support polymorphism.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command let} ((@{syntax term} + @'and') '=' @{syntax term} + @'and')
+  "}
+
+  The syntax of @{keyword "is"} patterns follows @{syntax term_pat} or
+  @{syntax prop_pat} (see \secref{sec:term-decls}).
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "let"}~@{text "p\<^sub>1 = t\<^sub>1 \<AND> \<dots> p\<^sub>n = t\<^sub>n"} binds any
+  text variables in patterns @{text "p\<^sub>1, \<dots>, p\<^sub>n"} by simultaneous
+  higher-order matching against terms @{text "t\<^sub>1, \<dots>, t\<^sub>n"}.
+
+  \item @{text "(\<IS> p\<^sub>1 \<dots> p\<^sub>n)"} resembles @{command "let"}, but
+  matches @{text "p\<^sub>1, \<dots>, p\<^sub>n"} against the preceding statement.  Also
+  note that @{keyword "is"} is not a separate command, but part of
+  others (such as @{command "assume"}, @{command "have"} etc.).
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Some \emph{implicit} term abbreviations\index{term abbreviations}
+  for goals and facts are available as well.  For any open goal,
+  @{variable_ref thesis} refers to its object-level statement,
+  abstracted over any meta-level parameters (if present).  Likewise,
+  @{variable_ref this} is bound for fact statements resulting from
+  assumptions or finished goals.  In case @{variable this} refers to
+  an object-logic statement that is an application @{text "f t"}, then
+  @{text t} is bound to the special text variable ``@{variable "\<dots>"}''
+  (three dots).  The canonical application of this convenience are
+  calculational proofs (see \secref{sec:calculation}).
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Facts and forward chaining \label{sec:proof-facts} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "note"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{command_def "then"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(chain)"} \\
+    @{command_def "from"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(chain)"} \\
+    @{command_def "with"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(chain)"} \\
+    @{command_def "using"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "unfolding"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  New facts are established either by assumption or proof of local
+  statements.  Any fact will usually be involved in further proofs,
+  either as explicit arguments of proof methods, or when forward
+  chaining towards the next goal via @{command "then"} (and variants);
+  @{command "from"} and @{command "with"} are composite forms
+  involving @{command "note"}.  The @{command "using"} elements
+  augments the collection of used facts \emph{after} a goal has been
+  stated.  Note that the special theorem name @{fact_ref this} refers
+  to the most recently established facts, but only \emph{before}
+  issuing a follow-up claim.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command note} (@{syntax thmdef}? @{syntax thmrefs} + @'and')
+    ;
+    (@@{command from} | @@{command with} | @@{command using} | @@{command unfolding})
+      (@{syntax thmrefs} + @'and')
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "note"}~@{text "a = b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} recalls existing facts
+  @{text "b\<^sub>1, \<dots>, b\<^sub>n"}, binding the result as @{text a}.  Note that
+  attributes may be involved as well, both on the left and right hand
+  sides.
+
+  \item @{command "then"} indicates forward chaining by the current
+  facts in order to establish the goal to be claimed next.  The
+  initial proof method invoked to refine that will be offered the
+  facts to do ``anything appropriate'' (see also
+  \secref{sec:proof-steps}).  For example, method @{method (Pure) rule}
+  (see \secref{sec:pure-meth-att}) would typically do an elimination
+  rather than an introduction.  Automatic methods usually insert the
+  facts into the goal state before operation.  This provides a simple
+  scheme to control relevance of facts in automated proof search.
+  
+  \item @{command "from"}~@{text b} abbreviates ``@{command
+  "note"}~@{text b}~@{command "then"}''; thus @{command "then"} is
+  equivalent to ``@{command "from"}~@{text this}''.
+  
+  \item @{command "with"}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} abbreviates ``@{command
+  "from"}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n \<AND> this"}''; thus the forward chaining
+  is from earlier facts together with the current ones.
+  
+  \item @{command "using"}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} augments the facts being
+  currently indicated for use by a subsequent refinement step (such as
+  @{command_ref "apply"} or @{command_ref "proof"}).
+  
+  \item @{command "unfolding"}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} is structurally
+  similar to @{command "using"}, but unfolds definitional equations
+  @{text "b\<^sub>1, \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} throughout the goal state and facts.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Forward chaining with an empty list of theorems is the same as not
+  chaining at all.  Thus ``@{command "from"}~@{text nothing}'' has no
+  effect apart from entering @{text "prove(chain)"} mode, since
+  @{fact_ref nothing} is bound to the empty list of theorems.
+
+  Basic proof methods (such as @{method_ref (Pure) rule}) expect multiple
+  facts to be given in their proper order, corresponding to a prefix
+  of the premises of the rule involved.  Note that positions may be
+  easily skipped using something like @{command "from"}~@{text "_
+  \<AND> a \<AND> b"}, for example.  This involves the trivial rule
+  @{text "PROP \<psi> \<Longrightarrow> PROP \<psi>"}, which is bound in Isabelle/Pure as
+  ``@{fact_ref "_"}'' (underscore).
+
+  Automated methods (such as @{method simp} or @{method auto}) just
+  insert any given facts before their usual operation.  Depending on
+  the kind of procedure involved, the order of facts is less
+  significant here.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Goals \label{sec:goals} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "lemma"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "theorem"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "corollary"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "schematic_lemma"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "schematic_theorem"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "schematic_corollary"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "have"} & : & @{text "proof(state) | proof(chain) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "show"} & : & @{text "proof(state) | proof(chain) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "hence"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "thus"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_statement"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  From a theory context, proof mode is entered by an initial goal
+  command such as @{command "lemma"}, @{command "theorem"}, or
+  @{command "corollary"}.  Within a proof, new claims may be
+  introduced locally as well; four variants are available here to
+  indicate whether forward chaining of facts should be performed
+  initially (via @{command_ref "then"}), and whether the final result
+  is meant to solve some pending goal.
+
+  Goals may consist of multiple statements, resulting in a list of
+  facts eventually.  A pending multi-goal is internally represented as
+  a meta-level conjunction (@{text "&&&"}), which is usually
+  split into the corresponding number of sub-goals prior to an initial
+  method application, via @{command_ref "proof"}
+  (\secref{sec:proof-steps}) or @{command_ref "apply"}
+  (\secref{sec:tactic-commands}).  The @{method_ref induct} method
+  covered in \secref{sec:cases-induct} acts on multiple claims
+  simultaneously.
+
+  Claims at the theory level may be either in short or long form.  A
+  short goal merely consists of several simultaneous propositions
+  (often just one).  A long goal includes an explicit context
+  specification for the subsequent conclusion, involving local
+  parameters and assumptions.  Here the role of each part of the
+  statement is explicitly marked by separate keywords (see also
+  \secref{sec:locale}); the local assumptions being introduced here
+  are available as @{fact_ref assms} in the proof.  Moreover, there
+  are two kinds of conclusions: @{element_def "shows"} states several
+  simultaneous propositions (essentially a big conjunction), while
+  @{element_def "obtains"} claims several simultaneous simultaneous
+  contexts of (essentially a big disjunction of eliminated parameters
+  and assumptions, cf.\ \secref{sec:obtain}).
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{command lemma} | @@{command theorem} | @@{command corollary} |
+     @@{command schematic_lemma} | @@{command schematic_theorem} |
+     @@{command schematic_corollary}) @{syntax target}? (goal | longgoal)
+    ;
+    (@@{command have} | @@{command show} | @@{command hence} | @@{command thus}) goal
+    ;
+    @@{command print_statement} @{syntax modes}? @{syntax thmrefs}
+    ;
+  
+    goal: (@{syntax props} + @'and')
+    ;
+    longgoal: @{syntax thmdecl}? (@{syntax_ref \"includes\"}?) (@{syntax context_elem} * ) conclusion
+    ;
+    conclusion: @'shows' goal | @'obtains' (@{syntax parname}? case + '|')
+    ;
+    case: (@{syntax vars} + @'and') @'where' (@{syntax props} + @'and')
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{command "lemma"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} enters proof mode with
+  @{text \<phi>} as main goal, eventually resulting in some fact @{text "\<turnstile>
+  \<phi>"} to be put back into the target context.  An additional @{syntax
+  context} specification may build up an initial proof context for the
+  subsequent claim; this includes local definitions and syntax as
+  well, see also @{syntax "includes"} in \secref{sec:bundle} and
+  @{syntax context_elem} in \secref{sec:locale}.
+  
+  \item @{command "theorem"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} and @{command
+  "corollary"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} are essentially the same as @{command
+  "lemma"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"}, but the facts are internally marked as
+  being of a different kind.  This discrimination acts like a formal
+  comment.
+
+  \item @{command "schematic_lemma"}, @{command "schematic_theorem"},
+  @{command "schematic_corollary"} are similar to @{command "lemma"},
+  @{command "theorem"}, @{command "corollary"}, respectively but allow
+  the statement to contain unbound schematic variables.
+
+  Under normal circumstances, an Isar proof text needs to specify
+  claims explicitly.  Schematic goals are more like goals in Prolog,
+  where certain results are synthesized in the course of reasoning.
+  With schematic statements, the inherent compositionality of Isar
+  proofs is lost, which also impacts performance, because proof
+  checking is forced into sequential mode.
+  
+  \item @{command "have"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} claims a local goal,
+  eventually resulting in a fact within the current logical context.
+  This operation is completely independent of any pending sub-goals of
+  an enclosing goal statements, so @{command "have"} may be freely
+  used for experimental exploration of potential results within a
+  proof body.
+  
+  \item @{command "show"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} is like @{command
+  "have"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} plus a second stage to refine some pending
+  sub-goal for each one of the finished result, after having been
+  exported into the corresponding context (at the head of the
+  sub-proof of this @{command "show"} command).
+  
+  To accommodate interactive debugging, resulting rules are printed
+  before being applied internally.  Even more, interactive execution
+  of @{command "show"} predicts potential failure and displays the
+  resulting error as a warning beforehand.  Watch out for the
+  following message:
+
+  %FIXME proper antiquitation
+  \begin{ttbox}
+  Problem! Local statement will fail to solve any pending goal
+  \end{ttbox}
+  
+  \item @{command "hence"} abbreviates ``@{command "then"}~@{command
+  "have"}'', i.e.\ claims a local goal to be proven by forward
+  chaining the current facts.  Note that @{command "hence"} is also
+  equivalent to ``@{command "from"}~@{text this}~@{command "have"}''.
+  
+  \item @{command "thus"} abbreviates ``@{command "then"}~@{command
+  "show"}''.  Note that @{command "thus"} is also equivalent to
+  ``@{command "from"}~@{text this}~@{command "show"}''.
+  
+  \item @{command "print_statement"}~@{text a} prints facts from the
+  current theory or proof context in long statement form, according to
+  the syntax for @{command "lemma"} given above.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Any goal statement causes some term abbreviations (such as
+  @{variable_ref "?thesis"}) to be bound automatically, see also
+  \secref{sec:term-abbrev}.
+
+  The optional case names of @{element_ref "obtains"} have a twofold
+  meaning: (1) during the of this claim they refer to the the local
+  context introductions, (2) the resulting rule is annotated
+  accordingly to support symbolic case splits when used with the
+  @{method_ref cases} method (cf.\ \secref{sec:cases-induct}).
+*}
+
+
+section {* Refinement steps *}
+
+subsection {* Proof method expressions \label{sec:proof-meth} *}
+
+text {* Proof methods are either basic ones, or expressions composed
+  of methods via ``@{verbatim ","}'' (sequential composition),
+  ``@{verbatim "|"}'' (alternative choices), ``@{verbatim "?"}''
+  (try), ``@{verbatim "+"}'' (repeat at least once), ``@{verbatim
+  "["}@{text n}@{verbatim "]"}'' (restriction to first @{text n}
+  sub-goals, with default @{text "n = 1"}).  In practice, proof
+  methods are usually just a comma separated list of @{syntax
+  nameref}~@{syntax args} specifications.  Note that parentheses may
+  be dropped for single method specifications (with no arguments).
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def method}:
+      (@{syntax nameref} | '(' methods ')') (() | '?' | '+' | '[' @{syntax nat}? ']')
+    ;
+    methods: (@{syntax nameref} @{syntax args} | @{syntax method}) + (',' | '|')
+  "}
+
+  Proper Isar proof methods do \emph{not} admit arbitrary goal
+  addressing, but refer either to the first sub-goal or all sub-goals
+  uniformly.  The goal restriction operator ``@{text "[n]"}''
+  evaluates a method expression within a sandbox consisting of the
+  first @{text n} sub-goals (which need to exist).  For example, the
+  method ``@{text "simp_all[3]"}'' simplifies the first three
+  sub-goals, while ``@{text "(rule foo, simp_all)[]"}'' simplifies all
+  new goals that emerge from applying rule @{text "foo"} to the
+  originally first one.
+
+  Improper methods, notably tactic emulations, offer a separate
+  low-level goal addressing scheme as explicit argument to the
+  individual tactic being involved.  Here ``@{text "[!]"}'' refers to
+  all goals, and ``@{text "[n-]"}'' to all goals starting from @{text
+  "n"}.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def goal_spec}:
+      '[' (@{syntax nat} '-' @{syntax nat} | @{syntax nat} '-' | @{syntax nat} | '!' ) ']'
+  "}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Initial and terminal proof steps \label{sec:proof-steps} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "proof"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{command_def "qed"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state) | local_theory | theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "by"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(state) | local_theory | theory"} \\
+    @{command_def ".."} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(state) | local_theory | theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "."} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(state) | local_theory | theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "sorry"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(state) | local_theory | theory"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Arbitrary goal refinement via tactics is considered harmful.
+  Structured proof composition in Isar admits proof methods to be
+  invoked in two places only.
+
+  \begin{enumerate}
+
+  \item An \emph{initial} refinement step @{command_ref
+  "proof"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"} reduces a newly stated goal to a number
+  of sub-goals that are to be solved later.  Facts are passed to
+  @{text "m\<^sub>1"} for forward chaining, if so indicated by @{text
+  "proof(chain)"} mode.
+  
+  \item A \emph{terminal} conclusion step @{command_ref "qed"}~@{text
+  "m\<^sub>2"} is intended to solve remaining goals.  No facts are
+  passed to @{text "m\<^sub>2"}.
+
+  \end{enumerate}
+
+  The only other (proper) way to affect pending goals in a proof body
+  is by @{command_ref "show"}, which involves an explicit statement of
+  what is to be solved eventually.  Thus we avoid the fundamental
+  problem of unstructured tactic scripts that consist of numerous
+  consecutive goal transformations, with invisible effects.
+
+  \medskip As a general rule of thumb for good proof style, initial
+  proof methods should either solve the goal completely, or constitute
+  some well-understood reduction to new sub-goals.  Arbitrary
+  automatic proof tools that are prone leave a large number of badly
+  structured sub-goals are no help in continuing the proof document in
+  an intelligible manner.
+
+  Unless given explicitly by the user, the default initial method is
+  @{method_ref (Pure) rule} (or its classical variant @{method_ref
+  rule}), which applies a single standard elimination or introduction
+  rule according to the topmost symbol involved.  There is no separate
+  default terminal method.  Any remaining goals are always solved by
+  assumption in the very last step.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command proof} method?
+    ;
+    @@{command qed} method?
+    ;
+    @@{command \"by\"} method method?
+    ;
+    (@@{command \".\"} | @@{command \"..\"} | @@{command sorry})
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{command "proof"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"} refines the goal by proof
+  method @{text "m\<^sub>1"}; facts for forward chaining are passed if so
+  indicated by @{text "proof(chain)"} mode.
+  
+  \item @{command "qed"}~@{text "m\<^sub>2"} refines any remaining goals by
+  proof method @{text "m\<^sub>2"} and concludes the sub-proof by assumption.
+  If the goal had been @{text "show"} (or @{text "thus"}), some
+  pending sub-goal is solved as well by the rule resulting from the
+  result \emph{exported} into the enclosing goal context.  Thus @{text
+  "qed"} may fail for two reasons: either @{text "m\<^sub>2"} fails, or the
+  resulting rule does not fit to any pending goal\footnote{This
+  includes any additional ``strong'' assumptions as introduced by
+  @{command "assume"}.} of the enclosing context.  Debugging such a
+  situation might involve temporarily changing @{command "show"} into
+  @{command "have"}, or weakening the local context by replacing
+  occurrences of @{command "assume"} by @{command "presume"}.
+  
+  \item @{command "by"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1 m\<^sub>2"} is a \emph{terminal
+  proof}\index{proof!terminal}; it abbreviates @{command
+  "proof"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"}~@{command "qed"}~@{text "m\<^sub>2"}, but with
+  backtracking across both methods.  Debugging an unsuccessful
+  @{command "by"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1 m\<^sub>2"} command can be done by expanding its
+  definition; in many cases @{command "proof"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"} (or even
+  @{text "apply"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"}) is already sufficient to see the
+  problem.
+
+  \item ``@{command ".."}'' is a \emph{default
+  proof}\index{proof!default}; it abbreviates @{command "by"}~@{text
+  "rule"}.
+
+  \item ``@{command "."}'' is a \emph{trivial
+  proof}\index{proof!trivial}; it abbreviates @{command "by"}~@{text
+  "this"}.
+  
+  \item @{command "sorry"} is a \emph{fake proof}\index{proof!fake}
+  pretending to solve the pending claim without further ado.  This
+  only works in interactive development, or if the @{ML
+  quick_and_dirty} flag is enabled (in ML).  Facts emerging from fake
+  proofs are not the real thing.  Internally, each theorem container
+  is tainted by an oracle invocation, which is indicated as ``@{text
+  "[!]"}'' in the printed result.
+  
+  The most important application of @{command "sorry"} is to support
+  experimentation and top-down proof development.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Fundamental methods and attributes \label{sec:pure-meth-att} *}
+
+text {*
+  The following proof methods and attributes refer to basic logical
+  operations of Isar.  Further methods and attributes are provided by
+  several generic and object-logic specific tools and packages (see
+  \chref{ch:gen-tools} and \chref{ch:hol}).
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def "-"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def "fact"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def "assumption"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def "this"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def (Pure) "rule"} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{attribute_def (Pure) "intro"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (Pure) "elim"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (Pure) "dest"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def (Pure) "rule"} & : & @{text attribute} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{attribute_def "OF"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def "of"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def "where"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{method fact} @{syntax thmrefs}?
+    ;
+    @@{method (Pure) rule} @{syntax thmrefs}?
+    ;
+    rulemod: ('intro' | 'elim' | 'dest')
+      ((('!' | () | '?') @{syntax nat}?) | 'del') ':' @{syntax thmrefs}
+    ;
+    (@@{attribute intro} | @@{attribute elim} | @@{attribute dest})
+      ('!' | () | '?') @{syntax nat}?
+    ;
+    @@{attribute (Pure) rule} 'del'
+    ;
+    @@{attribute OF} @{syntax thmrefs}
+    ;
+    @@{attribute of} @{syntax insts} ('concl' ':' @{syntax insts})?
+    ;
+    @@{attribute \"where\"}
+      ((@{syntax name} | @{syntax var} | @{syntax typefree} | @{syntax typevar}) '='
+      (@{syntax type} | @{syntax term}) * @'and')
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item ``@{method "-"}'' (minus) does nothing but insert the forward
+  chaining facts as premises into the goal.  Note that command
+  @{command_ref "proof"} without any method actually performs a single
+  reduction step using the @{method_ref (Pure) rule} method; thus a plain
+  \emph{do-nothing} proof step would be ``@{command "proof"}~@{text
+  "-"}'' rather than @{command "proof"} alone.
+  
+  \item @{method "fact"}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} composes some fact from
+  @{text "a\<^sub>1, \<dots>, a\<^sub>n"} (or implicitly from the current proof context)
+  modulo unification of schematic type and term variables.  The rule
+  structure is not taken into account, i.e.\ meta-level implication is
+  considered atomic.  This is the same principle underlying literal
+  facts (cf.\ \secref{sec:syn-att}): ``@{command "have"}~@{text
+  "\<phi>"}~@{command "by"}~@{text fact}'' is equivalent to ``@{command
+  "note"}~@{verbatim "`"}@{text \<phi>}@{verbatim "`"}'' provided that
+  @{text "\<turnstile> \<phi>"} is an instance of some known @{text "\<turnstile> \<phi>"} in the
+  proof context.
+  
+  \item @{method assumption} solves some goal by a single assumption
+  step.  All given facts are guaranteed to participate in the
+  refinement; this means there may be only 0 or 1 in the first place.
+  Recall that @{command "qed"} (\secref{sec:proof-steps}) already
+  concludes any remaining sub-goals by assumption, so structured
+  proofs usually need not quote the @{method assumption} method at
+  all.
+  
+  \item @{method this} applies all of the current facts directly as
+  rules.  Recall that ``@{command "."}'' (dot) abbreviates ``@{command
+  "by"}~@{text this}''.
+  
+  \item @{method (Pure) rule}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} applies some rule given as
+  argument in backward manner; facts are used to reduce the rule
+  before applying it to the goal.  Thus @{method (Pure) rule} without facts
+  is plain introduction, while with facts it becomes elimination.
+  
+  When no arguments are given, the @{method (Pure) rule} method tries to pick
+  appropriate rules automatically, as declared in the current context
+  using the @{attribute (Pure) intro}, @{attribute (Pure) elim},
+  @{attribute (Pure) dest} attributes (see below).  This is the
+  default behavior of @{command "proof"} and ``@{command ".."}'' 
+  (double-dot) steps (see \secref{sec:proof-steps}).
+  
+  \item @{attribute (Pure) intro}, @{attribute (Pure) elim}, and
+  @{attribute (Pure) dest} declare introduction, elimination, and
+  destruct rules, to be used with method @{method (Pure) rule}, and similar
+  tools.  Note that the latter will ignore rules declared with
+  ``@{text "?"}'', while ``@{text "!"}''  are used most aggressively.
+  
+  The classical reasoner (see \secref{sec:classical}) introduces its
+  own variants of these attributes; use qualified names to access the
+  present versions of Isabelle/Pure, i.e.\ @{attribute (Pure)
+  "Pure.intro"}.
+  
+  \item @{attribute (Pure) rule}~@{text del} undeclares introduction,
+  elimination, or destruct rules.
+  
+  \item @{attribute OF}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} applies some theorem to all
+  of the given rules @{text "a\<^sub>1, \<dots>, a\<^sub>n"} in canonical right-to-left
+  order, which means that premises stemming from the @{text "a\<^sub>i"}
+  emerge in parallel in the result, without interfering with each
+  other.  In many practical situations, the @{text "a\<^sub>i"} do not have
+  premises themselves, so @{text "rule [OF a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n]"} can be actually
+  read as functional application (modulo unification).
+
+  Argument positions may be effectively skipped by using ``@{text _}''
+  (underscore), which refers to the propositional identity rule in the
+  Pure theory.
+  
+  \item @{attribute of}~@{text "t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>n"} performs positional
+  instantiation of term variables.  The terms @{text "t\<^sub>1, \<dots>, t\<^sub>n"} are
+  substituted for any schematic variables occurring in a theorem from
+  left to right; ``@{text _}'' (underscore) indicates to skip a
+  position.  Arguments following a ``@{text "concl:"}'' specification
+  refer to positions of the conclusion of a rule.
+  
+  \item @{attribute "where"}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 = t\<^sub>1 \<AND> \<dots> x\<^sub>n = t\<^sub>n"}
+  performs named instantiation of schematic type and term variables
+  occurring in a theorem.  Schematic variables have to be specified on
+  the left-hand side (e.g.\ @{text "?x1.3"}).  The question mark may
+  be omitted if the variable name is a plain identifier without index.
+  As type instantiations are inferred from term instantiations,
+  explicit type instantiations are seldom necessary.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Emulating tactic scripts \label{sec:tactic-commands} *}
+
+text {*
+  The Isar provides separate commands to accommodate tactic-style
+  proof scripts within the same system.  While being outside the
+  orthodox Isar proof language, these might come in handy for
+  interactive exploration and debugging, or even actual tactical proof
+  within new-style theories (to benefit from document preparation, for
+  example).  See also \secref{sec:tactics} for actual tactics, that
+  have been encapsulated as proof methods.  Proper proof methods may
+  be used in scripts, too.
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "apply"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "apply_end"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{command_def "done"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(state) | local_theory | theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "defer"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
+    @{command_def "prefer"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
+    @{command_def "back"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    ( @@{command apply} | @@{command apply_end} ) @{syntax method}
+    ;
+    @@{command defer} @{syntax nat}?
+    ;
+    @@{command prefer} @{syntax nat}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "apply"}~@{text m} applies proof method @{text m} in
+  initial position, but unlike @{command "proof"} it retains ``@{text
+  "proof(prove)"}'' mode.  Thus consecutive method applications may be
+  given just as in tactic scripts.
+  
+  Facts are passed to @{text m} as indicated by the goal's
+  forward-chain mode, and are \emph{consumed} afterwards.  Thus any
+  further @{command "apply"} command would always work in a purely
+  backward manner.
+  
+  \item @{command "apply_end"}~@{text "m"} applies proof method @{text
+  m} as if in terminal position.  Basically, this simulates a
+  multi-step tactic script for @{command "qed"}, but may be given
+  anywhere within the proof body.
+  
+  No facts are passed to @{text m} here.  Furthermore, the static
+  context is that of the enclosing goal (as for actual @{command
+  "qed"}).  Thus the proof method may not refer to any assumptions
+  introduced in the current body, for example.
+  
+  \item @{command "done"} completes a proof script, provided that the
+  current goal state is solved completely.  Note that actual
+  structured proof commands (e.g.\ ``@{command "."}'' or @{command
+  "sorry"}) may be used to conclude proof scripts as well.
+
+  \item @{command "defer"}~@{text n} and @{command "prefer"}~@{text n}
+  shuffle the list of pending goals: @{command "defer"} puts off
+  sub-goal @{text n} to the end of the list (@{text "n = 1"} by
+  default), while @{command "prefer"} brings sub-goal @{text n} to the
+  front.
+  
+  \item @{command "back"} does back-tracking over the result sequence
+  of the latest proof command.  Basically, any proof command may
+  return multiple results.
+  
+  \end{description}
+
+  Any proper Isar proof method may be used with tactic script commands
+  such as @{command "apply"}.  A few additional emulations of actual
+  tactics are provided as well; these would be never used in actual
+  structured proofs, of course.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Defining proof methods *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "method_setup"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command method_setup} @{syntax name} '=' @{syntax text} @{syntax text}?
+    ;
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "method_setup"}~@{text "name = text description"}
+  defines a proof method in the current theory.  The given @{text
+  "text"} has to be an ML expression of type
+  @{ML_type "(Proof.context -> Proof.method) context_parser"}, cf.\
+  basic parsers defined in structure @{ML_struct Args} and @{ML_struct
+  Attrib}.  There are also combinators like @{ML METHOD} and @{ML
+  SIMPLE_METHOD} to turn certain tactic forms into official proof
+  methods; the primed versions refer to tactics with explicit goal
+  addressing.
+
+  Here are some example method definitions:
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+  method_setup my_method1 = {*
+    Scan.succeed (K (SIMPLE_METHOD' (fn i: int => no_tac)))
+  *}  "my first method (without any arguments)"
+
+  method_setup my_method2 = {*
+    Scan.succeed (fn ctxt: Proof.context =>
+      SIMPLE_METHOD' (fn i: int => no_tac))
+  *}  "my second method (with context)"
+
+  method_setup my_method3 = {*
+    Attrib.thms >> (fn thms: thm list => fn ctxt: Proof.context =>
+      SIMPLE_METHOD' (fn i: int => no_tac))
+  *}  "my third method (with theorem arguments and context)"
+
+
+section {* Generalized elimination \label{sec:obtain} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "obtain"} & : & @{text "proof(state) | proof(chain) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "guess"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof(state) | proof(chain) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Generalized elimination means that additional elements with certain
+  properties may be introduced in the current context, by virtue of a
+  locally proven ``soundness statement''.  Technically speaking, the
+  @{command "obtain"} language element is like a declaration of
+  @{command "fix"} and @{command "assume"} (see also see
+  \secref{sec:proof-context}), together with a soundness proof of its
+  additional claim.  According to the nature of existential reasoning,
+  assumptions get eliminated from any result exported from the context
+  later, provided that the corresponding parameters do \emph{not}
+  occur in the conclusion.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command obtain} @{syntax parname}? (@{syntax vars} + @'and')
+      @'where' (@{syntax props} + @'and')
+    ;
+    @@{command guess} (@{syntax vars} + @'and')
+  "}
+
+  The derived Isar command @{command "obtain"} is defined as follows
+  (where @{text "b\<^sub>1, \<dots>, b\<^sub>k"} shall refer to (optional)
+  facts indicated for forward chaining).
+  \begin{matharray}{l}
+    @{text "\<langle>using b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>k\<rangle>"}~~@{command "obtain"}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m \<WHERE> a: \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n  \<langle>proof\<rangle> \<equiv>"} \\[1ex]
+    \quad @{command "have"}~@{text "\<And>thesis. (\<And>x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m. \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> thesis) \<Longrightarrow> thesis"} \\
+    \quad @{command "proof"}~@{method succeed} \\
+    \qquad @{command "fix"}~@{text thesis} \\
+    \qquad @{command "assume"}~@{text "that [Pure.intro?]: \<And>x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m. \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> thesis"} \\
+    \qquad @{command "then"}~@{command "show"}~@{text thesis} \\
+    \quad\qquad @{command "apply"}~@{text -} \\
+    \quad\qquad @{command "using"}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>k  \<langle>proof\<rangle>"} \\
+    \quad @{command "qed"} \\
+    \quad @{command "fix"}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m"}~@{command "assume"}@{text "\<^sup>* a: \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Typically, the soundness proof is relatively straight-forward, often
+  just by canonical automated tools such as ``@{command "by"}~@{text
+  simp}'' or ``@{command "by"}~@{text blast}''.  Accordingly, the
+  ``@{text that}'' reduction above is declared as simplification and
+  introduction rule.
+
+  In a sense, @{command "obtain"} represents at the level of Isar
+  proofs what would be meta-logical existential quantifiers and
+  conjunctions.  This concept has a broad range of useful
+  applications, ranging from plain elimination (or introduction) of
+  object-level existential and conjunctions, to elimination over
+  results of symbolic evaluation of recursive definitions, for
+  example.  Also note that @{command "obtain"} without parameters acts
+  much like @{command "have"}, where the result is treated as a
+  genuine assumption.
+
+  An alternative name to be used instead of ``@{text that}'' above may
+  be given in parentheses.
+
+  \medskip The improper variant @{command "guess"} is similar to
+  @{command "obtain"}, but derives the obtained statement from the
+  course of reasoning!  The proof starts with a fixed goal @{text
+  thesis}.  The subsequent proof may refine this to anything of the
+  form like @{text "\<And>x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m. \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots>
+  \<phi>\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> thesis"}, but must not introduce new subgoals.  The
+  final goal state is then used as reduction rule for the obtain
+  scheme described above.  Obtained parameters @{text "x\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
+  x\<^sub>m"} are marked as internal by default, which prevents the
+  proof context from being polluted by ad-hoc variables.  The variable
+  names and type constraints given as arguments for @{command "guess"}
+  specify a prefix of obtained parameters explicitly in the text.
+
+  It is important to note that the facts introduced by @{command
+  "obtain"} and @{command "guess"} may not be polymorphic: any
+  type-variables occurring here are fixed in the present context!
+*}
+
+
+section {* Calculational reasoning \label{sec:calculation} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "also"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{command_def "finally"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(chain)"} \\
+    @{command_def "moreover"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{command_def "ultimately"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(chain)"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_trans_rules"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{attribute trans} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute sym} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute symmetric} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Calculational proof is forward reasoning with implicit application
+  of transitivity rules (such those of @{text "="}, @{text "\<le>"},
+  @{text "<"}).  Isabelle/Isar maintains an auxiliary fact register
+  @{fact_ref calculation} for accumulating results obtained by
+  transitivity composed with the current result.  Command @{command
+  "also"} updates @{fact calculation} involving @{fact this}, while
+  @{command "finally"} exhibits the final @{fact calculation} by
+  forward chaining towards the next goal statement.  Both commands
+  require valid current facts, i.e.\ may occur only after commands
+  that produce theorems such as @{command "assume"}, @{command
+  "note"}, or some finished proof of @{command "have"}, @{command
+  "show"} etc.  The @{command "moreover"} and @{command "ultimately"}
+  commands are similar to @{command "also"} and @{command "finally"},
+  but only collect further results in @{fact calculation} without
+  applying any rules yet.
+
+  Also note that the implicit term abbreviation ``@{text "\<dots>"}'' has
+  its canonical application with calculational proofs.  It refers to
+  the argument of the preceding statement. (The argument of a curried
+  infix expression happens to be its right-hand side.)
+
+  Isabelle/Isar calculations are implicitly subject to block structure
+  in the sense that new threads of calculational reasoning are
+  commenced for any new block (as opened by a local goal, for
+  example).  This means that, apart from being able to nest
+  calculations, there is no separate \emph{begin-calculation} command
+  required.
+
+  \medskip The Isar calculation proof commands may be defined as
+  follows:\footnote{We suppress internal bookkeeping such as proper
+  handling of block-structure.}
+
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command "also"}@{text "\<^sub>0"} & \equiv & @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = this"} \\
+    @{command "also"}@{text "\<^sub>n+1"} & \equiv & @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = trans [OF calculation this]"} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{command "finally"} & \equiv & @{command "also"}~@{command "from"}~@{text calculation} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{command "moreover"} & \equiv & @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = calculation this"} \\
+    @{command "ultimately"} & \equiv & @{command "moreover"}~@{command "from"}~@{text calculation} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{command also} | @@{command finally}) ('(' @{syntax thmrefs} ')')?
+    ;
+    @@{attribute trans} (() | 'add' | 'del')
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "also"}~@{text "(a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n)"} maintains the auxiliary
+  @{fact calculation} register as follows.  The first occurrence of
+  @{command "also"} in some calculational thread initializes @{fact
+  calculation} by @{fact this}. Any subsequent @{command "also"} on
+  the same level of block-structure updates @{fact calculation} by
+  some transitivity rule applied to @{fact calculation} and @{fact
+  this} (in that order).  Transitivity rules are picked from the
+  current context, unless alternative rules are given as explicit
+  arguments.
+
+  \item @{command "finally"}~@{text "(a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n)"} maintaining @{fact
+  calculation} in the same way as @{command "also"}, and concludes the
+  current calculational thread.  The final result is exhibited as fact
+  for forward chaining towards the next goal. Basically, @{command
+  "finally"} just abbreviates @{command "also"}~@{command
+  "from"}~@{fact calculation}.  Typical idioms for concluding
+  calculational proofs are ``@{command "finally"}~@{command
+  "show"}~@{text ?thesis}~@{command "."}'' and ``@{command
+  "finally"}~@{command "have"}~@{text \<phi>}~@{command "."}''.
+
+  \item @{command "moreover"} and @{command "ultimately"} are
+  analogous to @{command "also"} and @{command "finally"}, but collect
+  results only, without applying rules.
+
+  \item @{command "print_trans_rules"} prints the list of transitivity
+  rules (for calculational commands @{command "also"} and @{command
+  "finally"}) and symmetry rules (for the @{attribute symmetric}
+  operation and single step elimination patters) of the current
+  context.
+
+  \item @{attribute trans} declares theorems as transitivity rules.
+
+  \item @{attribute sym} declares symmetry rules, as well as
+  @{attribute "Pure.elim"}@{text "?"} rules.
+
+  \item @{attribute symmetric} resolves a theorem with some rule
+  declared as @{attribute sym} in the current context.  For example,
+  ``@{command "assume"}~@{text "[symmetric]: x = y"}'' produces a
+  swapped fact derived from that assumption.
+
+  In structured proof texts it is often more appropriate to use an
+  explicit single-step elimination proof, such as ``@{command
+  "assume"}~@{text "x = y"}~@{command "then"}~@{command "have"}~@{text
+  "y = x"}~@{command ".."}''.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Proof by cases and induction \label{sec:cases-induct} *}
+
+subsection {* Rule contexts *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "case"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_cases"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{attribute_def case_names} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def case_conclusion} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def params} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def consumes} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  The puristic way to build up Isar proof contexts is by explicit
+  language elements like @{command "fix"}, @{command "assume"},
+  @{command "let"} (see \secref{sec:proof-context}).  This is adequate
+  for plain natural deduction, but easily becomes unwieldy in concrete
+  verification tasks, which typically involve big induction rules with
+  several cases.
+
+  The @{command "case"} command provides a shorthand to refer to a
+  local context symbolically: certain proof methods provide an
+  environment of named ``cases'' of the form @{text "c: x\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
+  x\<^sub>m, \<phi>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<phi>\<^sub>n"}; the effect of ``@{command
+  "case"}~@{text c}'' is then equivalent to ``@{command "fix"}~@{text
+  "x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m"}~@{command "assume"}~@{text "c: \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots>
+  \<phi>\<^sub>n"}''.  Term bindings may be covered as well, notably
+  @{variable ?case} for the main conclusion.
+
+  By default, the ``terminology'' @{text "x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>m"} of
+  a case value is marked as hidden, i.e.\ there is no way to refer to
+  such parameters in the subsequent proof text.  After all, original
+  rule parameters stem from somewhere outside of the current proof
+  text.  By using the explicit form ``@{command "case"}~@{text "(c
+  y\<^sub>1 \<dots> y\<^sub>m)"}'' instead, the proof author is able to
+  chose local names that fit nicely into the current context.
+
+  \medskip It is important to note that proper use of @{command
+  "case"} does not provide means to peek at the current goal state,
+  which is not directly observable in Isar!  Nonetheless, goal
+  refinement commands do provide named cases @{text "goal\<^sub>i"}
+  for each subgoal @{text "i = 1, \<dots>, n"} of the resulting goal state.
+  Using this extra feature requires great care, because some bits of
+  the internal tactical machinery intrude the proof text.  In
+  particular, parameter names stemming from the left-over of automated
+  reasoning tools are usually quite unpredictable.
+
+  Under normal circumstances, the text of cases emerge from standard
+  elimination or induction rules, which in turn are derived from
+  previous theory specifications in a canonical way (say from
+  @{command "inductive"} definitions).
+
+  \medskip Proper cases are only available if both the proof method
+  and the rules involved support this.  By using appropriate
+  attributes, case names, conclusions, and parameters may be also
+  declared by hand.  Thus variant versions of rules that have been
+  derived manually become ready to use in advanced case analysis
+  later.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command case} (caseref | '(' caseref (('_' | @{syntax name}) +) ')')
+    ;
+    caseref: nameref attributes?
+    ;
+
+    @@{attribute case_names} ((@{syntax name} ( '[' (('_' | @{syntax name}) +) ']' ) ? ) +)
+    ;
+    @@{attribute case_conclusion} @{syntax name} (@{syntax name} * )
+    ;
+    @@{attribute params} ((@{syntax name} * ) + @'and')
+    ;
+    @@{attribute consumes} @{syntax nat}?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{command "case"}~@{text "(c x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m)"} invokes a named local
+  context @{text "c: x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>m, \<phi>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<phi>\<^sub>m"}, as provided by an
+  appropriate proof method (such as @{method_ref cases} and
+  @{method_ref induct}).  The command ``@{command "case"}~@{text "(c
+  x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m)"}'' abbreviates ``@{command "fix"}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<dots>
+  x\<^sub>m"}~@{command "assume"}~@{text "c: \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"}''.
+
+  \item @{command "print_cases"} prints all local contexts of the
+  current state, using Isar proof language notation.
+  
+  \item @{attribute case_names}~@{text "c\<^sub>1 \<dots> c\<^sub>k"} declares names for
+  the local contexts of premises of a theorem; @{text "c\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>k"}
+  refers to the \emph{prefix} of the list of premises. Each of the
+  cases @{text "c\<^isub>i"} can be of the form @{text "c[h\<^isub>1 \<dots> h\<^isub>n]"} where
+  the @{text "h\<^isub>1 \<dots> h\<^isub>n"} are the names of the hypotheses in case @{text "c\<^isub>i"}
+  from left to right.
+  
+  \item @{attribute case_conclusion}~@{text "c d\<^sub>1 \<dots> d\<^sub>k"} declares
+  names for the conclusions of a named premise @{text c}; here @{text
+  "d\<^sub>1, \<dots>, d\<^sub>k"} refers to the prefix of arguments of a logical formula
+  built by nesting a binary connective (e.g.\ @{text "\<or>"}).
+  
+  Note that proof methods such as @{method induct} and @{method
+  coinduct} already provide a default name for the conclusion as a
+  whole.  The need to name subformulas only arises with cases that
+  split into several sub-cases, as in common co-induction rules.
+
+  \item @{attribute params}~@{text "p\<^sub>1 \<dots> p\<^sub>m \<AND> \<dots> q\<^sub>1 \<dots> q\<^sub>n"} renames
+  the innermost parameters of premises @{text "1, \<dots>, n"} of some
+  theorem.  An empty list of names may be given to skip positions,
+  leaving the present parameters unchanged.
+  
+  Note that the default usage of case rules does \emph{not} directly
+  expose parameters to the proof context.
+  
+  \item @{attribute consumes}~@{text n} declares the number of ``major
+  premises'' of a rule, i.e.\ the number of facts to be consumed when
+  it is applied by an appropriate proof method.  The default value of
+  @{attribute consumes} is @{text "n = 1"}, which is appropriate for
+  the usual kind of cases and induction rules for inductive sets (cf.\
+  \secref{sec:hol-inductive}).  Rules without any @{attribute
+  consumes} declaration given are treated as if @{attribute
+  consumes}~@{text 0} had been specified.
+  
+  Note that explicit @{attribute consumes} declarations are only
+  rarely needed; this is already taken care of automatically by the
+  higher-level @{attribute cases}, @{attribute induct}, and
+  @{attribute coinduct} declarations.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Proof methods *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{method_def cases} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def induct} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def induction} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def coinduct} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  The @{method cases}, @{method induct}, @{method induction},
+  and @{method coinduct}
+  methods provide a uniform interface to common proof techniques over
+  datatypes, inductive predicates (or sets), recursive functions etc.
+  The corresponding rules may be specified and instantiated in a
+  casual manner.  Furthermore, these methods provide named local
+  contexts that may be invoked via the @{command "case"} proof command
+  within the subsequent proof text.  This accommodates compact proof
+  texts even when reasoning about large specifications.
+
+  The @{method induct} method also provides some additional
+  infrastructure in order to be applicable to structure statements
+  (either using explicit meta-level connectives, or including facts
+  and parameters separately).  This avoids cumbersome encoding of
+  ``strengthened'' inductive statements within the object-logic.
+
+  Method @{method induction} differs from @{method induct} only in
+  the names of the facts in the local context invoked by the @{command "case"}
+  command.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{method cases} ('(' 'no_simp' ')')? \\
+      (@{syntax insts} * @'and') rule?
+    ;
+    (@@{method induct} | @@{method induction}) ('(' 'no_simp' ')')? (definsts * @'and') \\ arbitrary? taking? rule?
+    ;
+    @@{method coinduct} @{syntax insts} taking rule?
+    ;
+
+    rule: ('type' | 'pred' | 'set') ':' (@{syntax nameref} +) | 'rule' ':' (@{syntax thmref} +)
+    ;
+    definst: @{syntax name} ('==' | '\<equiv>') @{syntax term} | '(' @{syntax term} ')' | @{syntax inst}
+    ;
+    definsts: ( definst * )
+    ;
+    arbitrary: 'arbitrary' ':' ((@{syntax term} * ) @'and' +)
+    ;
+    taking: 'taking' ':' @{syntax insts}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{method cases}~@{text "insts R"} applies method @{method
+  rule} with an appropriate case distinction theorem, instantiated to
+  the subjects @{text insts}.  Symbolic case names are bound according
+  to the rule's local contexts.
+
+  The rule is determined as follows, according to the facts and
+  arguments passed to the @{method cases} method:
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{llll}
+    facts           &                 & arguments   & rule \\\hline
+                    & @{method cases} &             & classical case split \\
+                    & @{method cases} & @{text t}   & datatype exhaustion (type of @{text t}) \\
+    @{text "\<turnstile> A t"} & @{method cases} & @{text "\<dots>"} & inductive predicate/set elimination (of @{text A}) \\
+    @{text "\<dots>"}     & @{method cases} & @{text "\<dots> rule: R"} & explicit rule @{text R} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+
+  Several instantiations may be given, referring to the \emph{suffix}
+  of premises of the case rule; within each premise, the \emph{prefix}
+  of variables is instantiated.  In most situations, only a single
+  term needs to be specified; this refers to the first variable of the
+  last premise (it is usually the same for all cases).  The @{text
+  "(no_simp)"} option can be used to disable pre-simplification of
+  cases (see the description of @{method induct} below for details).
+
+  \item @{method induct}~@{text "insts R"} and
+  @{method induction}~@{text "insts R"} are analogous to the
+  @{method cases} method, but refer to induction rules, which are
+  determined as follows:
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{llll}
+    facts           &                  & arguments            & rule \\\hline
+                    & @{method induct} & @{text "P x"}        & datatype induction (type of @{text x}) \\
+    @{text "\<turnstile> A x"} & @{method induct} & @{text "\<dots>"}          & predicate/set induction (of @{text A}) \\
+    @{text "\<dots>"}     & @{method induct} & @{text "\<dots> rule: R"} & explicit rule @{text R} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \medskip
+  
+  Several instantiations may be given, each referring to some part of
+  a mutual inductive definition or datatype --- only related partial
+  induction rules may be used together, though.  Any of the lists of
+  terms @{text "P, x, \<dots>"} refers to the \emph{suffix} of variables
+  present in the induction rule.  This enables the writer to specify
+  only induction variables, or both predicates and variables, for
+  example.
+
+  Instantiations may be definitional: equations @{text "x \<equiv> t"}
+  introduce local definitions, which are inserted into the claim and
+  discharged after applying the induction rule.  Equalities reappear
+  in the inductive cases, but have been transformed according to the
+  induction principle being involved here.  In order to achieve
+  practically useful induction hypotheses, some variables occurring in
+  @{text t} need to be fixed (see below).  Instantiations of the form
+  @{text t}, where @{text t} is not a variable, are taken as a
+  shorthand for \mbox{@{text "x \<equiv> t"}}, where @{text x} is a fresh
+  variable. If this is not intended, @{text t} has to be enclosed in
+  parentheses.  By default, the equalities generated by definitional
+  instantiations are pre-simplified using a specific set of rules,
+  usually consisting of distinctness and injectivity theorems for
+  datatypes. This pre-simplification may cause some of the parameters
+  of an inductive case to disappear, or may even completely delete
+  some of the inductive cases, if one of the equalities occurring in
+  their premises can be simplified to @{text False}.  The @{text
+  "(no_simp)"} option can be used to disable pre-simplification.
+  Additional rules to be used in pre-simplification can be declared
+  using the @{attribute_def induct_simp} attribute.
+
+  The optional ``@{text "arbitrary: x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m"}''
+  specification generalizes variables @{text "x\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
+  x\<^sub>m"} of the original goal before applying induction.  One can
+  separate variables by ``@{text "and"}'' to generalize them in other
+  goals then the first. Thus induction hypotheses may become
+  sufficiently general to get the proof through.  Together with
+  definitional instantiations, one may effectively perform induction
+  over expressions of a certain structure.
+  
+  The optional ``@{text "taking: t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>n"}''
+  specification provides additional instantiations of a prefix of
+  pending variables in the rule.  Such schematic induction rules
+  rarely occur in practice, though.
+
+  \item @{method coinduct}~@{text "inst R"} is analogous to the
+  @{method induct} method, but refers to coinduction rules, which are
+  determined as follows:
+
+  \medskip
+  \begin{tabular}{llll}
+    goal          &                    & arguments & rule \\\hline
+                  & @{method coinduct} & @{text x} & type coinduction (type of @{text x}) \\
+    @{text "A x"} & @{method coinduct} & @{text "\<dots>"} & predicate/set coinduction (of @{text A}) \\
+    @{text "\<dots>"}   & @{method coinduct} & @{text "\<dots> rule: R"} & explicit rule @{text R} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+  
+  Coinduction is the dual of induction.  Induction essentially
+  eliminates @{text "A x"} towards a generic result @{text "P x"},
+  while coinduction introduces @{text "A x"} starting with @{text "B
+  x"}, for a suitable ``bisimulation'' @{text B}.  The cases of a
+  coinduct rule are typically named after the predicates or sets being
+  covered, while the conclusions consist of several alternatives being
+  named after the individual destructor patterns.
+  
+  The given instantiation refers to the \emph{suffix} of variables
+  occurring in the rule's major premise, or conclusion if unavailable.
+  An additional ``@{text "taking: t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>n"}''
+  specification may be required in order to specify the bisimulation
+  to be used in the coinduction step.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Above methods produce named local contexts, as determined by the
+  instantiated rule as given in the text.  Beyond that, the @{method
+  induct} and @{method coinduct} methods guess further instantiations
+  from the goal specification itself.  Any persisting unresolved
+  schematic variables of the resulting rule will render the the
+  corresponding case invalid.  The term binding @{variable ?case} for
+  the conclusion will be provided with each case, provided that term
+  is fully specified.
+
+  The @{command "print_cases"} command prints all named cases present
+  in the current proof state.
+
+  \medskip Despite the additional infrastructure, both @{method cases}
+  and @{method coinduct} merely apply a certain rule, after
+  instantiation, while conforming due to the usual way of monotonic
+  natural deduction: the context of a structured statement @{text
+  "\<And>x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m. \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> \<dots>"}
+  reappears unchanged after the case split.
+
+  The @{method induct} method is fundamentally different in this
+  respect: the meta-level structure is passed through the
+  ``recursive'' course involved in the induction.  Thus the original
+  statement is basically replaced by separate copies, corresponding to
+  the induction hypotheses and conclusion; the original goal context
+  is no longer available.  Thus local assumptions, fixed parameters
+  and definitions effectively participate in the inductive rephrasing
+  of the original statement.
+
+  In @{method induct} proofs, local assumptions introduced by cases are split
+  into two different kinds: @{text hyps} stemming from the rule and
+  @{text prems} from the goal statement.  This is reflected in the
+  extracted cases accordingly, so invoking ``@{command "case"}~@{text
+  c}'' will provide separate facts @{text c.hyps} and @{text c.prems},
+  as well as fact @{text c} to hold the all-inclusive list.
+
+  In @{method induction} proofs, local assumptions introduced by cases are
+  split into three different kinds: @{text IH}, the induction hypotheses,
+  @{text hyps}, the remaining hypotheses stemming from the rule, and
+  @{text prems}, the assumptions from the goal statement. The names are
+  @{text c.IH}, @{text c.hyps} and @{text c.prems}, as above.
+
+
+  \medskip Facts presented to either method are consumed according to
+  the number of ``major premises'' of the rule involved, which is
+  usually 0 for plain cases and induction rules of datatypes etc.\ and
+  1 for rules of inductive predicates or sets and the like.  The
+  remaining facts are inserted into the goal verbatim before the
+  actual @{text cases}, @{text induct}, or @{text coinduct} rule is
+  applied.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Declaring rules *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "print_induct_rules"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{attribute_def cases} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def induct} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{attribute_def coinduct} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{attribute cases} spec
+    ;
+    @@{attribute induct} spec
+    ;
+    @@{attribute coinduct} spec
+    ;
+
+    spec: (('type' | 'pred' | 'set') ':' @{syntax nameref}) | 'del'
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "print_induct_rules"} prints cases and induct rules
+  for predicates (or sets) and types of the current context.
+
+  \item @{attribute cases}, @{attribute induct}, and @{attribute
+  coinduct} (as attributes) declare rules for reasoning about
+  (co)inductive predicates (or sets) and types, using the
+  corresponding methods of the same name.  Certain definitional
+  packages of object-logics usually declare emerging cases and
+  induction rules as expected, so users rarely need to intervene.
+
+  Rules may be deleted via the @{text "del"} specification, which
+  covers all of the @{text "type"}/@{text "pred"}/@{text "set"}
+  sub-categories simultaneously.  For example, @{attribute
+  cases}~@{text del} removes any @{attribute cases} rules declared for
+  some type, predicate, or set.
+  
+  Manual rule declarations usually refer to the @{attribute
+  case_names} and @{attribute params} attributes to adjust names of
+  cases and parameters of a rule; the @{attribute consumes}
+  declaration is taken care of automatically: @{attribute
+  consumes}~@{text 0} is specified for ``type'' rules and @{attribute
+  consumes}~@{text 1} for ``predicate'' / ``set'' rules.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Quick_Reference.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Quick_Reference.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+theory Quick_Reference
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* Isabelle/Isar quick reference \label{ap:refcard} *}
+
+section {* Proof commands *}
+
+subsection {* Primitives and basic syntax *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{tabular}{ll}
+    @{command "fix"}~@{text x} & augment context by @{text "\<And>x. \<box>"} \\
+    @{command "assume"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} & augment context by @{text "\<phi> \<Longrightarrow> \<box>"} \\
+    @{command "then"} & indicate forward chaining of facts \\
+    @{command "have"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} & prove local result \\
+    @{command "show"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} & prove local result, refining some goal \\
+    @{command "using"}~@{text a} & indicate use of additional facts \\
+    @{command "unfolding"}~@{text a} & unfold definitional equations \\
+    @{command "proof"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"}~\dots~@{command "qed"}~@{text "m\<^sub>2"} & indicate proof structure and refinements \\
+    @{command "{"}~@{text "\<dots>"}~@{command "}"} & indicate explicit blocks \\
+    @{command "next"} & switch blocks \\
+    @{command "note"}~@{text "a = b"} & reconsider facts \\
+    @{command "let"}~@{text "p = t"} & abbreviate terms by higher-order matching \\
+    @{command "write"}~@{text "c  (mx)"} & declare local mixfix syntax \\
+  \end{tabular}
+
+  \medskip
+
+  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
+    @{text "proof"} & = & @{text "prfx\<^sup>*"}~@{command "proof"}~@{text "method\<^sup>? stmt\<^sup>*"}~@{command "qed"}~@{text "method\<^sup>?"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{text "prfx\<^sup>*"}~@{command "done"} \\
+    @{text prfx} & = & @{command "apply"}~@{text method} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "using"}~@{text "facts"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "unfolding"}~@{text "facts"} \\
+    @{text stmt} & = & @{command "{"}~@{text "stmt\<^sup>*"}~@{command "}"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "next"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "note"}~@{text "name = facts"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "let"}~@{text "term = term"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "write"}~@{text "name (mixfix)"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "fix"}~@{text "var\<^sup>+"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "assume"}~@{text "name: props"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "then"}@{text "\<^sup>?"}~@{text goal} \\
+    @{text goal} & = & @{command "have"}~@{text "name: props proof"} \\
+    & @{text "|"} & @{command "show"}~@{text "name: props proof"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Abbreviations and synonyms *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
+    @{command "by"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1 m\<^sub>2"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} &
+      @{command "proof"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"}~@{command "qed"}~@{text "m\<^sub>2"} \\
+    @{command ".."} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "by"}~@{text rule} \\
+    @{command "."} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "by"}~@{text this} \\
+    @{command "hence"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "then"}~@{command "have"} \\
+    @{command "thus"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "then"}~@{command "show"} \\
+    @{command "from"}~@{text a} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "note"}~@{text a}~@{command "then"} \\
+    @{command "with"}~@{text a} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "from"}~@{text "a \<AND> this"} \\
+    @{command "from"}~@{text this} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "then"} \\
+    @{command "from"}~@{text this}~@{command "have"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "hence"} \\
+    @{command "from"}~@{text this}~@{command "show"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "thus"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Derived elements *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
+    @{command "also"}@{text "\<^sub>0"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
+      @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = this"} \\
+    @{command "also"}@{text "\<^sub>n\<^sub>+\<^sub>1"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
+      @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = trans [OF calculation this]"} \\
+    @{command "finally"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
+      @{command "also"}~@{command "from"}~@{text calculation} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{command "moreover"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
+      @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = calculation this"} \\
+    @{command "ultimately"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
+      @{command "moreover"}~@{command "from"}~@{text calculation} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{command "presume"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
+      @{command "assume"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} \\
+    @{command "def"}~@{text "a: x \<equiv> t"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
+      @{command "fix"}~@{text x}~@{command "assume"}~@{text "a: x \<equiv> t"} \\
+    @{command "obtain"}~@{text "x \<WHERE> a: \<phi>"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
+      @{text "\<dots>"}~@{command "fix"}~@{text x}~@{command "assume"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} \\
+    @{command "case"}~@{text c} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
+      @{command "fix"}~@{text x}~@{command "assume"}~@{text "c: \<phi>"} \\
+    @{command "sorry"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
+      @{command "by"}~@{text cheating} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Diagnostic commands *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{tabular}{ll}
+    @{command "pr"} & print current state \\
+    @{command "thm"}~@{text a} & print fact \\
+    @{command "prop"}~@{text \<phi>} & print proposition \\
+    @{command "term"}~@{text t} & print term \\
+    @{command "typ"}~@{text \<tau>} & print type \\
+  \end{tabular}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Proof methods *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{tabular}{ll}
+    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Single steps (forward-chaining facts)}} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{method assumption} & apply some assumption \\
+    @{method this} & apply current facts \\
+    @{method rule}~@{text a} & apply some rule  \\
+    @{method rule} & apply standard rule (default for @{command "proof"}) \\
+    @{method contradiction} & apply @{text "\<not>"} elimination rule (any order) \\
+    @{method cases}~@{text t} & case analysis (provides cases) \\
+    @{method induct}~@{text x} & proof by induction (provides cases) \\[2ex]
+
+    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Repeated steps (inserting facts)}} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{method "-"} & no rules \\
+    @{method intro}~@{text a} & introduction rules \\
+    @{method intro_classes} & class introduction rules \\
+    @{method elim}~@{text a} & elimination rules \\
+    @{method unfold}~@{text a} & definitional rewrite rules \\[2ex]
+
+    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Automated proof tools (inserting facts)}} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{method iprover} & intuitionistic proof search \\
+    @{method blast}, @{method fast} & Classical Reasoner \\
+    @{method simp}, @{method simp_all} & Simplifier (+ Splitter) \\
+    @{method auto}, @{method force} & Simplifier + Classical Reasoner \\
+    @{method arith} & Arithmetic procedures \\
+  \end{tabular}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Attributes *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{tabular}{ll}
+    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Rules}} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{attribute OF}~@{text a} & rule resolved with facts (skipping ``@{text _}'') \\
+    @{attribute of}~@{text t} & rule instantiated with terms (skipping ``@{text _}'') \\
+    @{attribute "where"}~@{text "x = t"} & rule instantiated with terms, by variable name \\
+    @{attribute symmetric} & resolution with symmetry rule \\
+    @{attribute THEN}~@{text b} & resolution with another rule \\
+    @{attribute rule_format} & result put into standard rule format \\
+    @{attribute elim_format} & destruct rule turned into elimination rule format \\[1ex]
+
+    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Declarations}} \\[0.5ex]
+    @{attribute simp} & Simplifier rule \\
+    @{attribute intro}, @{attribute elim}, @{attribute dest} & Pure or Classical Reasoner rule \\
+    @{attribute iff} & Simplifier + Classical Reasoner rule \\
+    @{attribute split} & case split rule \\
+    @{attribute trans} & transitivity rule \\
+    @{attribute sym} & symmetry rule \\
+  \end{tabular}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Rule declarations and methods *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{tabular}{l|lllll}
+      & @{method rule} & @{method iprover} & @{method blast} & @{method simp} & @{method auto} \\
+      &                &                   & @{method fast} & @{method simp_all} & @{method force} \\
+    \hline
+    @{attribute Pure.elim}@{text "!"} @{attribute Pure.intro}@{text "!"}
+      & @{text "\<times>"}    & @{text "\<times>"} \\
+    @{attribute Pure.elim} @{attribute Pure.intro}
+      & @{text "\<times>"}    & @{text "\<times>"} \\
+    @{attribute elim}@{text "!"} @{attribute intro}@{text "!"}
+      & @{text "\<times>"}    &                    & @{text "\<times>"}          &                     & @{text "\<times>"} \\
+    @{attribute elim} @{attribute intro}
+      & @{text "\<times>"}    &                    & @{text "\<times>"}          &                     & @{text "\<times>"} \\
+    @{attribute iff}
+      & @{text "\<times>"}    &                    & @{text "\<times>"}          & @{text "\<times>"}         & @{text "\<times>"} \\
+    @{attribute iff}@{text "?"}
+      & @{text "\<times>"} \\
+    @{attribute elim}@{text "?"} @{attribute intro}@{text "?"}
+      & @{text "\<times>"} \\
+    @{attribute simp}
+      &                &                    &                      & @{text "\<times>"}         & @{text "\<times>"} \\
+    @{attribute cong}
+      &                &                    &                      & @{text "\<times>"}         & @{text "\<times>"} \\
+    @{attribute split}
+      &                &                    &                      & @{text "\<times>"}         & @{text "\<times>"} \\
+  \end{tabular}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Emulating tactic scripts *}
+
+subsection {* Commands *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{tabular}{ll}
+    @{command "apply"}~@{text m} & apply proof method at initial position \\
+    @{command "apply_end"}~@{text m} & apply proof method near terminal position \\
+    @{command "done"} & complete proof \\
+    @{command "defer"}~@{text n} & move subgoal to end \\
+    @{command "prefer"}~@{text n} & move subgoal to beginning \\
+    @{command "back"} & backtrack last command \\
+  \end{tabular}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Methods *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{tabular}{ll}
+    @{method rule_tac}~@{text insts} & resolution (with instantiation) \\
+    @{method erule_tac}~@{text insts} & elim-resolution (with instantiation) \\
+    @{method drule_tac}~@{text insts} & destruct-resolution (with instantiation) \\
+    @{method frule_tac}~@{text insts} & forward-resolution (with instantiation) \\
+    @{method cut_tac}~@{text insts} & insert facts (with instantiation) \\
+    @{method thin_tac}~@{text \<phi>} & delete assumptions \\
+    @{method subgoal_tac}~@{text \<phi>} & new claims \\
+    @{method rename_tac}~@{text x} & rename innermost goal parameters \\
+    @{method rotate_tac}~@{text n} & rotate assumptions of goal \\
+    @{method tactic}~@{text "text"} & arbitrary ML tactic \\
+    @{method case_tac}~@{text t} & exhaustion (datatypes) \\
+    @{method induct_tac}~@{text x} & induction (datatypes) \\
+    @{method ind_cases}~@{text t} & exhaustion + simplification (inductive predicates) \\
+  \end{tabular}
+*}
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Spec.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Spec.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1337 @@
+theory Spec
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* Specifications *}
+
+text {*
+  The Isabelle/Isar theory format integrates specifications and
+  proofs, supporting interactive development with unlimited undo
+  operation.  There is an integrated document preparation system (see
+  \chref{ch:document-prep}), for typesetting formal developments
+  together with informal text.  The resulting hyper-linked PDF
+  documents can be used both for WWW presentation and printed copies.
+
+  The Isar proof language (see \chref{ch:proofs}) is embedded into the
+  theory language as a proper sub-language.  Proof mode is entered by
+  stating some @{command theorem} or @{command lemma} at the theory
+  level, and left again with the final conclusion (e.g.\ via @{command
+  qed}).  Some theory specification mechanisms also require a proof,
+  such as @{command typedef} in HOL, which demands non-emptiness of
+  the representing sets.
+*}
+
+
+section {* Defining theories \label{sec:begin-thy} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "theory"} & : & @{text "toplevel \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (global) "end"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> toplevel"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Isabelle/Isar theories are defined via theory files, which may
+  contain both specifications and proofs; occasionally definitional
+  mechanisms also require some explicit proof.  The theory body may be
+  sub-structured by means of \emph{local theory targets}, such as
+  @{command "locale"} and @{command "class"}.
+
+  The first proper command of a theory is @{command "theory"}, which
+  indicates imports of previous theories and optional dependencies on
+  other source files (usually in ML).  Just preceding the initial
+  @{command "theory"} command there may be an optional @{command
+  "header"} declaration, which is only relevant to document
+  preparation: see also the other section markup commands in
+  \secref{sec:markup}.
+
+  A theory is concluded by a final @{command (global) "end"} command,
+  one that does not belong to a local theory target.  No further
+  commands may follow such a global @{command (global) "end"},
+  although some user-interfaces might pretend that trailing input is
+  admissible.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command theory} @{syntax name} imports \\ keywords? uses? @'begin'
+    ;
+    imports: @'imports' (@{syntax name} +)
+    ;
+    keywords: @'keywords' ((@{syntax string} +) ('::' @{syntax name} @{syntax tags})? + @'and')
+    ;
+    uses: @'uses' ((@{syntax name} | @{syntax parname}) +)
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "theory"}~@{text "A \<IMPORTS> B\<^sub>1 \<dots> B\<^sub>n \<BEGIN>"}
+  starts a new theory @{text A} based on the merge of existing
+  theories @{text "B\<^sub>1 \<dots> B\<^sub>n"}.  Due to the possibility to import more
+  than one ancestor, the resulting theory structure of an Isabelle
+  session forms a directed acyclic graph (DAG).  Isabelle takes care
+  that sources contributing to the development graph are always
+  up-to-date: changed files are automatically rechecked whenever a
+  theory header specification is processed.
+
+  The optional @{keyword_def "keywords"} specification declares outer
+  syntax (\chref{ch:outer-syntax}) that is introduced in this theory
+  later on (rare in end-user applications).  Both minor keywords and
+  major keywords of the Isar command language need to be specified, in
+  order to make parsing of proof documents work properly.  Command
+  keywords need to be classified according to their structural role in
+  the formal text.  Examples may be seen in Isabelle/HOL sources
+  itself, such as @{keyword "keywords"}~@{verbatim "\"typedef\""}
+  @{text ":: thy_goal"} or @{keyword "keywords"}~@{verbatim
+  "\"datatype\""} @{text ":: thy_decl"} for theory-level declarations
+  with and without proof, respectively.  Additional @{syntax tags}
+  provide defaults for document preparation (\secref{sec:tags}).
+  
+  The optional @{keyword_def "uses"} specification declares additional
+  dependencies on external files (notably ML sources).  Files will be
+  loaded immediately (as ML), unless the name is parenthesized.  The
+  latter case records a dependency that needs to be resolved later in
+  the text, usually via explicit @{command_ref "use"} for ML files;
+  other file formats require specific load commands defined by the
+  corresponding tools or packages.
+  
+  \item @{command (global) "end"} concludes the current theory
+  definition.  Note that some other commands, e.g.\ local theory
+  targets @{command locale} or @{command class} may involve a
+  @{keyword "begin"} that needs to be matched by @{command (local)
+  "end"}, according to the usual rules for nested blocks.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Local theory targets \label{sec:target} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
+    @{command_def "context"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def (local) "end"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  A local theory target is a context managed separately within the
+  enclosing theory.  Contexts may introduce parameters (fixed
+  variables) and assumptions (hypotheses).  Definitions and theorems
+  depending on the context may be added incrementally later on.
+
+  \emph{Named contexts} refer to locales (cf.\ \secref{sec:locale}) or
+  type classes (cf.\ \secref{sec:class}); the name ``@{text "-"}''
+  signifies the global theory context.
+
+  \emph{Unnamed contexts} may introduce additional parameters and
+  assumptions, and results produced in the context are generalized
+  accordingly.  Such auxiliary contexts may be nested within other
+  targets, like @{command "locale"}, @{command "class"}, @{command
+  "instantiation"}, @{command "overloading"}.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command context} @{syntax nameref} @'begin'
+    ;
+    @@{command context} @{syntax_ref \"includes\"}? (@{syntax context_elem} * ) @'begin'
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def target}: '(' @'in' @{syntax nameref} ')'
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{command "context"}~@{text "c \<BEGIN>"} opens a named
+  context, by recommencing an existing locale or class @{text c}.
+  Note that locale and class definitions allow to include the
+  @{keyword "begin"} keyword as well, in order to continue the local
+  theory immediately after the initial specification.
+
+  \item @{command "context"}~@{text "bundles elements \<BEGIN>"} opens
+  an unnamed context, by extending the enclosing global or local
+  theory target by the given declaration bundles (\secref{sec:bundle})
+  and context elements (@{text "\<FIXES>"}, @{text "\<ASSUMES>"}
+  etc.).  This means any results stemming from definitions and proofs
+  in the extended context will be exported into the enclosing target
+  by lifting over extra parameters and premises.
+  
+  \item @{command (local) "end"} concludes the current local theory,
+  according to the nesting of contexts.  Note that a global @{command
+  (global) "end"} has a different meaning: it concludes the theory
+  itself (\secref{sec:begin-thy}).
+  
+  \item @{text "("}@{keyword_def "in"}~@{text "c)"} given after any
+  local theory command specifies an immediate target, e.g.\
+  ``@{command "definition"}~@{text "(\<IN> c) \<dots>"}'' or ``@{command
+  "theorem"}~@{text "(\<IN> c) \<dots>"}''.  This works both in a local or
+  global theory context; the current target context will be suspended
+  for this command only.  Note that ``@{text "(\<IN> -)"}'' will
+  always produce a global result independently of the current target
+  context.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  The exact meaning of results produced within a local theory context
+  depends on the underlying target infrastructure (locale, type class
+  etc.).  The general idea is as follows, considering a context named
+  @{text c} with parameter @{text x} and assumption @{text "A[x]"}.
+  
+  Definitions are exported by introducing a global version with
+  additional arguments; a syntactic abbreviation links the long form
+  with the abstract version of the target context.  For example,
+  @{text "a \<equiv> t[x]"} becomes @{text "c.a ?x \<equiv> t[?x]"} at the theory
+  level (for arbitrary @{text "?x"}), together with a local
+  abbreviation @{text "c \<equiv> c.a x"} in the target context (for the
+  fixed parameter @{text x}).
+
+  Theorems are exported by discharging the assumptions and
+  generalizing the parameters of the context.  For example, @{text "a:
+  B[x]"} becomes @{text "c.a: A[?x] \<Longrightarrow> B[?x]"}, again for arbitrary
+  @{text "?x"}.
+
+  \medskip The Isabelle/HOL library contains numerous applications of
+  locales and classes, e.g.\ see @{file "~~/src/HOL/Algebra"}.  An
+  example for an unnamed auxiliary contexts is given in @{file
+  "~~/src/HOL/Isar_Examples/Group_Context.thy"}.  *}
+
+
+section {* Bundled declarations \label{sec:bundle} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "bundle"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_bundles"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow> "} \\
+    @{command_def "include"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
+    @{command_def "including"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{keyword_def "includes"} & : & syntax \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  The outer syntax of fact expressions (\secref{sec:syn-att}) involves
+  theorems and attributes, which are evaluated in the context and
+  applied to it.  Attributes may declare theorems to the context, as
+  in @{text "this_rule [intro] that_rule [elim]"} for example.
+  Configuration options (\secref{sec:config}) are special declaration
+  attributes that operate on the context without a theorem, as in
+  @{text "[[show_types = false]]"} for example.
+
+  Expressions of this form may be defined as \emph{bundled
+  declarations} in the context, and included in other situations later
+  on.  Including declaration bundles augments a local context casually
+  without logical dependencies, which is in contrast to locales and
+  locale interpretation (\secref{sec:locale}).
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command bundle} @{syntax target}? \\
+    @{syntax name} '=' @{syntax thmrefs} (@'for' (@{syntax vars} + @'and'))?
+    ;
+    (@@{command include} | @@{command including}) (@{syntax nameref}+)
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def \"includes\"}: @'includes' (@{syntax nameref}+)
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command bundle}~@{text "b = decls"} defines a bundle of
+  declarations in the current context.  The RHS is similar to the one
+  of the @{command declare} command.  Bundles defined in local theory
+  targets are subject to transformations via morphisms, when moved
+  into different application contexts; this works analogously to any
+  other local theory specification.
+
+  \item @{command print_bundles} prints the named bundles that are
+  available in the current context.
+
+  \item @{command include}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} includes the declarations
+  from the given bundles into the current proof body context.  This is
+  analogous to @{command "note"} (\secref{sec:proof-facts}) with the
+  expanded bundles.
+
+  \item @{command including} is similar to @{command include}, but
+  works in proof refinement (backward mode).  This is analogous to
+  @{command "using"} (\secref{sec:proof-facts}) with the expanded
+  bundles.
+
+  \item @{keyword "includes"}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} is similar to
+  @{command include}, but works in situations where a specification
+  context is constructed, notably for @{command context} and long
+  statements of @{command theorem} etc.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  Here is an artificial example of bundling various configuration
+  options: *}
+
+bundle trace = [[simp_trace, blast_trace, linarith_trace, metis_trace, smt_trace]]
+
+lemma "x = x"
+  including trace by metis
+
+
+section {* Basic specification elements *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
+    @{command_def "axiomatization"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} & (axiomatic!) \\
+    @{command_def "definition"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{attribute_def "defn"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
+    @{command_def "abbreviation"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_abbrevs"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow> "} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  These specification mechanisms provide a slightly more abstract view
+  than the underlying primitives of @{command "consts"}, @{command
+  "defs"} (see \secref{sec:consts}), and @{command "axioms"} (see
+  \secref{sec:axms-thms}).  In particular, type-inference is commonly
+  available, and result names need not be given.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command axiomatization} @{syntax \"fixes\"}? (@'where' specs)?
+    ;
+    @@{command definition} @{syntax target}? \\
+      (decl @'where')? @{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop}
+    ;
+    @@{command abbreviation} @{syntax target}? @{syntax mode}? \\
+      (decl @'where')? @{syntax prop}
+    ;
+
+    @{syntax_def \"fixes\"}: ((@{syntax name} ('::' @{syntax type})?
+      @{syntax mixfix}? | @{syntax vars}) + @'and')
+    ;
+    specs: (@{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax props} + @'and')
+    ;
+    decl: @{syntax name} ('::' @{syntax type})? @{syntax mixfix}?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{command "axiomatization"}~@{text "c\<^sub>1 \<dots> c\<^sub>m \<WHERE> \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"}
+  introduces several constants simultaneously and states axiomatic
+  properties for these.  The constants are marked as being specified
+  once and for all, which prevents additional specifications being
+  issued later on.
+  
+  Note that axiomatic specifications are only appropriate when
+  declaring a new logical system; axiomatic specifications are
+  restricted to global theory contexts.  Normal applications should
+  only use definitional mechanisms!
+
+  \item @{command "definition"}~@{text "c \<WHERE> eq"} produces an
+  internal definition @{text "c \<equiv> t"} according to the specification
+  given as @{text eq}, which is then turned into a proven fact.  The
+  given proposition may deviate from internal meta-level equality
+  according to the rewrite rules declared as @{attribute defn} by the
+  object-logic.  This usually covers object-level equality @{text "x =
+  y"} and equivalence @{text "A \<leftrightarrow> B"}.  End-users normally need not
+  change the @{attribute defn} setup.
+  
+  Definitions may be presented with explicit arguments on the LHS, as
+  well as additional conditions, e.g.\ @{text "f x y = t"} instead of
+  @{text "f \<equiv> \<lambda>x y. t"} and @{text "y \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> g x y = u"} instead of an
+  unrestricted @{text "g \<equiv> \<lambda>x y. u"}.
+  
+  \item @{command "abbreviation"}~@{text "c \<WHERE> eq"} introduces a
+  syntactic constant which is associated with a certain term according
+  to the meta-level equality @{text eq}.
+  
+  Abbreviations participate in the usual type-inference process, but
+  are expanded before the logic ever sees them.  Pretty printing of
+  terms involves higher-order rewriting with rules stemming from
+  reverted abbreviations.  This needs some care to avoid overlapping
+  or looping syntactic replacements!
+  
+  The optional @{text mode} specification restricts output to a
+  particular print mode; using ``@{text input}'' here achieves the
+  effect of one-way abbreviations.  The mode may also include an
+  ``@{keyword "output"}'' qualifier that affects the concrete syntax
+  declared for abbreviations, cf.\ @{command "syntax"} in
+  \secref{sec:syn-trans}.
+  
+  \item @{command "print_abbrevs"} prints all constant abbreviations
+  of the current context.
+  
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Generic declarations *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "declaration"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "syntax_declaration"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "declare"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Arbitrary operations on the background context may be wrapped-up as
+  generic declaration elements.  Since the underlying concept of local
+  theories may be subject to later re-interpretation, there is an
+  additional dependency on a morphism that tells the difference of the
+  original declaration context wrt.\ the application context
+  encountered later on.  A fact declaration is an important special
+  case: it consists of a theorem which is applied to the context by
+  means of an attribute.
+
+  @{rail "
+    (@@{command declaration} | @@{command syntax_declaration})
+      ('(' @'pervasive' ')')? \\ @{syntax target}? @{syntax text}
+    ;
+    @@{command declare} @{syntax target}? (@{syntax thmrefs} + @'and')
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "declaration"}~@{text d} adds the declaration
+  function @{text d} of ML type @{ML_type declaration}, to the current
+  local theory under construction.  In later application contexts, the
+  function is transformed according to the morphisms being involved in
+  the interpretation hierarchy.
+
+  If the @{text "(pervasive)"} option is given, the corresponding
+  declaration is applied to all possible contexts involved, including
+  the global background theory.
+
+  \item @{command "syntax_declaration"} is similar to @{command
+  "declaration"}, but is meant to affect only ``syntactic'' tools by
+  convention (such as notation and type-checking information).
+
+  \item @{command "declare"}~@{text thms} declares theorems to the
+  current local theory context.  No theorem binding is involved here,
+  unlike @{command "theorems"} or @{command "lemmas"} (cf.\
+  \secref{sec:axms-thms}), so @{command "declare"} only has the effect
+  of applying attributes as included in the theorem specification.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Locales \label{sec:locale} *}
+
+text {*
+  Locales are parametric named local contexts, consisting of a list of
+  declaration elements that are modeled after the Isar proof context
+  commands (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}).
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Locale expressions \label{sec:locale-expr} *}
+
+text {*
+  A \emph{locale expression} denotes a structured context composed of
+  instances of existing locales.  The context consists of a list of
+  instances of declaration elements from the locales.  Two locale
+  instances are equal if they are of the same locale and the
+  parameters are instantiated with equivalent terms.  Declaration
+  elements from equal instances are never repeated, thus avoiding
+  duplicate declarations.  More precisely, declarations from instances
+  that are subsumed by earlier instances are omitted.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @{syntax_def locale_expr}: (instance + '+') (@'for' (@{syntax \"fixes\"} + @'and'))?
+    ;
+    instance: (qualifier ':')? @{syntax nameref} (pos_insts | named_insts)
+    ;
+    qualifier: @{syntax name} ('?' | '!')?
+    ;
+    pos_insts: ('_' | @{syntax term})*
+    ;
+    named_insts: @'where' (@{syntax name} '=' @{syntax term} + @'and')
+  "}
+
+  A locale instance consists of a reference to a locale and either
+  positional or named parameter instantiations.  Identical
+  instantiations (that is, those that instante a parameter by itself)
+  may be omitted.  The notation `@{text "_"}' enables to omit the
+  instantiation for a parameter inside a positional instantiation.
+
+  Terms in instantiations are from the context the locale expressions
+  is declared in.  Local names may be added to this context with the
+  optional @{keyword "for"} clause.  This is useful for shadowing names
+  bound in outer contexts, and for declaring syntax.  In addition,
+  syntax declarations from one instance are effective when parsing
+  subsequent instances of the same expression.
+
+  Instances have an optional qualifier which applies to names in
+  declarations.  Names include local definitions and theorem names.
+  If present, the qualifier itself is either optional
+  (``\texttt{?}''), which means that it may be omitted on input of the
+  qualified name, or mandatory (``\texttt{!}'').  If neither
+  ``\texttt{?}'' nor ``\texttt{!}'' are present, the command's default
+  is used.  For @{command "interpretation"} and @{command "interpret"}
+  the default is ``mandatory'', for @{command "locale"} and @{command
+  "sublocale"} the default is ``optional''.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Locale declarations *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "locale"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_locale"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_locales"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{method_def intro_locales} & : & @{text method} \\
+    @{method_def unfold_locales} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  \indexisarelem{fixes}\indexisarelem{constrains}\indexisarelem{assumes}
+  \indexisarelem{defines}\indexisarelem{notes}
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command locale} @{syntax name} ('=' @{syntax locale})? @'begin'?
+    ;
+    @@{command print_locale} '!'? @{syntax nameref}
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def locale}: @{syntax context_elem}+ |
+      @{syntax locale_expr} ('+' (@{syntax context_elem}+))?
+    ;
+    @{syntax_def context_elem}:
+      @'fixes' (@{syntax \"fixes\"} + @'and') |
+      @'constrains' (@{syntax name} '::' @{syntax type} + @'and') |
+      @'assumes' (@{syntax props} + @'and') |
+      @'defines' (@{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop} @{syntax prop_pat}? + @'and') |
+      @'notes' (@{syntax thmdef}? @{syntax thmrefs} + @'and')
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{command "locale"}~@{text "loc = import + body"} defines a
+  new locale @{text loc} as a context consisting of a certain view of
+  existing locales (@{text import}) plus some additional elements
+  (@{text body}).  Both @{text import} and @{text body} are optional;
+  the degenerate form @{command "locale"}~@{text loc} defines an empty
+  locale, which may still be useful to collect declarations of facts
+  later on.  Type-inference on locale expressions automatically takes
+  care of the most general typing that the combined context elements
+  may acquire.
+
+  The @{text import} consists of a structured locale expression; see
+  \secref{sec:proof-context} above.  Its for clause defines the local
+  parameters of the @{text import}.  In addition, locale parameters
+  whose instantance is omitted automatically extend the (possibly
+  empty) for clause: they are inserted at its beginning.  This means
+  that these parameters may be referred to from within the expression
+  and also in the subsequent context elements and provides a
+  notational convenience for the inheritance of parameters in locale
+  declarations.
+
+  The @{text body} consists of context elements.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{element "fixes"}~@{text "x :: \<tau> (mx)"} declares a local
+  parameter of type @{text \<tau>} and mixfix annotation @{text mx} (both
+  are optional).  The special syntax declaration ``@{text
+  "(\<STRUCTURE>)"}'' means that @{text x} may be referenced
+  implicitly in this context.
+
+  \item @{element "constrains"}~@{text "x :: \<tau>"} introduces a type
+  constraint @{text \<tau>} on the local parameter @{text x}.  This
+  element is deprecated.  The type constraint should be introduced in
+  the for clause or the relevant @{element "fixes"} element.
+
+  \item @{element "assumes"}~@{text "a: \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"}
+  introduces local premises, similar to @{command "assume"} within a
+  proof (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}).
+
+  \item @{element "defines"}~@{text "a: x \<equiv> t"} defines a previously
+  declared parameter.  This is similar to @{command "def"} within a
+  proof (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}), but @{element "defines"}
+  takes an equational proposition instead of variable-term pair.  The
+  left-hand side of the equation may have additional arguments, e.g.\
+  ``@{element "defines"}~@{text "f x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>n \<equiv> t"}''.
+
+  \item @{element "notes"}~@{text "a = b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"}
+  reconsiders facts within a local context.  Most notably, this may
+  include arbitrary declarations in any attribute specifications
+  included here, e.g.\ a local @{attribute simp} rule.
+
+  The initial @{text import} specification of a locale expression
+  maintains a dynamic relation to the locales being referenced
+  (benefiting from any later fact declarations in the obvious manner).
+
+  \end{description}
+  
+  Note that ``@{text "(\<IS> p\<^sub>1 \<dots> p\<^sub>n)"}'' patterns given
+  in the syntax of @{element "assumes"} and @{element "defines"} above
+  are illegal in locale definitions.  In the long goal format of
+  \secref{sec:goals}, term bindings may be included as expected,
+  though.
+  
+  \medskip Locale specifications are ``closed up'' by
+  turning the given text into a predicate definition @{text
+  loc_axioms} and deriving the original assumptions as local lemmas
+  (modulo local definitions).  The predicate statement covers only the
+  newly specified assumptions, omitting the content of included locale
+  expressions.  The full cumulative view is only provided on export,
+  involving another predicate @{text loc} that refers to the complete
+  specification text.
+  
+  In any case, the predicate arguments are those locale parameters
+  that actually occur in the respective piece of text.  Also note that
+  these predicates operate at the meta-level in theory, but the locale
+  packages attempts to internalize statements according to the
+  object-logic setup (e.g.\ replacing @{text \<And>} by @{text \<forall>}, and
+  @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} by @{text "\<longrightarrow>"} in HOL; see also
+  \secref{sec:object-logic}).  Separate introduction rules @{text
+  loc_axioms.intro} and @{text loc.intro} are provided as well.
+  
+  \item @{command "print_locale"}~@{text "locale"} prints the
+  contents of the named locale.  The command omits @{element "notes"}
+  elements by default.  Use @{command "print_locale"}@{text "!"} to
+  have them included.
+
+  \item @{command "print_locales"} prints the names of all locales
+  of the current theory.
+
+  \item @{method intro_locales} and @{method unfold_locales}
+  repeatedly expand all introduction rules of locale predicates of the
+  theory.  While @{method intro_locales} only applies the @{text
+  loc.intro} introduction rules and therefore does not decend to
+  assumptions, @{method unfold_locales} is more aggressive and applies
+  @{text loc_axioms.intro} as well.  Both methods are aware of locale
+  specifications entailed by the context, both from target statements,
+  and from interpretations (see below).  New goals that are entailed
+  by the current context are discharged automatically.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Locale interpretation *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "interpretation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "interpret"} & : & @{text "proof(state) | proof(chain) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "sublocale"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_dependencies"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_interps"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Locale expressions may be instantiated, and the instantiated facts
+  added to the current context.  This requires a proof of the
+  instantiated specification and is called \emph{locale
+  interpretation}.  Interpretation is possible in locales (command
+  @{command "sublocale"}), theories (command @{command
+  "interpretation"}) and also within proof bodies (command @{command
+  "interpret"}).
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command interpretation} @{syntax locale_expr} equations?
+    ;
+    @@{command interpret} @{syntax locale_expr} equations?
+    ;
+    @@{command sublocale} @{syntax nameref} ('<' | '\<subseteq>') @{syntax locale_expr} \\
+      equations?
+    ;
+    @@{command print_dependencies} '!'? @{syntax locale_expr}
+    ;
+    @@{command print_interps} @{syntax nameref}
+    ;
+
+    equations: @'where' (@{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop} + @'and')
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "interpretation"}~@{text "expr \<WHERE> eqns"}
+  interprets @{text expr} in the theory.  The command generates proof
+  obligations for the instantiated specifications (assumes and defines
+  elements).  Once these are discharged by the user, instantiated
+  facts are added to the theory in a post-processing phase.
+
+  Free variables in the interpreted expression are allowed.  They are
+  turned into schematic variables in the generated declarations.  In
+  order to use a free variable whose name is already bound in the
+  context --- for example, because a constant of that name exists ---
+  it may be added to the @{keyword "for"} clause.
+
+  Additional equations, which are unfolded during
+  post-processing, may be given after the keyword @{keyword "where"}.
+  This is useful for interpreting concepts introduced through
+  definitions.  The equations must be proved.
+
+  The command is aware of interpretations already active in the
+  theory, but does not simplify the goal automatically.  In order to
+  simplify the proof obligations use methods @{method intro_locales}
+  or @{method unfold_locales}.  Post-processing is not applied to
+  facts of interpretations that are already active.  This avoids
+  duplication of interpreted facts, in particular.  Note that, in the
+  case of a locale with import, parts of the interpretation may
+  already be active.  The command will only process facts for new
+  parts.
+
+  Adding facts to locales has the effect of adding interpreted facts
+  to the theory for all interpretations as well.  That is,
+  interpretations dynamically participate in any facts added to
+  locales.  Note that if a theory inherits additional facts for a
+  locale through one parent and an interpretation of that locale
+  through another parent, the additional facts will not be
+  interpreted.
+
+  \item @{command "interpret"}~@{text "expr \<WHERE> eqns"} interprets
+  @{text expr} in the proof context and is otherwise similar to
+  interpretation in theories.  Note that rewrite rules given to
+  @{command "interpret"} after the @{keyword "where"} keyword should be
+  explicitly universally quantified.
+
+  \item @{command "sublocale"}~@{text "name \<subseteq> expr \<WHERE>
+  eqns"}
+  interprets @{text expr} in the locale @{text name}.  A proof that
+  the specification of @{text name} implies the specification of
+  @{text expr} is required.  As in the localized version of the
+  theorem command, the proof is in the context of @{text name}.  After
+  the proof obligation has been discharged, the facts of @{text expr}
+  become part of locale @{text name} as \emph{derived} context
+  elements and are available when the context @{text name} is
+  subsequently entered.  Note that, like import, this is dynamic:
+  facts added to a locale part of @{text expr} after interpretation
+  become also available in @{text name}.
+
+  Only specification fragments of @{text expr} that are not already
+  part of @{text name} (be it imported, derived or a derived fragment
+  of the import) are considered in this process.  This enables
+  circular interpretations provided that no infinite chains are
+  generated in the locale hierarchy.
+
+  If interpretations of @{text name} exist in the current theory, the
+  command adds interpretations for @{text expr} as well, with the same
+  qualifier, although only for fragments of @{text expr} that are not
+  interpreted in the theory already.
+
+  Equations given after @{keyword "where"} amend the morphism through
+  which @{text expr} is interpreted.  This enables to map definitions
+  from the interpreted locales to entities of @{text name}.  This
+  feature is experimental.
+
+  \item @{command "print_dependencies"}~@{text "expr"} is useful for
+  understanding the effect of an interpretation of @{text "expr"}.  It
+  lists all locale instances for which interpretations would be added
+  to the current context.  Variant @{command
+  "print_dependencies"}@{text "!"} prints all locale instances that
+  would be considered for interpretation, and would be interpreted in
+  an empty context (that is, without interpretations).
+
+  \item @{command "print_interps"}~@{text "locale"} lists all
+  interpretations of @{text "locale"} in the current theory or proof
+  context, including those due to a combination of a @{command
+  "interpretation"} or @{command "interpret"} and one or several
+  @{command "sublocale"} declarations.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  \begin{warn}
+    Since attributes are applied to interpreted theorems,
+    interpretation may modify the context of common proof tools, e.g.\
+    the Simplifier or Classical Reasoner.  As the behavior of such
+    tools is \emph{not} stable under interpretation morphisms, manual
+    declarations might have to be added to the target context of the
+    interpretation to revert such declarations.
+  \end{warn}
+
+  \begin{warn}
+    An interpretation in a theory or proof context may subsume previous
+    interpretations.  This happens if the same specification fragment
+    is interpreted twice and the instantiation of the second
+    interpretation is more general than the interpretation of the
+    first.  The locale package does not attempt to remove subsumed
+    interpretations.
+  \end{warn}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Classes \label{sec:class} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "class"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "instantiation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "instance"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command "instance"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
+    @{command_def "subclass"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "print_classes"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "class_deps"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{method_def intro_classes} & : & @{text method} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  A class is a particular locale with \emph{exactly one} type variable
+  @{text \<alpha>}.  Beyond the underlying locale, a corresponding type class
+  is established which is interpreted logically as axiomatic type
+  class \cite{Wenzel:1997:TPHOL} whose logical content are the
+  assumptions of the locale.  Thus, classes provide the full
+  generality of locales combined with the commodity of type classes
+  (notably type-inference).  See \cite{isabelle-classes} for a short
+  tutorial.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command class} class_spec @'begin'?
+    ;
+    class_spec: @{syntax name} '='
+      ((@{syntax nameref} '+' (@{syntax context_elem}+)) |
+        @{syntax nameref} | (@{syntax context_elem}+))      
+    ;
+    @@{command instantiation} (@{syntax nameref} + @'and') '::' @{syntax arity} @'begin'
+    ;
+    @@{command instance} (() | (@{syntax nameref} + @'and') '::' @{syntax arity} |
+      @{syntax nameref} ('<' | '\<subseteq>') @{syntax nameref} )
+    ;
+    @@{command subclass} @{syntax target}? @{syntax nameref}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "class"}~@{text "c = superclasses + body"} defines
+  a new class @{text c}, inheriting from @{text superclasses}.  This
+  introduces a locale @{text c} with import of all locales @{text
+  superclasses}.
+
+  Any @{element "fixes"} in @{text body} are lifted to the global
+  theory level (\emph{class operations} @{text "f\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
+  f\<^sub>n"} of class @{text c}), mapping the local type parameter
+  @{text \<alpha>} to a schematic type variable @{text "?\<alpha> :: c"}.
+
+  Likewise, @{element "assumes"} in @{text body} are also lifted,
+  mapping each local parameter @{text "f :: \<tau>[\<alpha>]"} to its
+  corresponding global constant @{text "f :: \<tau>[?\<alpha> :: c]"}.  The
+  corresponding introduction rule is provided as @{text
+  c_class_axioms.intro}.  This rule should be rarely needed directly
+  --- the @{method intro_classes} method takes care of the details of
+  class membership proofs.
+
+  \item @{command "instantiation"}~@{text "t :: (s\<^sub>1, \<dots>, s\<^sub>n)s
+  \<BEGIN>"} opens a theory target (cf.\ \secref{sec:target}) which
+  allows to specify class operations @{text "f\<^sub>1, \<dots>, f\<^sub>n"} corresponding
+  to sort @{text s} at the particular type instance @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1 :: s\<^sub>1,
+  \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n :: s\<^sub>n) t"}.  A plain @{command "instance"} command in the
+  target body poses a goal stating these type arities.  The target is
+  concluded by an @{command_ref (local) "end"} command.
+
+  Note that a list of simultaneous type constructors may be given;
+  this corresponds nicely to mutually recursive type definitions, e.g.\
+  in Isabelle/HOL.
+
+  \item @{command "instance"} in an instantiation target body sets
+  up a goal stating the type arities claimed at the opening @{command
+  "instantiation"}.  The proof would usually proceed by @{method
+  intro_classes}, and then establish the characteristic theorems of
+  the type classes involved.  After finishing the proof, the
+  background theory will be augmented by the proven type arities.
+
+  On the theory level, @{command "instance"}~@{text "t :: (s\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
+  s\<^sub>n)s"} provides a convenient way to instantiate a type class with no
+  need to specify operations: one can continue with the
+  instantiation proof immediately.
+
+  \item @{command "subclass"}~@{text c} in a class context for class
+  @{text d} sets up a goal stating that class @{text c} is logically
+  contained in class @{text d}.  After finishing the proof, class
+  @{text d} is proven to be subclass @{text c} and the locale @{text
+  c} is interpreted into @{text d} simultaneously.
+
+  A weakend form of this is available through a further variant of
+  @{command instance}:  @{command instance}~@{text "c\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> c\<^sub>2"} opens
+  a proof that class @{text "c\<^isub>2"} implies @{text "c\<^isub>1"} without reference
+  to the underlying locales;  this is useful if the properties to prove
+  the logical connection are not sufficent on the locale level but on
+  the theory level.
+
+  \item @{command "print_classes"} prints all classes in the current
+  theory.
+
+  \item @{command "class_deps"} visualizes all classes and their
+  subclass relations as a Hasse diagram.
+
+  \item @{method intro_classes} repeatedly expands all class
+  introduction rules of this theory.  Note that this method usually
+  needs not be named explicitly, as it is already included in the
+  default proof step (e.g.\ of @{command "proof"}).  In particular,
+  instantiation of trivial (syntactic) classes may be performed by a
+  single ``@{command ".."}'' proof step.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* The class target *}
+
+text {*
+  %FIXME check
+
+  A named context may refer to a locale (cf.\ \secref{sec:target}).
+  If this locale is also a class @{text c}, apart from the common
+  locale target behaviour the following happens.
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item Local constant declarations @{text "g[\<alpha>]"} referring to the
+  local type parameter @{text \<alpha>} and local parameters @{text "f[\<alpha>]"}
+  are accompanied by theory-level constants @{text "g[?\<alpha> :: c]"}
+  referring to theory-level class operations @{text "f[?\<alpha> :: c]"}.
+
+  \item Local theorem bindings are lifted as are assumptions.
+
+  \item Local syntax refers to local operations @{text "g[\<alpha>]"} and
+  global operations @{text "g[?\<alpha> :: c]"} uniformly.  Type inference
+  resolves ambiguities.  In rare cases, manual type annotations are
+  needed.
+  
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Co-regularity of type classes and arities *}
+
+text {* The class relation together with the collection of
+  type-constructor arities must obey the principle of
+  \emph{co-regularity} as defined below.
+
+  \medskip For the subsequent formulation of co-regularity we assume
+  that the class relation is closed by transitivity and reflexivity.
+  Moreover the collection of arities @{text "t :: (\<^vec>s)c"} is
+  completed such that @{text "t :: (\<^vec>s)c"} and @{text "c \<subseteq> c'"}
+  implies @{text "t :: (\<^vec>s)c'"} for all such declarations.
+
+  Treating sorts as finite sets of classes (meaning the intersection),
+  the class relation @{text "c\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> c\<^sub>2"} is extended to sorts as
+  follows:
+  \[
+    @{text "s\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> s\<^sub>2 \<equiv> \<forall>c\<^sub>2 \<in> s\<^sub>2. \<exists>c\<^sub>1 \<in> s\<^sub>1. c\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> c\<^sub>2"}
+  \]
+
+  This relation on sorts is further extended to tuples of sorts (of
+  the same length) in the component-wise way.
+
+  \smallskip Co-regularity of the class relation together with the
+  arities relation means:
+  \[
+    @{text "t :: (\<^vec>s\<^sub>1)c\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> t :: (\<^vec>s\<^sub>2)c\<^sub>2 \<Longrightarrow> c\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> c\<^sub>2 \<Longrightarrow> \<^vec>s\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> \<^vec>s\<^sub>2"}
+  \]
+  \noindent for all such arities.  In other words, whenever the result
+  classes of some type-constructor arities are related, then the
+  argument sorts need to be related in the same way.
+
+  \medskip Co-regularity is a very fundamental property of the
+  order-sorted algebra of types.  For example, it entails principle
+  types and most general unifiers, e.g.\ see \cite{nipkow-prehofer}.
+*}
+
+
+section {* Unrestricted overloading *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "overloading"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Isabelle/Pure's definitional schemes support certain forms of
+  overloading (see \secref{sec:consts}).  Overloading means that a
+  constant being declared as @{text "c :: \<alpha> decl"} may be
+  defined separately on type instances
+  @{text "c :: (\<beta>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<beta>\<^sub>n) t decl"}
+  for each type constructor @{text t}.  At most occassions
+  overloading will be used in a Haskell-like fashion together with
+  type classes by means of @{command "instantiation"} (see
+  \secref{sec:class}).  Sometimes low-level overloading is desirable.
+  The @{command "overloading"} target provides a convenient view for
+  end-users.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command overloading} ( spec + ) @'begin'
+    ;
+    spec: @{syntax name} ( '==' | '\<equiv>' ) @{syntax term} ( '(' @'unchecked' ')' )?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "overloading"}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<equiv> c\<^sub>1 :: \<tau>\<^sub>1 \<AND> \<dots> x\<^sub>n \<equiv> c\<^sub>n :: \<tau>\<^sub>n \<BEGIN>"}
+  opens a theory target (cf.\ \secref{sec:target}) which allows to
+  specify constants with overloaded definitions.  These are identified
+  by an explicitly given mapping from variable names @{text "x\<^sub>i"} to
+  constants @{text "c\<^sub>i"} at particular type instances.  The
+  definitions themselves are established using common specification
+  tools, using the names @{text "x\<^sub>i"} as reference to the
+  corresponding constants.  The target is concluded by @{command
+  (local) "end"}.
+
+  A @{text "(unchecked)"} option disables global dependency checks for
+  the corresponding definition, which is occasionally useful for
+  exotic overloading (see \secref{sec:consts} for a precise description).
+  It is at the discretion of the user to avoid
+  malformed theory specifications!
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Incorporating ML code \label{sec:ML} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "ML_file"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "ML"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "ML_prf"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
+    @{command_def "ML_val"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "ML_command"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
+    @{command_def "setup"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "local_setup"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "attribute_setup"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command ML_file} @{syntax name}
+    ;
+    (@@{command ML} | @@{command ML_prf} | @@{command ML_val} |
+      @@{command ML_command} | @@{command setup} | @@{command local_setup}) @{syntax text}
+    ;
+    @@{command attribute_setup} @{syntax name} '=' @{syntax text} @{syntax text}?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "ML_file"}~@{text "name"} reads and evaluates the
+  given ML file.  The current theory context is passed down to the ML
+  toplevel and may be modified, using @{ML "Context.>>"} or derived ML
+  commands.  Top-level ML bindings are stored within the (global or
+  local) theory context.
+  
+  \item @{command "ML"}~@{text "text"} is similar to @{command
+  "ML_file"}, but evaluates directly the given @{text "text"}.
+  Top-level ML bindings are stored within the (global or local) theory
+  context.
+
+  \item @{command "ML_prf"} is analogous to @{command "ML"} but works
+  within a proof context.  Top-level ML bindings are stored within the
+  proof context in a purely sequential fashion, disregarding the
+  nested proof structure.  ML bindings introduced by @{command
+  "ML_prf"} are discarded at the end of the proof.
+
+  \item @{command "ML_val"} and @{command "ML_command"} are diagnostic
+  versions of @{command "ML"}, which means that the context may not be
+  updated.  @{command "ML_val"} echos the bindings produced at the ML
+  toplevel, but @{command "ML_command"} is silent.
+  
+  \item @{command "setup"}~@{text "text"} changes the current theory
+  context by applying @{text "text"}, which refers to an ML expression
+  of type @{ML_type "theory -> theory"}.  This enables to initialize
+  any object-logic specific tools and packages written in ML, for
+  example.
+
+  \item @{command "local_setup"} is similar to @{command "setup"} for
+  a local theory context, and an ML expression of type @{ML_type
+  "local_theory -> local_theory"}.  This allows to
+  invoke local theory specification packages without going through
+  concrete outer syntax, for example.
+
+  \item @{command "attribute_setup"}~@{text "name = text description"}
+  defines an attribute in the current theory.  The given @{text
+  "text"} has to be an ML expression of type
+  @{ML_type "attribute context_parser"}, cf.\ basic parsers defined in
+  structure @{ML_struct Args} and @{ML_struct Attrib}.
+
+  In principle, attributes can operate both on a given theorem and the
+  implicit context, although in practice only one is modified and the
+  other serves as parameter.  Here are examples for these two cases:
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+  attribute_setup my_rule = {*
+    Attrib.thms >> (fn ths =>
+      Thm.rule_attribute
+        (fn context: Context.generic => fn th: thm =>
+          let val th' = th OF ths
+          in th' end)) *}
+
+  attribute_setup my_declaration = {*
+    Attrib.thms >> (fn ths =>
+      Thm.declaration_attribute
+        (fn th: thm => fn context: Context.generic =>
+          let val context' = context
+          in context' end)) *}
+
+
+section {* Primitive specification elements *}
+
+subsection {* Type classes and sorts \label{sec:classes} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
+    @{command_def "classes"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "classrel"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} & (axiomatic!) \\
+    @{command_def "default_sort"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"}
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command classes} (@{syntax classdecl} +)
+    ;
+    @@{command classrel} (@{syntax nameref} ('<' | '\<subseteq>') @{syntax nameref} + @'and')
+    ;
+    @@{command default_sort} @{syntax sort}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "classes"}~@{text "c \<subseteq> c\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>n"} declares class
+  @{text c} to be a subclass of existing classes @{text "c\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>n"}.
+  Isabelle implicitly maintains the transitive closure of the class
+  hierarchy.  Cyclic class structures are not permitted.
+
+  \item @{command "classrel"}~@{text "c\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> c\<^sub>2"} states subclass
+  relations between existing classes @{text "c\<^sub>1"} and @{text "c\<^sub>2"}.
+  This is done axiomatically!  The @{command_ref "subclass"} and
+  @{command_ref "instance"} commands (see \secref{sec:class}) provide
+  a way to introduce proven class relations.
+
+  \item @{command "default_sort"}~@{text s} makes sort @{text s} the
+  new default sort for any type variable that is given explicitly in
+  the text, but lacks a sort constraint (wrt.\ the current context).
+  Type variables generated by type inference are not affected.
+
+  Usually the default sort is only changed when defining a new
+  object-logic.  For example, the default sort in Isabelle/HOL is
+  @{class type}, the class of all HOL types.
+
+  When merging theories, the default sorts of the parents are
+  logically intersected, i.e.\ the representations as lists of classes
+  are joined.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Types and type abbreviations \label{sec:types-pure} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
+    @{command_def "type_synonym"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "typedecl"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "arities"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} & (axiomatic!) \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command type_synonym} (@{syntax typespec} '=' @{syntax type} @{syntax mixfix}?)
+    ;
+    @@{command typedecl} @{syntax typespec} @{syntax mixfix}?
+    ;
+    @@{command arities} (@{syntax nameref} '::' @{syntax arity} +)
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "type_synonym"}~@{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n) t = \<tau>"}
+  introduces a \emph{type synonym} @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n) t"} for the
+  existing type @{text "\<tau>"}.  Unlike actual type definitions, as are
+  available in Isabelle/HOL for example, type synonyms are merely
+  syntactic abbreviations without any logical significance.
+  Internally, type synonyms are fully expanded.
+  
+  \item @{command "typedecl"}~@{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n) t"} declares a new
+  type constructor @{text t}.  If the object-logic defines a base sort
+  @{text s}, then the constructor is declared to operate on that, via
+  the axiomatic specification @{command arities}~@{text "t :: (s, \<dots>,
+  s)s"}.
+
+  \item @{command "arities"}~@{text "t :: (s\<^sub>1, \<dots>, s\<^sub>n)s"} augments
+  Isabelle's order-sorted signature of types by new type constructor
+  arities.  This is done axiomatically!  The @{command_ref "instantiation"}
+  target (see \secref{sec:class}) provides a way to introduce
+  proven type arities.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Constants and definitions \label{sec:consts} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "consts"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "defs"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Definitions essentially express abbreviations within the logic.  The
+  simplest form of a definition is @{text "c :: \<sigma> \<equiv> t"}, where @{text
+  c} is a newly declared constant.  Isabelle also allows derived forms
+  where the arguments of @{text c} appear on the left, abbreviating a
+  prefix of @{text \<lambda>}-abstractions, e.g.\ @{text "c \<equiv> \<lambda>x y. t"} may be
+  written more conveniently as @{text "c x y \<equiv> t"}.  Moreover,
+  definitions may be weakened by adding arbitrary pre-conditions:
+  @{text "A \<Longrightarrow> c x y \<equiv> t"}.
+
+  \medskip The built-in well-formedness conditions for definitional
+  specifications are:
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item Arguments (on the left-hand side) must be distinct variables.
+
+  \item All variables on the right-hand side must also appear on the
+  left-hand side.
+
+  \item All type variables on the right-hand side must also appear on
+  the left-hand side; this prohibits @{text "0 :: nat \<equiv> length ([] ::
+  \<alpha> list)"} for example.
+
+  \item The definition must not be recursive.  Most object-logics
+  provide definitional principles that can be used to express
+  recursion safely.
+
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  The right-hand side of overloaded definitions may mention overloaded constants
+  recursively at type instances corresponding to the immediate
+  argument types @{text "\<beta>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<beta>\<^sub>n"}.  Incomplete
+  specification patterns impose global constraints on all occurrences,
+  e.g.\ @{text "d :: \<alpha> \<times> \<alpha>"} on the left-hand side means that all
+  corresponding occurrences on some right-hand side need to be an
+  instance of this, general @{text "d :: \<alpha> \<times> \<beta>"} will be disallowed.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command consts} ((@{syntax name} '::' @{syntax type} @{syntax mixfix}?) +)
+    ;
+    @@{command defs} opt? (@{syntax axmdecl} @{syntax prop} +)
+    ;
+    opt: '(' @'unchecked'? @'overloaded'? ')'
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "consts"}~@{text "c :: \<sigma>"} declares constant @{text
+  c} to have any instance of type scheme @{text \<sigma>}.  The optional
+  mixfix annotations may attach concrete syntax to the constants
+  declared.
+  
+  \item @{command "defs"}~@{text "name: eqn"} introduces @{text eqn}
+  as a definitional axiom for some existing constant.
+  
+  The @{text "(unchecked)"} option disables global dependency checks
+  for this definition, which is occasionally useful for exotic
+  overloading.  It is at the discretion of the user to avoid malformed
+  theory specifications!
+  
+  The @{text "(overloaded)"} option declares definitions to be
+  potentially overloaded.  Unless this option is given, a warning
+  message would be issued for any definitional equation with a more
+  special type than that of the corresponding constant declaration.
+  
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Axioms and theorems \label{sec:axms-thms} *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
+    @{command_def "axioms"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} & (axiomatic!) \\
+    @{command_def "lemmas"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "theorems"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command axioms} (@{syntax axmdecl} @{syntax prop} +)
+    ;
+    (@@{command lemmas} | @@{command theorems}) @{syntax target}? \\
+      (@{syntax thmdef}? @{syntax thmrefs} + @'and')
+      (@'for' (@{syntax vars} + @'and'))?
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+  
+  \item @{command "axioms"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} introduces arbitrary
+  statements as axioms of the meta-logic.  In fact, axioms are
+  ``axiomatic theorems'', and may be referred later just as any other
+  theorem.
+  
+  Axioms are usually only introduced when declaring new logical
+  systems.  Everyday work is typically done the hard way, with proper
+  definitions and proven theorems.
+  
+  \item @{command "lemmas"}~@{text "a = b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"}~@{keyword_def
+  "for"}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m"} evaluates given facts (with attributes) in
+  the current context, which may be augmented by local variables.
+  Results are standardized before being stored, i.e.\ schematic
+  variables are renamed to enforce index @{text "0"} uniformly.
+
+  \item @{command "theorems"} is the same as @{command "lemmas"}, but
+  marks the result as a different kind of facts.
+
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+
+section {* Oracles *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
+    @{command_def "oracle"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} & (axiomatic!) \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  Oracles allow Isabelle to take advantage of external reasoners such
+  as arithmetic decision procedures, model checkers, fast tautology
+  checkers or computer algebra systems.  Invoked as an oracle, an
+  external reasoner can create arbitrary Isabelle theorems.
+
+  It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the external
+  reasoner is as trustworthy as the application requires.  Another
+  typical source of errors is the linkup between Isabelle and the
+  external tool, not just its concrete implementation, but also the
+  required translation between two different logical environments.
+
+  Isabelle merely guarantees well-formedness of the propositions being
+  asserted, and records within the internal derivation object how
+  presumed theorems depend on unproven suppositions.
+
+  @{rail "
+    @@{command oracle} @{syntax name} '=' @{syntax text}
+  "}
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "oracle"}~@{text "name = text"} turns the given ML
+  expression @{text "text"} of type @{ML_text "'a -> cterm"} into an
+  ML function of type @{ML_text "'a -> thm"}, which is bound to the
+  global identifier @{ML_text name}.  This acts like an infinitary
+  specification of axioms!  Invoking the oracle only works within the
+  scope of the resulting theory.
+
+  \end{description}
+
+  See @{file "~~/src/HOL/ex/Iff_Oracle.thy"} for a worked example of
+  defining a new primitive rule as oracle, and turning it into a proof
+  method.
+*}
+
+
+section {* Name spaces *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
+    @{command_def "hide_class"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "hide_type"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "hide_const"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+    @{command_def "hide_fact"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
+  \end{matharray}
+
+  @{rail "
+    ( @{command hide_class} | @{command hide_type} |
+      @{command hide_const} | @{command hide_fact} ) ('(' @'open' ')')? (@{syntax nameref} + )
+  "}
+
+  Isabelle organizes any kind of name declarations (of types,
+  constants, theorems etc.) by separate hierarchically structured name
+  spaces.  Normally the user does not have to control the behavior of
+  name spaces by hand, yet the following commands provide some way to
+  do so.
+
+  \begin{description}
+
+  \item @{command "hide_class"}~@{text names} fully removes class
+  declarations from a given name space; with the @{text "(open)"}
+  option, only the base name is hidden.
+
+  Note that hiding name space accesses has no impact on logical
+  declarations --- they remain valid internally.  Entities that are no
+  longer accessible to the user are printed with the special qualifier
+  ``@{text "??"}'' prefixed to the full internal name.
+
+  \item @{command "hide_type"}, @{command "hide_const"}, and @{command
+  "hide_fact"} are similar to @{command "hide_class"}, but hide types,
+  constants, and facts, respectively.
+  
+  \end{description}
+*}
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Symbols.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Symbols.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+theory Symbols
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* Predefined Isabelle symbols \label{app:symbols} *}
+
+text {*
+  Isabelle supports an infinite number of non-ASCII symbols, which are
+  represented in source text as @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<"}@{text
+  name}@{verbatim ">"} (where @{text name} may be any identifier).  It
+  is left to front-end tools how to present these symbols to the user.
+  The collection of predefined standard symbols given below is
+  available by default for Isabelle document output, due to
+  appropriate definitions of @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim isasym}@{text
+  name} for each @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<"}@{text name}@{verbatim
+  ">"} in the @{verbatim isabellesym.sty} file.  Most of these symbols
+  are displayed properly in Proof~General and Isabelle/jEdit.
+
+  Moreover, any single symbol (or ASCII character) may be prefixed by
+  @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<^sup>"}, for superscript and @{verbatim
+  "\\"}@{verbatim "<^sub>"}, for subscript, such as @{verbatim
+  "A\\"}@{verbatim "<^sup>\<star>"}, for @{text "A\<^sup>\<star>"} the alternative
+  versions @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<^isub>"} and @{verbatim
+  "\\"}@{verbatim "<^isup>"} are considered as quasi letters and may
+  be used within identifiers.  Sub- and superscripts that span a
+  region of text are marked up with @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim
+  "<^bsub>"}@{text "\<dots>"}@{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<^esub>"}, and
+  @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<^bsup>"}@{text "\<dots>"}@{verbatim
+  "\\"}@{verbatim "<^esup>"} respectively.  Furthermore, all ASCII
+  characters and most other symbols may be printed in bold by
+  prefixing @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<^bold>"} such as @{verbatim
+  "\\"}@{verbatim "<^bold>\\"}@{verbatim "<alpha>"} for @{text
+  "\<^bold>\<alpha>"}.  Note that @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<^bold>"}, may
+  \emph{not} be combined with sub- or superscripts for single symbols.
+
+  Further details of Isabelle document preparation are covered in
+  \chref{ch:document-prep}.
+
+  \begin{center}
+  \begin{isabellebody}
+  \input{syms}  
+  \end{isabellebody}
+  \end{center}
+*}
+
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Synopsis.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Synopsis.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1108 @@
+theory Synopsis
+imports Base Main
+begin
+
+chapter {* Synopsis *}
+
+section {* Notepad *}
+
+text {*
+  An Isar proof body serves as mathematical notepad to compose logical
+  content, consisting of types, terms, facts.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Types and terms *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  txt {* Locally fixed entities: *}
+  fix x   -- {* local constant, without any type information yet *}
+  fix x :: 'a  -- {* variant with explicit type-constraint for subsequent use*}
+
+  fix a b
+  assume "a = b"  -- {* type assignment at first occurrence in concrete term *}
+
+  txt {* Definitions (non-polymorphic): *}
+  def x \<equiv> "t::'a"
+
+  txt {* Abbreviations (polymorphic): *}
+  let ?f = "\<lambda>x. x"
+  term "?f ?f"
+
+  txt {* Notation: *}
+  write x  ("***")
+end
+
+
+subsection {* Facts *}
+
+text {*
+  A fact is a simultaneous list of theorems.
+*}
+
+
+subsubsection {* Producing facts *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+
+  txt {* Via assumption (``lambda''): *}
+  assume a: A
+
+  txt {* Via proof (``let''): *}
+  have b: B sorry
+
+  txt {* Via abbreviation (``let''): *}
+  note c = a b
+
+end
+
+
+subsubsection {* Referencing facts *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  txt {* Via explicit name: *}
+  assume a: A
+  note a
+
+  txt {* Via implicit name: *}
+  assume A
+  note this
+
+  txt {* Via literal proposition (unification with results from the proof text): *}
+  assume A
+  note `A`
+
+  assume "\<And>x. B x"
+  note `B a`
+  note `B b`
+end
+
+
+subsubsection {* Manipulating facts *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  txt {* Instantiation: *}
+  assume a: "\<And>x. B x"
+  note a
+  note a [of b]
+  note a [where x = b]
+
+  txt {* Backchaining: *}
+  assume 1: A
+  assume 2: "A \<Longrightarrow> C"
+  note 2 [OF 1]
+  note 1 [THEN 2]
+
+  txt {* Symmetric results: *}
+  assume "x = y"
+  note this [symmetric]
+
+  assume "x \<noteq> y"
+  note this [symmetric]
+
+  txt {* Adhoc-simplification (take care!): *}
+  assume "P ([] @ xs)"
+  note this [simplified]
+end
+
+
+subsubsection {* Projections *}
+
+text {*
+  Isar facts consist of multiple theorems.  There is notation to project
+  interval ranges.
+*}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  assume stuff: A B C D
+  note stuff(1)
+  note stuff(2-3)
+  note stuff(2-)
+end
+
+
+subsubsection {* Naming conventions *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item Lower-case identifiers are usually preferred.
+
+  \item Facts can be named after the main term within the proposition.
+
+  \item Facts should \emph{not} be named after the command that
+  introduced them (@{command "assume"}, @{command "have"}).  This is
+  misleading and hard to maintain.
+
+  \item Natural numbers can be used as ``meaningless'' names (more
+  appropriate than @{text "a1"}, @{text "a2"} etc.)
+
+  \item Symbolic identifiers are supported (e.g. @{text "*"}, @{text
+  "**"}, @{text "***"}).
+
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Block structure *}
+
+text {*
+  The formal notepad is block structured.  The fact produced by the last
+  entry of a block is exported into the outer context.
+*}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  {
+    have a: A sorry
+    have b: B sorry
+    note a b
+  }
+  note this
+  note `A`
+  note `B`
+end
+
+text {* Explicit blocks as well as implicit blocks of nested goal
+  statements (e.g.\ @{command have}) automatically introduce one extra
+  pair of parentheses in reserve.  The @{command next} command allows
+  to ``jump'' between these sub-blocks. *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+
+  {
+    have a: A sorry
+  next
+    have b: B
+    proof -
+      show B sorry
+    next
+      have c: C sorry
+    next
+      have d: D sorry
+    qed
+  }
+
+  txt {* Alternative version with explicit parentheses everywhere: *}
+
+  {
+    {
+      have a: A sorry
+    }
+    {
+      have b: B
+      proof -
+        {
+          show B sorry
+        }
+        {
+          have c: C sorry
+        }
+        {
+          have d: D sorry
+        }
+      qed
+    }
+  }
+
+end
+
+
+section {* Calculational reasoning \label{sec:calculations-synopsis} *}
+
+text {*
+  For example, see @{file "~~/src/HOL/Isar_Examples/Group.thy"}.
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Special names in Isar proofs *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item term @{text "?thesis"} --- the main conclusion of the
+  innermost pending claim
+
+  \item term @{text "\<dots>"} --- the argument of the last explicitly
+    stated result (for infix application this is the right-hand side)
+
+  \item fact @{text "this"} --- the last result produced in the text
+
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  have "x = y"
+  proof -
+    term ?thesis
+    show ?thesis sorry
+    term ?thesis  -- {* static! *}
+  qed
+  term "\<dots>"
+  thm this
+end
+
+text {* Calculational reasoning maintains the special fact called
+  ``@{text calculation}'' in the background.  Certain language
+  elements combine primary @{text this} with secondary @{text
+  calculation}. *}
+
+
+subsection {* Transitive chains *}
+
+text {* The Idea is to combine @{text this} and @{text calculation}
+  via typical @{text trans} rules (see also @{command
+  print_trans_rules}): *}
+
+thm trans
+thm less_trans
+thm less_le_trans
+
+notepad
+begin
+  txt {* Plain bottom-up calculation: *}
+  have "a = b" sorry
+  also
+  have "b = c" sorry
+  also
+  have "c = d" sorry
+  finally
+  have "a = d" .
+
+  txt {* Variant using the @{text "\<dots>"} abbreviation: *}
+  have "a = b" sorry
+  also
+  have "\<dots> = c" sorry
+  also
+  have "\<dots> = d" sorry
+  finally
+  have "a = d" .
+
+  txt {* Top-down version with explicit claim at the head: *}
+  have "a = d"
+  proof -
+    have "a = b" sorry
+    also
+    have "\<dots> = c" sorry
+    also
+    have "\<dots> = d" sorry
+    finally
+    show ?thesis .
+  qed
+next
+  txt {* Mixed inequalities (require suitable base type): *}
+  fix a b c d :: nat
+
+  have "a < b" sorry
+  also
+  have "b \<le> c" sorry
+  also
+  have "c = d" sorry
+  finally
+  have "a < d" .
+end
+
+
+subsubsection {* Notes *}
+
+text {*
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item The notion of @{text trans} rule is very general due to the
+  flexibility of Isabelle/Pure rule composition.
+
+  \item User applications may declare their own rules, with some care
+  about the operational details of higher-order unification.
+
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+
+subsection {* Degenerate calculations and bigstep reasoning *}
+
+text {* The Idea is to append @{text this} to @{text calculation},
+  without rule composition.  *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  txt {* A vacuous proof: *}
+  have A sorry
+  moreover
+  have B sorry
+  moreover
+  have C sorry
+  ultimately
+  have A and B and C .
+next
+  txt {* Slightly more content (trivial bigstep reasoning): *}
+  have A sorry
+  moreover
+  have B sorry
+  moreover
+  have C sorry
+  ultimately
+  have "A \<and> B \<and> C" by blast
+next
+  txt {* More ambitious bigstep reasoning involving structured results: *}
+  have "A \<or> B \<or> C" sorry
+  moreover
+  { assume A have R sorry }
+  moreover
+  { assume B have R sorry }
+  moreover
+  { assume C have R sorry }
+  ultimately
+  have R by blast  -- {* ``big-bang integration'' of proof blocks (occasionally fragile) *}
+end
+
+
+section {* Induction *}
+
+subsection {* Induction as Natural Deduction *}
+
+text {* In principle, induction is just a special case of Natural
+  Deduction (see also \secref{sec:natural-deduction-synopsis}).  For
+  example: *}
+
+thm nat.induct
+print_statement nat.induct
+
+notepad
+begin
+  fix n :: nat
+  have "P n"
+  proof (rule nat.induct)  -- {* fragile rule application! *}
+    show "P 0" sorry
+  next
+    fix n :: nat
+    assume "P n"
+    show "P (Suc n)" sorry
+  qed
+end
+
+text {*
+  In practice, much more proof infrastructure is required.
+
+  The proof method @{method induct} provides:
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item implicit rule selection and robust instantiation
+
+  \item context elements via symbolic case names
+
+  \item support for rule-structured induction statements, with local
+    parameters, premises, etc.
+
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  fix n :: nat
+  have "P n"
+  proof (induct n)
+    case 0
+    show ?case sorry
+  next
+    case (Suc n)
+    from Suc.hyps show ?case sorry
+  qed
+end
+
+
+subsubsection {* Example *}
+
+text {*
+  The subsequent example combines the following proof patterns:
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item outermost induction (over the datatype structure of natural
+  numbers), to decompose the proof problem in top-down manner
+
+  \item calculational reasoning (\secref{sec:calculations-synopsis})
+  to compose the result in each case
+
+  \item solving local claims within the calculation by simplification
+
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+lemma
+  fixes n :: nat
+  shows "(\<Sum>i=0..n. i) = n * (n + 1) div 2"
+proof (induct n)
+  case 0
+  have "(\<Sum>i=0..0. i) = (0::nat)" by simp
+  also have "\<dots> = 0 * (0 + 1) div 2" by simp
+  finally show ?case .
+next
+  case (Suc n)
+  have "(\<Sum>i=0..Suc n. i) = (\<Sum>i=0..n. i) + (n + 1)" by simp
+  also have "\<dots> = n * (n + 1) div 2 + (n + 1)" by (simp add: Suc.hyps)
+  also have "\<dots> = (n * (n + 1) + 2 * (n + 1)) div 2" by simp
+  also have "\<dots> = (Suc n * (Suc n + 1)) div 2" by simp
+  finally show ?case .
+qed
+
+text {* This demonstrates how induction proofs can be done without
+  having to consider the raw Natural Deduction structure. *}
+
+
+subsection {* Induction with local parameters and premises *}
+
+text {* Idea: Pure rule statements are passed through the induction
+  rule.  This achieves convenient proof patterns, thanks to some
+  internal trickery in the @{method induct} method.
+
+  Important: Using compact HOL formulae with @{text "\<forall>/\<longrightarrow>"} is a
+  well-known anti-pattern! It would produce useless formal noise.
+*}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  fix n :: nat
+  fix P :: "nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
+  fix Q :: "'a \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
+
+  have "P n"
+  proof (induct n)
+    case 0
+    show "P 0" sorry
+  next
+    case (Suc n)
+    from `P n` show "P (Suc n)" sorry
+  qed
+
+  have "A n \<Longrightarrow> P n"
+  proof (induct n)
+    case 0
+    from `A 0` show "P 0" sorry
+  next
+    case (Suc n)
+    from `A n \<Longrightarrow> P n`
+      and `A (Suc n)` show "P (Suc n)" sorry
+  qed
+
+  have "\<And>x. Q x n"
+  proof (induct n)
+    case 0
+    show "Q x 0" sorry
+  next
+    case (Suc n)
+    from `\<And>x. Q x n` show "Q x (Suc n)" sorry
+    txt {* Local quantification admits arbitrary instances: *}
+    note `Q a n` and `Q b n`
+  qed
+end
+
+
+subsection {* Implicit induction context *}
+
+text {* The @{method induct} method can isolate local parameters and
+  premises directly from the given statement.  This is convenient in
+  practical applications, but requires some understanding of what is
+  going on internally (as explained above).  *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  fix n :: nat
+  fix Q :: "'a \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
+
+  fix x :: 'a
+  assume "A x n"
+  then have "Q x n"
+  proof (induct n arbitrary: x)
+    case 0
+    from `A x 0` show "Q x 0" sorry
+  next
+    case (Suc n)
+    from `\<And>x. A x n \<Longrightarrow> Q x n`  -- {* arbitrary instances can be produced here *}
+      and `A x (Suc n)` show "Q x (Suc n)" sorry
+  qed
+end
+
+
+subsection {* Advanced induction with term definitions *}
+
+text {* Induction over subexpressions of a certain shape are delicate
+  to formalize.  The Isar @{method induct} method provides
+  infrastructure for this.
+
+  Idea: sub-expressions of the problem are turned into a defined
+  induction variable; often accompanied with fixing of auxiliary
+  parameters in the original expression.  *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  fix a :: "'a \<Rightarrow> nat"
+  fix A :: "nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
+
+  assume "A (a x)"
+  then have "P (a x)"
+  proof (induct "a x" arbitrary: x)
+    case 0
+    note prem = `A (a x)`
+      and defn = `0 = a x`
+    show "P (a x)" sorry
+  next
+    case (Suc n)
+    note hyp = `\<And>x. n = a x \<Longrightarrow> A (a x) \<Longrightarrow> P (a x)`
+      and prem = `A (a x)`
+      and defn = `Suc n = a x`
+    show "P (a x)" sorry
+  qed
+end
+
+
+section {* Natural Deduction \label{sec:natural-deduction-synopsis} *}
+
+subsection {* Rule statements *}
+
+text {*
+  Isabelle/Pure ``theorems'' are always natural deduction rules,
+  which sometimes happen to consist of a conclusion only.
+
+  The framework connectives @{text "\<And>"} and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} indicate the
+  rule structure declaratively.  For example: *}
+
+thm conjI
+thm impI
+thm nat.induct
+
+text {*
+  The object-logic is embedded into the Pure framework via an implicit
+  derivability judgment @{term "Trueprop :: bool \<Rightarrow> prop"}.
+
+  Thus any HOL formulae appears atomic to the Pure framework, while
+  the rule structure outlines the corresponding proof pattern.
+
+  This can be made explicit as follows:
+*}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  write Trueprop  ("Tr")
+
+  thm conjI
+  thm impI
+  thm nat.induct
+end
+
+text {*
+  Isar provides first-class notation for rule statements as follows.
+*}
+
+print_statement conjI
+print_statement impI
+print_statement nat.induct
+
+
+subsubsection {* Examples *}
+
+text {*
+  Introductions and eliminations of some standard connectives of
+  the object-logic can be written as rule statements as follows.  (The
+  proof ``@{command "by"}~@{method blast}'' serves as sanity check.)
+*}
+
+lemma "(P \<Longrightarrow> False) \<Longrightarrow> \<not> P" by blast
+lemma "\<not> P \<Longrightarrow> P \<Longrightarrow> Q" by blast
+
+lemma "P \<Longrightarrow> Q \<Longrightarrow> P \<and> Q" by blast
+lemma "P \<and> Q \<Longrightarrow> (P \<Longrightarrow> Q \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R" by blast
+
+lemma "P \<Longrightarrow> P \<or> Q" by blast
+lemma "Q \<Longrightarrow> P \<or> Q" by blast
+lemma "P \<or> Q \<Longrightarrow> (P \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> (Q \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R" by blast
+
+lemma "(\<And>x. P x) \<Longrightarrow> (\<forall>x. P x)" by blast
+lemma "(\<forall>x. P x) \<Longrightarrow> P x" by blast
+
+lemma "P x \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>x. P x)" by blast
+lemma "(\<exists>x. P x) \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R" by blast
+
+lemma "x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<inter> B" by blast
+lemma "x \<in> A \<inter> B \<Longrightarrow> (x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R" by blast
+
+lemma "x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<union> B" by blast
+lemma "x \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<union> B" by blast
+lemma "x \<in> A \<union> B \<Longrightarrow> (x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> (x \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R" by blast
+
+
+subsection {* Isar context elements *}
+
+text {* We derive some results out of the blue, using Isar context
+  elements and some explicit blocks.  This illustrates their meaning
+  wrt.\ Pure connectives, without goal states getting in the way.  *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  {
+    fix x
+    have "B x" sorry
+  }
+  have "\<And>x. B x" by fact
+
+next
+
+  {
+    assume A
+    have B sorry
+  }
+  have "A \<Longrightarrow> B" by fact
+
+next
+
+  {
+    def x \<equiv> t
+    have "B x" sorry
+  }
+  have "B t" by fact
+
+next
+
+  {
+    obtain x :: 'a where "B x" sorry
+    have C sorry
+  }
+  have C by fact
+
+end
+
+
+subsection {* Pure rule composition *}
+
+text {*
+  The Pure framework provides means for:
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+    \item backward-chaining of rules by @{inference resolution}
+
+    \item closing of branches by @{inference assumption}
+
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  Both principles involve higher-order unification of @{text \<lambda>}-terms
+  modulo @{text "\<alpha>\<beta>\<eta>"}-equivalence (cf.\ Huet and Miller).  *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  assume a: A and b: B
+  thm conjI
+  thm conjI [of A B]  -- "instantiation"
+  thm conjI [of A B, OF a b]  -- "instantiation and composition"
+  thm conjI [OF a b]  -- "composition via unification (trivial)"
+  thm conjI [OF `A` `B`]
+
+  thm conjI [OF disjI1]
+end
+
+text {* Note: Low-level rule composition is tedious and leads to
+  unreadable~/ unmaintainable expressions in the text.  *}
+
+
+subsection {* Structured backward reasoning *}
+
+text {* Idea: Canonical proof decomposition via @{command fix}~/
+  @{command assume}~/ @{command show}, where the body produces a
+  natural deduction rule to refine some goal.  *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  fix A B :: "'a \<Rightarrow> bool"
+
+  have "\<And>x. A x \<Longrightarrow> B x"
+  proof -
+    fix x
+    assume "A x"
+    show "B x" sorry
+  qed
+
+  have "\<And>x. A x \<Longrightarrow> B x"
+  proof -
+    {
+      fix x
+      assume "A x"
+      show "B x" sorry
+    } -- "implicit block structure made explicit"
+    note `\<And>x. A x \<Longrightarrow> B x`
+      -- "side exit for the resulting rule"
+  qed
+end
+
+
+subsection {* Structured rule application *}
+
+text {*
+  Idea: Previous facts and new claims are composed with a rule from
+  the context (or background library).
+*}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  assume r1: "A \<Longrightarrow> B \<Longrightarrow> C"  -- {* simple rule (Horn clause) *}
+
+  have A sorry  -- "prefix of facts via outer sub-proof"
+  then have C
+  proof (rule r1)
+    show B sorry  -- "remaining rule premises via inner sub-proof"
+  qed
+
+  have C
+  proof (rule r1)
+    show A sorry
+    show B sorry
+  qed
+
+  have A and B sorry
+  then have C
+  proof (rule r1)
+  qed
+
+  have A and B sorry
+  then have C by (rule r1)
+
+next
+
+  assume r2: "A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. B1 x \<Longrightarrow> B2 x) \<Longrightarrow> C"  -- {* nested rule *}
+
+  have A sorry
+  then have C
+  proof (rule r2)
+    fix x
+    assume "B1 x"
+    show "B2 x" sorry
+  qed
+
+  txt {* The compound rule premise @{prop "\<And>x. B1 x \<Longrightarrow> B2 x"} is better
+    addressed via @{command fix}~/ @{command assume}~/ @{command show}
+    in the nested proof body.  *}
+end
+
+
+subsection {* Example: predicate logic *}
+
+text {*
+  Using the above principles, standard introduction and elimination proofs
+  of predicate logic connectives of HOL work as follows.
+*}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  have "A \<longrightarrow> B" and A sorry
+  then have B ..
+
+  have A sorry
+  then have "A \<or> B" ..
+
+  have B sorry
+  then have "A \<or> B" ..
+
+  have "A \<or> B" sorry
+  then have C
+  proof
+    assume A
+    then show C sorry
+  next
+    assume B
+    then show C sorry
+  qed
+
+  have A and B sorry
+  then have "A \<and> B" ..
+
+  have "A \<and> B" sorry
+  then have A ..
+
+  have "A \<and> B" sorry
+  then have B ..
+
+  have False sorry
+  then have A ..
+
+  have True ..
+
+  have "\<not> A"
+  proof
+    assume A
+    then show False sorry
+  qed
+
+  have "\<not> A" and A sorry
+  then have B ..
+
+  have "\<forall>x. P x"
+  proof
+    fix x
+    show "P x" sorry
+  qed
+
+  have "\<forall>x. P x" sorry
+  then have "P a" ..
+
+  have "\<exists>x. P x"
+  proof
+    show "P a" sorry
+  qed
+
+  have "\<exists>x. P x" sorry
+  then have C
+  proof
+    fix a
+    assume "P a"
+    show C sorry
+  qed
+
+  txt {* Less awkward version using @{command obtain}: *}
+  have "\<exists>x. P x" sorry
+  then obtain a where "P a" ..
+end
+
+text {* Further variations to illustrate Isar sub-proofs involving
+  @{command show}: *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  have "A \<and> B"
+  proof  -- {* two strictly isolated subproofs *}
+    show A sorry
+  next
+    show B sorry
+  qed
+
+  have "A \<and> B"
+  proof  -- {* one simultaneous sub-proof *}
+    show A and B sorry
+  qed
+
+  have "A \<and> B"
+  proof  -- {* two subproofs in the same context *}
+    show A sorry
+    show B sorry
+  qed
+
+  have "A \<and> B"
+  proof  -- {* swapped order *}
+    show B sorry
+    show A sorry
+  qed
+
+  have "A \<and> B"
+  proof  -- {* sequential subproofs *}
+    show A sorry
+    show B using `A` sorry
+  qed
+end
+
+
+subsubsection {* Example: set-theoretic operators *}
+
+text {* There is nothing special about logical connectives (@{text
+  "\<and>"}, @{text "\<or>"}, @{text "\<forall>"}, @{text "\<exists>"} etc.).  Operators from
+  set-theory or lattice-theory work analogously.  It is only a matter
+  of rule declarations in the library; rules can be also specified
+  explicitly.
+*}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  have "x \<in> A" and "x \<in> B" sorry
+  then have "x \<in> A \<inter> B" ..
+
+  have "x \<in> A" sorry
+  then have "x \<in> A \<union> B" ..
+
+  have "x \<in> B" sorry
+  then have "x \<in> A \<union> B" ..
+
+  have "x \<in> A \<union> B" sorry
+  then have C
+  proof
+    assume "x \<in> A"
+    then show C sorry
+  next
+    assume "x \<in> B"
+    then show C sorry
+  qed
+
+next
+  have "x \<in> \<Inter>A"
+  proof
+    fix a
+    assume "a \<in> A"
+    show "x \<in> a" sorry
+  qed
+
+  have "x \<in> \<Inter>A" sorry
+  then have "x \<in> a"
+  proof
+    show "a \<in> A" sorry
+  qed
+
+  have "a \<in> A" and "x \<in> a" sorry
+  then have "x \<in> \<Union>A" ..
+
+  have "x \<in> \<Union>A" sorry
+  then obtain a where "a \<in> A" and "x \<in> a" ..
+end
+
+
+section {* Generalized elimination and cases *}
+
+subsection {* General elimination rules *}
+
+text {*
+  The general format of elimination rules is illustrated by the
+  following typical representatives:
+*}
+
+thm exE     -- {* local parameter *}
+thm conjE   -- {* local premises *}
+thm disjE   -- {* split into cases *}
+
+text {*
+  Combining these characteristics leads to the following general scheme
+  for elimination rules with cases:
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item prefix of assumptions (or ``major premises'')
+
+  \item one or more cases that enable to establish the main conclusion
+    in an augmented context
+
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  assume r:
+    "A1 \<Longrightarrow> A2 \<Longrightarrow>  (* assumptions *)
+      (\<And>x y. B1 x y \<Longrightarrow> C1 x y \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow>  (* case 1 *)
+      (\<And>x y. B2 x y \<Longrightarrow> C2 x y \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow>  (* case 2 *)
+      R  (* main conclusion *)"
+
+  have A1 and A2 sorry
+  then have R
+  proof (rule r)
+    fix x y
+    assume "B1 x y" and "C1 x y"
+    show ?thesis sorry
+  next
+    fix x y
+    assume "B2 x y" and "C2 x y"
+    show ?thesis sorry
+  qed
+end
+
+text {* Here @{text "?thesis"} is used to refer to the unchanged goal
+  statement.  *}
+
+
+subsection {* Rules with cases *}
+
+text {*
+  Applying an elimination rule to some goal, leaves that unchanged
+  but allows to augment the context in the sub-proof of each case.
+
+  Isar provides some infrastructure to support this:
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+
+  \item native language elements to state eliminations
+
+  \item symbolic case names
+
+  \item method @{method cases} to recover this structure in a
+  sub-proof
+
+  \end{itemize}
+*}
+
+print_statement exE
+print_statement conjE
+print_statement disjE
+
+lemma
+  assumes A1 and A2  -- {* assumptions *}
+  obtains
+    (case1)  x y where "B1 x y" and "C1 x y"
+  | (case2)  x y where "B2 x y" and "C2 x y"
+  sorry
+
+
+subsubsection {* Example *}
+
+lemma tertium_non_datur:
+  obtains
+    (T)  A
+  | (F)  "\<not> A"
+  by blast
+
+notepad
+begin
+  fix x y :: 'a
+  have C
+  proof (cases "x = y" rule: tertium_non_datur)
+    case T
+    from `x = y` show ?thesis sorry
+  next
+    case F
+    from `x \<noteq> y` show ?thesis sorry
+  qed
+end
+
+
+subsubsection {* Example *}
+
+text {*
+  Isabelle/HOL specification mechanisms (datatype, inductive, etc.)
+  provide suitable derived cases rules.
+*}
+
+datatype foo = Foo | Bar foo
+
+notepad
+begin
+  fix x :: foo
+  have C
+  proof (cases x)
+    case Foo
+    from `x = Foo` show ?thesis sorry
+  next
+    case (Bar a)
+    from `x = Bar a` show ?thesis sorry
+  qed
+end
+
+
+subsection {* Obtaining local contexts *}
+
+text {* A single ``case'' branch may be inlined into Isar proof text
+  via @{command obtain}.  This proves @{prop "(\<And>x. B x \<Longrightarrow> thesis) \<Longrightarrow>
+  thesis"} on the spot, and augments the context afterwards.  *}
+
+notepad
+begin
+  fix B :: "'a \<Rightarrow> bool"
+
+  obtain x where "B x" sorry
+  note `B x`
+
+  txt {* Conclusions from this context may not mention @{term x} again! *}
+  {
+    obtain x where "B x" sorry
+    from `B x` have C sorry
+  }
+  note `C`
+end
+
+end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Base.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Base.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-theory Base
-imports Pure
-begin
-
-ML_file "../../antiquote_setup.ML"
-setup Antiquote_Setup.setup
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Document_Preparation.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Document_Preparation.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,611 +0,0 @@
-theory Document_Preparation
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* Document preparation \label{ch:document-prep} *}
-
-text {* Isabelle/Isar provides a simple document preparation system
-  based on regular {PDF-\LaTeX} technology, with full support for
-  hyper-links and bookmarks.  Thus the results are well suited for WWW
-  browsing and as printed copies.
-
-  \medskip Isabelle generates {\LaTeX} output while running a
-  \emph{logic session} (see also \cite{isabelle-sys}).  Getting
-  started with a working configuration for common situations is quite
-  easy by using the Isabelle @{verbatim mkdir} and @{verbatim make}
-  tools.  First invoke
-\begin{ttbox}
-  isabelle mkdir Foo
-\end{ttbox}
-  to initialize a separate directory for session @{verbatim Foo} (it
-  is safe to experiment, since @{verbatim "isabelle mkdir"} never
-  overwrites existing files).  Ensure that @{verbatim "Foo/ROOT.ML"}
-  holds ML commands to load all theories required for this session;
-  furthermore @{verbatim "Foo/document/root.tex"} should include any
-  special {\LaTeX} macro packages required for your document (the
-  default is usually sufficient as a start).
-
-  The session is controlled by a separate @{verbatim IsaMakefile}
-  (with crude source dependencies by default).  This file is located
-  one level up from the @{verbatim Foo} directory location.  Now
-  invoke
-\begin{ttbox}
-  isabelle make Foo
-\end{ttbox}
-  to run the @{verbatim Foo} session, with browser information and
-  document preparation enabled.  Unless any errors are reported by
-  Isabelle or {\LaTeX}, the output will appear inside the directory
-  defined by the @{verbatim ISABELLE_BROWSER_INFO} setting (as
-  reported by the batch job in verbose mode).
-
-  \medskip You may also consider to tune the @{verbatim usedir}
-  options in @{verbatim IsaMakefile}, for example to switch the output
-  format between @{verbatim pdf} and @{verbatim dvi}, or activate the
-  @{verbatim "-D"} option to retain a second copy of the generated
-  {\LaTeX} sources (for manual inspection or separate runs of
-  @{executable latex}).
-
-  \medskip See \emph{The Isabelle System Manual} \cite{isabelle-sys}
-  for further details on Isabelle logic sessions and theory
-  presentation.  The Isabelle/HOL tutorial \cite{isabelle-hol-book}
-  also covers theory presentation to some extent.
-*}
-
-
-section {* Markup commands \label{sec:markup} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "header"} & : & @{text "toplevel \<rightarrow> toplevel"} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{command_def "chapter"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "section"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "subsection"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "subsubsection"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "text"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "text_raw"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{command_def "sect"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
-    @{command_def "subsect"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
-    @{command_def "subsubsect"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
-    @{command_def "txt"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
-    @{command_def "txt_raw"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Markup commands provide a structured way to insert text into the
-  document generated from a theory.  Each markup command takes a
-  single @{syntax text} argument, which is passed as argument to a
-  corresponding {\LaTeX} macro.  The default macros provided by
-  @{file "~~/lib/texinputs/isabelle.sty"} can be redefined according
-  to the needs of the underlying document and {\LaTeX} styles.
-
-  Note that formal comments (\secref{sec:comments}) are similar to
-  markup commands, but have a different status within Isabelle/Isar
-  syntax.
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{command chapter} | @@{command section} | @@{command subsection} |
-      @@{command subsubsection} | @@{command text}) @{syntax target}? @{syntax text}
-    ;
-    (@@{command header} | @@{command text_raw} | @@{command sect} | @@{command subsect} |
-      @@{command subsubsect} | @@{command txt} | @@{command txt_raw}) @{syntax text}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command header} provides plain text markup just preceding
-  the formal beginning of a theory.  The corresponding {\LaTeX} macro
-  is @{verbatim "\\isamarkupheader"}, which acts like @{command
-  section} by default.
-  
-  \item @{command chapter}, @{command section}, @{command subsection},
-  and @{command subsubsection} mark chapter and section headings
-  within the main theory body or local theory targets.  The
-  corresponding {\LaTeX} macros are @{verbatim "\\isamarkupchapter"},
-  @{verbatim "\\isamarkupsection"}, @{verbatim
-  "\\isamarkupsubsection"} etc.
-
-  \item @{command sect}, @{command subsect}, and @{command subsubsect}
-  mark section headings within proofs.  The corresponding {\LaTeX}
-  macros are @{verbatim "\\isamarkupsect"}, @{verbatim
-  "\\isamarkupsubsect"} etc.
-
-  \item @{command text} and @{command txt} specify paragraphs of plain
-  text.  This corresponds to a {\LaTeX} environment @{verbatim
-  "\\begin{isamarkuptext}"} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim
-  "\\end{isamarkuptext}"} etc.
-
-  \item @{command text_raw} and @{command txt_raw} insert {\LaTeX}
-  source into the output, without additional markup.  Thus the full
-  range of document manipulations becomes available, at the risk of
-  messing up document output.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Except for @{command "text_raw"} and @{command "txt_raw"}, the text
-  passed to any of the above markup commands may refer to formal
-  entities via \emph{document antiquotations}, see also
-  \secref{sec:antiq}.  These are interpreted in the present theory or
-  proof context, or the named @{text "target"}.
-
-  \medskip The proof markup commands closely resemble those for theory
-  specifications, but have a different formal status and produce
-  different {\LaTeX} macros.  The default definitions coincide for
-  analogous commands such as @{command section} and @{command sect}.
-*}
-
-
-section {* Document Antiquotations \label{sec:antiq} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{antiquotation_def "theory"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def "thm"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def "lemma"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def "prop"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def "term"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def term_type} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def typeof} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def const} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def abbrev} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def typ} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def type} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def class} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def "text"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def goals} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def subgoals} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def prf} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def full_prf} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def ML} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def ML_op} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def ML_type} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def ML_struct} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-    @{antiquotation_def "file"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The overall content of an Isabelle/Isar theory may alternate between
-  formal and informal text.  The main body consists of formal
-  specification and proof commands, interspersed with markup commands
-  (\secref{sec:markup}) or document comments (\secref{sec:comments}).
-  The argument of markup commands quotes informal text to be printed
-  in the resulting document, but may again refer to formal entities
-  via \emph{document antiquotations}.
-
-  For example, embedding of ``@{text [source=false] "@{term [show_types] \"f x = a + x\"}"}''
-  within a text block makes
-  \isa{{\isacharparenleft}f{\isasymColon}{\isacharprime}a\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isacharprime}a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharparenleft}x{\isasymColon}{\isacharprime}a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharparenleft}a{\isasymColon}{\isacharprime}a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharplus}\ x} appear in the final {\LaTeX} document.
-
-  Antiquotations usually spare the author tedious typing of logical
-  entities in full detail.  Even more importantly, some degree of
-  consistency-checking between the main body of formal text and its
-  informal explanation is achieved, since terms and types appearing in
-  antiquotations are checked within the current theory or proof
-  context.
-
-  %% FIXME less monolithic presentation, move to individual sections!?
-  @{rail "
-    '@{' antiquotation '}'
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def antiquotation}:
-      @@{antiquotation theory} options @{syntax name} |
-      @@{antiquotation thm} options styles @{syntax thmrefs} |
-      @@{antiquotation lemma} options @{syntax prop} @'by' @{syntax method} @{syntax method}? |
-      @@{antiquotation prop} options styles @{syntax prop} |
-      @@{antiquotation term} options styles @{syntax term} |
-      @@{antiquotation (HOL) value} options styles @{syntax term} |
-      @@{antiquotation term_type} options styles @{syntax term} |
-      @@{antiquotation typeof} options styles @{syntax term} |
-      @@{antiquotation const} options @{syntax term} |
-      @@{antiquotation abbrev} options @{syntax term} |
-      @@{antiquotation typ} options @{syntax type} |
-      @@{antiquotation type} options @{syntax name} |
-      @@{antiquotation class} options @{syntax name} |
-      @@{antiquotation text} options @{syntax name}
-    ;
-    @{syntax antiquotation}:
-      @@{antiquotation goals} options |
-      @@{antiquotation subgoals} options |
-      @@{antiquotation prf} options @{syntax thmrefs} |
-      @@{antiquotation full_prf} options @{syntax thmrefs} |
-      @@{antiquotation ML} options @{syntax name} |
-      @@{antiquotation ML_op} options @{syntax name} |
-      @@{antiquotation ML_type} options @{syntax name} |
-      @@{antiquotation ML_struct} options @{syntax name} |
-      @@{antiquotation \"file\"} options @{syntax name}
-    ;
-    options: '[' (option * ',') ']'
-    ;
-    option: @{syntax name} | @{syntax name} '=' @{syntax name}
-    ;
-    styles: '(' (style + ',') ')'
-    ;
-    style: (@{syntax name} +)
-  "}
-
-  Note that the syntax of antiquotations may \emph{not} include source
-  comments @{verbatim "(*"}~@{text "\<dots>"}~@{verbatim "*)"} nor verbatim
-  text @{verbatim "{"}@{verbatim "*"}~@{text "\<dots>"}~@{verbatim
-  "*"}@{verbatim "}"}.
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{text "@{theory A}"} prints the name @{text "A"}, which is
-  guaranteed to refer to a valid ancestor theory in the current
-  context.
-
-  \item @{text "@{thm a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n}"} prints theorems @{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"}.
-  Full fact expressions are allowed here, including attributes
-  (\secref{sec:syn-att}).
-
-  \item @{text "@{prop \<phi>}"} prints a well-typed proposition @{text
-  "\<phi>"}.
-
-  \item @{text "@{lemma \<phi> by m}"} proves a well-typed proposition
-  @{text "\<phi>"} by method @{text m} and prints the original @{text "\<phi>"}.
-
-  \item @{text "@{term t}"} prints a well-typed term @{text "t"}.
-  
-  \item @{text "@{value t}"} evaluates a term @{text "t"} and prints
-  its result, see also @{command_ref (HOL) value}.
-
-  \item @{text "@{term_type t}"} prints a well-typed term @{text "t"}
-  annotated with its type.
-
-  \item @{text "@{typeof t}"} prints the type of a well-typed term
-  @{text "t"}.
-
-  \item @{text "@{const c}"} prints a logical or syntactic constant
-  @{text "c"}.
-  
-  \item @{text "@{abbrev c x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>n}"} prints a constant abbreviation
-  @{text "c x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>n \<equiv> rhs"} as defined in the current context.
-
-  \item @{text "@{typ \<tau>}"} prints a well-formed type @{text "\<tau>"}.
-
-  \item @{text "@{type \<kappa>}"} prints a (logical or syntactic) type
-    constructor @{text "\<kappa>"}.
-
-  \item @{text "@{class c}"} prints a class @{text c}.
-
-  \item @{text "@{text s}"} prints uninterpreted source text @{text
-  s}.  This is particularly useful to print portions of text according
-  to the Isabelle document style, without demanding well-formedness,
-  e.g.\ small pieces of terms that should not be parsed or
-  type-checked yet.
-
-  \item @{text "@{goals}"} prints the current \emph{dynamic} goal
-  state.  This is mainly for support of tactic-emulation scripts
-  within Isar.  Presentation of goal states does not conform to the
-  idea of human-readable proof documents!
-
-  When explaining proofs in detail it is usually better to spell out
-  the reasoning via proper Isar proof commands, instead of peeking at
-  the internal machine configuration.
-  
-  \item @{text "@{subgoals}"} is similar to @{text "@{goals}"}, but
-  does not print the main goal.
-  
-  \item @{text "@{prf a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n}"} prints the (compact) proof terms
-  corresponding to the theorems @{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"}. Note that this
-  requires proof terms to be switched on for the current logic
-  session.
-  
-  \item @{text "@{full_prf a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n}"} is like @{text "@{prf a\<^sub>1 \<dots>
-  a\<^sub>n}"}, but prints the full proof terms, i.e.\ also displays
-  information omitted in the compact proof term, which is denoted by
-  ``@{text _}'' placeholders there.
-  
-  \item @{text "@{ML s}"}, @{text "@{ML_op s}"}, @{text "@{ML_type
-  s}"}, and @{text "@{ML_struct s}"} check text @{text s} as ML value,
-  infix operator, type, and structure, respectively.  The source is
-  printed verbatim.
-
-  \item @{text "@{file path}"} checks that @{text "path"} refers to a
-  file (or directory) and prints it verbatim.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Styled antiquotations *}
-
-text {* The antiquotations @{text thm}, @{text prop} and @{text
-  term} admit an extra \emph{style} specification to modify the
-  printed result.  A style is specified by a name with a possibly
-  empty number of arguments;  multiple styles can be sequenced with
-  commas.  The following standard styles are available:
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{text lhs} extracts the first argument of any application
-  form with at least two arguments --- typically meta-level or
-  object-level equality, or any other binary relation.
-  
-  \item @{text rhs} is like @{text lhs}, but extracts the second
-  argument.
-  
-  \item @{text "concl"} extracts the conclusion @{text C} from a rule
-  in Horn-clause normal form @{text "A\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> A\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> C"}.
-  
-  \item @{text "prem"} @{text n} extract premise number
-  @{text "n"} from from a rule in Horn-clause
-  normal form @{text "A\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> A\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> C"}
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* General options *}
-
-text {* The following options are available to tune the printed output
-  of antiquotations.  Note that many of these coincide with global ML
-  flags of the same names.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def show_types}~@{text "= bool"} and
-  @{antiquotation_option_def show_sorts}~@{text "= bool"} control
-  printing of explicit type and sort constraints.
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def show_structs}~@{text "= bool"}
-  controls printing of implicit structures.
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def show_abbrevs}~@{text "= bool"}
-  controls folding of abbreviations.
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def names_long}~@{text "= bool"} forces
-  names of types and constants etc.\ to be printed in their fully
-  qualified internal form.
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def names_short}~@{text "= bool"}
-  forces names of types and constants etc.\ to be printed unqualified.
-  Note that internalizing the output again in the current context may
-  well yield a different result.
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def names_unique}~@{text "= bool"}
-  determines whether the printed version of qualified names should be
-  made sufficiently long to avoid overlap with names declared further
-  back.  Set to @{text false} for more concise output.
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def eta_contract}~@{text "= bool"}
-  prints terms in @{text \<eta>}-contracted form.
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def display}~@{text "= bool"} indicates
-  if the text is to be output as multi-line ``display material'',
-  rather than a small piece of text without line breaks (which is the
-  default).
-
-  In this mode the embedded entities are printed in the same style as
-  the main theory text.
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def break}~@{text "= bool"} controls
-  line breaks in non-display material.
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def quotes}~@{text "= bool"} indicates
-  if the output should be enclosed in double quotes.
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def mode}~@{text "= name"} adds @{text
-  name} to the print mode to be used for presentation.  Note that the
-  standard setup for {\LaTeX} output is already present by default,
-  including the modes @{text latex} and @{text xsymbols}.
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def margin}~@{text "= nat"} and
-  @{antiquotation_option_def indent}~@{text "= nat"} change the margin
-  or indentation for pretty printing of display material.
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def goals_limit}~@{text "= nat"}
-  determines the maximum number of goals to be printed (for goal-based
-  antiquotation).
-
-  \item @{antiquotation_option_def source}~@{text "= bool"} prints the
-  original source text of the antiquotation arguments, rather than its
-  internal representation.  Note that formal checking of
-  @{antiquotation "thm"}, @{antiquotation "term"}, etc. is still
-  enabled; use the @{antiquotation "text"} antiquotation for unchecked
-  output.
-
-  Regular @{text "term"} and @{text "typ"} antiquotations with @{text
-  "source = false"} involve a full round-trip from the original source
-  to an internalized logical entity back to a source form, according
-  to the syntax of the current context.  Thus the printed output is
-  not under direct control of the author, it may even fluctuate a bit
-  as the underlying theory is changed later on.
-
-  In contrast, @{antiquotation_option source}~@{text "= true"}
-  admits direct printing of the given source text, with the desirable
-  well-formedness check in the background, but without modification of
-  the printed text.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  For boolean flags, ``@{text "name = true"}'' may be abbreviated as
-  ``@{text name}''.  All of the above flags are disabled by default,
-  unless changed from ML, say in the @{verbatim "ROOT.ML"} of the
-  logic session.
-*}
-
-
-section {* Markup via command tags \label{sec:tags} *}
-
-text {* Each Isabelle/Isar command may be decorated by additional
-  presentation tags, to indicate some modification in the way it is
-  printed in the document.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def tags}: ( tag * )
-    ;
-    tag: '%' (@{syntax ident} | @{syntax string})
-  "}
-
-  Some tags are pre-declared for certain classes of commands, serving
-  as default markup if no tags are given in the text:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-    @{text "theory"} & theory begin/end \\
-    @{text "proof"} & all proof commands \\
-    @{text "ML"} & all commands involving ML code \\
-  \end{tabular}
-
-  \medskip The Isabelle document preparation system
-  \cite{isabelle-sys} allows tagged command regions to be presented
-  specifically, e.g.\ to fold proof texts, or drop parts of the text
-  completely.
-
-  For example ``@{command "by"}~@{text "%invisible auto"}'' causes
-  that piece of proof to be treated as @{text invisible} instead of
-  @{text "proof"} (the default), which may be shown or hidden
-  depending on the document setup.  In contrast, ``@{command
-  "by"}~@{text "%visible auto"}'' forces this text to be shown
-  invariably.
-
-  Explicit tag specifications within a proof apply to all subsequent
-  commands of the same level of nesting.  For example, ``@{command
-  "proof"}~@{text "%visible \<dots>"}~@{command "qed"}'' forces the whole
-  sub-proof to be typeset as @{text visible} (unless some of its parts
-  are tagged differently).
-
-  \medskip Command tags merely produce certain markup environments for
-  type-setting.  The meaning of these is determined by {\LaTeX}
-  macros, as defined in @{file "~~/lib/texinputs/isabelle.sty"} or
-  by the document author.  The Isabelle document preparation tools
-  also provide some high-level options to specify the meaning of
-  arbitrary tags to ``keep'', ``drop'', or ``fold'' the corresponding
-  parts of the text.  Logic sessions may also specify ``document
-  versions'', where given tags are interpreted in some particular way.
-  Again see \cite{isabelle-sys} for further details.
-*}
-
-
-section {* Railroad diagrams *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{antiquotation_def "rail"} & : & @{text antiquotation} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "'rail' string"}
-
-  The @{antiquotation rail} antiquotation allows to include syntax
-  diagrams into Isabelle documents.  {\LaTeX} requires the style file
-  @{"file" "~~/lib/texinputs/pdfsetup.sty"}, which can be used via
-  @{verbatim "\\usepackage{pdfsetup}"} in @{verbatim "root.tex"}, for
-  example.
-
-  The rail specification language is quoted here as Isabelle @{syntax
-  string}; it has its own grammar given below.
-
-  @{rail "
-  rule? + ';'
-  ;
-  rule: ((identifier | @{syntax antiquotation}) ':')? body
-  ;
-  body: concatenation + '|'
-  ;
-  concatenation: ((atom '?'?) +) (('*' | '+') atom?)?
-  ;
-  atom: '(' body? ')' | identifier |
-    '@'? (string | @{syntax antiquotation}) |
-    '\\\\\\\\'
-  "}
-
-  The lexical syntax of @{text "identifier"} coincides with that of
-  @{syntax ident} in regular Isabelle syntax, but @{text string} uses
-  single quotes instead of double quotes of the standard @{syntax
-  string} category, to avoid extra escapes.
-
-  Each @{text rule} defines a formal language (with optional name),
-  using a notation that is similar to EBNF or regular expressions with
-  recursion.  The meaning and visual appearance of these rail language
-  elements is illustrated by the following representative examples.
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Empty @{verbatim "()"}
-
-  @{rail "()"}
-
-  \item Nonterminal @{verbatim "A"}
-
-  @{rail "A"}
-
-  \item Nonterminal via Isabelle antiquotation
-  @{verbatim "@{syntax method}"}
-
-  @{rail "@{syntax method}"}
-
-  \item Terminal @{verbatim "'xyz'"}
-
-  @{rail "'xyz'"}
-
-  \item Terminal in keyword style @{verbatim "@'xyz'"}
-
-  @{rail "@'xyz'"}
-
-  \item Terminal via Isabelle antiquotation
-  @{verbatim "@@{method rule}"}
-
-  @{rail "@@{method rule}"}
-
-  \item Concatenation @{verbatim "A B C"}
-
-  @{rail "A B C"}
-
-  \item Linebreak @{verbatim "\\\\"} inside
-  concatenation\footnote{Strictly speaking, this is only a single
-  backslash, but the enclosing @{syntax string} syntax requires a
-  second one for escaping.} @{verbatim "A B C \\\\ D E F"}
-
-  @{rail "A B C \\ D E F"}
-
-  \item Variants @{verbatim "A | B | C"}
-
-  @{rail "A | B | C"}
-
-  \item Option @{verbatim "A ?"}
-
-  @{rail "A ?"}
-
-  \item Repetition @{verbatim "A *"}
-
-  @{rail "A *"}
-
-  \item Repetition with separator @{verbatim "A * sep"}
-
-  @{rail "A * sep"}
-
-  \item Strict repetition @{verbatim "A +"}
-
-  @{rail "A +"}
-
-  \item Strict repetition with separator @{verbatim "A + sep"}
-
-  @{rail "A + sep"}
-
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Draft presentation *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "display_drafts"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_drafts"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{command display_drafts} | @@{command print_drafts}) (@{syntax name} +)
-
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "display_drafts"}~@{text paths} and @{command
-  "print_drafts"}~@{text paths} perform simple output of a given list
-  of raw source files.  Only those symbols that do not require
-  additional {\LaTeX} packages are displayed properly, everything else
-  is left verbatim.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/First_Order_Logic.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/First_Order_Logic.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,520 +0,0 @@
-
-header {* Example: First-Order Logic *}
-
-theory %visible First_Order_Logic
-imports Base  (* FIXME Pure!? *)
-begin
-
-text {*
-  \noindent In order to commence a new object-logic within
-  Isabelle/Pure we introduce abstract syntactic categories @{text "i"}
-  for individuals and @{text "o"} for object-propositions.  The latter
-  is embedded into the language of Pure propositions by means of a
-  separate judgment.
-*}
-
-typedecl i
-typedecl o
-
-judgment
-  Trueprop :: "o \<Rightarrow> prop"    ("_" 5)
-
-text {*
-  \noindent Note that the object-logic judgement is implicit in the
-  syntax: writing @{prop A} produces @{term "Trueprop A"} internally.
-  From the Pure perspective this means ``@{prop A} is derivable in the
-  object-logic''.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Equational reasoning \label{sec:framework-ex-equal} *}
-
-text {*
-  Equality is axiomatized as a binary predicate on individuals, with
-  reflexivity as introduction, and substitution as elimination
-  principle.  Note that the latter is particularly convenient in a
-  framework like Isabelle, because syntactic congruences are
-  implicitly produced by unification of @{term "B x"} against
-  expressions containing occurrences of @{term x}.
-*}
-
-axiomatization
-  equal :: "i \<Rightarrow> i \<Rightarrow> o"  (infix "=" 50)
-where
-  refl [intro]: "x = x" and
-  subst [elim]: "x = y \<Longrightarrow> B x \<Longrightarrow> B y"
-
-text {*
-  \noindent Substitution is very powerful, but also hard to control in
-  full generality.  We derive some common symmetry~/ transitivity
-  schemes of @{term equal} as particular consequences.
-*}
-
-theorem sym [sym]:
-  assumes "x = y"
-  shows "y = x"
-proof -
-  have "x = x" ..
-  with `x = y` show "y = x" ..
-qed
-
-theorem forw_subst [trans]:
-  assumes "y = x" and "B x"
-  shows "B y"
-proof -
-  from `y = x` have "x = y" ..
-  from this and `B x` show "B y" ..
-qed
-
-theorem back_subst [trans]:
-  assumes "B x" and "x = y"
-  shows "B y"
-proof -
-  from `x = y` and `B x`
-  show "B y" ..
-qed
-
-theorem trans [trans]:
-  assumes "x = y" and "y = z"
-  shows "x = z"
-proof -
-  from `y = z` and `x = y`
-  show "x = z" ..
-qed
-
-
-subsection {* Basic group theory *}
-
-text {*
-  As an example for equational reasoning we consider some bits of
-  group theory.  The subsequent locale definition postulates group
-  operations and axioms; we also derive some consequences of this
-  specification.
-*}
-
-locale group =
-  fixes prod :: "i \<Rightarrow> i \<Rightarrow> i"  (infix "\<circ>" 70)
-    and inv :: "i \<Rightarrow> i"  ("(_\<inverse>)" [1000] 999)
-    and unit :: i  ("1")
-  assumes assoc: "(x \<circ> y) \<circ> z = x \<circ> (y \<circ> z)"
-    and left_unit:  "1 \<circ> x = x"
-    and left_inv: "x\<inverse> \<circ> x = 1"
-begin
-
-theorem right_inv: "x \<circ> x\<inverse> = 1"
-proof -
-  have "x \<circ> x\<inverse> = 1 \<circ> (x \<circ> x\<inverse>)" by (rule left_unit [symmetric])
-  also have "\<dots> = (1 \<circ> x) \<circ> x\<inverse>" by (rule assoc [symmetric])
-  also have "1 = (x\<inverse>)\<inverse> \<circ> x\<inverse>" by (rule left_inv [symmetric])
-  also have "\<dots> \<circ> x = (x\<inverse>)\<inverse> \<circ> (x\<inverse> \<circ> x)" by (rule assoc)
-  also have "x\<inverse> \<circ> x = 1" by (rule left_inv)
-  also have "((x\<inverse>)\<inverse> \<circ> \<dots>) \<circ> x\<inverse> = (x\<inverse>)\<inverse> \<circ> (1 \<circ> x\<inverse>)" by (rule assoc)
-  also have "1 \<circ> x\<inverse> = x\<inverse>" by (rule left_unit)
-  also have "(x\<inverse>)\<inverse> \<circ> \<dots> = 1" by (rule left_inv)
-  finally show "x \<circ> x\<inverse> = 1" .
-qed
-
-theorem right_unit: "x \<circ> 1 = x"
-proof -
-  have "1 = x\<inverse> \<circ> x" by (rule left_inv [symmetric])
-  also have "x \<circ> \<dots> = (x \<circ> x\<inverse>) \<circ> x" by (rule assoc [symmetric])
-  also have "x \<circ> x\<inverse> = 1" by (rule right_inv)
-  also have "\<dots> \<circ> x = x" by (rule left_unit)
-  finally show "x \<circ> 1 = x" .
-qed
-
-text {*
-  \noindent Reasoning from basic axioms is often tedious.  Our proofs
-  work by producing various instances of the given rules (potentially
-  the symmetric form) using the pattern ``@{command have}~@{text
-  eq}~@{command "by"}~@{text "(rule r)"}'' and composing the chain of
-  results via @{command also}/@{command finally}.  These steps may
-  involve any of the transitivity rules declared in
-  \secref{sec:framework-ex-equal}, namely @{thm trans} in combining
-  the first two results in @{thm right_inv} and in the final steps of
-  both proofs, @{thm forw_subst} in the first combination of @{thm
-  right_unit}, and @{thm back_subst} in all other calculational steps.
-
-  Occasional substitutions in calculations are adequate, but should
-  not be over-emphasized.  The other extreme is to compose a chain by
-  plain transitivity only, with replacements occurring always in
-  topmost position. For example:
-*}
-
-(*<*)
-theorem "\<And>A. PROP A \<Longrightarrow> PROP A"
-proof -
-  assume [symmetric, defn]: "\<And>x y. (x \<equiv> y) \<equiv> Trueprop (x = y)"
-(*>*)
-  have "x \<circ> 1 = x \<circ> (x\<inverse> \<circ> x)" unfolding left_inv ..
-  also have "\<dots> = (x \<circ> x\<inverse>) \<circ> x" unfolding assoc ..
-  also have "\<dots> = 1 \<circ> x" unfolding right_inv ..
-  also have "\<dots> = x" unfolding left_unit ..
-  finally have "x \<circ> 1 = x" .
-(*<*)
-qed
-(*>*)
-
-text {*
-  \noindent Here we have re-used the built-in mechanism for unfolding
-  definitions in order to normalize each equational problem.  A more
-  realistic object-logic would include proper setup for the Simplifier
-  (\secref{sec:simplifier}), the main automated tool for equational
-  reasoning in Isabelle.  Then ``@{command unfolding}~@{thm
-  left_inv}~@{command ".."}'' would become ``@{command "by"}~@{text
-  "(simp only: left_inv)"}'' etc.
-*}
-
-end
-
-
-subsection {* Propositional logic \label{sec:framework-ex-prop} *}
-
-text {*
-  We axiomatize basic connectives of propositional logic: implication,
-  disjunction, and conjunction.  The associated rules are modeled
-  after Gentzen's system of Natural Deduction \cite{Gentzen:1935}.
-*}
-
-axiomatization
-  imp :: "o \<Rightarrow> o \<Rightarrow> o"  (infixr "\<longrightarrow>" 25) where
-  impI [intro]: "(A \<Longrightarrow> B) \<Longrightarrow> A \<longrightarrow> B" and
-  impD [dest]: "(A \<longrightarrow> B) \<Longrightarrow> A \<Longrightarrow> B"
-
-axiomatization
-  disj :: "o \<Rightarrow> o \<Rightarrow> o"  (infixr "\<or>" 30) where
-  disjI\<^isub>1 [intro]: "A \<Longrightarrow> A \<or> B" and
-  disjI\<^isub>2 [intro]: "B \<Longrightarrow> A \<or> B" and
-  disjE [elim]: "A \<or> B \<Longrightarrow> (A \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> (B \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> C"
-
-axiomatization
-  conj :: "o \<Rightarrow> o \<Rightarrow> o"  (infixr "\<and>" 35) where
-  conjI [intro]: "A \<Longrightarrow> B \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B" and
-  conjD\<^isub>1: "A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A" and
-  conjD\<^isub>2: "A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> B"
-
-text {*
-  \noindent The conjunctive destructions have the disadvantage that
-  decomposing @{prop "A \<and> B"} involves an immediate decision which
-  component should be projected.  The more convenient simultaneous
-  elimination @{prop "A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> (A \<Longrightarrow> B \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> C"} can be derived as
-  follows:
-*}
-
-theorem conjE [elim]:
-  assumes "A \<and> B"
-  obtains A and B
-proof
-  from `A \<and> B` show A by (rule conjD\<^isub>1)
-  from `A \<and> B` show B by (rule conjD\<^isub>2)
-qed
-
-text {*
-  \noindent Here is an example of swapping conjuncts with a single
-  intermediate elimination step:
-*}
-
-(*<*)
-lemma "\<And>A. PROP A \<Longrightarrow> PROP A"
-proof -
-(*>*)
-  assume "A \<and> B"
-  then obtain B and A ..
-  then have "B \<and> A" ..
-(*<*)
-qed
-(*>*)
-
-text {*
-  \noindent Note that the analogous elimination rule for disjunction
-  ``@{text "\<ASSUMES> A \<or> B \<OBTAINS> A \<BBAR> B"}'' coincides with
-  the original axiomatization of @{thm disjE}.
-
-  \medskip We continue propositional logic by introducing absurdity
-  with its characteristic elimination.  Plain truth may then be
-  defined as a proposition that is trivially true.
-*}
-
-axiomatization
-  false :: o  ("\<bottom>") where
-  falseE [elim]: "\<bottom> \<Longrightarrow> A"
-
-definition
-  true :: o  ("\<top>") where
-  "\<top> \<equiv> \<bottom> \<longrightarrow> \<bottom>"
-
-theorem trueI [intro]: \<top>
-  unfolding true_def ..
-
-text {*
-  \medskip\noindent Now negation represents an implication towards
-  absurdity:
-*}
-
-definition
-  not :: "o \<Rightarrow> o"  ("\<not> _" [40] 40) where
-  "\<not> A \<equiv> A \<longrightarrow> \<bottom>"
-
-theorem notI [intro]:
-  assumes "A \<Longrightarrow> \<bottom>"
-  shows "\<not> A"
-unfolding not_def
-proof
-  assume A
-  then show \<bottom> by (rule `A \<Longrightarrow> \<bottom>`)
-qed
-
-theorem notE [elim]:
-  assumes "\<not> A" and A
-  shows B
-proof -
-  from `\<not> A` have "A \<longrightarrow> \<bottom>" unfolding not_def .
-  from `A \<longrightarrow> \<bottom>` and `A` have \<bottom> ..
-  then show B ..
-qed
-
-
-subsection {* Classical logic *}
-
-text {*
-  Subsequently we state the principle of classical contradiction as a
-  local assumption.  Thus we refrain from forcing the object-logic
-  into the classical perspective.  Within that context, we may derive
-  well-known consequences of the classical principle.
-*}
-
-locale classical =
-  assumes classical: "(\<not> C \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> C"
-begin
-
-theorem double_negation:
-  assumes "\<not> \<not> C"
-  shows C
-proof (rule classical)
-  assume "\<not> C"
-  with `\<not> \<not> C` show C ..
-qed
-
-theorem tertium_non_datur: "C \<or> \<not> C"
-proof (rule double_negation)
-  show "\<not> \<not> (C \<or> \<not> C)"
-  proof
-    assume "\<not> (C \<or> \<not> C)"
-    have "\<not> C"
-    proof
-      assume C then have "C \<or> \<not> C" ..
-      with `\<not> (C \<or> \<not> C)` show \<bottom> ..
-    qed
-    then have "C \<or> \<not> C" ..
-    with `\<not> (C \<or> \<not> C)` show \<bottom> ..
-  qed
-qed
-
-text {*
-  \noindent These examples illustrate both classical reasoning and
-  non-trivial propositional proofs in general.  All three rules
-  characterize classical logic independently, but the original rule is
-  already the most convenient to use, because it leaves the conclusion
-  unchanged.  Note that @{prop "(\<not> C \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> C"} fits again into our
-  format for eliminations, despite the additional twist that the
-  context refers to the main conclusion.  So we may write @{thm
-  classical} as the Isar statement ``@{text "\<OBTAINS> \<not> thesis"}''.
-  This also explains nicely how classical reasoning really works:
-  whatever the main @{text thesis} might be, we may always assume its
-  negation!
-*}
-
-end
-
-
-subsection {* Quantifiers \label{sec:framework-ex-quant} *}
-
-text {*
-  Representing quantifiers is easy, thanks to the higher-order nature
-  of the underlying framework.  According to the well-known technique
-  introduced by Church \cite{church40}, quantifiers are operators on
-  predicates, which are syntactically represented as @{text "\<lambda>"}-terms
-  of type @{typ "i \<Rightarrow> o"}.  Binder notation turns @{text "All (\<lambda>x. B
-  x)"} into @{text "\<forall>x. B x"} etc.
-*}
-
-axiomatization
-  All :: "(i \<Rightarrow> o) \<Rightarrow> o"  (binder "\<forall>" 10) where
-  allI [intro]: "(\<And>x. B x) \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. B x" and
-  allD [dest]: "(\<forall>x. B x) \<Longrightarrow> B a"
-
-axiomatization
-  Ex :: "(i \<Rightarrow> o) \<Rightarrow> o"  (binder "\<exists>" 10) where
-  exI [intro]: "B a \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>x. B x)" and
-  exE [elim]: "(\<exists>x. B x) \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. B x \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> C"
-
-text {*
-  \noindent The statement of @{thm exE} corresponds to ``@{text
-  "\<ASSUMES> \<exists>x. B x \<OBTAINS> x \<WHERE> B x"}'' in Isar.  In the
-  subsequent example we illustrate quantifier reasoning involving all
-  four rules:
-*}
-
-theorem
-  assumes "\<exists>x. \<forall>y. R x y"
-  shows "\<forall>y. \<exists>x. R x y"
-proof    -- {* @{text "\<forall>"} introduction *}
-  obtain x where "\<forall>y. R x y" using `\<exists>x. \<forall>y. R x y` ..    -- {* @{text "\<exists>"} elimination *}
-  fix y have "R x y" using `\<forall>y. R x y` ..    -- {* @{text "\<forall>"} destruction *}
-  then show "\<exists>x. R x y" ..    -- {* @{text "\<exists>"} introduction *}
-qed
-
-
-subsection {* Canonical reasoning patterns *}
-
-text {*
-  The main rules of first-order predicate logic from
-  \secref{sec:framework-ex-prop} and \secref{sec:framework-ex-quant}
-  can now be summarized as follows, using the native Isar statement
-  format of \secref{sec:framework-stmt}.
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{l}
-  @{text "impI: \<ASSUMES> A \<Longrightarrow> B \<SHOWS> A \<longrightarrow> B"} \\
-  @{text "impD: \<ASSUMES> A \<longrightarrow> B \<AND> A \<SHOWS> B"} \\[1ex]
-
-  @{text "disjI\<^isub>1: \<ASSUMES> A \<SHOWS> A \<or> B"} \\
-  @{text "disjI\<^isub>2: \<ASSUMES> B \<SHOWS> A \<or> B"} \\
-  @{text "disjE: \<ASSUMES> A \<or> B \<OBTAINS> A \<BBAR> B"} \\[1ex]
-
-  @{text "conjI: \<ASSUMES> A \<AND> B \<SHOWS> A \<and> B"} \\
-  @{text "conjE: \<ASSUMES> A \<and> B \<OBTAINS> A \<AND> B"} \\[1ex]
-
-  @{text "falseE: \<ASSUMES> \<bottom> \<SHOWS> A"} \\
-  @{text "trueI: \<SHOWS> \<top>"} \\[1ex]
-
-  @{text "notI: \<ASSUMES> A \<Longrightarrow> \<bottom> \<SHOWS> \<not> A"} \\
-  @{text "notE: \<ASSUMES> \<not> A \<AND> A \<SHOWS> B"} \\[1ex]
-
-  @{text "allI: \<ASSUMES> \<And>x. B x \<SHOWS> \<forall>x. B x"} \\
-  @{text "allE: \<ASSUMES> \<forall>x. B x \<SHOWS> B a"} \\[1ex]
-
-  @{text "exI: \<ASSUMES> B a \<SHOWS> \<exists>x. B x"} \\
-  @{text "exE: \<ASSUMES> \<exists>x. B x \<OBTAINS> a \<WHERE> B a"}
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \noindent This essentially provides a declarative reading of Pure
-  rules as Isar reasoning patterns: the rule statements tells how a
-  canonical proof outline shall look like.  Since the above rules have
-  already been declared as @{attribute (Pure) intro}, @{attribute
-  (Pure) elim}, @{attribute (Pure) dest} --- each according to its
-  particular shape --- we can immediately write Isar proof texts as
-  follows:
-*}
-
-(*<*)
-theorem "\<And>A. PROP A \<Longrightarrow> PROP A"
-proof -
-(*>*)
-
-  txt_raw {*\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have "A \<longrightarrow> B"
-  proof
-    assume A
-    show B sorry %noproof
-  qed
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have "A \<longrightarrow> B" and A sorry %noproof
-  then have B ..
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have A sorry %noproof
-  then have "A \<or> B" ..
-
-  have B sorry %noproof
-  then have "A \<or> B" ..
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have "A \<or> B" sorry %noproof
-  then have C
-  proof
-    assume A
-    then show C sorry %noproof
-  next
-    assume B
-    then show C sorry %noproof
-  qed
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have A and B sorry %noproof
-  then have "A \<and> B" ..
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have "A \<and> B" sorry %noproof
-  then obtain A and B ..
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have "\<bottom>" sorry %noproof
-  then have A ..
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have "\<top>" ..
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have "\<not> A"
-  proof
-    assume A
-    then show "\<bottom>" sorry %noproof
-  qed
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have "\<not> A" and A sorry %noproof
-  then have B ..
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have "\<forall>x. B x"
-  proof
-    fix x
-    show "B x" sorry %noproof
-  qed
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have "\<forall>x. B x" sorry %noproof
-  then have "B a" ..
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have "\<exists>x. B x"
-  proof
-    show "B a" sorry %noproof
-  qed
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}*}(*<*)next(*>*)
-
-  have "\<exists>x. B x" sorry %noproof
-  then obtain a where "B a" ..
-
-  txt_raw {*\end{minipage}*}
-
-(*<*)
-qed
-(*>*)
-
-text {*
-  \bigskip\noindent Of course, these proofs are merely examples.  As
-  sketched in \secref{sec:framework-subproof}, there is a fair amount
-  of flexibility in expressing Pure deductions in Isar.  Here the user
-  is asked to express himself adequately, aiming at proof texts of
-  literary quality.
-*}
-
-end %visible
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Framework.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Framework.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,1016 +0,0 @@
-theory Framework
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* The Isabelle/Isar Framework \label{ch:isar-framework} *}
-
-text {*
-  Isabelle/Isar
-  \cite{Wenzel:1999:TPHOL,Wenzel-PhD,Nipkow-TYPES02,Wenzel-Paulson:2006,Wenzel:2006:Festschrift}
-  is intended as a generic framework for developing formal
-  mathematical documents with full proof checking.  Definitions and
-  proofs are organized as theories.  An assembly of theory sources may
-  be presented as a printed document; see also
-  \chref{ch:document-prep}.
-
-  The main objective of Isar is the design of a human-readable
-  structured proof language, which is called the ``primary proof
-  format'' in Isar terminology.  Such a primary proof language is
-  somewhere in the middle between the extremes of primitive proof
-  objects and actual natural language.  In this respect, Isar is a bit
-  more formalistic than Mizar
-  \cite{Trybulec:1993:MizarFeatures,Rudnicki:1992:MizarOverview,Wiedijk:1999:Mizar},
-  using logical symbols for certain reasoning schemes where Mizar
-  would prefer English words; see \cite{Wenzel-Wiedijk:2002} for
-  further comparisons of these systems.
-
-  So Isar challenges the traditional way of recording informal proofs
-  in mathematical prose, as well as the common tendency to see fully
-  formal proofs directly as objects of some logical calculus (e.g.\
-  @{text "\<lambda>"}-terms in a version of type theory).  In fact, Isar is
-  better understood as an interpreter of a simple block-structured
-  language for describing the data flow of local facts and goals,
-  interspersed with occasional invocations of proof methods.
-  Everything is reduced to logical inferences internally, but these
-  steps are somewhat marginal compared to the overall bookkeeping of
-  the interpretation process.  Thanks to careful design of the syntax
-  and semantics of Isar language elements, a formal record of Isar
-  instructions may later appear as an intelligible text to the
-  attentive reader.
-
-  The Isar proof language has emerged from careful analysis of some
-  inherent virtues of the existing logical framework of Isabelle/Pure
-  \cite{paulson-found,paulson700}, notably composition of higher-order
-  natural deduction rules, which is a generalization of Gentzen's
-  original calculus \cite{Gentzen:1935}.  The approach of generic
-  inference systems in Pure is continued by Isar towards actual proof
-  texts.
-
-  Concrete applications require another intermediate layer: an
-  object-logic.  Isabelle/HOL \cite{isa-tutorial} (simply-typed
-  set-theory) is being used most of the time; Isabelle/ZF
-  \cite{isabelle-ZF} is less extensively developed, although it would
-  probably fit better for classical mathematics.
-
-  \medskip In order to illustrate natural deduction in Isar, we shall
-  refer to the background theory and library of Isabelle/HOL.  This
-  includes common notions of predicate logic, naive set-theory etc.\
-  using fairly standard mathematical notation.  From the perspective
-  of generic natural deduction there is nothing special about the
-  logical connectives of HOL (@{text "\<and>"}, @{text "\<or>"}, @{text "\<forall>"},
-  @{text "\<exists>"}, etc.), only the resulting reasoning principles are
-  relevant to the user.  There are similar rules available for
-  set-theory operators (@{text "\<inter>"}, @{text "\<union>"}, @{text "\<Inter>"}, @{text
-  "\<Union>"}, etc.), or any other theory developed in the library (lattice
-  theory, topology etc.).
-
-  Subsequently we briefly review fragments of Isar proof texts
-  corresponding directly to such general deduction schemes.  The
-  examples shall refer to set-theory, to minimize the danger of
-  understanding connectives of predicate logic as something special.
-
-  \medskip The following deduction performs @{text "\<inter>"}-introduction,
-  working forwards from assumptions towards the conclusion.  We give
-  both the Isar text, and depict the primitive rule involved, as
-  determined by unification of the problem against rules that are
-  declared in the library context.
-*}
-
-text_raw {*\medskip\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}*}
-
-(*<*)
-notepad
-begin
-(*>*)
-    assume "x \<in> A" and "x \<in> B"
-    then have "x \<in> A \<inter> B" ..
-(*<*)
-end
-(*>*)
-
-text_raw {*\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}*}
-
-text {*
-  \infer{@{prop "x \<in> A \<inter> B"}}{@{prop "x \<in> A"} & @{prop "x \<in> B"}}
-*}
-
-text_raw {*\end{minipage}*}
-
-text {*
-  \medskip\noindent Note that @{command assume} augments the proof
-  context, @{command then} indicates that the current fact shall be
-  used in the next step, and @{command have} states an intermediate
-  goal.  The two dots ``@{command ".."}'' refer to a complete proof of
-  this claim, using the indicated facts and a canonical rule from the
-  context.  We could have been more explicit here by spelling out the
-  final proof step via the @{command "by"} command:
-*}
-
-(*<*)
-notepad
-begin
-(*>*)
-    assume "x \<in> A" and "x \<in> B"
-    then have "x \<in> A \<inter> B" by (rule IntI)
-(*<*)
-end
-(*>*)
-
-text {*
-  \noindent The format of the @{text "\<inter>"}-introduction rule represents
-  the most basic inference, which proceeds from given premises to a
-  conclusion, without any nested proof context involved.
-
-  The next example performs backwards introduction on @{term "\<Inter>\<A>"},
-  the intersection of all sets within a given set.  This requires a
-  nested proof of set membership within a local context, where @{term
-  A} is an arbitrary-but-fixed member of the collection:
-*}
-
-text_raw {*\medskip\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}*}
-
-(*<*)
-notepad
-begin
-(*>*)
-    have "x \<in> \<Inter>\<A>"
-    proof
-      fix A
-      assume "A \<in> \<A>"
-      show "x \<in> A" sorry %noproof
-    qed
-(*<*)
-end
-(*>*)
-
-text_raw {*\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}*}
-
-text {*
-  \infer{@{prop "x \<in> \<Inter>\<A>"}}{\infer*{@{prop "x \<in> A"}}{@{text "[A][A \<in> \<A>]"}}}
-*}
-
-text_raw {*\end{minipage}*}
-
-text {*
-  \medskip\noindent This Isar reasoning pattern again refers to the
-  primitive rule depicted above.  The system determines it in the
-  ``@{command proof}'' step, which could have been spelt out more
-  explicitly as ``@{command proof}~@{text "(rule InterI)"}''.  Note
-  that the rule involves both a local parameter @{term "A"} and an
-  assumption @{prop "A \<in> \<A>"} in the nested reasoning.  This kind of
-  compound rule typically demands a genuine sub-proof in Isar, working
-  backwards rather than forwards as seen before.  In the proof body we
-  encounter the @{command fix}-@{command assume}-@{command show}
-  outline of nested sub-proofs that is typical for Isar.  The final
-  @{command show} is like @{command have} followed by an additional
-  refinement of the enclosing claim, using the rule derived from the
-  proof body.
-
-  \medskip The next example involves @{term "\<Union>\<A>"}, which can be
-  characterized as the set of all @{term "x"} such that @{prop "\<exists>A. x
-  \<in> A \<and> A \<in> \<A>"}.  The elimination rule for @{prop "x \<in> \<Union>\<A>"} does
-  not mention @{text "\<exists>"} and @{text "\<and>"} at all, but admits to obtain
-  directly a local @{term "A"} such that @{prop "x \<in> A"} and @{prop "A
-  \<in> \<A>"} hold.  This corresponds to the following Isar proof and
-  inference rule, respectively:
-*}
-
-text_raw {*\medskip\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}*}
-
-(*<*)
-notepad
-begin
-(*>*)
-    assume "x \<in> \<Union>\<A>"
-    then have C
-    proof
-      fix A
-      assume "x \<in> A" and "A \<in> \<A>"
-      show C sorry %noproof
-    qed
-(*<*)
-end
-(*>*)
-
-text_raw {*\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}*}
-
-text {*
-  \infer{@{prop "C"}}{@{prop "x \<in> \<Union>\<A>"} & \infer*{@{prop "C"}~}{@{text "[A][x \<in> A, A \<in> \<A>]"}}}
-*}
-
-text_raw {*\end{minipage}*}
-
-text {*
-  \medskip\noindent Although the Isar proof follows the natural
-  deduction rule closely, the text reads not as natural as
-  anticipated.  There is a double occurrence of an arbitrary
-  conclusion @{prop "C"}, which represents the final result, but is
-  irrelevant for now.  This issue arises for any elimination rule
-  involving local parameters.  Isar provides the derived language
-  element @{command obtain}, which is able to perform the same
-  elimination proof more conveniently:
-*}
-
-(*<*)
-notepad
-begin
-(*>*)
-    assume "x \<in> \<Union>\<A>"
-    then obtain A where "x \<in> A" and "A \<in> \<A>" ..
-(*<*)
-end
-(*>*)
-
-text {*
-  \noindent Here we avoid to mention the final conclusion @{prop "C"}
-  and return to plain forward reasoning.  The rule involved in the
-  ``@{command ".."}'' proof is the same as before.
-*}
-
-
-section {* The Pure framework \label{sec:framework-pure} *}
-
-text {*
-  The Pure logic \cite{paulson-found,paulson700} is an intuitionistic
-  fragment of higher-order logic \cite{church40}.  In type-theoretic
-  parlance, there are three levels of @{text "\<lambda>"}-calculus with
-  corresponding arrows @{text "\<Rightarrow>"}/@{text "\<And>"}/@{text "\<Longrightarrow>"}:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-  @{text "\<alpha> \<Rightarrow> \<beta>"} & syntactic function space (terms depending on terms) \\
-  @{text "\<And>x. B(x)"} & universal quantification (proofs depending on terms) \\
-  @{text "A \<Longrightarrow> B"} & implication (proofs depending on proofs) \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \noindent Here only the types of syntactic terms, and the
-  propositions of proof terms have been shown.  The @{text
-  "\<lambda>"}-structure of proofs can be recorded as an optional feature of
-  the Pure inference kernel \cite{Berghofer-Nipkow:2000:TPHOL}, but
-  the formal system can never depend on them due to \emph{proof
-  irrelevance}.
-
-  On top of this most primitive layer of proofs, Pure implements a
-  generic calculus for nested natural deduction rules, similar to
-  \cite{Schroeder-Heister:1984}.  Here object-logic inferences are
-  internalized as formulae over @{text "\<And>"} and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"}.
-  Combining such rule statements may involve higher-order unification
-  \cite{paulson-natural}.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Primitive inferences *}
-
-text {*
-  Term syntax provides explicit notation for abstraction @{text "\<lambda>x ::
-  \<alpha>. b(x)"} and application @{text "b a"}, while types are usually
-  implicit thanks to type-inference; terms of type @{text "prop"} are
-  called propositions.  Logical statements are composed via @{text "\<And>x
-  :: \<alpha>. B(x)"} and @{text "A \<Longrightarrow> B"}.  Primitive reasoning operates on
-  judgments of the form @{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<phi>"}, with standard introduction
-  and elimination rules for @{text "\<And>"} and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} that refer to
-  fixed parameters @{text "x\<^isub>1, \<dots>, x\<^isub>m"} and hypotheses
-  @{text "A\<^isub>1, \<dots>, A\<^isub>n"} from the context @{text "\<Gamma>"};
-  the corresponding proof terms are left implicit.  The subsequent
-  inference rules define @{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<phi>"} inductively, relative to a
-  collection of axioms:
-
-  \[
-  \infer{@{text "\<turnstile> A"}}{(@{text "A"} \text{~axiom})}
-  \qquad
-  \infer{@{text "A \<turnstile> A"}}{}
-  \]
-
-  \[
-  \infer{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<And>x. B(x)"}}{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B(x)"} & @{text "x \<notin> \<Gamma>"}}
-  \qquad
-  \infer{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B(a)"}}{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<And>x. B(x)"}}
-  \]
-
-  \[
-  \infer{@{text "\<Gamma> - A \<turnstile> A \<Longrightarrow> B"}}{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B"}}
-  \qquad
-  \infer{@{text "\<Gamma>\<^sub>1 \<union> \<Gamma>\<^sub>2 \<turnstile> B"}}{@{text "\<Gamma>\<^sub>1 \<turnstile> A \<Longrightarrow> B"} & @{text "\<Gamma>\<^sub>2 \<turnstile> A"}}
-  \]
-
-  Furthermore, Pure provides a built-in equality @{text "\<equiv> :: \<alpha> \<Rightarrow> \<alpha> \<Rightarrow>
-  prop"} with axioms for reflexivity, substitution, extensionality,
-  and @{text "\<alpha>\<beta>\<eta>"}-conversion on @{text "\<lambda>"}-terms.
-
-  \medskip An object-logic introduces another layer on top of Pure,
-  e.g.\ with types @{text "i"} for individuals and @{text "o"} for
-  propositions, term constants @{text "Trueprop :: o \<Rightarrow> prop"} as
-  (implicit) derivability judgment and connectives like @{text "\<and> :: o
-  \<Rightarrow> o \<Rightarrow> o"} or @{text "\<forall> :: (i \<Rightarrow> o) \<Rightarrow> o"}, and axioms for object-level
-  rules such as @{text "conjI: A \<Longrightarrow> B \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B"} or @{text "allI: (\<And>x. B
-  x) \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. B x"}.  Derived object rules are represented as theorems of
-  Pure.  After the initial object-logic setup, further axiomatizations
-  are usually avoided; plain definitions and derived principles are
-  used exclusively.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Reasoning with rules \label{sec:framework-resolution} *}
-
-text {*
-  Primitive inferences mostly serve foundational purposes.  The main
-  reasoning mechanisms of Pure operate on nested natural deduction
-  rules expressed as formulae, using @{text "\<And>"} to bind local
-  parameters and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} to express entailment.  Multiple
-  parameters and premises are represented by repeating these
-  connectives in a right-associative manner.
-
-  Since @{text "\<And>"} and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} commute thanks to the theorem
-  @{prop "(A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. B x)) \<equiv> (\<And>x. A \<Longrightarrow> B x)"}, we may assume w.l.o.g.\
-  that rule statements always observe the normal form where
-  quantifiers are pulled in front of implications at each level of
-  nesting.  This means that any Pure proposition may be presented as a
-  \emph{Hereditary Harrop Formula} \cite{Miller:1991} which is of the
-  form @{text "\<And>x\<^isub>1 \<dots> x\<^isub>m. H\<^isub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> H\<^isub>n \<Longrightarrow>
-  A"} for @{text "m, n \<ge> 0"}, and @{text "A"} atomic, and @{text
-  "H\<^isub>1, \<dots>, H\<^isub>n"} being recursively of the same format.
-  Following the convention that outermost quantifiers are implicit,
-  Horn clauses @{text "A\<^isub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> A\<^isub>n \<Longrightarrow> A"} are a special
-  case of this.
-
-  For example, @{text "\<inter>"}-introduction rule encountered before is
-  represented as a Pure theorem as follows:
-  \[
-  @{text "IntI:"}~@{prop "x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<inter> B"}
-  \]
-
-  \noindent This is a plain Horn clause, since no further nesting on
-  the left is involved.  The general @{text "\<Inter>"}-introduction
-  corresponds to a Hereditary Harrop Formula with one additional level
-  of nesting:
-  \[
-  @{text "InterI:"}~@{prop "(\<And>A. A \<in> \<A> \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A) \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> \<Inter>\<A>"}
-  \]
-
-  \medskip Goals are also represented as rules: @{text "A\<^isub>1 \<Longrightarrow>
-  \<dots> A\<^isub>n \<Longrightarrow> C"} states that the sub-goals @{text "A\<^isub>1, \<dots>,
-  A\<^isub>n"} entail the result @{text "C"}; for @{text "n = 0"} the
-  goal is finished.  To allow @{text "C"} being a rule statement
-  itself, we introduce the protective marker @{text "# :: prop \<Rightarrow>
-  prop"}, which is defined as identity and hidden from the user.  We
-  initialize and finish goal states as follows:
-
-  \[
-  \begin{array}{c@ {\qquad}c}
-  \infer[(@{inference_def init})]{@{text "C \<Longrightarrow> #C"}}{} &
-  \infer[(@{inference_def finish})]{@{text C}}{@{text "#C"}}
-  \end{array}
-  \]
-
-  \noindent Goal states are refined in intermediate proof steps until
-  a finished form is achieved.  Here the two main reasoning principles
-  are @{inference resolution}, for back-chaining a rule against a
-  sub-goal (replacing it by zero or more sub-goals), and @{inference
-  assumption}, for solving a sub-goal (finding a short-circuit with
-  local assumptions).  Below @{text "\<^vec>x"} stands for @{text
-  "x\<^isub>1, \<dots>, x\<^isub>n"} (@{text "n \<ge> 0"}).
-
-  \[
-  \infer[(@{inference_def resolution})]
-  {@{text "(\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>H \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> \<^vec>A (\<^vec>a \<^vec>x))\<vartheta> \<Longrightarrow> C\<vartheta>"}}
-  {\begin{tabular}{rl}
-    @{text "rule:"} &
-    @{text "\<^vec>A \<^vec>a \<Longrightarrow> B \<^vec>a"} \\
-    @{text "goal:"} &
-    @{text "(\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>H \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> B' \<^vec>x) \<Longrightarrow> C"} \\
-    @{text "goal unifier:"} &
-    @{text "(\<lambda>\<^vec>x. B (\<^vec>a \<^vec>x))\<vartheta> = B'\<vartheta>"} \\
-   \end{tabular}}
-  \]
-
-  \medskip
-
-  \[
-  \infer[(@{inference_def assumption})]{@{text "C\<vartheta>"}}
-  {\begin{tabular}{rl}
-    @{text "goal:"} &
-    @{text "(\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>H \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> A \<^vec>x) \<Longrightarrow> C"} \\
-    @{text "assm unifier:"} & @{text "A\<vartheta> = H\<^sub>i\<vartheta>"}~~\text{(for some~@{text "H\<^sub>i"})} \\
-   \end{tabular}}
-  \]
-
-  The following trace illustrates goal-oriented reasoning in
-  Isabelle/Pure:
-
-  {\footnotesize
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{r@ {\quad}l}
-  @{text "(A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> B \<and> A) \<Longrightarrow> #(A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> B \<and> A)"} & @{text "(init)"} \\
-  @{text "(A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> B) \<Longrightarrow> (A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A) \<Longrightarrow> #\<dots>"} & @{text "(resolution B \<Longrightarrow> A \<Longrightarrow> B \<and> A)"} \\
-  @{text "(A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B) \<Longrightarrow> (A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A) \<Longrightarrow> #\<dots>"} & @{text "(resolution A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> B)"} \\
-  @{text "(A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A) \<Longrightarrow> #\<dots>"} & @{text "(assumption)"} \\
-  @{text "(A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B) \<Longrightarrow> #\<dots>"} & @{text "(resolution A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> A)"} \\
-  @{text "#\<dots>"} & @{text "(assumption)"} \\
-  @{text "A \<and> B \<Longrightarrow> B \<and> A"} & @{text "(finish)"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-  }
-
-  Compositions of @{inference assumption} after @{inference
-  resolution} occurs quite often, typically in elimination steps.
-  Traditional Isabelle tactics accommodate this by a combined
-  @{inference_def elim_resolution} principle.  In contrast, Isar uses
-  a slightly more refined combination, where the assumptions to be
-  closed are marked explicitly, using again the protective marker
-  @{text "#"}:
-
-  \[
-  \infer[(@{inference refinement})]
-  {@{text "(\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>H \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> \<^vec>G' (\<^vec>a \<^vec>x))\<vartheta> \<Longrightarrow> C\<vartheta>"}}
-  {\begin{tabular}{rl}
-    @{text "sub\<hyphen>proof:"} &
-    @{text "\<^vec>G \<^vec>a \<Longrightarrow> B \<^vec>a"} \\
-    @{text "goal:"} &
-    @{text "(\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>H \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> B' \<^vec>x) \<Longrightarrow> C"} \\
-    @{text "goal unifier:"} &
-    @{text "(\<lambda>\<^vec>x. B (\<^vec>a \<^vec>x))\<vartheta> = B'\<vartheta>"} \\
-    @{text "assm unifiers:"} &
-    @{text "(\<lambda>\<^vec>x. G\<^sub>j (\<^vec>a \<^vec>x))\<vartheta> = #H\<^sub>i\<vartheta>"} \\
-    & \quad (for each marked @{text "G\<^sub>j"} some @{text "#H\<^sub>i"}) \\
-   \end{tabular}}
-  \]
-
-  \noindent Here the @{text "sub\<hyphen>proof"} rule stems from the
-  main @{command fix}-@{command assume}-@{command show} outline of
-  Isar (cf.\ \secref{sec:framework-subproof}): each assumption
-  indicated in the text results in a marked premise @{text "G"} above.
-  The marking enforces resolution against one of the sub-goal's
-  premises.  Consequently, @{command fix}-@{command assume}-@{command
-  show} enables to fit the result of a sub-proof quite robustly into a
-  pending sub-goal, while maintaining a good measure of flexibility.
-*}
-
-
-section {* The Isar proof language \label{sec:framework-isar} *}
-
-text {*
-  Structured proofs are presented as high-level expressions for
-  composing entities of Pure (propositions, facts, and goals).  The
-  Isar proof language allows to organize reasoning within the
-  underlying rule calculus of Pure, but Isar is not another logical
-  calculus!
-
-  Isar is an exercise in sound minimalism.  Approximately half of the
-  language is introduced as primitive, the rest defined as derived
-  concepts.  The following grammar describes the core language
-  (category @{text "proof"}), which is embedded into theory
-  specification elements such as @{command theorem}; see also
-  \secref{sec:framework-stmt} for the separate category @{text
-  "statement"}.
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
-    @{text "theory\<hyphen>stmt"} & = & @{command "theorem"}~@{text "statement proof  |"}~~@{command "definition"}~@{text "\<dots>  |  \<dots>"} \\[1ex]
-
-    @{text "proof"} & = & @{text "prfx\<^sup>*"}~@{command "proof"}~@{text "method\<^sup>? stmt\<^sup>*"}~@{command "qed"}~@{text "method\<^sup>?"} \\[1ex]
-
-    @{text prfx} & = & @{command "using"}~@{text "facts"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "unfolding"}~@{text "facts"} \\
-
-    @{text stmt} & = & @{command "{"}~@{text "stmt\<^sup>*"}~@{command "}"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "next"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "note"}~@{text "name = facts"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "let"}~@{text "term = term"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "fix"}~@{text "var\<^sup>+"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command assume}~@{text "\<guillemotleft>inference\<guillemotright> name: props"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "then"}@{text "\<^sup>?"}~@{text goal} \\
-    @{text goal} & = & @{command "have"}~@{text "name: props proof"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "show"}~@{text "name: props proof"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-
-  \medskip Simultaneous propositions or facts may be separated by the
-  @{keyword "and"} keyword.
-
-  \medskip The syntax for terms and propositions is inherited from
-  Pure (and the object-logic).  A @{text "pattern"} is a @{text
-  "term"} with schematic variables, to be bound by higher-order
-  matching.
-
-  \medskip Facts may be referenced by name or proposition.  For
-  example, the result of ``@{command have}~@{text "a: A \<langle>proof\<rangle>"}''
-  becomes available both as @{text "a"} and
-  \isacharbackquoteopen@{text "A"}\isacharbackquoteclose.  Moreover,
-  fact expressions may involve attributes that modify either the
-  theorem or the background context.  For example, the expression
-  ``@{text "a [OF b]"}'' refers to the composition of two facts
-  according to the @{inference resolution} inference of
-  \secref{sec:framework-resolution}, while ``@{text "a [intro]"}''
-  declares a fact as introduction rule in the context.
-
-  The special fact called ``@{fact this}'' always refers to the last
-  result, as produced by @{command note}, @{command assume}, @{command
-  have}, or @{command show}.  Since @{command note} occurs
-  frequently together with @{command then} we provide some
-  abbreviations:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
-    @{command from}~@{text a} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command note}~@{text a}~@{command then} \\
-    @{command with}~@{text a} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command from}~@{text "a \<AND> this"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  The @{text "method"} category is essentially a parameter and may be
-  populated later.  Methods use the facts indicated by @{command
-  "then"} or @{command using}, and then operate on the goal state.
-  Some basic methods are predefined: ``@{method "-"}'' leaves the goal
-  unchanged, ``@{method this}'' applies the facts as rules to the
-  goal, ``@{method (Pure) "rule"}'' applies the facts to another rule and the
-  result to the goal (both ``@{method this}'' and ``@{method (Pure) rule}''
-  refer to @{inference resolution} of
-  \secref{sec:framework-resolution}).  The secondary arguments to
-  ``@{method (Pure) rule}'' may be specified explicitly as in ``@{text "(rule
-  a)"}'', or picked from the context.  In the latter case, the system
-  first tries rules declared as @{attribute (Pure) elim} or
-  @{attribute (Pure) dest}, followed by those declared as @{attribute
-  (Pure) intro}.
-
-  The default method for @{command proof} is ``@{method (Pure) rule}''
-  (arguments picked from the context), for @{command qed} it is
-  ``@{method "-"}''.  Further abbreviations for terminal proof steps
-  are ``@{command "by"}~@{text "method\<^sub>1 method\<^sub>2"}'' for
-  ``@{command proof}~@{text "method\<^sub>1"}~@{command qed}~@{text
-  "method\<^sub>2"}'', and ``@{command ".."}'' for ``@{command
-  "by"}~@{method (Pure) rule}, and ``@{command "."}'' for ``@{command
-  "by"}~@{method this}''.  The @{command unfolding} element operates
-  directly on the current facts and goal by applying equalities.
-
-  \medskip Block structure can be indicated explicitly by ``@{command
-  "{"}~@{text "\<dots>"}~@{command "}"}'', although the body of a sub-proof
-  already involves implicit nesting.  In any case, @{command next}
-  jumps into the next section of a block, i.e.\ it acts like closing
-  an implicit block scope and opening another one; there is no direct
-  correspondence to subgoals here.
-
-  The remaining elements @{command fix} and @{command assume} build up
-  a local context (see \secref{sec:framework-context}), while
-  @{command show} refines a pending sub-goal by the rule resulting
-  from a nested sub-proof (see \secref{sec:framework-subproof}).
-  Further derived concepts will support calculational reasoning (see
-  \secref{sec:framework-calc}).
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Context elements \label{sec:framework-context} *}
-
-text {*
-  In judgments @{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<phi>"} of the primitive framework, @{text "\<Gamma>"}
-  essentially acts like a proof context.  Isar elaborates this idea
-  towards a higher-level notion, with additional information for
-  type-inference, term abbreviations, local facts, hypotheses etc.
-
-  The element @{command fix}~@{text "x :: \<alpha>"} declares a local
-  parameter, i.e.\ an arbitrary-but-fixed entity of a given type; in
-  results exported from the context, @{text "x"} may become anything.
-  The @{command assume}~@{text "\<guillemotleft>inference\<guillemotright>"} element provides a
-  general interface to hypotheses: ``@{command assume}~@{text
-  "\<guillemotleft>inference\<guillemotright> A"}'' produces @{text "A \<turnstile> A"} locally, while the
-  included inference tells how to discharge @{text A} from results
-  @{text "A \<turnstile> B"} later on.  There is no user-syntax for @{text
-  "\<guillemotleft>inference\<guillemotright>"}, i.e.\ it may only occur internally when derived
-  commands are defined in ML.
-
-  At the user-level, the default inference for @{command assume} is
-  @{inference discharge} as given below.  The additional variants
-  @{command presume} and @{command def} are defined as follows:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
-    @{command presume}~@{text A} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command assume}~@{text "\<guillemotleft>weak\<hyphen>discharge\<guillemotright> A"} \\
-    @{command def}~@{text "x \<equiv> a"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command fix}~@{text x}~@{command assume}~@{text "\<guillemotleft>expansion\<guillemotright> x \<equiv> a"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \[
-  \infer[(@{inference_def discharge})]{@{text "\<strut>\<Gamma> - A \<turnstile> #A \<Longrightarrow> B"}}{@{text "\<strut>\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B"}}
-  \]
-  \[
-  \infer[(@{inference_def "weak\<hyphen>discharge"})]{@{text "\<strut>\<Gamma> - A \<turnstile> A \<Longrightarrow> B"}}{@{text "\<strut>\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B"}}
-  \]
-  \[
-  \infer[(@{inference_def expansion})]{@{text "\<strut>\<Gamma> - (x \<equiv> a) \<turnstile> B a"}}{@{text "\<strut>\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B x"}}
-  \]
-
-  \medskip Note that @{inference discharge} and @{inference
-  "weak\<hyphen>discharge"} differ in the marker for @{prop A}, which is
-  relevant when the result of a @{command fix}-@{command
-  assume}-@{command show} outline is composed with a pending goal,
-  cf.\ \secref{sec:framework-subproof}.
-
-  The most interesting derived context element in Isar is @{command
-  obtain} \cite[\S5.3]{Wenzel-PhD}, which supports generalized
-  elimination steps in a purely forward manner.  The @{command obtain}
-  command takes a specification of parameters @{text "\<^vec>x"} and
-  assumptions @{text "\<^vec>A"} to be added to the context, together
-  with a proof of a case rule stating that this extension is
-  conservative (i.e.\ may be removed from closed results later on):
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{l}
-  @{text "\<langle>facts\<rangle>"}~~@{command obtain}~@{text "\<^vec>x \<WHERE> \<^vec>A \<^vec>x  \<langle>proof\<rangle> \<equiv>"} \\[0.5ex]
-  \quad @{command have}~@{text "case: \<And>thesis. (\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>A \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> thesis) \<Longrightarrow> thesis\<rangle>"} \\
-  \quad @{command proof}~@{method "-"} \\
-  \qquad @{command fix}~@{text thesis} \\
-  \qquad @{command assume}~@{text "[intro]: \<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>A \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> thesis"} \\
-  \qquad @{command show}~@{text thesis}~@{command using}~@{text "\<langle>facts\<rangle> \<langle>proof\<rangle>"} \\
-  \quad @{command qed} \\
-  \quad @{command fix}~@{text "\<^vec>x"}~@{command assume}~@{text "\<guillemotleft>elimination case\<guillemotright> \<^vec>A \<^vec>x"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \[
-  \infer[(@{inference elimination})]{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> B"}}{
-    \begin{tabular}{rl}
-    @{text "case:"} &
-    @{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<And>thesis. (\<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>A \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> thesis) \<Longrightarrow> thesis"} \\[0.2ex]
-    @{text "result:"} &
-    @{text "\<Gamma> \<union> \<^vec>A \<^vec>y \<turnstile> B"} \\[0.2ex]
-    \end{tabular}}
-  \]
-
-  \noindent Here the name ``@{text thesis}'' is a specific convention
-  for an arbitrary-but-fixed proposition; in the primitive natural
-  deduction rules shown before we have occasionally used @{text C}.
-  The whole statement of ``@{command obtain}~@{text x}~@{keyword
-  "where"}~@{text "A x"}'' may be read as a claim that @{text "A x"}
-  may be assumed for some arbitrary-but-fixed @{text "x"}.  Also note
-  that ``@{command obtain}~@{text "A \<AND> B"}'' without parameters
-  is similar to ``@{command have}~@{text "A \<AND> B"}'', but the
-  latter involves multiple sub-goals.
-
-  \medskip The subsequent Isar proof texts explain all context
-  elements introduced above using the formal proof language itself.
-  After finishing a local proof within a block, we indicate the
-  exported result via @{command note}.
-*}
-
-(*<*)
-theorem True
-proof
-(*>*)
-  txt_raw {* \begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth} *}
-  {
-    fix x
-    have "B x" sorry %noproof
-  }
-  note `\<And>x. B x`
-  txt_raw {* \end{minipage}\quad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth} *}(*<*)next(*>*)
-  {
-    assume A
-    have B sorry %noproof
-  }
-  note `A \<Longrightarrow> B`
-  txt_raw {* \end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth} *}(*<*)next(*>*)
-  {
-    def x \<equiv> a
-    have "B x" sorry %noproof
-  }
-  note `B a`
-  txt_raw {* \end{minipage}\quad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth} *}(*<*)next(*>*)
-  {
-    obtain x where "A x" sorry %noproof
-    have B sorry %noproof
-  }
-  note `B`
-  txt_raw {* \end{minipage} *}
-(*<*)
-qed
-(*>*)
-
-text {*
-  \bigskip\noindent This illustrates the meaning of Isar context
-  elements without goals getting in between.
-*}
-
-subsection {* Structured statements \label{sec:framework-stmt} *}
-
-text {*
-  The category @{text "statement"} of top-level theorem specifications
-  is defined as follows:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
-  @{text "statement"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{text "name: props \<AND> \<dots>"} \\
-  & @{text "|"} & @{text "context\<^sup>* conclusion"} \\[0.5ex]
-
-  @{text "context"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{text "\<FIXES> vars \<AND> \<dots>"} \\
-  & @{text "|"} & @{text "\<ASSUMES> name: props \<AND> \<dots>"} \\
-
-  @{text "conclusion"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{text "\<SHOWS> name: props \<AND> \<dots>"} \\
-  & @{text "|"} & @{text "\<OBTAINS> vars \<AND> \<dots> \<WHERE> name: props \<AND> \<dots>"} \\
-  & & \quad @{text "\<BBAR> \<dots>"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-
-  \medskip\noindent A simple @{text "statement"} consists of named
-  propositions.  The full form admits local context elements followed
-  by the actual conclusions, such as ``@{keyword "fixes"}~@{text
-  x}~@{keyword "assumes"}~@{text "A x"}~@{keyword "shows"}~@{text "B
-  x"}''.  The final result emerges as a Pure rule after discharging
-  the context: @{prop "\<And>x. A x \<Longrightarrow> B x"}.
-
-  The @{keyword "obtains"} variant is another abbreviation defined
-  below; unlike @{command obtain} (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:framework-context}) there may be several ``cases''
-  separated by ``@{text "\<BBAR>"}'', each consisting of several
-  parameters (@{text "vars"}) and several premises (@{text "props"}).
-  This specifies multi-branch elimination rules.
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{l}
-  @{text "\<OBTAINS> \<^vec>x \<WHERE> \<^vec>A \<^vec>x   \<BBAR>   \<dots>   \<equiv>"} \\[0.5ex]
-  \quad @{text "\<FIXES> thesis"} \\
-  \quad @{text "\<ASSUMES> [intro]: \<And>\<^vec>x. \<^vec>A \<^vec>x \<Longrightarrow> thesis  \<AND>  \<dots>"} \\
-  \quad @{text "\<SHOWS> thesis"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  Presenting structured statements in such an ``open'' format usually
-  simplifies the subsequent proof, because the outer structure of the
-  problem is already laid out directly.  E.g.\ consider the following
-  canonical patterns for @{text "\<SHOWS>"} and @{text "\<OBTAINS>"},
-  respectively:
-*}
-
-text_raw {*\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}*}
-
-theorem
-  fixes x and y
-  assumes "A x" and "B y"
-  shows "C x y"
-proof -
-  from `A x` and `B y`
-  show "C x y" sorry %noproof
-qed
-
-text_raw {*\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}*}
-
-theorem
-  obtains x and y
-  where "A x" and "B y"
-proof -
-  have "A a" and "B b" sorry %noproof
-  then show thesis ..
-qed
-
-text_raw {*\end{minipage}*}
-
-text {*
-  \medskip\noindent Here local facts \isacharbackquoteopen@{text "A
-  x"}\isacharbackquoteclose\ and \isacharbackquoteopen@{text "B
-  y"}\isacharbackquoteclose\ are referenced immediately; there is no
-  need to decompose the logical rule structure again.  In the second
-  proof the final ``@{command then}~@{command show}~@{text
-  thesis}~@{command ".."}''  involves the local rule case @{text "\<And>x
-  y. A x \<Longrightarrow> B y \<Longrightarrow> thesis"} for the particular instance of terms @{text
-  "a"} and @{text "b"} produced in the body.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Structured proof refinement \label{sec:framework-subproof} *}
-
-text {*
-  By breaking up the grammar for the Isar proof language, we may
-  understand a proof text as a linear sequence of individual proof
-  commands.  These are interpreted as transitions of the Isar virtual
-  machine (Isar/VM), which operates on a block-structured
-  configuration in single steps.  This allows users to write proof
-  texts in an incremental manner, and inspect intermediate
-  configurations for debugging.
-
-  The basic idea is analogous to evaluating algebraic expressions on a
-  stack machine: @{text "(a + b) \<cdot> c"} then corresponds to a sequence
-  of single transitions for each symbol @{text "(, a, +, b, ), \<cdot>, c"}.
-  In Isar the algebraic values are facts or goals, and the operations
-  are inferences.
-
-  \medskip The Isar/VM state maintains a stack of nodes, each node
-  contains the local proof context, the linguistic mode, and a pending
-  goal (optional).  The mode determines the type of transition that
-  may be performed next, it essentially alternates between forward and
-  backward reasoning, with an intermediate stage for chained facts
-  (see \figref{fig:isar-vm}).
-
-  \begin{figure}[htb]
-  \begin{center}
-  \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{Thy/document/isar-vm}
-  \end{center}
-  \caption{Isar/VM modes}\label{fig:isar-vm}
-  \end{figure}
-
-  For example, in @{text "state"} mode Isar acts like a mathematical
-  scratch-pad, accepting declarations like @{command fix}, @{command
-  assume}, and claims like @{command have}, @{command show}.  A goal
-  statement changes the mode to @{text "prove"}, which means that we
-  may now refine the problem via @{command unfolding} or @{command
-  proof}.  Then we are again in @{text "state"} mode of a proof body,
-  which may issue @{command show} statements to solve pending
-  sub-goals.  A concluding @{command qed} will return to the original
-  @{text "state"} mode one level upwards.  The subsequent Isar/VM
-  trace indicates block structure, linguistic mode, goal state, and
-  inferences:
-*}
-
-text_raw {* \begingroup\footnotesize *}
-(*<*)notepad begin
-(*>*)
-  txt_raw {* \begin{minipage}[t]{0.18\textwidth} *}
-  have "A \<longrightarrow> B"
-  proof
-    assume A
-    show B
-      sorry %noproof
-  qed
-  txt_raw {* \end{minipage}\quad
-\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\textwidth}
-@{text "begin"} \\
-\\
-\\
-@{text "begin"} \\
-@{text "end"} \\
-@{text "end"} \\
-\end{minipage}
-\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\textwidth}
-@{text "prove"} \\
-@{text "state"} \\
-@{text "state"} \\
-@{text "prove"} \\
-@{text "state"} \\
-@{text "state"} \\
-\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}[t]{0.35\textwidth}
-@{text "(A \<longrightarrow> B) \<Longrightarrow> #(A \<longrightarrow> B)"} \\
-@{text "(A \<Longrightarrow> B) \<Longrightarrow> #(A \<longrightarrow> B)"} \\
-\\
-\\
-@{text "#(A \<longrightarrow> B)"} \\
-@{text "A \<longrightarrow> B"} \\
-\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-@{text "(init)"} \\
-@{text "(resolution impI)"} \\
-\\
-\\
-@{text "(refinement #A \<Longrightarrow> B)"} \\
-@{text "(finish)"} \\
-\end{minipage} *}
-(*<*)
-end
-(*>*)
-text_raw {* \endgroup *}
-
-text {*
-  \noindent Here the @{inference refinement} inference from
-  \secref{sec:framework-resolution} mediates composition of Isar
-  sub-proofs nicely.  Observe that this principle incorporates some
-  degree of freedom in proof composition.  In particular, the proof
-  body allows parameters and assumptions to be re-ordered, or commuted
-  according to Hereditary Harrop Form.  Moreover, context elements
-  that are not used in a sub-proof may be omitted altogether.  For
-  example:
-*}
-
-text_raw {*\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}*}
-
-(*<*)
-notepad
-begin
-(*>*)
-  have "\<And>x y. A x \<Longrightarrow> B y \<Longrightarrow> C x y"
-  proof -
-    fix x and y
-    assume "A x" and "B y"
-    show "C x y" sorry %noproof
-  qed
-
-txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}*}
-
-(*<*)
-next
-(*>*)
-  have "\<And>x y. A x \<Longrightarrow> B y \<Longrightarrow> C x y"
-  proof -
-    fix x assume "A x"
-    fix y assume "B y"
-    show "C x y" sorry %noproof
-  qed
-
-txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}*}
-
-(*<*)
-next
-(*>*)
-  have "\<And>x y. A x \<Longrightarrow> B y \<Longrightarrow> C x y"
-  proof -
-    fix y assume "B y"
-    fix x assume "A x"
-    show "C x y" sorry
-  qed
-
-txt_raw {*\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}*}
-(*<*)
-next
-(*>*)
-  have "\<And>x y. A x \<Longrightarrow> B y \<Longrightarrow> C x y"
-  proof -
-    fix y assume "B y"
-    fix x
-    show "C x y" sorry
-  qed
-(*<*)
-end
-(*>*)
-
-text_raw {*\end{minipage}*}
-
-text {*
-  \medskip\noindent Such ``peephole optimizations'' of Isar texts are
-  practically important to improve readability, by rearranging
-  contexts elements according to the natural flow of reasoning in the
-  body, while still observing the overall scoping rules.
-
-  \medskip This illustrates the basic idea of structured proof
-  processing in Isar.  The main mechanisms are based on natural
-  deduction rule composition within the Pure framework.  In
-  particular, there are no direct operations on goal states within the
-  proof body.  Moreover, there is no hidden automated reasoning
-  involved, just plain unification.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Calculational reasoning \label{sec:framework-calc} *}
-
-text {*
-  The existing Isar infrastructure is sufficiently flexible to support
-  calculational reasoning (chains of transitivity steps) as derived
-  concept.  The generic proof elements introduced below depend on
-  rules declared as @{attribute trans} in the context.  It is left to
-  the object-logic to provide a suitable rule collection for mixed
-  relations of @{text "="}, @{text "<"}, @{text "\<le>"}, @{text "\<subset>"},
-  @{text "\<subseteq>"} etc.  Due to the flexibility of rule composition
-  (\secref{sec:framework-resolution}), substitution of equals by
-  equals is covered as well, even substitution of inequalities
-  involving monotonicity conditions; see also \cite[\S6]{Wenzel-PhD}
-  and \cite{Bauer-Wenzel:2001}.
-
-  The generic calculational mechanism is based on the observation that
-  rules such as @{text "trans:"}~@{prop "x = y \<Longrightarrow> y = z \<Longrightarrow> x = z"}
-  proceed from the premises towards the conclusion in a deterministic
-  fashion.  Thus we may reason in forward mode, feeding intermediate
-  results into rules selected from the context.  The course of
-  reasoning is organized by maintaining a secondary fact called
-  ``@{fact calculation}'', apart from the primary ``@{fact this}''
-  already provided by the Isar primitives.  In the definitions below,
-  @{attribute OF} refers to @{inference resolution}
-  (\secref{sec:framework-resolution}) with multiple rule arguments,
-  and @{text "trans"} represents to a suitable rule from the context:
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command "also"}@{text "\<^sub>0"} & \equiv & @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = this"} \\
-    @{command "also"}@{text "\<^sub>n\<^sub>+\<^sub>1"} & \equiv & @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = trans [OF calculation this]"} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{command "finally"} & \equiv & @{command "also"}~@{command "from"}~@{text calculation} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \noindent The start of a calculation is determined implicitly in the
-  text: here @{command also} sets @{fact calculation} to the current
-  result; any subsequent occurrence will update @{fact calculation} by
-  combination with the next result and a transitivity rule.  The
-  calculational sequence is concluded via @{command finally}, where
-  the final result is exposed for use in a concluding claim.
-
-  Here is a canonical proof pattern, using @{command have} to
-  establish the intermediate results:
-*}
-
-(*<*)
-notepad
-begin
-(*>*)
-  have "a = b" sorry
-  also have "\<dots> = c" sorry
-  also have "\<dots> = d" sorry
-  finally have "a = d" .
-(*<*)
-end
-(*>*)
-
-text {*
-  \noindent The term ``@{text "\<dots>"}'' above is a special abbreviation
-  provided by the Isabelle/Isar syntax layer: it statically refers to
-  the right-hand side argument of the previous statement given in the
-  text.  Thus it happens to coincide with relevant sub-expressions in
-  the calculational chain, but the exact correspondence is dependent
-  on the transitivity rules being involved.
-
-  \medskip Symmetry rules such as @{prop "x = y \<Longrightarrow> y = x"} are like
-  transitivities with only one premise.  Isar maintains a separate
-  rule collection declared via the @{attribute sym} attribute, to be
-  used in fact expressions ``@{text "a [symmetric]"}'', or single-step
-  proofs ``@{command assume}~@{text "x = y"}~@{command then}~@{command
-  have}~@{text "y = x"}~@{command ".."}''.
-*}
-
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Generic.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Generic.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,1279 +0,0 @@
-theory Generic
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* Generic tools and packages \label{ch:gen-tools} *}
-
-section {* Configuration options \label{sec:config} *}
-
-text {* Isabelle/Pure maintains a record of named configuration
-  options within the theory or proof context, with values of type
-  @{ML_type bool}, @{ML_type int}, @{ML_type real}, or @{ML_type
-  string}.  Tools may declare options in ML, and then refer to these
-  values (relative to the context).  Thus global reference variables
-  are easily avoided.  The user may change the value of a
-  configuration option by means of an associated attribute of the same
-  name.  This form of context declaration works particularly well with
-  commands such as @{command "declare"} or @{command "using"} like
-  this:
-*}
-
-declare [[show_main_goal = false]]
-
-notepad
-begin
-  note [[show_main_goal = true]]
-end
-
-text {* For historical reasons, some tools cannot take the full proof
-  context into account and merely refer to the background theory.
-  This is accommodated by configuration options being declared as
-  ``global'', which may not be changed within a local context.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    @{command_def "print_configs"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax name} ('=' ('true' | 'false' | @{syntax int} | @{syntax float} | @{syntax name}))?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{command "print_configs"} prints the available configuration
-  options, with names, types, and current values.
-  
-  \item @{text "name = value"} as an attribute expression modifies the
-  named option, with the syntax of the value depending on the option's
-  type.  For @{ML_type bool} the default value is @{text true}.  Any
-  attempt to change a global option in a local context is ignored.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Basic proof tools *}
-
-subsection {* Miscellaneous methods and attributes \label{sec:misc-meth-att} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def unfold} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def fold} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def insert} & : & @{text method} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{method_def erule}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def drule}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def frule}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def intro} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def elim} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def succeed} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def fail} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{method fold} | @@{method unfold} | @@{method insert}) @{syntax thmrefs}
-    ;
-    (@@{method erule} | @@{method drule} | @@{method frule})
-      ('(' @{syntax nat} ')')? @{syntax thmrefs}
-    ;
-    (@@{method intro} | @@{method elim}) @{syntax thmrefs}?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{method unfold}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} and @{method fold}~@{text
-  "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} expand (or fold back) the given definitions throughout
-  all goals; any chained facts provided are inserted into the goal and
-  subject to rewriting as well.
-
-  \item @{method insert}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} inserts theorems as facts
-  into all goals of the proof state.  Note that current facts
-  indicated for forward chaining are ignored.
-
-  \item @{method erule}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"}, @{method
-  drule}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"}, and @{method frule}~@{text
-  "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} are similar to the basic @{method rule}
-  method (see \secref{sec:pure-meth-att}), but apply rules by
-  elim-resolution, destruct-resolution, and forward-resolution,
-  respectively \cite{isabelle-implementation}.  The optional natural
-  number argument (default 0) specifies additional assumption steps to
-  be performed here.
-
-  Note that these methods are improper ones, mainly serving for
-  experimentation and tactic script emulation.  Different modes of
-  basic rule application are usually expressed in Isar at the proof
-  language level, rather than via implicit proof state manipulations.
-  For example, a proper single-step elimination would be done using
-  the plain @{method rule} method, with forward chaining of current
-  facts.
-
-  \item @{method intro} and @{method elim} repeatedly refine some goal
-  by intro- or elim-resolution, after having inserted any chained
-  facts.  Exactly the rules given as arguments are taken into account;
-  this allows fine-tuned decomposition of a proof problem, in contrast
-  to common automated tools.
-
-  \item @{method succeed} yields a single (unchanged) result; it is
-  the identity of the ``@{text ","}'' method combinator (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:proof-meth}).
-
-  \item @{method fail} yields an empty result sequence; it is the
-  identity of the ``@{text "|"}'' method combinator (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:proof-meth}).
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{attribute_def tagged} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def untagged} & : & @{text attribute} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{attribute_def THEN} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def unfolded} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def folded} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def abs_def} & : & @{text attribute} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{attribute_def rotated} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (Pure) elim_format} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def standard}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def no_vars}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{attribute tagged} @{syntax name} @{syntax name}
-    ;
-    @@{attribute untagged} @{syntax name}
-    ;
-    @@{attribute THEN} ('[' @{syntax nat} ']')? @{syntax thmref}
-    ;
-    (@@{attribute unfolded} | @@{attribute folded}) @{syntax thmrefs}
-    ;
-    @@{attribute rotated} @{syntax int}?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{attribute tagged}~@{text "name value"} and @{attribute
-  untagged}~@{text name} add and remove \emph{tags} of some theorem.
-  Tags may be any list of string pairs that serve as formal comment.
-  The first string is considered the tag name, the second its value.
-  Note that @{attribute untagged} removes any tags of the same name.
-
-  \item @{attribute THEN}~@{text a} composes rules by resolution; it
-  resolves with the first premise of @{text a} (an alternative
-  position may be also specified).  See also @{ML_op "RS"} in
-  \cite{isabelle-implementation}.
-  
-  \item @{attribute unfolded}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} and @{attribute
-  folded}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} expand and fold back again the given
-  definitions throughout a rule.
-
-  \item @{attribute abs_def} turns an equation of the form @{prop "f x
-  y \<equiv> t"} into @{prop "f \<equiv> \<lambda>x y. t"}, which ensures that @{method
-  simp} or @{method unfold} steps always expand it.  This also works
-  for object-logic equality.
-
-  \item @{attribute rotated}~@{text n} rotate the premises of a
-  theorem by @{text n} (default 1).
-
-  \item @{attribute (Pure) elim_format} turns a destruction rule into
-  elimination rule format, by resolving with the rule @{prop "PROP A \<Longrightarrow>
-  (PROP A \<Longrightarrow> PROP B) \<Longrightarrow> PROP B"}.
-  
-  Note that the Classical Reasoner (\secref{sec:classical}) provides
-  its own version of this operation.
-
-  \item @{attribute standard} puts a theorem into the standard form of
-  object-rules at the outermost theory level.  Note that this
-  operation violates the local proof context (including active
-  locales).
-
-  \item @{attribute no_vars} replaces schematic variables by free
-  ones; this is mainly for tuning output of pretty printed theorems.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Low-level equational reasoning *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def subst} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def hypsubst} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def split} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{method subst} ('(' 'asm' ')')? \\ ('(' (@{syntax nat}+) ')')? @{syntax thmref}
-    ;
-    @@{method split} @{syntax thmrefs}
-  "}
-
-  These methods provide low-level facilities for equational reasoning
-  that are intended for specialized applications only.  Normally,
-  single step calculations would be performed in a structured text
-  (see also \secref{sec:calculation}), while the Simplifier methods
-  provide the canonical way for automated normalization (see
-  \secref{sec:simplifier}).
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method subst}~@{text eq} performs a single substitution step
-  using rule @{text eq}, which may be either a meta or object
-  equality.
-
-  \item @{method subst}~@{text "(asm) eq"} substitutes in an
-  assumption.
-
-  \item @{method subst}~@{text "(i \<dots> j) eq"} performs several
-  substitutions in the conclusion. The numbers @{text i} to @{text j}
-  indicate the positions to substitute at.  Positions are ordered from
-  the top of the term tree moving down from left to right. For
-  example, in @{text "(a + b) + (c + d)"} there are three positions
-  where commutativity of @{text "+"} is applicable: 1 refers to @{text
-  "a + b"}, 2 to the whole term, and 3 to @{text "c + d"}.
-
-  If the positions in the list @{text "(i \<dots> j)"} are non-overlapping
-  (e.g.\ @{text "(2 3)"} in @{text "(a + b) + (c + d)"}) you may
-  assume all substitutions are performed simultaneously.  Otherwise
-  the behaviour of @{text subst} is not specified.
-
-  \item @{method subst}~@{text "(asm) (i \<dots> j) eq"} performs the
-  substitutions in the assumptions. The positions refer to the
-  assumptions in order from left to right.  For example, given in a
-  goal of the form @{text "P (a + b) \<Longrightarrow> P (c + d) \<Longrightarrow> \<dots>"}, position 1 of
-  commutativity of @{text "+"} is the subterm @{text "a + b"} and
-  position 2 is the subterm @{text "c + d"}.
-
-  \item @{method hypsubst} performs substitution using some
-  assumption; this only works for equations of the form @{text "x =
-  t"} where @{text x} is a free or bound variable.
-
-  \item @{method split}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} performs single-step case
-  splitting using the given rules.  Splitting is performed in the
-  conclusion or some assumption of the subgoal, depending of the
-  structure of the rule.
-  
-  Note that the @{method simp} method already involves repeated
-  application of split rules as declared in the current context, using
-  @{attribute split}, for example.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Further tactic emulations \label{sec:tactics} *}
-
-text {*
-  The following improper proof methods emulate traditional tactics.
-  These admit direct access to the goal state, which is normally
-  considered harmful!  In particular, this may involve both numbered
-  goal addressing (default 1), and dynamic instantiation within the
-  scope of some subgoal.
-
-  \begin{warn}
-    Dynamic instantiations refer to universally quantified parameters
-    of a subgoal (the dynamic context) rather than fixed variables and
-    term abbreviations of a (static) Isar context.
-  \end{warn}
-
-  Tactic emulation methods, unlike their ML counterparts, admit
-  simultaneous instantiation from both dynamic and static contexts.
-  If names occur in both contexts goal parameters hide locally fixed
-  variables.  Likewise, schematic variables refer to term
-  abbreviations, if present in the static context.  Otherwise the
-  schematic variable is interpreted as a schematic variable and left
-  to be solved by unification with certain parts of the subgoal.
-
-  Note that the tactic emulation proof methods in Isabelle/Isar are
-  consistently named @{text foo_tac}.  Note also that variable names
-  occurring on left hand sides of instantiations must be preceded by a
-  question mark if they coincide with a keyword or contain dots.  This
-  is consistent with the attribute @{attribute "where"} (see
-  \secref{sec:pure-meth-att}).
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def rule_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def erule_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def drule_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def frule_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def cut_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def thin_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def subgoal_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def rename_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def rotate_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def tactic}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def raw_tactic}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{method rule_tac} | @@{method erule_tac} | @@{method drule_tac} |
-      @@{method frule_tac} | @@{method cut_tac} | @@{method thin_tac}) @{syntax goal_spec}? \\
-    ( dynamic_insts @'in' @{syntax thmref} | @{syntax thmrefs} )
-    ;
-    @@{method subgoal_tac} @{syntax goal_spec}? (@{syntax prop} +)
-    ;
-    @@{method rename_tac} @{syntax goal_spec}? (@{syntax name} +)
-    ;
-    @@{method rotate_tac} @{syntax goal_spec}? @{syntax int}?
-    ;
-    (@@{method tactic} | @@{method raw_tactic}) @{syntax text}
-    ;
-
-    dynamic_insts: ((@{syntax name} '=' @{syntax term}) + @'and')
-  "}
-
-\begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method rule_tac} etc. do resolution of rules with explicit
-  instantiation.  This works the same way as the ML tactics @{ML
-  res_inst_tac} etc. (see \cite{isabelle-implementation})
-
-  Multiple rules may be only given if there is no instantiation; then
-  @{method rule_tac} is the same as @{ML resolve_tac} in ML (see
-  \cite{isabelle-implementation}).
-
-  \item @{method cut_tac} inserts facts into the proof state as
-  assumption of a subgoal; instantiations may be given as well.  Note
-  that the scope of schematic variables is spread over the main goal
-  statement and rule premises are turned into new subgoals.  This is
-  in contrast to the regular method @{method insert} which inserts
-  closed rule statements.
-
-  \item @{method thin_tac}~@{text \<phi>} deletes the specified premise
-  from a subgoal.  Note that @{text \<phi>} may contain schematic
-  variables, to abbreviate the intended proposition; the first
-  matching subgoal premise will be deleted.  Removing useless premises
-  from a subgoal increases its readability and can make search tactics
-  run faster.
-
-  \item @{method subgoal_tac}~@{text "\<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"} adds the propositions
-  @{text "\<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"} as local premises to a subgoal, and poses the same
-  as new subgoals (in the original context).
-
-  \item @{method rename_tac}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>n"} renames parameters of a
-  goal according to the list @{text "x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>n"}, which refers to the
-  \emph{suffix} of variables.
-
-  \item @{method rotate_tac}~@{text n} rotates the premises of a
-  subgoal by @{text n} positions: from right to left if @{text n} is
-  positive, and from left to right if @{text n} is negative; the
-  default value is 1.
-
-  \item @{method tactic}~@{text "text"} produces a proof method from
-  any ML text of type @{ML_type tactic}.  Apart from the usual ML
-  environment and the current proof context, the ML code may refer to
-  the locally bound values @{ML_text facts}, which indicates any
-  current facts used for forward-chaining.
-
-  \item @{method raw_tactic} is similar to @{method tactic}, but
-  presents the goal state in its raw internal form, where simultaneous
-  subgoals appear as conjunction of the logical framework instead of
-  the usual split into several subgoals.  While feature this is useful
-  for debugging of complex method definitions, it should not never
-  appear in production theories.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* The Simplifier \label{sec:simplifier} *}
-
-subsection {* Simplification methods *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def simp} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def simp_all} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{method simp} | @@{method simp_all}) opt? (@{syntax simpmod} * )
-    ;
-
-    opt: '(' ('no_asm' | 'no_asm_simp' | 'no_asm_use' | 'asm_lr' ) ')'
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def simpmod}: ('add' | 'del' | 'only' | 'cong' (() | 'add' | 'del') |
-      'split' (() | 'add' | 'del')) ':' @{syntax thmrefs}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method simp} invokes the Simplifier, after declaring
-  additional rules according to the arguments given.  Note that the
-  @{text only} modifier first removes all other rewrite rules,
-  congruences, and looper tactics (including splits), and then behaves
-  like @{text add}.
-
-  \medskip The @{text cong} modifiers add or delete Simplifier
-  congruence rules (see also \secref{sec:simp-cong}), the default is
-  to add.
-
-  \medskip The @{text split} modifiers add or delete rules for the
-  Splitter (see also \cite{isabelle-ref}), the default is to add.
-  This works only if the Simplifier method has been properly setup to
-  include the Splitter (all major object logics such HOL, HOLCF, FOL,
-  ZF do this already).
-
-  \item @{method simp_all} is similar to @{method simp}, but acts on
-  all goals (backwards from the last to the first one).
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  By default the Simplifier methods take local assumptions fully into
-  account, using equational assumptions in the subsequent
-  normalization process, or simplifying assumptions themselves (cf.\
-  @{ML asm_full_simp_tac} in \cite{isabelle-ref}).  In structured
-  proofs this is usually quite well behaved in practice: just the
-  local premises of the actual goal are involved, additional facts may
-  be inserted via explicit forward-chaining (via @{command "then"},
-  @{command "from"}, @{command "using"} etc.).
-
-  Additional Simplifier options may be specified to tune the behavior
-  further (mostly for unstructured scripts with many accidental local
-  facts): ``@{text "(no_asm)"}'' means assumptions are ignored
-  completely (cf.\ @{ML simp_tac}), ``@{text "(no_asm_simp)"}'' means
-  assumptions are used in the simplification of the conclusion but are
-  not themselves simplified (cf.\ @{ML asm_simp_tac}), and ``@{text
-  "(no_asm_use)"}'' means assumptions are simplified but are not used
-  in the simplification of each other or the conclusion (cf.\ @{ML
-  full_simp_tac}).  For compatibility reasons, there is also an option
-  ``@{text "(asm_lr)"}'', which means that an assumption is only used
-  for simplifying assumptions which are to the right of it (cf.\ @{ML
-  asm_lr_simp_tac}).
-
-  The configuration option @{text "depth_limit"} limits the number of
-  recursive invocations of the simplifier during conditional
-  rewriting.
-
-  \medskip The Splitter package is usually configured to work as part
-  of the Simplifier.  The effect of repeatedly applying @{ML
-  split_tac} can be simulated by ``@{text "(simp only: split:
-  a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n)"}''.  There is also a separate @{text split}
-  method available for single-step case splitting.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Declaring rules *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "print_simpset"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{attribute_def simp} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def split} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{attribute simp} | @@{attribute split}) (() | 'add' | 'del')
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "print_simpset"} prints the collection of rules
-  declared to the Simplifier, which is also known as ``simpset''
-  internally \cite{isabelle-ref}.
-
-  \item @{attribute simp} declares simplification rules.
-
-  \item @{attribute split} declares case split rules.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Congruence rules\label{sec:simp-cong} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{attribute_def cong} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{attribute cong} (() | 'add' | 'del')
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{attribute cong} declares congruence rules to the Simplifier
-  context.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Congruence rules are equalities of the form @{text [display]
-  "\<dots> \<Longrightarrow> f ?x\<^sub>1 \<dots> ?x\<^sub>n = f ?y\<^sub>1 \<dots> ?y\<^sub>n"}
-
-  This controls the simplification of the arguments of @{text f}.  For
-  example, some arguments can be simplified under additional
-  assumptions: @{text [display] "?P\<^sub>1 \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> (?Q\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> ?P\<^sub>2 \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q\<^sub>2) \<Longrightarrow>
-  (?P\<^sub>1 \<longrightarrow> ?P\<^sub>2) \<longleftrightarrow> (?Q\<^sub>1 \<longrightarrow> ?Q\<^sub>2)"}
-
-  Given this rule, the simplifier assumes @{text "?Q\<^sub>1"} and extracts
-  rewrite rules from it when simplifying @{text "?P\<^sub>2"}.  Such local
-  assumptions are effective for rewriting formulae such as @{text "x =
-  0 \<longrightarrow> y + x = y"}.
-
-  %FIXME
-  %The local assumptions are also provided as theorems to the solver;
-  %see \secref{sec:simp-solver} below.
-
-  \medskip The following congruence rule for bounded quantifiers also
-  supplies contextual information --- about the bound variable:
-  @{text [display] "(?A = ?B) \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. x \<in> ?B \<Longrightarrow> ?P x \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q x) \<Longrightarrow>
-    (\<forall>x \<in> ?A. ?P x) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x \<in> ?B. ?Q x)"}
-
-  \medskip This congruence rule for conditional expressions can
-  supply contextual information for simplifying the arms:
-  @{text [display] "?p = ?q \<Longrightarrow> (?q \<Longrightarrow> ?a = ?c) \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> ?q \<Longrightarrow> ?b = ?d) \<Longrightarrow>
-    (if ?p then ?a else ?b) = (if ?q then ?c else ?d)"}
-
-  A congruence rule can also \emph{prevent} simplification of some
-  arguments.  Here is an alternative congruence rule for conditional
-  expressions that conforms to non-strict functional evaluation:
-  @{text [display] "?p = ?q \<Longrightarrow> (if ?p then ?a else ?b) = (if ?q then ?a else ?b)"}
-
-  Only the first argument is simplified; the others remain unchanged.
-  This can make simplification much faster, but may require an extra
-  case split over the condition @{text "?q"} to prove the goal.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Simplification procedures *}
-
-text {* Simplification procedures are ML functions that produce proven
-  rewrite rules on demand.  They are associated with higher-order
-  patterns that approximate the left-hand sides of equations.  The
-  Simplifier first matches the current redex against one of the LHS
-  patterns; if this succeeds, the corresponding ML function is
-  invoked, passing the Simplifier context and redex term.  Thus rules
-  may be specifically fashioned for particular situations, resulting
-  in a more powerful mechanism than term rewriting by a fixed set of
-  rules.
-
-  Any successful result needs to be a (possibly conditional) rewrite
-  rule @{text "t \<equiv> u"} that is applicable to the current redex.  The
-  rule will be applied just as any ordinary rewrite rule.  It is
-  expected to be already in \emph{internal form}, bypassing the
-  automatic preprocessing of object-level equivalences.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "simproc_setup"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    simproc & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command simproc_setup} @{syntax name} '(' (@{syntax term} + '|') ')' '='
-      @{syntax text} \\ (@'identifier' (@{syntax nameref}+))?
-    ;
-
-    @@{attribute simproc} (('add' ':')? | 'del' ':') (@{syntax name}+)
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "simproc_setup"} defines a named simplification
-  procedure that is invoked by the Simplifier whenever any of the
-  given term patterns match the current redex.  The implementation,
-  which is provided as ML source text, needs to be of type @{ML_type
-  "morphism -> simpset -> cterm -> thm option"}, where the @{ML_type
-  cterm} represents the current redex @{text r} and the result is
-  supposed to be some proven rewrite rule @{text "r \<equiv> r'"} (or a
-  generalized version), or @{ML NONE} to indicate failure.  The
-  @{ML_type simpset} argument holds the full context of the current
-  Simplifier invocation, including the actual Isar proof context.  The
-  @{ML_type morphism} informs about the difference of the original
-  compilation context wrt.\ the one of the actual application later
-  on.  The optional @{keyword "identifier"} specifies theorems that
-  represent the logical content of the abstract theory of this
-  simproc.
-
-  Morphisms and identifiers are only relevant for simprocs that are
-  defined within a local target context, e.g.\ in a locale.
-
-  \item @{text "simproc add: name"} and @{text "simproc del: name"}
-  add or delete named simprocs to the current Simplifier context.  The
-  default is to add a simproc.  Note that @{command "simproc_setup"}
-  already adds the new simproc to the subsequent context.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsubsection {* Example *}
-
-text {* The following simplification procedure for @{thm
-  [source=false, show_types] unit_eq} in HOL performs fine-grained
-  control over rule application, beyond higher-order pattern matching.
-  Declaring @{thm unit_eq} as @{attribute simp} directly would make
-  the simplifier loop!  Note that a version of this simplification
-  procedure is already active in Isabelle/HOL.  *}
-
-simproc_setup unit ("x::unit") = {*
-  fn _ => fn _ => fn ct =>
-    if HOLogic.is_unit (term_of ct) then NONE
-    else SOME (mk_meta_eq @{thm unit_eq})
-*}
-
-text {* Since the Simplifier applies simplification procedures
-  frequently, it is important to make the failure check in ML
-  reasonably fast. *}
-
-
-subsection {* Forward simplification *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{attribute_def simplified} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{attribute simplified} opt? @{syntax thmrefs}?
-    ;
-
-    opt: '(' ('no_asm' | 'no_asm_simp' | 'no_asm_use') ')'
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{attribute simplified}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} causes a theorem to
-  be simplified, either by exactly the specified rules @{text "a\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
-  a\<^sub>n"}, or the implicit Simplifier context if no arguments are given.
-  The result is fully simplified by default, including assumptions and
-  conclusion; the options @{text no_asm} etc.\ tune the Simplifier in
-  the same way as the for the @{text simp} method.
-
-  Note that forward simplification restricts the simplifier to its
-  most basic operation of term rewriting; solver and looper tactics
-  \cite{isabelle-ref} are \emph{not} involved here.  The @{text
-  simplified} attribute should be only rarely required under normal
-  circumstances.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* The Classical Reasoner \label{sec:classical} *}
-
-subsection {* Basic concepts *}
-
-text {* Although Isabelle is generic, many users will be working in
-  some extension of classical first-order logic.  Isabelle/ZF is built
-  upon theory FOL, while Isabelle/HOL conceptually contains
-  first-order logic as a fragment.  Theorem-proving in predicate logic
-  is undecidable, but many automated strategies have been developed to
-  assist in this task.
-
-  Isabelle's classical reasoner is a generic package that accepts
-  certain information about a logic and delivers a suite of automatic
-  proof tools, based on rules that are classified and declared in the
-  context.  These proof procedures are slow and simplistic compared
-  with high-end automated theorem provers, but they can save
-  considerable time and effort in practice.  They can prove theorems
-  such as Pelletier's \cite{pelletier86} problems 40 and 41 in a few
-  milliseconds (including full proof reconstruction): *}
-
-lemma "(\<exists>y. \<forall>x. F x y \<longleftrightarrow> F x x) \<longrightarrow> \<not> (\<forall>x. \<exists>y. \<forall>z. F z y \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> F z x)"
-  by blast
-
-lemma "(\<forall>z. \<exists>y. \<forall>x. f x y \<longleftrightarrow> f x z \<and> \<not> f x x) \<longrightarrow> \<not> (\<exists>z. \<forall>x. f x z)"
-  by blast
-
-text {* The proof tools are generic.  They are not restricted to
-  first-order logic, and have been heavily used in the development of
-  the Isabelle/HOL library and applications.  The tactics can be
-  traced, and their components can be called directly; in this manner,
-  any proof can be viewed interactively.  *}
-
-
-subsubsection {* The sequent calculus *}
-
-text {* Isabelle supports natural deduction, which is easy to use for
-  interactive proof.  But natural deduction does not easily lend
-  itself to automation, and has a bias towards intuitionism.  For
-  certain proofs in classical logic, it can not be called natural.
-  The \emph{sequent calculus}, a generalization of natural deduction,
-  is easier to automate.
-
-  A \textbf{sequent} has the form @{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>"}, where @{text "\<Gamma>"}
-  and @{text "\<Delta>"} are sets of formulae.\footnote{For first-order
-  logic, sequents can equivalently be made from lists or multisets of
-  formulae.} The sequent @{text "P\<^sub>1, \<dots>, P\<^sub>m \<turnstile> Q\<^sub>1, \<dots>, Q\<^sub>n"} is
-  \textbf{valid} if @{text "P\<^sub>1 \<and> \<dots> \<and> P\<^sub>m"} implies @{text "Q\<^sub>1 \<or> \<dots> \<or>
-  Q\<^sub>n"}.  Thus @{text "P\<^sub>1, \<dots>, P\<^sub>m"} represent assumptions, each of which
-  is true, while @{text "Q\<^sub>1, \<dots>, Q\<^sub>n"} represent alternative goals.  A
-  sequent is \textbf{basic} if its left and right sides have a common
-  formula, as in @{text "P, Q \<turnstile> Q, R"}; basic sequents are trivially
-  valid.
-
-  Sequent rules are classified as \textbf{right} or \textbf{left},
-  indicating which side of the @{text "\<turnstile>"} symbol they operate on.
-  Rules that operate on the right side are analogous to natural
-  deduction's introduction rules, and left rules are analogous to
-  elimination rules.  The sequent calculus analogue of @{text "(\<longrightarrow>I)"}
-  is the rule
-  \[
-  \infer[@{text "(\<longrightarrow>R)"}]{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, P \<longrightarrow> Q"}}{@{text "P, \<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, Q"}}
-  \]
-  Applying the rule backwards, this breaks down some implication on
-  the right side of a sequent; @{text "\<Gamma>"} and @{text "\<Delta>"} stand for
-  the sets of formulae that are unaffected by the inference.  The
-  analogue of the pair @{text "(\<or>I1)"} and @{text "(\<or>I2)"} is the
-  single rule
-  \[
-  \infer[@{text "(\<or>R)"}]{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, P \<or> Q"}}{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, P, Q"}}
-  \]
-  This breaks down some disjunction on the right side, replacing it by
-  both disjuncts.  Thus, the sequent calculus is a kind of
-  multiple-conclusion logic.
-
-  To illustrate the use of multiple formulae on the right, let us
-  prove the classical theorem @{text "(P \<longrightarrow> Q) \<or> (Q \<longrightarrow> P)"}.  Working
-  backwards, we reduce this formula to a basic sequent:
-  \[
-  \infer[@{text "(\<or>R)"}]{@{text "\<turnstile> (P \<longrightarrow> Q) \<or> (Q \<longrightarrow> P)"}}
-    {\infer[@{text "(\<longrightarrow>R)"}]{@{text "\<turnstile> (P \<longrightarrow> Q), (Q \<longrightarrow> P)"}}
-      {\infer[@{text "(\<longrightarrow>R)"}]{@{text "P \<turnstile> Q, (Q \<longrightarrow> P)"}}
-        {@{text "P, Q \<turnstile> Q, P"}}}}
-  \]
-
-  This example is typical of the sequent calculus: start with the
-  desired theorem and apply rules backwards in a fairly arbitrary
-  manner.  This yields a surprisingly effective proof procedure.
-  Quantifiers add only few complications, since Isabelle handles
-  parameters and schematic variables.  See \cite[Chapter
-  10]{paulson-ml2} for further discussion.  *}
-
-
-subsubsection {* Simulating sequents by natural deduction *}
-
-text {* Isabelle can represent sequents directly, as in the
-  object-logic LK.  But natural deduction is easier to work with, and
-  most object-logics employ it.  Fortunately, we can simulate the
-  sequent @{text "P\<^sub>1, \<dots>, P\<^sub>m \<turnstile> Q\<^sub>1, \<dots>, Q\<^sub>n"} by the Isabelle formula
-  @{text "P\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<Longrightarrow> P\<^sub>m \<Longrightarrow> \<not> Q\<^sub>2 \<Longrightarrow> ... \<Longrightarrow> \<not> Q\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> Q\<^sub>1"} where the order of
-  the assumptions and the choice of @{text "Q\<^sub>1"} are arbitrary.
-  Elim-resolution plays a key role in simulating sequent proofs.
-
-  We can easily handle reasoning on the left.  Elim-resolution with
-  the rules @{text "(\<or>E)"}, @{text "(\<bottom>E)"} and @{text "(\<exists>E)"} achieves
-  a similar effect as the corresponding sequent rules.  For the other
-  connectives, we use sequent-style elimination rules instead of
-  destruction rules such as @{text "(\<and>E1, 2)"} and @{text "(\<forall>E)"}.
-  But note that the rule @{text "(\<not>L)"} has no effect under our
-  representation of sequents!
-  \[
-  \infer[@{text "(\<not>L)"}]{@{text "\<not> P, \<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>"}}{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, P"}}
-  \]
-
-  What about reasoning on the right?  Introduction rules can only
-  affect the formula in the conclusion, namely @{text "Q\<^sub>1"}.  The
-  other right-side formulae are represented as negated assumptions,
-  @{text "\<not> Q\<^sub>2, \<dots>, \<not> Q\<^sub>n"}.  In order to operate on one of these, it
-  must first be exchanged with @{text "Q\<^sub>1"}.  Elim-resolution with the
-  @{text swap} rule has this effect: @{text "\<not> P \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> R \<Longrightarrow> P) \<Longrightarrow> R"}
-
-  To ensure that swaps occur only when necessary, each introduction
-  rule is converted into a swapped form: it is resolved with the
-  second premise of @{text "(swap)"}.  The swapped form of @{text
-  "(\<and>I)"}, which might be called @{text "(\<not>\<and>E)"}, is
-  @{text [display] "\<not> (P \<and> Q) \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> R \<Longrightarrow> P) \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> R \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> R"}
-
-  Similarly, the swapped form of @{text "(\<longrightarrow>I)"} is
-  @{text [display] "\<not> (P \<longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> R \<Longrightarrow> P \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> R"}
-
-  Swapped introduction rules are applied using elim-resolution, which
-  deletes the negated formula.  Our representation of sequents also
-  requires the use of ordinary introduction rules.  If we had no
-  regard for readability of intermediate goal states, we could treat
-  the right side more uniformly by representing sequents as @{text
-  [display] "P\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<Longrightarrow> P\<^sub>m \<Longrightarrow> \<not> Q\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<Longrightarrow> \<not> Q\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> \<bottom>"}
-*}
-
-
-subsubsection {* Extra rules for the sequent calculus *}
-
-text {* As mentioned, destruction rules such as @{text "(\<and>E1, 2)"} and
-  @{text "(\<forall>E)"} must be replaced by sequent-style elimination rules.
-  In addition, we need rules to embody the classical equivalence
-  between @{text "P \<longrightarrow> Q"} and @{text "\<not> P \<or> Q"}.  The introduction
-  rules @{text "(\<or>I1, 2)"} are replaced by a rule that simulates
-  @{text "(\<or>R)"}: @{text [display] "(\<not> Q \<Longrightarrow> P) \<Longrightarrow> P \<or> Q"}
-
-  The destruction rule @{text "(\<longrightarrow>E)"} is replaced by @{text [display]
-  "(P \<longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> P \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> (Q \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R"}
-
-  Quantifier replication also requires special rules.  In classical
-  logic, @{text "\<exists>x. P x"} is equivalent to @{text "\<not> (\<forall>x. \<not> P x)"};
-  the rules @{text "(\<exists>R)"} and @{text "(\<forall>L)"} are dual:
-  \[
-  \infer[@{text "(\<exists>R)"}]{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, \<exists>x. P x"}}{@{text "\<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>, \<exists>x. P x, P t"}}
-  \qquad
-  \infer[@{text "(\<forall>L)"}]{@{text "\<forall>x. P x, \<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>"}}{@{text "P t, \<forall>x. P x, \<Gamma> \<turnstile> \<Delta>"}}
-  \]
-  Thus both kinds of quantifier may be replicated.  Theorems requiring
-  multiple uses of a universal formula are easy to invent; consider
-  @{text [display] "(\<forall>x. P x \<longrightarrow> P (f x)) \<and> P a \<longrightarrow> P (f\<^sup>n a)"} for any
-  @{text "n > 1"}.  Natural examples of the multiple use of an
-  existential formula are rare; a standard one is @{text "\<exists>x. \<forall>y. P x
-  \<longrightarrow> P y"}.
-
-  Forgoing quantifier replication loses completeness, but gains
-  decidability, since the search space becomes finite.  Many useful
-  theorems can be proved without replication, and the search generally
-  delivers its verdict in a reasonable time.  To adopt this approach,
-  represent the sequent rules @{text "(\<exists>R)"}, @{text "(\<exists>L)"} and
-  @{text "(\<forall>R)"} by @{text "(\<exists>I)"}, @{text "(\<exists>E)"} and @{text "(\<forall>I)"},
-  respectively, and put @{text "(\<forall>E)"} into elimination form: @{text
-  [display] "\<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> (P t \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> Q"}
-
-  Elim-resolution with this rule will delete the universal formula
-  after a single use.  To replicate universal quantifiers, replace the
-  rule by @{text [display] "\<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> (P t \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> Q"}
-
-  To replicate existential quantifiers, replace @{text "(\<exists>I)"} by
-  @{text [display] "(\<not> (\<exists>x. P x) \<Longrightarrow> P t) \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x. P x"}
-
-  All introduction rules mentioned above are also useful in swapped
-  form.
-
-  Replication makes the search space infinite; we must apply the rules
-  with care.  The classical reasoner distinguishes between safe and
-  unsafe rules, applying the latter only when there is no alternative.
-  Depth-first search may well go down a blind alley; best-first search
-  is better behaved in an infinite search space.  However, quantifier
-  replication is too expensive to prove any but the simplest theorems.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Rule declarations *}
-
-text {* The proof tools of the Classical Reasoner depend on
-  collections of rules declared in the context, which are classified
-  as introduction, elimination or destruction and as \emph{safe} or
-  \emph{unsafe}.  In general, safe rules can be attempted blindly,
-  while unsafe rules must be used with care.  A safe rule must never
-  reduce a provable goal to an unprovable set of subgoals.
-
-  The rule @{text "P \<Longrightarrow> P \<or> Q"} is unsafe because it reduces @{text "P
-  \<or> Q"} to @{text "P"}, which might turn out as premature choice of an
-  unprovable subgoal.  Any rule is unsafe whose premises contain new
-  unknowns.  The elimination rule @{text "\<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> (P t \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> Q"} is
-  unsafe, since it is applied via elim-resolution, which discards the
-  assumption @{text "\<forall>x. P x"} and replaces it by the weaker
-  assumption @{text "P t"}.  The rule @{text "P t \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x. P x"} is
-  unsafe for similar reasons.  The quantifier duplication rule @{text
-  "\<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> (P t \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> Q"} is unsafe in a different sense:
-  since it keeps the assumption @{text "\<forall>x. P x"}, it is prone to
-  looping.  In classical first-order logic, all rules are safe except
-  those mentioned above.
-
-  The safe~/ unsafe distinction is vague, and may be regarded merely
-  as a way of giving some rules priority over others.  One could argue
-  that @{text "(\<or>E)"} is unsafe, because repeated application of it
-  could generate exponentially many subgoals.  Induction rules are
-  unsafe because inductive proofs are difficult to set up
-  automatically.  Any inference is unsafe that instantiates an unknown
-  in the proof state --- thus matching must be used, rather than
-  unification.  Even proof by assumption is unsafe if it instantiates
-  unknowns shared with other subgoals.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "print_claset"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{attribute_def intro} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def elim} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def dest} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def rule} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def iff} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def swapped} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{attribute intro} | @@{attribute elim} | @@{attribute dest}) ('!' | () | '?') @{syntax nat}?
-    ;
-    @@{attribute rule} 'del'
-    ;
-    @@{attribute iff} (((() | 'add') '?'?) | 'del')
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "print_claset"} prints the collection of rules
-  declared to the Classical Reasoner, i.e.\ the @{ML_type claset}
-  within the context.
-
-  \item @{attribute intro}, @{attribute elim}, and @{attribute dest}
-  declare introduction, elimination, and destruction rules,
-  respectively.  By default, rules are considered as \emph{unsafe}
-  (i.e.\ not applied blindly without backtracking), while ``@{text
-  "!"}'' classifies as \emph{safe}.  Rule declarations marked by
-  ``@{text "?"}'' coincide with those of Isabelle/Pure, cf.\
-  \secref{sec:pure-meth-att} (i.e.\ are only applied in single steps
-  of the @{method rule} method).  The optional natural number
-  specifies an explicit weight argument, which is ignored by the
-  automated reasoning tools, but determines the search order of single
-  rule steps.
-
-  Introduction rules are those that can be applied using ordinary
-  resolution.  Their swapped forms are generated internally, which
-  will be applied using elim-resolution.  Elimination rules are
-  applied using elim-resolution.  Rules are sorted by the number of
-  new subgoals they will yield; rules that generate the fewest
-  subgoals will be tried first.  Otherwise, later declarations take
-  precedence over earlier ones.
-
-  Rules already present in the context with the same classification
-  are ignored.  A warning is printed if the rule has already been
-  added with some other classification, but the rule is added anyway
-  as requested.
-
-  \item @{attribute rule}~@{text del} deletes all occurrences of a
-  rule from the classical context, regardless of its classification as
-  introduction~/ elimination~/ destruction and safe~/ unsafe.
-
-  \item @{attribute iff} declares logical equivalences to the
-  Simplifier and the Classical reasoner at the same time.
-  Non-conditional rules result in a safe introduction and elimination
-  pair; conditional ones are considered unsafe.  Rules with negative
-  conclusion are automatically inverted (using @{text "\<not>"}-elimination
-  internally).
-
-  The ``@{text "?"}'' version of @{attribute iff} declares rules to
-  the Isabelle/Pure context only, and omits the Simplifier
-  declaration.
-
-  \item @{attribute swapped} turns an introduction rule into an
-  elimination, by resolving with the classical swap principle @{text
-  "\<not> P \<Longrightarrow> (\<not> R \<Longrightarrow> P) \<Longrightarrow> R"} in the second position.  This is mainly for
-  illustrative purposes: the Classical Reasoner already swaps rules
-  internally as explained above.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Structured methods *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def rule} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def contradiction} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{method rule} @{syntax thmrefs}?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method rule} as offered by the Classical Reasoner is a
-  refinement over the Pure one (see \secref{sec:pure-meth-att}).  Both
-  versions work the same, but the classical version observes the
-  classical rule context in addition to that of Isabelle/Pure.
-
-  Common object logics (HOL, ZF, etc.) declare a rich collection of
-  classical rules (even if these would qualify as intuitionistic
-  ones), but only few declarations to the rule context of
-  Isabelle/Pure (\secref{sec:pure-meth-att}).
-
-  \item @{method contradiction} solves some goal by contradiction,
-  deriving any result from both @{text "\<not> A"} and @{text A}.  Chained
-  facts, which are guaranteed to participate, may appear in either
-  order.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Automated methods *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def blast} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def auto} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def force} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def fast} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def slow} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def best} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def fastforce} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def slowsimp} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def bestsimp} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def deepen} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{method blast} @{syntax nat}? (@{syntax clamod} * )
-    ;
-    @@{method auto} (@{syntax nat} @{syntax nat})? (@{syntax clasimpmod} * )
-    ;
-    @@{method force} (@{syntax clasimpmod} * )
-    ;
-    (@@{method fast} | @@{method slow} | @@{method best}) (@{syntax clamod} * )
-    ;
-    (@@{method fastforce} | @@{method slowsimp} | @@{method bestsimp})
-      (@{syntax clasimpmod} * )
-    ;
-    @@{method deepen} (@{syntax nat} ?) (@{syntax clamod} * )
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def clamod}:
-      (('intro' | 'elim' | 'dest') ('!' | () | '?') | 'del') ':' @{syntax thmrefs}
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def clasimpmod}: ('simp' (() | 'add' | 'del' | 'only') |
-      ('cong' | 'split') (() | 'add' | 'del') |
-      'iff' (((() | 'add') '?'?) | 'del') |
-      (('intro' | 'elim' | 'dest') ('!' | () | '?') | 'del')) ':' @{syntax thmrefs}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method blast} is a separate classical tableau prover that
-  uses the same classical rule declarations as explained before.
-
-  Proof search is coded directly in ML using special data structures.
-  A successful proof is then reconstructed using regular Isabelle
-  inferences.  It is faster and more powerful than the other classical
-  reasoning tools, but has major limitations too.
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item It does not use the classical wrapper tacticals, such as the
-  integration with the Simplifier of @{method fastforce}.
-
-  \item It does not perform higher-order unification, as needed by the
-  rule @{thm [source=false] rangeI} in HOL.  There are often
-  alternatives to such rules, for example @{thm [source=false]
-  range_eqI}.
-
-  \item Function variables may only be applied to parameters of the
-  subgoal.  (This restriction arises because the prover does not use
-  higher-order unification.)  If other function variables are present
-  then the prover will fail with the message \texttt{Function Var's
-  argument not a bound variable}.
-
-  \item Its proof strategy is more general than @{method fast} but can
-  be slower.  If @{method blast} fails or seems to be running forever,
-  try @{method fast} and the other proof tools described below.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  The optional integer argument specifies a bound for the number of
-  unsafe steps used in a proof.  By default, @{method blast} starts
-  with a bound of 0 and increases it successively to 20.  In contrast,
-  @{text "(blast lim)"} tries to prove the goal using a search bound
-  of @{text "lim"}.  Sometimes a slow proof using @{method blast} can
-  be made much faster by supplying the successful search bound to this
-  proof method instead.
-
-  \item @{method auto} combines classical reasoning with
-  simplification.  It is intended for situations where there are a lot
-  of mostly trivial subgoals; it proves all the easy ones, leaving the
-  ones it cannot prove.  Occasionally, attempting to prove the hard
-  ones may take a long time.
-
-  The optional depth arguments in @{text "(auto m n)"} refer to its
-  builtin classical reasoning procedures: @{text m} (default 4) is for
-  @{method blast}, which is tried first, and @{text n} (default 2) is
-  for a slower but more general alternative that also takes wrappers
-  into account.
-
-  \item @{method force} is intended to prove the first subgoal
-  completely, using many fancy proof tools and performing a rather
-  exhaustive search.  As a result, proof attempts may take rather long
-  or diverge easily.
-
-  \item @{method fast}, @{method best}, @{method slow} attempt to
-  prove the first subgoal using sequent-style reasoning as explained
-  before.  Unlike @{method blast}, they construct proofs directly in
-  Isabelle.
-
-  There is a difference in search strategy and back-tracking: @{method
-  fast} uses depth-first search and @{method best} uses best-first
-  search (guided by a heuristic function: normally the total size of
-  the proof state).
-
-  Method @{method slow} is like @{method fast}, but conducts a broader
-  search: it may, when backtracking from a failed proof attempt, undo
-  even the step of proving a subgoal by assumption.
-
-  \item @{method fastforce}, @{method slowsimp}, @{method bestsimp}
-  are like @{method fast}, @{method slow}, @{method best},
-  respectively, but use the Simplifier as additional wrapper. The name
-  @{method fastforce}, reflects the behaviour of this popular method
-  better without requiring an understanding of its implementation.
-
-  \item @{method deepen} works by exhaustive search up to a certain
-  depth.  The start depth is 4 (unless specified explicitly), and the
-  depth is increased iteratively up to 10.  Unsafe rules are modified
-  to preserve the formula they act on, so that it be used repeatedly.
-  This method can prove more goals than @{method fast}, but is much
-  slower, for example if the assumptions have many universal
-  quantifiers.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Any of the above methods support additional modifiers of the context
-  of classical (and simplifier) rules, but the ones related to the
-  Simplifier are explicitly prefixed by @{text simp} here.  The
-  semantics of these ad-hoc rule declarations is analogous to the
-  attributes given before.  Facts provided by forward chaining are
-  inserted into the goal before commencing proof search.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Semi-automated methods *}
-
-text {* These proof methods may help in situations when the
-  fully-automated tools fail.  The result is a simpler subgoal that
-  can be tackled by other means, such as by manual instantiation of
-  quantifiers.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def safe} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def clarify} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def clarsimp} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{method safe} | @@{method clarify}) (@{syntax clamod} * )
-    ;
-    @@{method clarsimp} (@{syntax clasimpmod} * )
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method safe} repeatedly performs safe steps on all subgoals.
-  It is deterministic, with at most one outcome.
-
-  \item @{method clarify} performs a series of safe steps without
-  splitting subgoals; see also @{ML clarify_step_tac}.
-
-  \item @{method clarsimp} acts like @{method clarify}, but also does
-  simplification.  Note that if the Simplifier context includes a
-  splitter for the premises, the subgoal may still be split.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Single-step tactics *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{index_ML safe_step_tac: "Proof.context -> int -> tactic"} \\
-    @{index_ML inst_step_tac: "Proof.context -> int -> tactic"} \\
-    @{index_ML step_tac: "Proof.context -> int -> tactic"} \\
-    @{index_ML slow_step_tac: "Proof.context -> int -> tactic"} \\
-    @{index_ML clarify_step_tac: "Proof.context -> int -> tactic"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  These are the primitive tactics behind the (semi)automated proof
-  methods of the Classical Reasoner.  By calling them yourself, you
-  can execute these procedures one step at a time.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{ML safe_step_tac}~@{text "ctxt i"} performs a safe step on
-  subgoal @{text i}.  The safe wrapper tacticals are applied to a
-  tactic that may include proof by assumption or Modus Ponens (taking
-  care not to instantiate unknowns), or substitution.
-
-  \item @{ML inst_step_tac} is like @{ML safe_step_tac}, but allows
-  unknowns to be instantiated.
-
-  \item @{ML step_tac}~@{text "ctxt i"} is the basic step of the proof
-  procedure.  The unsafe wrapper tacticals are applied to a tactic
-  that tries @{ML safe_tac}, @{ML inst_step_tac}, or applies an unsafe
-  rule from the context.
-
-  \item @{ML slow_step_tac} resembles @{ML step_tac}, but allows
-  backtracking between using safe rules with instantiation (@{ML
-  inst_step_tac}) and using unsafe rules.  The resulting search space
-  is larger.
-
-  \item @{ML clarify_step_tac}~@{text "ctxt i"} performs a safe step
-  on subgoal @{text i}.  No splitting step is applied; for example,
-  the subgoal @{text "A \<and> B"} is left as a conjunction.  Proof by
-  assumption, Modus Ponens, etc., may be performed provided they do
-  not instantiate unknowns.  Assumptions of the form @{text "x = t"}
-  may be eliminated.  The safe wrapper tactical is applied.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Object-logic setup \label{sec:object-logic} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "judgment"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{method_def atomize} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{attribute_def atomize} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def rule_format} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def rulify} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The very starting point for any Isabelle object-logic is a ``truth
-  judgment'' that links object-level statements to the meta-logic
-  (with its minimal language of @{text prop} that covers universal
-  quantification @{text "\<And>"} and implication @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"}).
-
-  Common object-logics are sufficiently expressive to internalize rule
-  statements over @{text "\<And>"} and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} within their own
-  language.  This is useful in certain situations where a rule needs
-  to be viewed as an atomic statement from the meta-level perspective,
-  e.g.\ @{text "\<And>x. x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> P x"} versus @{text "\<forall>x \<in> A. P x"}.
-
-  From the following language elements, only the @{method atomize}
-  method and @{attribute rule_format} attribute are occasionally
-  required by end-users, the rest is for those who need to setup their
-  own object-logic.  In the latter case existing formulations of
-  Isabelle/FOL or Isabelle/HOL may be taken as realistic examples.
-
-  Generic tools may refer to the information provided by object-logic
-  declarations internally.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command judgment} @{syntax name} '::' @{syntax type} @{syntax mixfix}?
-    ;
-    @@{attribute atomize} ('(' 'full' ')')?
-    ;
-    @@{attribute rule_format} ('(' 'noasm' ')')?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{command "judgment"}~@{text "c :: \<sigma> (mx)"} declares constant
-  @{text c} as the truth judgment of the current object-logic.  Its
-  type @{text \<sigma>} should specify a coercion of the category of
-  object-level propositions to @{text prop} of the Pure meta-logic;
-  the mixfix annotation @{text "(mx)"} would typically just link the
-  object language (internally of syntactic category @{text logic})
-  with that of @{text prop}.  Only one @{command "judgment"}
-  declaration may be given in any theory development.
-  
-  \item @{method atomize} (as a method) rewrites any non-atomic
-  premises of a sub-goal, using the meta-level equations declared via
-  @{attribute atomize} (as an attribute) beforehand.  As a result,
-  heavily nested goals become amenable to fundamental operations such
-  as resolution (cf.\ the @{method (Pure) rule} method).  Giving the ``@{text
-  "(full)"}'' option here means to turn the whole subgoal into an
-  object-statement (if possible), including the outermost parameters
-  and assumptions as well.
-
-  A typical collection of @{attribute atomize} rules for a particular
-  object-logic would provide an internalization for each of the
-  connectives of @{text "\<And>"}, @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"}, and @{text "\<equiv>"}.
-  Meta-level conjunction should be covered as well (this is
-  particularly important for locales, see \secref{sec:locale}).
-
-  \item @{attribute rule_format} rewrites a theorem by the equalities
-  declared as @{attribute rulify} rules in the current object-logic.
-  By default, the result is fully normalized, including assumptions
-  and conclusions at any depth.  The @{text "(no_asm)"} option
-  restricts the transformation to the conclusion of a rule.
-
-  In common object-logics (HOL, FOL, ZF), the effect of @{attribute
-  rule_format} is to replace (bounded) universal quantification
-  (@{text "\<forall>"}) and implication (@{text "\<longrightarrow>"}) by the corresponding
-  rule statements over @{text "\<And>"} and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"}.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/HOL_Specific.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/HOL_Specific.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,2366 +0,0 @@
-theory HOL_Specific
-imports Base Main "~~/src/HOL/Library/Old_Recdef"
-begin
-
-chapter {* Isabelle/HOL \label{ch:hol} *}
-
-section {* Higher-Order Logic *}
-
-text {* Isabelle/HOL is based on Higher-Order Logic, a polymorphic
-  version of Church's Simple Theory of Types.  HOL can be best
-  understood as a simply-typed version of classical set theory.  The
-  logic was first implemented in Gordon's HOL system
-  \cite{mgordon-hol}.  It extends Church's original logic
-  \cite{church40} by explicit type variables (naive polymorphism) and
-  a sound axiomatization scheme for new types based on subsets of
-  existing types.
-
-  Andrews's book \cite{andrews86} is a full description of the
-  original Church-style higher-order logic, with proofs of correctness
-  and completeness wrt.\ certain set-theoretic interpretations.  The
-  particular extensions of Gordon-style HOL are explained semantically
-  in two chapters of the 1993 HOL book \cite{pitts93}.
-
-  Experience with HOL over decades has demonstrated that higher-order
-  logic is widely applicable in many areas of mathematics and computer
-  science.  In a sense, Higher-Order Logic is simpler than First-Order
-  Logic, because there are fewer restrictions and special cases.  Note
-  that HOL is \emph{weaker} than FOL with axioms for ZF set theory,
-  which is traditionally considered the standard foundation of regular
-  mathematics, but for most applications this does not matter.  If you
-  prefer ML to Lisp, you will probably prefer HOL to ZF.
-
-  \medskip The syntax of HOL follows @{text "\<lambda>"}-calculus and
-  functional programming.  Function application is curried.  To apply
-  the function @{text f} of type @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^sub>2 \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^sub>3"} to the
-  arguments @{text a} and @{text b} in HOL, you simply write @{text "f
-  a b"} (as in ML or Haskell).  There is no ``apply'' operator; the
-  existing application of the Pure @{text "\<lambda>"}-calculus is re-used.
-  Note that in HOL @{text "f (a, b)"} means ``@{text "f"} applied to
-  the pair @{text "(a, b)"} (which is notation for @{text "Pair a
-  b"}).  The latter typically introduces extra formal efforts that can
-  be avoided by currying functions by default.  Explicit tuples are as
-  infrequent in HOL formalizations as in good ML or Haskell programs.
-
-  \medskip Isabelle/HOL has a distinct feel, compared to other
-  object-logics like Isabelle/ZF.  It identifies object-level types
-  with meta-level types, taking advantage of the default
-  type-inference mechanism of Isabelle/Pure.  HOL fully identifies
-  object-level functions with meta-level functions, with native
-  abstraction and application.
-
-  These identifications allow Isabelle to support HOL particularly
-  nicely, but they also mean that HOL requires some sophistication
-  from the user.  In particular, an understanding of Hindley-Milner
-  type-inference with type-classes, which are both used extensively in
-  the standard libraries and applications.  Beginners can set
-  @{attribute show_types} or even @{attribute show_sorts} to get more
-  explicit information about the result of type-inference.  *}
-
-
-section {* Inductive and coinductive definitions \label{sec:hol-inductive} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "inductive"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "inductive_set"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "coinductive"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "coinductive_set"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) mono} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  An \emph{inductive definition} specifies the least predicate or set
-  @{text R} closed under given rules: applying a rule to elements of
-  @{text R} yields a result within @{text R}.  For example, a
-  structural operational semantics is an inductive definition of an
-  evaluation relation.
-
-  Dually, a \emph{coinductive definition} specifies the greatest
-  predicate or set @{text R} that is consistent with given rules:
-  every element of @{text R} can be seen as arising by applying a rule
-  to elements of @{text R}.  An important example is using
-  bisimulation relations to formalise equivalence of processes and
-  infinite data structures.
-
-  Both inductive and coinductive definitions are based on the
-  Knaster-Tarski fixed-point theorem for complete lattices.  The
-  collection of introduction rules given by the user determines a
-  functor on subsets of set-theoretic relations.  The required
-  monotonicity of the recursion scheme is proven as a prerequisite to
-  the fixed-point definition and the resulting consequences.  This
-  works by pushing inclusion through logical connectives and any other
-  operator that might be wrapped around recursive occurrences of the
-  defined relation: there must be a monotonicity theorem of the form
-  @{text "A \<le> B \<Longrightarrow> \<M> A \<le> \<M> B"}, for each premise @{text "\<M> R t"} in an
-  introduction rule.  The default rule declarations of Isabelle/HOL
-  already take care of most common situations.
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{command (HOL) inductive} | @@{command (HOL) inductive_set} |
-      @@{command (HOL) coinductive} | @@{command (HOL) coinductive_set})
-    @{syntax target}? \\
-    @{syntax \"fixes\"} (@'for' @{syntax \"fixes\"})? (@'where' clauses)? \\
-    (@'monos' @{syntax thmrefs})?
-    ;
-    clauses: (@{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop} + '|')
-    ;
-    @@{attribute (HOL) mono} (() | 'add' | 'del')
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "inductive"} and @{command (HOL)
-  "coinductive"} define (co)inductive predicates from the introduction
-  rules.
-
-  The propositions given as @{text "clauses"} in the @{keyword
-  "where"} part are either rules of the usual @{text "\<And>/\<Longrightarrow>"} format
-  (with arbitrary nesting), or equalities using @{text "\<equiv>"}.  The
-  latter specifies extra-logical abbreviations in the sense of
-  @{command_ref abbreviation}.  Introducing abstract syntax
-  simultaneously with the actual introduction rules is occasionally
-  useful for complex specifications.
-
-  The optional @{keyword "for"} part contains a list of parameters of
-  the (co)inductive predicates that remain fixed throughout the
-  definition, in contrast to arguments of the relation that may vary
-  in each occurrence within the given @{text "clauses"}.
-
-  The optional @{keyword "monos"} declaration contains additional
-  \emph{monotonicity theorems}, which are required for each operator
-  applied to a recursive set in the introduction rules.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "inductive_set"} and @{command (HOL)
-  "coinductive_set"} are wrappers for to the previous commands for
-  native HOL predicates.  This allows to define (co)inductive sets,
-  where multiple arguments are simulated via tuples.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) mono} declares monotonicity rules in the
-  context.  These rule are involved in the automated monotonicity
-  proof of the above inductive and coinductive definitions.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Derived rules *}
-
-text {* A (co)inductive definition of @{text R} provides the following
-  main theorems:
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{text R.intros} is the list of introduction rules as proven
-  theorems, for the recursive predicates (or sets).  The rules are
-  also available individually, using the names given them in the
-  theory file;
-
-  \item @{text R.cases} is the case analysis (or elimination) rule;
-
-  \item @{text R.induct} or @{text R.coinduct} is the (co)induction
-  rule;
-
-  \item @{text R.simps} is the equation unrolling the fixpoint of the
-  predicate one step.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  When several predicates @{text "R\<^sub>1, \<dots>, R\<^sub>n"} are
-  defined simultaneously, the list of introduction rules is called
-  @{text "R\<^sub>1_\<dots>_R\<^sub>n.intros"}, the case analysis rules are
-  called @{text "R\<^sub>1.cases, \<dots>, R\<^sub>n.cases"}, and the list
-  of mutual induction rules is called @{text
-  "R\<^sub>1_\<dots>_R\<^sub>n.inducts"}.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Monotonicity theorems *}
-
-text {* The context maintains a default set of theorems that are used
-  in monotonicity proofs.  New rules can be declared via the
-  @{attribute (HOL) mono} attribute.  See the main Isabelle/HOL
-  sources for some examples.  The general format of such monotonicity
-  theorems is as follows:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Theorems of the form @{text "A \<le> B \<Longrightarrow> \<M> A \<le> \<M> B"}, for proving
-  monotonicity of inductive definitions whose introduction rules have
-  premises involving terms such as @{text "\<M> R t"}.
-
-  \item Monotonicity theorems for logical operators, which are of the
-  general form @{text "(\<dots> \<longrightarrow> \<dots>) \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> (\<dots> \<longrightarrow> \<dots>) \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<longrightarrow> \<dots>"}.  For example, in
-  the case of the operator @{text "\<or>"}, the corresponding theorem is
-  \[
-  \infer{@{text "P\<^sub>1 \<or> P\<^sub>2 \<longrightarrow> Q\<^sub>1 \<or> Q\<^sub>2"}}{@{text "P\<^sub>1 \<longrightarrow> Q\<^sub>1"} & @{text "P\<^sub>2 \<longrightarrow> Q\<^sub>2"}}
-  \]
-
-  \item De Morgan style equations for reasoning about the ``polarity''
-  of expressions, e.g.
-  \[
-  @{prop "\<not> \<not> P \<longleftrightarrow> P"} \qquad\qquad
-  @{prop "\<not> (P \<and> Q) \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> P \<or> \<not> Q"}
-  \]
-
-  \item Equations for reducing complex operators to more primitive
-  ones whose monotonicity can easily be proved, e.g.
-  \[
-  @{prop "(P \<longrightarrow> Q) \<longleftrightarrow> \<not> P \<or> Q"} \qquad\qquad
-  @{prop "Ball A P \<equiv> \<forall>x. x \<in> A \<longrightarrow> P x"}
-  \]
-
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-subsubsection {* Examples *}
-
-text {* The finite powerset operator can be defined inductively like this: *}
-
-inductive_set Fin :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a set set" for A :: "'a set"
-where
-  empty: "{} \<in> Fin A"
-| insert: "a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> B \<in> Fin A \<Longrightarrow> insert a B \<in> Fin A"
-
-text {* The accessible part of a relation is defined as follows: *}
-
-inductive acc :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool"
-  for r :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool"  (infix "\<prec>" 50)
-where acc: "(\<And>y. y \<prec> x \<Longrightarrow> acc r y) \<Longrightarrow> acc r x"
-
-text {* Common logical connectives can be easily characterized as
-non-recursive inductive definitions with parameters, but without
-arguments. *}
-
-inductive AND for A B :: bool
-where "A \<Longrightarrow> B \<Longrightarrow> AND A B"
-
-inductive OR for A B :: bool
-where "A \<Longrightarrow> OR A B"
-  | "B \<Longrightarrow> OR A B"
-
-inductive EXISTS for B :: "'a \<Rightarrow> bool"
-where "B a \<Longrightarrow> EXISTS B"
-
-text {* Here the @{text "cases"} or @{text "induct"} rules produced by
-  the @{command inductive} package coincide with the expected
-  elimination rules for Natural Deduction.  Already in the original
-  article by Gerhard Gentzen \cite{Gentzen:1935} there is a hint that
-  each connective can be characterized by its introductions, and the
-  elimination can be constructed systematically. *}
-
-
-section {* Recursive functions \label{sec:recursion} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "primrec"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "fun"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "function"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "termination"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) primrec} @{syntax target}? @{syntax \"fixes\"} @'where' equations
-    ;
-    (@@{command (HOL) fun} | @@{command (HOL) function}) @{syntax target}? functionopts?
-      @{syntax \"fixes\"} \\ @'where' equations
-    ;
-
-    equations: (@{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop} + '|')
-    ;
-    functionopts: '(' (('sequential' | 'domintros') + ',') ')'
-    ;
-    @@{command (HOL) termination} @{syntax term}?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "primrec"} defines primitive recursive
-  functions over datatypes (see also @{command_ref (HOL) datatype} and
-  @{command_ref (HOL) rep_datatype}).  The given @{text equations}
-  specify reduction rules that are produced by instantiating the
-  generic combinator for primitive recursion that is available for
-  each datatype.
-
-  Each equation needs to be of the form:
-
-  @{text [display] "f x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m (C y\<^sub>1 \<dots> y\<^sub>k) z\<^sub>1 \<dots> z\<^sub>n = rhs"}
-
-  such that @{text C} is a datatype constructor, @{text rhs} contains
-  only the free variables on the left-hand side (or from the context),
-  and all recursive occurrences of @{text "f"} in @{text "rhs"} are of
-  the form @{text "f \<dots> y\<^sub>i \<dots>"} for some @{text i}.  At most one
-  reduction rule for each constructor can be given.  The order does
-  not matter.  For missing constructors, the function is defined to
-  return a default value, but this equation is made difficult to
-  access for users.
-
-  The reduction rules are declared as @{attribute simp} by default,
-  which enables standard proof methods like @{method simp} and
-  @{method auto} to normalize expressions of @{text "f"} applied to
-  datatype constructions, by simulating symbolic computation via
-  rewriting.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "function"} defines functions by general
-  wellfounded recursion. A detailed description with examples can be
-  found in \cite{isabelle-function}. The function is specified by a
-  set of (possibly conditional) recursive equations with arbitrary
-  pattern matching. The command generates proof obligations for the
-  completeness and the compatibility of patterns.
-
-  The defined function is considered partial, and the resulting
-  simplification rules (named @{text "f.psimps"}) and induction rule
-  (named @{text "f.pinduct"}) are guarded by a generated domain
-  predicate @{text "f_dom"}. The @{command (HOL) "termination"}
-  command can then be used to establish that the function is total.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "fun"} is a shorthand notation for ``@{command
-  (HOL) "function"}~@{text "(sequential)"}, followed by automated
-  proof attempts regarding pattern matching and termination.  See
-  \cite{isabelle-function} for further details.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "termination"}~@{text f} commences a
-  termination proof for the previously defined function @{text f}.  If
-  this is omitted, the command refers to the most recent function
-  definition.  After the proof is closed, the recursive equations and
-  the induction principle is established.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Recursive definitions introduced by the @{command (HOL) "function"}
-  command accommodate reasoning by induction (cf.\ @{method induct}):
-  rule @{text "f.induct"} refers to a specific induction rule, with
-  parameters named according to the user-specified equations. Cases
-  are numbered starting from 1.  For @{command (HOL) "primrec"}, the
-  induction principle coincides with structural recursion on the
-  datatype where the recursion is carried out.
-
-  The equations provided by these packages may be referred later as
-  theorem list @{text "f.simps"}, where @{text f} is the (collective)
-  name of the functions defined.  Individual equations may be named
-  explicitly as well.
-
-  The @{command (HOL) "function"} command accepts the following
-  options.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{text sequential} enables a preprocessor which disambiguates
-  overlapping patterns by making them mutually disjoint.  Earlier
-  equations take precedence over later ones.  This allows to give the
-  specification in a format very similar to functional programming.
-  Note that the resulting simplification and induction rules
-  correspond to the transformed specification, not the one given
-  originally. This usually means that each equation given by the user
-  may result in several theorems.  Also note that this automatic
-  transformation only works for ML-style datatype patterns.
-
-  \item @{text domintros} enables the automated generation of
-  introduction rules for the domain predicate. While mostly not
-  needed, they can be helpful in some proofs about partial functions.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-subsubsection {* Example: evaluation of expressions *}
-
-text {* Subsequently, we define mutual datatypes for arithmetic and
-  boolean expressions, and use @{command primrec} for evaluation
-  functions that follow the same recursive structure. *}
-
-datatype 'a aexp =
-    IF "'a bexp"  "'a aexp"  "'a aexp"
-  | Sum "'a aexp"  "'a aexp"
-  | Diff "'a aexp"  "'a aexp"
-  | Var 'a
-  | Num nat
-and 'a bexp =
-    Less "'a aexp"  "'a aexp"
-  | And "'a bexp"  "'a bexp"
-  | Neg "'a bexp"
-
-
-text {* \medskip Evaluation of arithmetic and boolean expressions *}
-
-primrec evala :: "('a \<Rightarrow> nat) \<Rightarrow> 'a aexp \<Rightarrow> nat"
-  and evalb :: "('a \<Rightarrow> nat) \<Rightarrow> 'a bexp \<Rightarrow> bool"
-where
-  "evala env (IF b a1 a2) = (if evalb env b then evala env a1 else evala env a2)"
-| "evala env (Sum a1 a2) = evala env a1 + evala env a2"
-| "evala env (Diff a1 a2) = evala env a1 - evala env a2"
-| "evala env (Var v) = env v"
-| "evala env (Num n) = n"
-| "evalb env (Less a1 a2) = (evala env a1 < evala env a2)"
-| "evalb env (And b1 b2) = (evalb env b1 \<and> evalb env b2)"
-| "evalb env (Neg b) = (\<not> evalb env b)"
-
-text {* Since the value of an expression depends on the value of its
-  variables, the functions @{const evala} and @{const evalb} take an
-  additional parameter, an \emph{environment} that maps variables to
-  their values.
-
-  \medskip Substitution on expressions can be defined similarly.  The
-  mapping @{text f} of type @{typ "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a aexp"} given as a
-  parameter is lifted canonically on the types @{typ "'a aexp"} and
-  @{typ "'a bexp"}, respectively.
-*}
-
-primrec substa :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b aexp) \<Rightarrow> 'a aexp \<Rightarrow> 'b aexp"
-  and substb :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b aexp) \<Rightarrow> 'a bexp \<Rightarrow> 'b bexp"
-where
-  "substa f (IF b a1 a2) = IF (substb f b) (substa f a1) (substa f a2)"
-| "substa f (Sum a1 a2) = Sum (substa f a1) (substa f a2)"
-| "substa f (Diff a1 a2) = Diff (substa f a1) (substa f a2)"
-| "substa f (Var v) = f v"
-| "substa f (Num n) = Num n"
-| "substb f (Less a1 a2) = Less (substa f a1) (substa f a2)"
-| "substb f (And b1 b2) = And (substb f b1) (substb f b2)"
-| "substb f (Neg b) = Neg (substb f b)"
-
-text {* In textbooks about semantics one often finds substitution
-  theorems, which express the relationship between substitution and
-  evaluation.  For @{typ "'a aexp"} and @{typ "'a bexp"}, we can prove
-  such a theorem by mutual induction, followed by simplification.
-*}
-
-lemma subst_one:
-  "evala env (substa (Var (v := a')) a) = evala (env (v := evala env a')) a"
-  "evalb env (substb (Var (v := a')) b) = evalb (env (v := evala env a')) b"
-  by (induct a and b) simp_all
-
-lemma subst_all:
-  "evala env (substa s a) = evala (\<lambda>x. evala env (s x)) a"
-  "evalb env (substb s b) = evalb (\<lambda>x. evala env (s x)) b"
-  by (induct a and b) simp_all
-
-
-subsubsection {* Example: a substitution function for terms *}
-
-text {* Functions on datatypes with nested recursion are also defined
-  by mutual primitive recursion. *}
-
-datatype ('a, 'b) "term" = Var 'a | App 'b "('a, 'b) term list"
-
-text {* A substitution function on type @{typ "('a, 'b) term"} can be
-  defined as follows, by working simultaneously on @{typ "('a, 'b)
-  term list"}: *}
-
-primrec subst_term :: "('a \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b) term) \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b) term \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b) term" and
-  subst_term_list :: "('a \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b) term) \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b) term list \<Rightarrow> ('a, 'b) term list"
-where
-  "subst_term f (Var a) = f a"
-| "subst_term f (App b ts) = App b (subst_term_list f ts)"
-| "subst_term_list f [] = []"
-| "subst_term_list f (t # ts) = subst_term f t # subst_term_list f ts"
-
-text {* The recursion scheme follows the structure of the unfolded
-  definition of type @{typ "('a, 'b) term"}.  To prove properties of this
-  substitution function, mutual induction is needed:
-*}
-
-lemma "subst_term (subst_term f1 \<circ> f2) t = subst_term f1 (subst_term f2 t)" and
-  "subst_term_list (subst_term f1 \<circ> f2) ts = subst_term_list f1 (subst_term_list f2 ts)"
-  by (induct t and ts) simp_all
-
-
-subsubsection {* Example: a map function for infinitely branching trees *}
-
-text {* Defining functions on infinitely branching datatypes by
-  primitive recursion is just as easy.
-*}
-
-datatype 'a tree = Atom 'a | Branch "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a tree"
-
-primrec map_tree :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'a tree \<Rightarrow> 'b tree"
-where
-  "map_tree f (Atom a) = Atom (f a)"
-| "map_tree f (Branch ts) = Branch (\<lambda>x. map_tree f (ts x))"
-
-text {* Note that all occurrences of functions such as @{text ts}
-  above must be applied to an argument.  In particular, @{term
-  "map_tree f \<circ> ts"} is not allowed here. *}
-
-text {* Here is a simple composition lemma for @{term map_tree}: *}
-
-lemma "map_tree g (map_tree f t) = map_tree (g \<circ> f) t"
-  by (induct t) simp_all
-
-
-subsection {* Proof methods related to recursive definitions *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def (HOL) pat_completeness} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) relation} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) lexicographic_order} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) size_change} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) induction_schema} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{method (HOL) relation} @{syntax term}
-    ;
-    @@{method (HOL) lexicographic_order} (@{syntax clasimpmod} * )
-    ;
-    @@{method (HOL) size_change} ( orders (@{syntax clasimpmod} * ) )
-    ;
-    @@{method (HOL) induction_schema}
-    ;
-    orders: ( 'max' | 'min' | 'ms' ) *
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) pat_completeness} is a specialized method to
-  solve goals regarding the completeness of pattern matching, as
-  required by the @{command (HOL) "function"} package (cf.\
-  \cite{isabelle-function}).
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) relation}~@{text R} introduces a termination
-  proof using the relation @{text R}.  The resulting proof state will
-  contain goals expressing that @{text R} is wellfounded, and that the
-  arguments of recursive calls decrease with respect to @{text R}.
-  Usually, this method is used as the initial proof step of manual
-  termination proofs.
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) "lexicographic_order"} attempts a fully
-  automated termination proof by searching for a lexicographic
-  combination of size measures on the arguments of the function. The
-  method accepts the same arguments as the @{method auto} method,
-  which it uses internally to prove local descents.  The @{syntax
-  clasimpmod} modifiers are accepted (as for @{method auto}).
-
-  In case of failure, extensive information is printed, which can help
-  to analyse the situation (cf.\ \cite{isabelle-function}).
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) "size_change"} also works on termination goals,
-  using a variation of the size-change principle, together with a
-  graph decomposition technique (see \cite{krauss_phd} for details).
-  Three kinds of orders are used internally: @{text max}, @{text min},
-  and @{text ms} (multiset), which is only available when the theory
-  @{text Multiset} is loaded. When no order kinds are given, they are
-  tried in order. The search for a termination proof uses SAT solving
-  internally.
-
-  For local descent proofs, the @{syntax clasimpmod} modifiers are
-  accepted (as for @{method auto}).
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) induction_schema} derives user-specified
-  induction rules from well-founded induction and completeness of
-  patterns. This factors out some operations that are done internally
-  by the function package and makes them available separately. See
-  @{file "~~/src/HOL/ex/Induction_Schema.thy"} for examples.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Functions with explicit partiality *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "partial_function"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) "partial_function_mono"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) partial_function} @{syntax target}?
-      '(' @{syntax nameref} ')' @{syntax \"fixes\"} \\
-      @'where' @{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "partial_function"}~@{text "(mode)"} defines
-  recursive functions based on fixpoints in complete partial
-  orders. No termination proof is required from the user or
-  constructed internally. Instead, the possibility of non-termination
-  is modelled explicitly in the result type, which contains an
-  explicit bottom element.
-
-  Pattern matching and mutual recursion are currently not supported.
-  Thus, the specification consists of a single function described by a
-  single recursive equation.
-
-  There are no fixed syntactic restrictions on the body of the
-  function, but the induced functional must be provably monotonic
-  wrt.\ the underlying order.  The monotonicitity proof is performed
-  internally, and the definition is rejected when it fails. The proof
-  can be influenced by declaring hints using the
-  @{attribute (HOL) partial_function_mono} attribute.
-
-  The mandatory @{text mode} argument specifies the mode of operation
-  of the command, which directly corresponds to a complete partial
-  order on the result type. By default, the following modes are
-  defined:
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{text option} defines functions that map into the @{type
-  option} type. Here, the value @{term None} is used to model a
-  non-terminating computation. Monotonicity requires that if @{term
-  None} is returned by a recursive call, then the overall result must
-  also be @{term None}. This is best achieved through the use of the
-  monadic operator @{const "Option.bind"}.
-
-  \item @{text tailrec} defines functions with an arbitrary result
-  type and uses the slightly degenerated partial order where @{term
-  "undefined"} is the bottom element.  Now, monotonicity requires that
-  if @{term undefined} is returned by a recursive call, then the
-  overall result must also be @{term undefined}. In practice, this is
-  only satisfied when each recursive call is a tail call, whose result
-  is directly returned. Thus, this mode of operation allows the
-  definition of arbitrary tail-recursive functions.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Experienced users may define new modes by instantiating the locale
-  @{const "partial_function_definitions"} appropriately.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) partial_function_mono} declares rules for
-  use in the internal monononicity proofs of partial function
-  definitions.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Old-style recursive function definitions (TFL) *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "recdef"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory)"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "recdef_tc"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The old TFL commands @{command (HOL) "recdef"} and @{command (HOL)
-  "recdef_tc"} for defining recursive are mostly obsolete; @{command
-  (HOL) "function"} or @{command (HOL) "fun"} should be used instead.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) recdef} ('(' @'permissive' ')')? \\
-      @{syntax name} @{syntax term} (@{syntax prop} +) hints?
-    ;
-    recdeftc @{syntax thmdecl}? tc
-    ;
-    hints: '(' @'hints' ( recdefmod * ) ')'
-    ;
-    recdefmod: (('recdef_simp' | 'recdef_cong' | 'recdef_wf')
-      (() | 'add' | 'del') ':' @{syntax thmrefs}) | @{syntax clasimpmod}
-    ;
-    tc: @{syntax nameref} ('(' @{syntax nat} ')')?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "recdef"} defines general well-founded
-  recursive functions (using the TFL package), see also
-  \cite{isabelle-HOL}.  The ``@{text "(permissive)"}'' option tells
-  TFL to recover from failed proof attempts, returning unfinished
-  results.  The @{text recdef_simp}, @{text recdef_cong}, and @{text
-  recdef_wf} hints refer to auxiliary rules to be used in the internal
-  automated proof process of TFL.  Additional @{syntax clasimpmod}
-  declarations may be given to tune the context of the Simplifier
-  (cf.\ \secref{sec:simplifier}) and Classical reasoner (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:classical}).
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "recdef_tc"}~@{text "c (i)"} recommences the
-  proof for leftover termination condition number @{text i} (default
-  1) as generated by a @{command (HOL) "recdef"} definition of
-  constant @{text c}.
-
-  Note that in most cases, @{command (HOL) "recdef"} is able to finish
-  its internal proofs without manual intervention.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \medskip Hints for @{command (HOL) "recdef"} may be also declared
-  globally, using the following attributes.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) recdef_simp} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) recdef_cong} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) recdef_wf} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{attribute (HOL) recdef_simp} | @@{attribute (HOL) recdef_cong} |
-      @@{attribute (HOL) recdef_wf}) (() | 'add' | 'del')
-  "}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Datatypes \label{sec:hol-datatype} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "datatype"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "rep_datatype"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) datatype} (spec + @'and')
-    ;
-    @@{command (HOL) rep_datatype} ('(' (@{syntax name} +) ')')? (@{syntax term} +)
-    ;
-
-    spec: @{syntax typespec_sorts} @{syntax mixfix}? '=' (cons + '|')
-    ;
-    cons: @{syntax name} (@{syntax type} * ) @{syntax mixfix}?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "datatype"} defines inductive datatypes in
-  HOL.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "rep_datatype"} represents existing types as
-  datatypes.
-
-  For foundational reasons, some basic types such as @{typ nat}, @{typ
-  "'a \<times> 'b"}, @{typ "'a + 'b"}, @{typ bool} and @{typ unit} are
-  introduced by more primitive means using @{command_ref typedef}.  To
-  recover the rich infrastructure of @{command datatype} (e.g.\ rules
-  for @{method cases} and @{method induct} and the primitive recursion
-  combinators), such types may be represented as actual datatypes
-  later.  This is done by specifying the constructors of the desired
-  type, and giving a proof of the induction rule, distinctness and
-  injectivity of constructors.
-
-  For example, see @{file "~~/src/HOL/Sum_Type.thy"} for the
-  representation of the primitive sum type as fully-featured datatype.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  The generated rules for @{method induct} and @{method cases} provide
-  case names according to the given constructors, while parameters are
-  named after the types (see also \secref{sec:cases-induct}).
-
-  See \cite{isabelle-HOL} for more details on datatypes, but beware of
-  the old-style theory syntax being used there!  Apart from proper
-  proof methods for case-analysis and induction, there are also
-  emulations of ML tactics @{method (HOL) case_tac} and @{method (HOL)
-  induct_tac} available, see \secref{sec:hol-induct-tac}; these admit
-  to refer directly to the internal structure of subgoals (including
-  internally bound parameters).
-*}
-
-
-subsubsection {* Examples *}
-
-text {* We define a type of finite sequences, with slightly different
-  names than the existing @{typ "'a list"} that is already in @{theory
-  Main}: *}
-
-datatype 'a seq = Empty | Seq 'a "'a seq"
-
-text {* We can now prove some simple lemma by structural induction: *}
-
-lemma "Seq x xs \<noteq> xs"
-proof (induct xs arbitrary: x)
-  case Empty
-  txt {* This case can be proved using the simplifier: the freeness
-    properties of the datatype are already declared as @{attribute
-    simp} rules. *}
-  show "Seq x Empty \<noteq> Empty"
-    by simp
-next
-  case (Seq y ys)
-  txt {* The step case is proved similarly. *}
-  show "Seq x (Seq y ys) \<noteq> Seq y ys"
-    using `Seq y ys \<noteq> ys` by simp
-qed
-
-text {* Here is a more succinct version of the same proof: *}
-
-lemma "Seq x xs \<noteq> xs"
-  by (induct xs arbitrary: x) simp_all
-
-
-section {* Records \label{sec:hol-record} *}
-
-text {*
-  In principle, records merely generalize the concept of tuples, where
-  components may be addressed by labels instead of just position.  The
-  logical infrastructure of records in Isabelle/HOL is slightly more
-  advanced, though, supporting truly extensible record schemes.  This
-  admits operations that are polymorphic with respect to record
-  extension, yielding ``object-oriented'' effects like (single)
-  inheritance.  See also \cite{NaraschewskiW-TPHOLs98} for more
-  details on object-oriented verification and record subtyping in HOL.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Basic concepts *}
-
-text {*
-  Isabelle/HOL supports both \emph{fixed} and \emph{schematic} records
-  at the level of terms and types.  The notation is as follows:
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{tabular}{l|l|l}
-    & record terms & record types \\ \hline
-    fixed & @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b\<rparr>"} & @{text "\<lparr>x :: A, y :: B\<rparr>"} \\
-    schematic & @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b, \<dots> = m\<rparr>"} &
-      @{text "\<lparr>x :: A, y :: B, \<dots> :: M\<rparr>"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \end{center}
-
-  \noindent The ASCII representation of @{text "\<lparr>x = a\<rparr>"} is @{text
-  "(| x = a |)"}.
-
-  A fixed record @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b\<rparr>"} has field @{text x} of value
-  @{text a} and field @{text y} of value @{text b}.  The corresponding
-  type is @{text "\<lparr>x :: A, y :: B\<rparr>"}, assuming that @{text "a :: A"}
-  and @{text "b :: B"}.
-
-  A record scheme like @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b, \<dots> = m\<rparr>"} contains fields
-  @{text x} and @{text y} as before, but also possibly further fields
-  as indicated by the ``@{text "\<dots>"}'' notation (which is actually part
-  of the syntax).  The improper field ``@{text "\<dots>"}'' of a record
-  scheme is called the \emph{more part}.  Logically it is just a free
-  variable, which is occasionally referred to as ``row variable'' in
-  the literature.  The more part of a record scheme may be
-  instantiated by zero or more further components.  For example, the
-  previous scheme may get instantiated to @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b, z =
-  c, \<dots> = m'\<rparr>"}, where @{text m'} refers to a different more part.
-  Fixed records are special instances of record schemes, where
-  ``@{text "\<dots>"}'' is properly terminated by the @{text "() :: unit"}
-  element.  In fact, @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b\<rparr>"} is just an abbreviation
-  for @{text "\<lparr>x = a, y = b, \<dots> = ()\<rparr>"}.
-
-  \medskip Two key observations make extensible records in a simply
-  typed language like HOL work out:
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item the more part is internalized, as a free term or type
-  variable,
-
-  \item field names are externalized, they cannot be accessed within
-  the logic as first-class values.
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  \medskip In Isabelle/HOL record types have to be defined explicitly,
-  fixing their field names and types, and their (optional) parent
-  record.  Afterwards, records may be formed using above syntax, while
-  obeying the canonical order of fields as given by their declaration.
-  The record package provides several standard operations like
-  selectors and updates.  The common setup for various generic proof
-  tools enable succinct reasoning patterns.  See also the Isabelle/HOL
-  tutorial \cite{isabelle-hol-book} for further instructions on using
-  records in practice.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Record specifications *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "record"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) record} @{syntax typespec_sorts} '=' \\
-      (@{syntax type} '+')? (constdecl +)
-    ;
-    constdecl: @{syntax name} '::' @{syntax type} @{syntax mixfix}?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "record"}~@{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>m) t = \<tau> + c\<^sub>1 :: \<sigma>\<^sub>1
-  \<dots> c\<^sub>n :: \<sigma>\<^sub>n"} defines extensible record type @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>m) t"},
-  derived from the optional parent record @{text "\<tau>"} by adding new
-  field components @{text "c\<^sub>i :: \<sigma>\<^sub>i"} etc.
-
-  The type variables of @{text "\<tau>"} and @{text "\<sigma>\<^sub>i"} need to be
-  covered by the (distinct) parameters @{text "\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
-  \<alpha>\<^sub>m"}.  Type constructor @{text t} has to be new, while @{text
-  \<tau>} needs to specify an instance of an existing record type.  At
-  least one new field @{text "c\<^sub>i"} has to be specified.
-  Basically, field names need to belong to a unique record.  This is
-  not a real restriction in practice, since fields are qualified by
-  the record name internally.
-
-  The parent record specification @{text \<tau>} is optional; if omitted
-  @{text t} becomes a root record.  The hierarchy of all records
-  declared within a theory context forms a forest structure, i.e.\ a
-  set of trees starting with a root record each.  There is no way to
-  merge multiple parent records!
-
-  For convenience, @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>m) t"} is made a
-  type abbreviation for the fixed record type @{text "\<lparr>c\<^sub>1 ::
-  \<sigma>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>n :: \<sigma>\<^sub>n\<rparr>"}, likewise is @{text
-  "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>m, \<zeta>) t_scheme"} made an abbreviation for
-  @{text "\<lparr>c\<^sub>1 :: \<sigma>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>n :: \<sigma>\<^sub>n, \<dots> ::
-  \<zeta>\<rparr>"}.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Record operations *}
-
-text {*
-  Any record definition of the form presented above produces certain
-  standard operations.  Selectors and updates are provided for any
-  field, including the improper one ``@{text more}''.  There are also
-  cumulative record constructor functions.  To simplify the
-  presentation below, we assume for now that @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
-  \<alpha>\<^sub>m) t"} is a root record with fields @{text "c\<^sub>1 ::
-  \<sigma>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>n :: \<sigma>\<^sub>n"}.
-
-  \medskip \textbf{Selectors} and \textbf{updates} are available for
-  any field (including ``@{text more}''):
-
-  \begin{matharray}{lll}
-    @{text "c\<^sub>i"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<lparr>\<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr> \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>\<^sub>i"} \\
-    @{text "c\<^sub>i_update"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<sigma>\<^sub>i \<Rightarrow> \<lparr>\<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr> \<Rightarrow> \<lparr>\<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr>"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  There is special syntax for application of updates: @{text "r\<lparr>x :=
-  a\<rparr>"} abbreviates term @{text "x_update a r"}.  Further notation for
-  repeated updates is also available: @{text "r\<lparr>x := a\<rparr>\<lparr>y := b\<rparr>\<lparr>z :=
-  c\<rparr>"} may be written @{text "r\<lparr>x := a, y := b, z := c\<rparr>"}.  Note that
-  because of postfix notation the order of fields shown here is
-  reverse than in the actual term.  Since repeated updates are just
-  function applications, fields may be freely permuted in @{text "\<lparr>x
-  := a, y := b, z := c\<rparr>"}, as far as logical equality is concerned.
-  Thus commutativity of independent updates can be proven within the
-  logic for any two fields, but not as a general theorem.
-
-  \medskip The \textbf{make} operation provides a cumulative record
-  constructor function:
-
-  \begin{matharray}{lll}
-    @{text "t.make"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<sigma>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<sigma>\<^sub>n \<Rightarrow> \<lparr>\<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>\<rparr>"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \medskip We now reconsider the case of non-root records, which are
-  derived of some parent.  In general, the latter may depend on
-  another parent as well, resulting in a list of \emph{ancestor
-  records}.  Appending the lists of fields of all ancestors results in
-  a certain field prefix.  The record package automatically takes care
-  of this by lifting operations over this context of ancestor fields.
-  Assuming that @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>m) t"} has ancestor
-  fields @{text "b\<^sub>1 :: \<rho>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, b\<^sub>k :: \<rho>\<^sub>k"},
-  the above record operations will get the following types:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-    @{text "c\<^sub>i"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr> \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>\<^sub>i"} \\
-    @{text "c\<^sub>i_update"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<sigma>\<^sub>i \<Rightarrow>
-      \<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr> \<Rightarrow>
-      \<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr>"} \\
-    @{text "t.make"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<rho>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<rho>\<^sub>k \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<sigma>\<^sub>n \<Rightarrow>
-      \<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>\<rparr>"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \noindent Some further operations address the extension aspect of a
-  derived record scheme specifically: @{text "t.fields"} produces a
-  record fragment consisting of exactly the new fields introduced here
-  (the result may serve as a more part elsewhere); @{text "t.extend"}
-  takes a fixed record and adds a given more part; @{text
-  "t.truncate"} restricts a record scheme to a fixed record.
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-    @{text "t.fields"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<sigma>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<sigma>\<^sub>n \<Rightarrow> \<lparr>\<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>\<rparr>"} \\
-    @{text "t.extend"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>\<rparr> \<Rightarrow>
-      \<zeta> \<Rightarrow> \<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr>"} \\
-    @{text "t.truncate"} & @{text "::"} & @{text "\<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>, \<dots> :: \<zeta>\<rparr> \<Rightarrow> \<lparr>\<^vec>b :: \<^vec>\<rho>, \<^vec>c :: \<^vec>\<sigma>\<rparr>"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \noindent Note that @{text "t.make"} and @{text "t.fields"} coincide
-  for root records.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Derived rules and proof tools *}
-
-text {*
-  The record package proves several results internally, declaring
-  these facts to appropriate proof tools.  This enables users to
-  reason about record structures quite conveniently.  Assume that
-  @{text t} is a record type as specified above.
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item Standard conversions for selectors or updates applied to
-  record constructor terms are made part of the default Simplifier
-  context; thus proofs by reduction of basic operations merely require
-  the @{method simp} method without further arguments.  These rules
-  are available as @{text "t.simps"}, too.
-
-  \item Selectors applied to updated records are automatically reduced
-  by an internal simplification procedure, which is also part of the
-  standard Simplifier setup.
-
-  \item Inject equations of a form analogous to @{prop "(x, y) = (x',
-  y') \<equiv> x = x' \<and> y = y'"} are declared to the Simplifier and Classical
-  Reasoner as @{attribute iff} rules.  These rules are available as
-  @{text "t.iffs"}.
-
-  \item The introduction rule for record equality analogous to @{text
-  "x r = x r' \<Longrightarrow> y r = y r' \<dots> \<Longrightarrow> r = r'"} is declared to the Simplifier,
-  and as the basic rule context as ``@{attribute intro}@{text "?"}''.
-  The rule is called @{text "t.equality"}.
-
-  \item Representations of arbitrary record expressions as canonical
-  constructor terms are provided both in @{method cases} and @{method
-  induct} format (cf.\ the generic proof methods of the same name,
-  \secref{sec:cases-induct}).  Several variations are available, for
-  fixed records, record schemes, more parts etc.
-
-  The generic proof methods are sufficiently smart to pick the most
-  sensible rule according to the type of the indicated record
-  expression: users just need to apply something like ``@{text "(cases
-  r)"}'' to a certain proof problem.
-
-  \item The derived record operations @{text "t.make"}, @{text
-  "t.fields"}, @{text "t.extend"}, @{text "t.truncate"} are \emph{not}
-  treated automatically, but usually need to be expanded by hand,
-  using the collective fact @{text "t.defs"}.
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-*}
-
-
-subsubsection {* Examples *}
-
-text {* See @{file "~~/src/HOL/ex/Records.thy"}, for example. *}
-
-
-section {* Adhoc tuples *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) split_format}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{attribute (HOL) split_format} ('(' 'complete' ')')?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) split_format}\ @{text "(complete)"} causes
-  arguments in function applications to be represented canonically
-  according to their tuple type structure.
-
-  Note that this operation tends to invent funny names for new local
-  parameters introduced.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Typedef axiomatization \label{sec:hol-typedef} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "typedef"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  A Gordon/HOL-style type definition is a certain axiom scheme that
-  identifies a new type with a subset of an existing type.  More
-  precisely, the new type is defined by exhibiting an existing type
-  @{text \<tau>}, a set @{text "A :: \<tau> set"}, and a theorem that proves
-  @{prop "\<exists>x. x \<in> A"}.  Thus @{text A} is a non-empty subset of @{text
-  \<tau>}, and the new type denotes this subset.  New functions are
-  postulated that establish an isomorphism between the new type and
-  the subset.  In general, the type @{text \<tau>} may involve type
-  variables @{text "\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n"} which means that the type definition
-  produces a type constructor @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n) t"} depending on
-  those type arguments.
-
-  The axiomatization can be considered a ``definition'' in the sense
-  of the particular set-theoretic interpretation of HOL
-  \cite{pitts93}, where the universe of types is required to be
-  downwards-closed wrt.\ arbitrary non-empty subsets.  Thus genuinely
-  new types introduced by @{command "typedef"} stay within the range
-  of HOL models by construction.  Note that @{command_ref
-  type_synonym} from Isabelle/Pure merely introduces syntactic
-  abbreviations, without any logical significance.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) typedef} alt_name? abs_type '=' rep_set
-    ;
-
-    alt_name: '(' (@{syntax name} | @'open' | @'open' @{syntax name}) ')'
-    ;
-    abs_type: @{syntax typespec_sorts} @{syntax mixfix}?
-    ;
-    rep_set: @{syntax term} (@'morphisms' @{syntax name} @{syntax name})?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "typedef"}~@{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n) t = A"}
-  axiomatizes a type definition in the background theory of the
-  current context, depending on a non-emptiness result of the set
-  @{text A} that needs to be proven here.  The set @{text A} may
-  contain type variables @{text "\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n"} as specified on the LHS,
-  but no term variables.
-
-  Even though a local theory specification, the newly introduced type
-  constructor cannot depend on parameters or assumptions of the
-  context: this is structurally impossible in HOL.  In contrast, the
-  non-emptiness proof may use local assumptions in unusual situations,
-  which could result in different interpretations in target contexts:
-  the meaning of the bijection between the representing set @{text A}
-  and the new type @{text t} may then change in different application
-  contexts.
-
-  By default, @{command (HOL) "typedef"} defines both a type
-  constructor @{text t} for the new type, and a term constant @{text
-  t} for the representing set within the old type.  Use the ``@{text
-  "(open)"}'' option to suppress a separate constant definition
-  altogether.  The injection from type to set is called @{text Rep_t},
-  its inverse @{text Abs_t}, unless explicit @{keyword (HOL)
-  "morphisms"} specification provides alternative names.
-
-  The core axiomatization uses the locale predicate @{const
-  type_definition} as defined in Isabelle/HOL.  Various basic
-  consequences of that are instantiated accordingly, re-using the
-  locale facts with names derived from the new type constructor.  Thus
-  the generic @{thm type_definition.Rep} is turned into the specific
-  @{text "Rep_t"}, for example.
-
-  Theorems @{thm type_definition.Rep}, @{thm
-  type_definition.Rep_inverse}, and @{thm type_definition.Abs_inverse}
-  provide the most basic characterization as a corresponding
-  injection/surjection pair (in both directions).  The derived rules
-  @{thm type_definition.Rep_inject} and @{thm
-  type_definition.Abs_inject} provide a more convenient version of
-  injectivity, suitable for automated proof tools (e.g.\ in
-  declarations involving @{attribute simp} or @{attribute iff}).
-  Furthermore, the rules @{thm type_definition.Rep_cases}~/ @{thm
-  type_definition.Rep_induct}, and @{thm type_definition.Abs_cases}~/
-  @{thm type_definition.Abs_induct} provide alternative views on
-  surjectivity.  These rules are already declared as set or type rules
-  for the generic @{method cases} and @{method induct} methods,
-  respectively.
-
-  An alternative name for the set definition (and other derived
-  entities) may be specified in parentheses; the default is to use
-  @{text t} directly.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \begin{warn}
-  If you introduce a new type axiomatically, i.e.\ via @{command_ref
-  typedecl} and @{command_ref axiomatization}, the minimum requirement
-  is that it has a non-empty model, to avoid immediate collapse of the
-  HOL logic.  Moreover, one needs to demonstrate that the
-  interpretation of such free-form axiomatizations can coexist with
-  that of the regular @{command_def typedef} scheme, and any extension
-  that other people might have introduced elsewhere (e.g.\ in HOLCF
-  \cite{MuellerNvOS99}).
-  \end{warn}
-*}
-
-subsubsection {* Examples *}
-
-text {* Type definitions permit the introduction of abstract data
-  types in a safe way, namely by providing models based on already
-  existing types.  Given some abstract axiomatic description @{text P}
-  of a type, this involves two steps:
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item Find an appropriate type @{text \<tau>} and subset @{text A} which
-  has the desired properties @{text P}, and make a type definition
-  based on this representation.
-
-  \item Prove that @{text P} holds for @{text \<tau>} by lifting @{text P}
-  from the representation.
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  You can later forget about the representation and work solely in
-  terms of the abstract properties @{text P}.
-
-  \medskip The following trivial example pulls a three-element type
-  into existence within the formal logical environment of HOL. *}
-
-typedef three = "{(True, True), (True, False), (False, True)}"
-  by blast
-
-definition "One = Abs_three (True, True)"
-definition "Two = Abs_three (True, False)"
-definition "Three = Abs_three (False, True)"
-
-lemma three_distinct: "One \<noteq> Two"  "One \<noteq> Three"  "Two \<noteq> Three"
-  by (simp_all add: One_def Two_def Three_def Abs_three_inject three_def)
-
-lemma three_cases:
-  fixes x :: three obtains "x = One" | "x = Two" | "x = Three"
-  by (cases x) (auto simp: One_def Two_def Three_def Abs_three_inject three_def)
-
-text {* Note that such trivial constructions are better done with
-  derived specification mechanisms such as @{command datatype}: *}
-
-datatype three' = One' | Two' | Three'
-
-text {* This avoids re-doing basic definitions and proofs from the
-  primitive @{command typedef} above. *}
-
-
-section {* Functorial structure of types *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "enriched_type"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"}
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) enriched_type} (@{syntax name} ':')? @{syntax term}
-    ;
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "enriched_type"}~@{text "prefix: m"} allows to
-  prove and register properties about the functorial structure of type
-  constructors.  These properties then can be used by other packages
-  to deal with those type constructors in certain type constructions.
-  Characteristic theorems are noted in the current local theory.  By
-  default, they are prefixed with the base name of the type
-  constructor, an explicit prefix can be given alternatively.
-
-  The given term @{text "m"} is considered as \emph{mapper} for the
-  corresponding type constructor and must conform to the following
-  type pattern:
-
-  \begin{matharray}{lll}
-    @{text "m"} & @{text "::"} &
-      @{text "\<sigma>\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<sigma>\<^isub>k \<Rightarrow> (\<^vec>\<alpha>\<^isub>n) t \<Rightarrow> (\<^vec>\<beta>\<^isub>n) t"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \noindent where @{text t} is the type constructor, @{text
-  "\<^vec>\<alpha>\<^isub>n"} and @{text "\<^vec>\<beta>\<^isub>n"} are distinct
-  type variables free in the local theory and @{text "\<sigma>\<^isub>1"},
-  \ldots, @{text "\<sigma>\<^isub>k"} is a subsequence of @{text "\<alpha>\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow>
-  \<beta>\<^isub>1"}, @{text "\<beta>\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<alpha>\<^isub>1"}, \ldots,
-  @{text "\<alpha>\<^isub>n \<Rightarrow> \<beta>\<^isub>n"}, @{text "\<beta>\<^isub>n \<Rightarrow>
-  \<alpha>\<^isub>n"}.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Transfer package *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def (HOL) "transfer"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) "transfer'"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) "transfer_prover"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) "transfer_rule"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) "relator_eq"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) "transfer"} method replaces the current subgoal
-    with a logically equivalent one that uses different types and
-    constants. The replacement of types and constants is guided by the
-    database of transfer rules. Goals are generalized over all free
-    variables by default; this is necessary for variables whose types
-    change, but can be overridden for specific variables with e.g.
-    @{text "transfer fixing: x y z"}.
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) "transfer'"} is a variant of @{method (HOL)
-    transfer} that allows replacing a subgoal with one that is
-    logically stronger (rather than equivalent). For example, a
-    subgoal involving equality on a quotient type could be replaced
-    with a subgoal involving equality (instead of the corresponding
-    equivalence relation) on the underlying raw type.
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) "transfer_prover"} method assists with proving
-    a transfer rule for a new constant, provided the constant is
-    defined in terms of other constants that already have transfer
-    rules. It should be applied after unfolding the constant
-    definitions.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) "transfer_rule"} attribute maintains a
-    collection of transfer rules, which relate constants at two
-    different types. Typical transfer rules may relate different type
-    instances of the same polymorphic constant, or they may relate an
-    operation on a raw type to a corresponding operation on an
-    abstract type (quotient or subtype). For example:
-
-    @{text "((A ===> B) ===> list_all2 A ===> list_all2 B) map map"}\\
-    @{text "(cr_int ===> cr_int ===> cr_int) (\<lambda>(x,y) (u,v). (x+u, y+v)) plus"}
-
-    Lemmas involving predicates on relations can also be registered
-    using the same attribute. For example:
-
-    @{text "bi_unique A \<Longrightarrow> (list_all2 A ===> op =) distinct distinct"}\\
-    @{text "\<lbrakk>bi_unique A; bi_unique B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> bi_unique (prod_rel A B)"}
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) relator_eq} attribute collects identity laws
-    for relators of various type constructors, e.g. @{text "list_all2
-    (op =) = (op =)"}. The @{method (HOL) transfer} method uses these
-    lemmas to infer transfer rules for non-polymorphic constants on
-    the fly.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-*}
-
-
-section {* Lifting package *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "setup_lifting"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"}\\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "lift_definition"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"}\\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "print_quotmaps"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"}\\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "print_quotients"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"}\\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) "quot_map"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) "invariant_commute"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) setup_lifting} ('(' 'no_abs_code' ')')? \\
-      @{syntax thmref} @{syntax thmref}?;
-  "}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) lift_definition} @{syntax name} '::' @{syntax type}  @{syntax mixfix}? \\
-      'is' @{syntax term};
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "setup_lifting"} Sets up the Lifting package
-    to work with a user-defined type. The user must provide either a
-    quotient theorem @{text "Quotient R Abs Rep T"} or a
-    type_definition theorem @{text "type_definition Rep Abs A"}.  The
-    package configures transfer rules for equality and quantifiers on
-    the type, and sets up the @{command_def (HOL) "lift_definition"}
-    command to work with the type.  In the case of a quotient theorem,
-    an optional theorem @{text "reflp R"} can be provided as a second
-    argument.  This allows the package to generate stronger transfer
-    rules.
-
-    @{command (HOL) "setup_lifting"} is called automatically if a
-    quotient type is defined by the command @{command (HOL)
-    "quotient_type"} from the Quotient package.
-
-    If @{command (HOL) "setup_lifting"} is called with a
-    type_definition theorem, the abstract type implicitly defined by
-    the theorem is declared as an abstract type in the code
-    generator. This allows @{command (HOL) "lift_definition"} to
-    register (generated) code certificate theorems as abstract code
-    equations in the code generator.  The option @{text "no_abs_code"}
-    of the command @{command (HOL) "setup_lifting"} can turn off that
-    behavior and causes that code certificate theorems generated by
-    @{command (HOL) "lift_definition"} are not registred as abstract
-    code equations.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "lift_definition"} @{text "f :: \<tau> is t"}
-    Defines a new function @{text f} with an abstract type @{text \<tau>}
-    in terms of a corresponding operation @{text t} on a
-    representation type.  The term @{text t} doesn't have to be
-    necessarily a constant but it can be any term.
-
-    Users must discharge a respectfulness proof obligation when each
-    constant is defined. For a type copy, i.e. a typedef with @{text
-    UNIV}, the proof is discharged automatically. The obligation is
-    presented in a user-friendly, readable form. A respectfulness
-    theorem in the standard format @{text f.rsp} and a transfer rule
-    @{text f.tranfer} for the Transfer package are generated by the
-    package.
-
-    Integration with code_abstype: For typedefs (e.g. subtypes
-    corresponding to a datatype invariant, such as dlist), @{command
-    (HOL) "lift_definition"} generates a code certificate theorem
-    @{text f.rep_eq} and sets up code generation for each constant.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "print_quotmaps"} prints stored quotient map
-    theorems.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "print_quotients"} prints stored quotient
-    theorems.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) quot_map} registers a quotient map
-    theorem. For examples see @{file
-    "~~/src/HOL/Library/Quotient_List.thy"} or other Quotient_*.thy
-    files.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) invariant_commute} registers a theorem which
-    shows a relationship between the constant @{text
-    Lifting.invariant} (used for internal encoding of proper subtypes)
-    and a relator.  Such theorems allows the package to hide @{text
-    Lifting.invariant} from a user in a user-readable form of a
-    respectfulness theorem. For examples see @{file
-    "~~/src/HOL/Library/Quotient_List.thy"} or other Quotient_*.thy
-    files.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Quotient types *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "quotient_type"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"}\\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "quotient_definition"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"}\\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "print_quotmapsQ3"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"}\\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "print_quotientsQ3"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"}\\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "print_quotconsts"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"}\\
-    @{method_def (HOL) "lifting"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) "lifting_setup"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) "descending"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) "descending_setup"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) "partiality_descending"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) "partiality_descending_setup"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) "regularize"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) "injection"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) "cleaning"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) "quot_thm"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) "quot_lifted"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) "quot_respect"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) "quot_preserve"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The quotient package defines a new quotient type given a raw type
-  and a partial equivalence relation.  It also includes automation for
-  transporting definitions and theorems.  It can automatically produce
-  definitions and theorems on the quotient type, given the
-  corresponding constants and facts on the raw type.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) quotient_type} (spec + @'and');
-
-    spec: @{syntax typespec} @{syntax mixfix}? '=' \\
-     @{syntax type} '/' ('partial' ':')? @{syntax term} \\
-     (@'morphisms' @{syntax name} @{syntax name})?;
-  "}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) quotient_definition} constdecl? @{syntax thmdecl}? \\
-    @{syntax term} 'is' @{syntax term};
-
-    constdecl: @{syntax name} ('::' @{syntax type})? @{syntax mixfix}?
-  "}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{method (HOL) lifting} @{syntax thmrefs}?
-    ;
-
-    @@{method (HOL) lifting_setup} @{syntax thmrefs}?
-    ;
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "quotient_type"} defines quotient types. The
-  injection from a quotient type to a raw type is called @{text
-  rep_t}, its inverse @{text abs_t} unless explicit @{keyword (HOL)
-  "morphisms"} specification provides alternative names. @{command
-  (HOL) "quotient_type"} requires the user to prove that the relation
-  is an equivalence relation (predicate @{text equivp}), unless the
-  user specifies explicitely @{text partial} in which case the
-  obligation is @{text part_equivp}.  A quotient defined with @{text
-  partial} is weaker in the sense that less things can be proved
-  automatically.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "quotient_definition"} defines a constant on
-  the quotient type.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "print_quotmapsQ3"} prints quotient map
-  functions.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "print_quotientsQ3"} prints quotients.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "print_quotconsts"} prints quotient constants.
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) "lifting"} and @{method (HOL) "lifting_setup"}
-    methods match the current goal with the given raw theorem to be
-    lifted producing three new subgoals: regularization, injection and
-    cleaning subgoals. @{method (HOL) "lifting"} tries to apply the
-    heuristics for automatically solving these three subgoals and
-    leaves only the subgoals unsolved by the heuristics to the user as
-    opposed to @{method (HOL) "lifting_setup"} which leaves the three
-    subgoals unsolved.
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) "descending"} and @{method (HOL)
-    "descending_setup"} try to guess a raw statement that would lift
-    to the current subgoal. Such statement is assumed as a new subgoal
-    and @{method (HOL) "descending"} continues in the same way as
-    @{method (HOL) "lifting"} does. @{method (HOL) "descending"} tries
-    to solve the arising regularization, injection and cleaning
-    subgoals with the analoguous method @{method (HOL)
-    "descending_setup"} which leaves the four unsolved subgoals.
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) "partiality_descending"} finds the regularized
-    theorem that would lift to the current subgoal, lifts it and
-    leaves as a subgoal. This method can be used with partial
-    equivalence quotients where the non regularized statements would
-    not be true. @{method (HOL) "partiality_descending_setup"} leaves
-    the injection and cleaning subgoals unchanged.
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) "regularize"} applies the regularization
-    heuristics to the current subgoal.
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) "injection"} applies the injection heuristics
-    to the current goal using the stored quotient respectfulness
-    theorems.
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) "cleaning"} applies the injection cleaning
-    heuristics to the current subgoal using the stored quotient
-    preservation theorems.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) quot_lifted} attribute tries to
-    automatically transport the theorem to the quotient type.
-    The attribute uses all the defined quotients types and quotient
-    constants often producing undesired results or theorems that
-    cannot be lifted.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) quot_respect} and @{attribute (HOL)
-    quot_preserve} attributes declare a theorem as a respectfulness
-    and preservation theorem respectively.  These are stored in the
-    local theory store and used by the @{method (HOL) "injection"}
-    and @{method (HOL) "cleaning"} methods respectively.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) quot_thm} declares that a certain theorem
-    is a quotient extension theorem. Quotient extension theorems
-    allow for quotienting inside container types. Given a polymorphic
-    type that serves as a container, a map function defined for this
-    container using @{command (HOL) "enriched_type"} and a relation
-    map defined for for the container type, the quotient extension
-    theorem should be @{term "Quotient3 R Abs Rep \<Longrightarrow> Quotient3
-    (rel_map R) (map Abs) (map Rep)"}. Quotient extension theorems
-    are stored in a database and are used all the steps of lifting
-    theorems.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Coercive subtyping *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) coercion} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) coercion_enabled} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) coercion_map} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Coercive subtyping allows the user to omit explicit type
-  conversions, also called \emph{coercions}.  Type inference will add
-  them as necessary when parsing a term. See
-  \cite{traytel-berghofer-nipkow-2011} for details.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{attribute (HOL) coercion} (@{syntax term})?
-    ;
-  "}
-  @{rail "
-    @@{attribute (HOL) coercion_map} (@{syntax term})?
-    ;
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) "coercion"}~@{text "f"} registers a new
-  coercion function @{text "f :: \<sigma>\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>\<^isub>2"} where @{text "\<sigma>\<^isub>1"} and
-  @{text "\<sigma>\<^isub>2"} are type constructors without arguments.  Coercions are
-  composed by the inference algorithm if needed.  Note that the type
-  inference algorithm is complete only if the registered coercions
-  form a lattice.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) "coercion_map"}~@{text "map"} registers a
-  new map function to lift coercions through type constructors. The
-  function @{text "map"} must conform to the following type pattern
-
-  \begin{matharray}{lll}
-    @{text "map"} & @{text "::"} &
-      @{text "f\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<Rightarrow> f\<^isub>n \<Rightarrow> (\<alpha>\<^isub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^isub>n) t \<Rightarrow> (\<beta>\<^isub>1, \<dots>, \<beta>\<^isub>n) t"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  where @{text "t"} is a type constructor and @{text "f\<^isub>i"} is of type
-  @{text "\<alpha>\<^isub>i \<Rightarrow> \<beta>\<^isub>i"} or @{text "\<beta>\<^isub>i \<Rightarrow> \<alpha>\<^isub>i"}.  Registering a map function
-  overwrites any existing map function for this particular type
-  constructor.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) "coercion_enabled"} enables the coercion
-  inference algorithm.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Arithmetic proof support *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def (HOL) arith} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) arith} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) arith_split} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) arith} decides linear arithmetic problems (on
-  types @{text nat}, @{text int}, @{text real}).  Any current facts
-  are inserted into the goal before running the procedure.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) arith} declares facts that are supplied to
-  the arithmetic provers implicitly.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) arith_split} attribute declares case split
-  rules to be expanded before @{method (HOL) arith} is invoked.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Note that a simpler (but faster) arithmetic prover is already
-  invoked by the Simplifier.
-*}
-
-
-section {* Intuitionistic proof search *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def (HOL) iprover} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{method (HOL) iprover} ( @{syntax rulemod} * )
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) iprover} performs intuitionistic proof search,
-  depending on specifically declared rules from the context, or given
-  as explicit arguments.  Chained facts are inserted into the goal
-  before commencing proof search.
-
-  Rules need to be classified as @{attribute (Pure) intro},
-  @{attribute (Pure) elim}, or @{attribute (Pure) dest}; here the
-  ``@{text "!"}'' indicator refers to ``safe'' rules, which may be
-  applied aggressively (without considering back-tracking later).
-  Rules declared with ``@{text "?"}'' are ignored in proof search (the
-  single-step @{method (Pure) rule} method still observes these).  An
-  explicit weight annotation may be given as well; otherwise the
-  number of rule premises will be taken into account here.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Model Elimination and Resolution *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def (HOL) "meson"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) "metis"} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{method (HOL) meson} @{syntax thmrefs}?
-    ;
-
-    @@{method (HOL) metis}
-      ('(' ('partial_types' | 'full_types' | 'no_types' | @{syntax name}) ')')?
-      @{syntax thmrefs}?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) meson} implements Loveland's model elimination
-  procedure \cite{loveland-78}.  See @{file
-  "~~/src/HOL/ex/Meson_Test.thy"} for examples.
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) metis} combines ordered resolution and ordered
-  paramodulation to find first-order (or mildly higher-order) proofs.
-  The first optional argument specifies a type encoding; see the
-  Sledgehammer manual \cite{isabelle-sledgehammer} for details.  The
-  directory @{file "~~/src/HOL/Metis_Examples"} contains several small
-  theories developed to a large extent using @{method (HOL) metis}.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Coherent Logic *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def (HOL) "coherent"} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{method (HOL) coherent} @{syntax thmrefs}?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) coherent} solves problems of \emph{Coherent
-  Logic} \cite{Bezem-Coquand:2005}, which covers applications in
-  confluence theory, lattice theory and projective geometry.  See
-  @{file "~~/src/HOL/ex/Coherent.thy"} for some examples.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Proving propositions *}
-
-text {*
-  In addition to the standard proof methods, a number of diagnosis
-  tools search for proofs and provide an Isar proof snippet on success.
-  These tools are available via the following commands.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "solve_direct"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "try"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "try0"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "sledgehammer"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "sledgehammer_params"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"}
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) try}
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) try0} ( ( ( 'simp' | 'intro' | 'elim' | 'dest' ) ':' @{syntax thmrefs} ) + ) ?
-      @{syntax nat}?
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) sledgehammer} ( '[' args ']' )? facts? @{syntax nat}?
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) sledgehammer_params} ( ( '[' args ']' ) ? )
-    ;
-
-    args: ( @{syntax name} '=' value + ',' )
-    ;
-
-    facts: '(' ( ( ( ( 'add' | 'del' ) ':' ) ? @{syntax thmrefs} ) + ) ? ')'
-    ;
-  "} % FIXME check args "value"
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "solve_direct"} checks whether the current
-  subgoals can be solved directly by an existing theorem. Duplicate
-  lemmas can be detected in this way.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "try0"} attempts to prove a subgoal
-  using a combination of standard proof methods (@{method auto},
-  @{method simp}, @{method blast}, etc.).  Additional facts supplied
-  via @{text "simp:"}, @{text "intro:"}, @{text "elim:"}, and @{text
-  "dest:"} are passed to the appropriate proof methods.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "try"} attempts to prove or disprove a subgoal
-  using a combination of provers and disprovers (@{command (HOL)
-  "solve_direct"}, @{command (HOL) "quickcheck"}, @{command (HOL)
-  "try0"}, @{command (HOL) "sledgehammer"}, @{command (HOL)
-  "nitpick"}).
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "sledgehammer"} attempts to prove a subgoal
-  using external automatic provers (resolution provers and SMT
-  solvers). See the Sledgehammer manual \cite{isabelle-sledgehammer}
-  for details.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "sledgehammer_params"} changes @{command (HOL)
-  "sledgehammer"} configuration options persistently.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Checking and refuting propositions *}
-
-text {*
-  Identifying incorrect propositions usually involves evaluation of
-  particular assignments and systematic counterexample search.  This
-  is supported by the following commands.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "value"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "values"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "quickcheck"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "refute"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "nitpick"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "quickcheck_params"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "refute_params"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "nitpick_params"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "quickcheck_generator"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "find_unused_assms"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"}
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) value} ( '[' @{syntax name} ']' )? modes? @{syntax term}
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) values} modes? @{syntax nat}? @{syntax term}
-    ;
-
-    (@@{command (HOL) quickcheck} | @@{command (HOL) refute} | @@{command (HOL) nitpick})
-      ( '[' args ']' )? @{syntax nat}?
-    ;
-
-    (@@{command (HOL) quickcheck_params} | @@{command (HOL) refute_params} |
-      @@{command (HOL) nitpick_params}) ( '[' args ']' )?
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) quickcheck_generator} @{syntax nameref} \\
-      'operations:' ( @{syntax term} +)
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) find_unused_assms} @{syntax name}?
-    ;
-
-    modes: '(' (@{syntax name} +) ')'
-    ;
-
-    args: ( @{syntax name} '=' value + ',' )
-    ;
-  "} % FIXME check "value"
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "value"}~@{text t} evaluates and prints a
-  term; optionally @{text modes} can be specified, which are appended
-  to the current print mode; see \secref{sec:print-modes}.
-  Internally, the evaluation is performed by registered evaluators,
-  which are invoked sequentially until a result is returned.
-  Alternatively a specific evaluator can be selected using square
-  brackets; typical evaluators use the current set of code equations
-  to normalize and include @{text simp} for fully symbolic evaluation
-  using the simplifier, @{text nbe} for \emph{normalization by
-  evaluation} and \emph{code} for code generation in SML.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "values"}~@{text t} enumerates a set
-  comprehension by evaluation and prints its values up to the given
-  number of solutions; optionally @{text modes} can be specified,
-  which are appended to the current print mode; see
-  \secref{sec:print-modes}.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "quickcheck"} tests the current goal for
-  counterexamples using a series of assignments for its free
-  variables; by default the first subgoal is tested, an other can be
-  selected explicitly using an optional goal index.  Assignments can
-  be chosen exhausting the search space upto a given size, or using a
-  fixed number of random assignments in the search space, or exploring
-  the search space symbolically using narrowing.  By default,
-  quickcheck uses exhaustive testing.  A number of configuration
-  options are supported for @{command (HOL) "quickcheck"}, notably:
-
-    \begin{description}
-
-    \item[@{text tester}] specifies which testing approach to apply.
-    There are three testers, @{text exhaustive}, @{text random}, and
-    @{text narrowing}.  An unknown configuration option is treated as
-    an argument to tester, making @{text "tester ="} optional.  When
-    multiple testers are given, these are applied in parallel.  If no
-    tester is specified, quickcheck uses the testers that are set
-    active, i.e., configurations @{attribute
-    quickcheck_exhaustive_active}, @{attribute
-    quickcheck_random_active}, @{attribute
-    quickcheck_narrowing_active} are set to true.
-
-    \item[@{text size}] specifies the maximum size of the search space
-    for assignment values.
-
-    \item[@{text genuine_only}] sets quickcheck only to return genuine
-    counterexample, but not potentially spurious counterexamples due
-    to underspecified functions.
-
-    \item[@{text abort_potential}] sets quickcheck to abort once it
-    found a potentially spurious counterexample and to not continue
-    to search for a further genuine counterexample.
-    For this option to be effective, the @{text genuine_only} option
-    must be set to false.
-
-    \item[@{text eval}] takes a term or a list of terms and evaluates
-    these terms under the variable assignment found by quickcheck.
-    This option is currently only supported by the default
-    (exhaustive) tester.
-
-    \item[@{text iterations}] sets how many sets of assignments are
-    generated for each particular size.
-
-    \item[@{text no_assms}] specifies whether assumptions in
-    structured proofs should be ignored.
-
-    \item[@{text locale}] specifies how to process conjectures in
-    a locale context, i.e., they can be interpreted or expanded.
-    The option is a whitespace-separated list of the two words
-    @{text interpret} and @{text expand}. The list determines the
-    order they are employed. The default setting is to first use
-    interpretations and then test the expanded conjecture.
-    The option is only provided as attribute declaration, but not
-    as parameter to the command.
-
-    \item[@{text timeout}] sets the time limit in seconds.
-
-    \item[@{text default_type}] sets the type(s) generally used to
-    instantiate type variables.
-
-    \item[@{text report}] if set quickcheck reports how many tests
-    fulfilled the preconditions.
-
-    \item[@{text use_subtype}] if set quickcheck automatically lifts
-    conjectures to registered subtypes if possible, and tests the
-    lifted conjecture.
-
-    \item[@{text quiet}] if set quickcheck does not output anything
-    while testing.
-
-    \item[@{text verbose}] if set quickcheck informs about the current
-    size and cardinality while testing.
-
-    \item[@{text expect}] can be used to check if the user's
-    expectation was met (@{text no_expectation}, @{text
-    no_counterexample}, or @{text counterexample}).
-
-    \end{description}
-
-  These option can be given within square brackets.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "quickcheck_params"} changes @{command (HOL)
-  "quickcheck"} configuration options persistently.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "quickcheck_generator"} creates random and
-  exhaustive value generators for a given type and operations.  It
-  generates values by using the operations as if they were
-  constructors of that type.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "refute"} tests the current goal for
-  counterexamples using a reduction to SAT. The following
-  configuration options are supported:
-
-    \begin{description}
-
-    \item[@{text minsize}] specifies the minimum size (cardinality) of
-    the models to search for.
-
-    \item[@{text maxsize}] specifies the maximum size (cardinality) of
-    the models to search for. Nonpositive values mean @{text "\<infinity>"}.
-
-    \item[@{text maxvars}] specifies the maximum number of Boolean
-    variables to use when transforming the term into a propositional
-    formula.  Nonpositive values mean @{text "\<infinity>"}.
-
-    \item[@{text satsolver}] specifies the SAT solver to use.
-
-    \item[@{text no_assms}] specifies whether assumptions in
-    structured proofs should be ignored.
-
-    \item[@{text maxtime}] sets the time limit in seconds.
-
-    \item[@{text expect}] can be used to check if the user's
-    expectation was met (@{text genuine}, @{text potential}, @{text
-    none}, or @{text unknown}).
-
-    \end{description}
-
-  These option can be given within square brackets.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "refute_params"} changes @{command (HOL)
-  "refute"} configuration options persistently.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "nitpick"} tests the current goal for
-  counterexamples using a reduction to first-order relational
-  logic. See the Nitpick manual \cite{isabelle-nitpick} for details.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "nitpick_params"} changes @{command (HOL)
-  "nitpick"} configuration options persistently.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "find_unused_assms"} finds potentially superfluous
-  assumptions in theorems using quickcheck.
-  It takes the theory name to be checked for superfluous assumptions as
-  optional argument. If not provided, it checks the current theory.
-  Options to the internal quickcheck invocations can be changed with
-  common configuration declarations.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Unstructured case analysis and induction \label{sec:hol-induct-tac} *}
-
-text {*
-  The following tools of Isabelle/HOL support cases analysis and
-  induction in unstructured tactic scripts; see also
-  \secref{sec:cases-induct} for proper Isar versions of similar ideas.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def (HOL) case_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) induct_tac}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (HOL) ind_cases}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "inductive_cases"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{method (HOL) case_tac} @{syntax goal_spec}? @{syntax term} rule?
-    ;
-    @@{method (HOL) induct_tac} @{syntax goal_spec}? (@{syntax insts} * @'and') rule?
-    ;
-    @@{method (HOL) ind_cases} (@{syntax prop}+) (@'for' (@{syntax name}+))?
-    ;
-    @@{command (HOL) inductive_cases} (@{syntax thmdecl}? (@{syntax prop}+) + @'and')
-    ;
-
-    rule: 'rule' ':' @{syntax thmref}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) case_tac} and @{method (HOL) induct_tac} admit
-  to reason about inductive types.  Rules are selected according to
-  the declarations by the @{attribute cases} and @{attribute induct}
-  attributes, cf.\ \secref{sec:cases-induct}.  The @{command (HOL)
-  datatype} package already takes care of this.
-
-  These unstructured tactics feature both goal addressing and dynamic
-  instantiation.  Note that named rule cases are \emph{not} provided
-  as would be by the proper @{method cases} and @{method induct} proof
-  methods (see \secref{sec:cases-induct}).  Unlike the @{method
-  induct} method, @{method induct_tac} does not handle structured rule
-  statements, only the compact object-logic conclusion of the subgoal
-  being addressed.
-
-  \item @{method (HOL) ind_cases} and @{command (HOL)
-  "inductive_cases"} provide an interface to the internal @{ML_text
-  mk_cases} operation.  Rules are simplified in an unrestricted
-  forward manner.
-
-  While @{method (HOL) ind_cases} is a proof method to apply the
-  result immediately as elimination rules, @{command (HOL)
-  "inductive_cases"} provides case split theorems at the theory level
-  for later use.  The @{keyword "for"} argument of the @{method (HOL)
-  ind_cases} method allows to specify a list of variables that should
-  be generalized before applying the resulting rule.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Executable code *}
-
-text {* For validation purposes, it is often useful to \emph{execute}
-  specifications.  In principle, execution could be simulated by
-  Isabelle's inference kernel, i.e. by a combination of resolution and
-  simplification.  Unfortunately, this approach is rather inefficient.
-  A more efficient way of executing specifications is to translate
-  them into a functional programming language such as ML.
-
-  Isabelle provides a generic framework to support code generation
-  from executable specifications.  Isabelle/HOL instantiates these
-  mechanisms in a way that is amenable to end-user applications.  Code
-  can be generated for functional programs (including overloading
-  using type classes) targeting SML \cite{SML}, OCaml \cite{OCaml},
-  Haskell \cite{haskell-revised-report} and Scala
-  \cite{scala-overview-tech-report}.  Conceptually, code generation is
-  split up in three steps: \emph{selection} of code theorems,
-  \emph{translation} into an abstract executable view and
-  \emph{serialization} to a specific \emph{target language}.
-  Inductive specifications can be executed using the predicate
-  compiler which operates within HOL.  See \cite{isabelle-codegen} for
-  an introduction.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "export_code"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) code} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_abort"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_datatype"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "print_codesetup"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) code_unfold} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) code_post} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (HOL) code_abbrev} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "print_codeproc"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_thms"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_deps"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_const"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_type"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_class"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_instance"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_reserved"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_monad"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_include"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_modulename"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_reflect"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "code_pred"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"}
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command (HOL) export_code} ( constexpr + ) \\
-       ( ( @'in' target ( @'module_name' @{syntax string} ) ? \\
-        ( @'file' ( @{syntax string} | '-' ) ) ? ( '(' args ')' ) ?) + ) ?
-    ;
-
-    const: @{syntax term}
-    ;
-
-    constexpr: ( const | 'name._' | '_' )
-    ;
-
-    typeconstructor: @{syntax nameref}
-    ;
-
-    class: @{syntax nameref}
-    ;
-
-    target: 'SML' | 'OCaml' | 'Haskell' | 'Scala'
-    ;
-
-    @@{attribute (HOL) code} ( 'del' | 'abstype' | 'abstract' )?
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_abort} ( const + )
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_datatype} ( const + )
-    ;
-
-    @@{attribute (HOL) code_unfold} ( 'del' ) ?
-    ;
-
-    @@{attribute (HOL) code_post} ( 'del' ) ?
-    ;
-
-    @@{attribute (HOL) code_abbrev}
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_thms} ( constexpr + ) ?
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_deps} ( constexpr + ) ?
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_const} (const + @'and') \\
-      ( ( '(' target ( syntax ? + @'and' ) ')' ) + )
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_type} (typeconstructor + @'and') \\
-      ( ( '(' target ( syntax ? + @'and' ) ')' ) + )
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_class} (class + @'and') \\
-      ( ( '(' target \\ ( @{syntax string} ? + @'and' ) ')' ) + )
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_instance} (( typeconstructor '::' class ) + @'and') \\
-      ( ( '(' target ( '-' ? + @'and' ) ')' ) + )
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_reserved} target ( @{syntax string} + )
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_monad} const const target
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_include} target ( @{syntax string} ( @{syntax string} | '-') )
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_modulename} target ( ( @{syntax string} @{syntax string} ) + )
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_reflect} @{syntax string} \\
-      ( @'datatypes' ( @{syntax string} '=' ( '_' | ( @{syntax string} + '|' ) + @'and' ) ) ) ? \\
-      ( @'functions' ( @{syntax string} + ) ) ? ( @'file' @{syntax string} ) ?
-    ;
-
-    @@{command (HOL) code_pred} \\( '(' @'modes' ':' modedecl ')')? \\ const
-    ;
-
-    syntax: @{syntax string} | ( @'infix' | @'infixl' | @'infixr' ) @{syntax nat} @{syntax string}
-    ;
-
-    modedecl: (modes | ((const ':' modes) \\
-         (@'and' ((const ':' modes @'and') +))?))
-    ;
-
-    modes: mode @'as' const
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "export_code"} generates code for a given list
-  of constants in the specified target language(s).  If no
-  serialization instruction is given, only abstract code is generated
-  internally.
-
-  Constants may be specified by giving them literally, referring to
-  all executable contants within a certain theory by giving @{text
-  "name.*"}, or referring to \emph{all} executable constants currently
-  available by giving @{text "*"}.
-
-  By default, for each involved theory one corresponding name space
-  module is generated.  Alternativly, a module name may be specified
-  after the @{keyword "module_name"} keyword; then \emph{all} code is
-  placed in this module.
-
-  For \emph{SML}, \emph{OCaml} and \emph{Scala} the file specification
-  refers to a single file; for \emph{Haskell}, it refers to a whole
-  directory, where code is generated in multiple files reflecting the
-  module hierarchy.  Omitting the file specification denotes standard
-  output.
-
-  Serializers take an optional list of arguments in parentheses.  For
-  \emph{SML} and \emph{OCaml}, ``@{text no_signatures}`` omits
-  explicit module signatures.
-
-  For \emph{Haskell} a module name prefix may be given using the
-  ``@{text "root:"}'' argument; ``@{text string_classes}'' adds a
-  ``@{verbatim "deriving (Read, Show)"}'' clause to each appropriate
-  datatype declaration.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) code} explicitly selects (or with option
-  ``@{text "del"}'' deselects) a code equation for code generation.
-  Usually packages introducing code equations provide a reasonable
-  default setup for selection.  Variants @{text "code abstype"} and
-  @{text "code abstract"} declare abstract datatype certificates or
-  code equations on abstract datatype representations respectively.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_abort"} declares constants which are not
-  required to have a definition by means of code equations; if needed
-  these are implemented by program abort instead.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_datatype"} specifies a constructor set
-  for a logical type.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "print_codesetup"} gives an overview on
-  selected code equations and code generator datatypes.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) code_unfold} declares (or with option
-  ``@{text "del"}'' removes) theorems which during preprocessing
-  are applied as rewrite rules to any code equation or evaluation
-  input.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) code_post} declares (or with option ``@{text
-  "del"}'' removes) theorems which are applied as rewrite rules to any
-  result of an evaluation.
-
-  \item @{attribute (HOL) code_abbrev} declares equations which are
-  applied as rewrite rules to any result of an evaluation and
-  symmetrically during preprocessing to any code equation or evaluation
-  input.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "print_codeproc"} prints the setup of the code
-  generator preprocessor.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_thms"} prints a list of theorems
-  representing the corresponding program containing all given
-  constants after preprocessing.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_deps"} visualizes dependencies of
-  theorems representing the corresponding program containing all given
-  constants after preprocessing.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_const"} associates a list of constants
-  with target-specific serializations; omitting a serialization
-  deletes an existing serialization.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_type"} associates a list of type
-  constructors with target-specific serializations; omitting a
-  serialization deletes an existing serialization.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_class"} associates a list of classes
-  with target-specific class names; omitting a serialization deletes
-  an existing serialization.  This applies only to \emph{Haskell}.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_instance"} declares a list of type
-  constructor / class instance relations as ``already present'' for a
-  given target.  Omitting a ``@{text "-"}'' deletes an existing
-  ``already present'' declaration.  This applies only to
-  \emph{Haskell}.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_reserved"} declares a list of names as
-  reserved for a given target, preventing it to be shadowed by any
-  generated code.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_monad"} provides an auxiliary mechanism
-  to generate monadic code for Haskell.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_include"} adds arbitrary named content
-  (``include'') to generated code.  A ``@{text "-"}'' as last argument
-  will remove an already added ``include''.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_modulename"} declares aliasings from one
-  module name onto another.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_reflect"} without a ``@{text "file"}''
-  argument compiles code into the system runtime environment and
-  modifies the code generator setup that future invocations of system
-  runtime code generation referring to one of the ``@{text
-  "datatypes"}'' or ``@{text "functions"}'' entities use these
-  precompiled entities.  With a ``@{text "file"}'' argument, the
-  corresponding code is generated into that specified file without
-  modifying the code generator setup.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "code_pred"} creates code equations for a
-    predicate given a set of introduction rules. Optional mode
-    annotations determine which arguments are supposed to be input or
-    output. If alternative introduction rules are declared, one must
-    prove a corresponding elimination rule.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Definition by specification \label{sec:hol-specification} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def (HOL) "specification"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def (HOL) "ax_specification"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-  (@@{command (HOL) specification} | @@{command (HOL) ax_specification})
-    '(' (decl +) ')' \\ (@{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop} +)
-  ;
-  decl: ((@{syntax name} ':')? @{syntax term} '(' @'overloaded' ')'?)
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "specification"}~@{text "decls \<phi>"} sets up a
-  goal stating the existence of terms with the properties specified to
-  hold for the constants given in @{text decls}.  After finishing the
-  proof, the theory will be augmented with definitions for the given
-  constants, as well as with theorems stating the properties for these
-  constants.
-
-  \item @{command (HOL) "ax_specification"}~@{text "decls \<phi>"} sets up
-  a goal stating the existence of terms with the properties specified
-  to hold for the constants given in @{text decls}.  After finishing
-  the proof, the theory will be augmented with axioms expressing the
-  properties given in the first place.
-
-  \item @{text decl} declares a constant to be defined by the
-  specification given.  The definition for the constant @{text c} is
-  bound to the name @{text c_def} unless a theorem name is given in
-  the declaration.  Overloaded constants should be declared as such.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Whether to use @{command (HOL) "specification"} or @{command (HOL)
-  "ax_specification"} is to some extent a matter of style.  @{command
-  (HOL) "specification"} introduces no new axioms, and so by
-  construction cannot introduce inconsistencies, whereas @{command
-  (HOL) "ax_specification"} does introduce axioms, but only after the
-  user has explicitly proven it to be safe.  A practical issue must be
-  considered, though: After introducing two constants with the same
-  properties using @{command (HOL) "specification"}, one can prove
-  that the two constants are, in fact, equal.  If this might be a
-  problem, one should use @{command (HOL) "ax_specification"}.
-*}
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Inner_Syntax.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Inner_Syntax.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,1574 +0,0 @@
-theory Inner_Syntax
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* Inner syntax --- the term language \label{ch:inner-syntax} *}
-
-text {* The inner syntax of Isabelle provides concrete notation for
-  the main entities of the logical framework, notably @{text
-  "\<lambda>"}-terms with types and type classes.  Applications may either
-  extend existing syntactic categories by additional notation, or
-  define new sub-languages that are linked to the standard term
-  language via some explicit markers.  For example @{verbatim
-  FOO}~@{text "foo"} could embed the syntax corresponding for some
-  user-defined nonterminal @{text "foo"} --- within the bounds of the
-  given lexical syntax of Isabelle/Pure.
-
-  The most basic way to specify concrete syntax for logical entities
-  works via mixfix annotations (\secref{sec:mixfix}), which may be
-  usually given as part of the original declaration or via explicit
-  notation commands later on (\secref{sec:notation}).  This already
-  covers many needs of concrete syntax without having to understand
-  the full complexity of inner syntax layers.
-
-  Further details of the syntax engine involves the classical
-  distinction of lexical language versus context-free grammar (see
-  \secref{sec:pure-syntax}), and various mechanisms for \emph{syntax
-  transformations} (see \secref{sec:syntax-transformations}).
-*}
-
-
-section {* Printing logical entities *}
-
-subsection {* Diagnostic commands \label{sec:print-diag} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "typ"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "term"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "prop"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "thm"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "prf"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "full_prf"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "pr"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  These diagnostic commands assist interactive development by printing
-  internal logical entities in a human-readable fashion.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command typ} @{syntax modes}? @{syntax type} ('::' @{syntax sort})?
-    ;
-    @@{command term} @{syntax modes}? @{syntax term}
-    ;
-    @@{command prop} @{syntax modes}? @{syntax prop}
-    ;
-    @@{command thm} @{syntax modes}? @{syntax thmrefs}
-    ;
-    ( @@{command prf} | @@{command full_prf} ) @{syntax modes}? @{syntax thmrefs}?
-    ;
-    @@{command pr} @{syntax modes}? @{syntax nat}?
-    ;
-
-    @{syntax_def modes}: '(' (@{syntax name} + ) ')'
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "typ"}~@{text \<tau>} reads and prints a type expression
-  according to the current context.
-
-  \item @{command "typ"}~@{text "\<tau> :: s"} uses type-inference to
-  determine the most general way to make @{text "\<tau>"} conform to sort
-  @{text "s"}.  For concrete @{text "\<tau>"} this checks if the type
-  belongs to that sort.  Dummy type parameters ``@{text "_"}''
-  (underscore) are assigned to fresh type variables with most general
-  sorts, according the the principles of type-inference.
-
-  \item @{command "term"}~@{text t} and @{command "prop"}~@{text \<phi>}
-  read, type-check and print terms or propositions according to the
-  current theory or proof context; the inferred type of @{text t} is
-  output as well.  Note that these commands are also useful in
-  inspecting the current environment of term abbreviations.
-
-  \item @{command "thm"}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} retrieves
-  theorems from the current theory or proof context.  Note that any
-  attributes included in the theorem specifications are applied to a
-  temporary context derived from the current theory or proof; the
-  result is discarded, i.e.\ attributes involved in @{text "a\<^sub>1,
-  \<dots>, a\<^sub>n"} do not have any permanent effect.
-
-  \item @{command "prf"} displays the (compact) proof term of the
-  current proof state (if present), or of the given theorems. Note
-  that this requires proof terms to be switched on for the current
-  object logic (see the ``Proof terms'' section of the Isabelle
-  reference manual for information on how to do this).
-
-  \item @{command "full_prf"} is like @{command "prf"}, but displays
-  the full proof term, i.e.\ also displays information omitted in the
-  compact proof term, which is denoted by ``@{text _}'' placeholders
-  there.
-
-  \item @{command "pr"}~@{text "goals"} prints the current proof state
-  (if present), including current facts and goals.  The optional limit
-  arguments affect the number of goals to be displayed, which is
-  initially 10.  Omitting limit value leaves the current setting
-  unchanged.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  All of the diagnostic commands above admit a list of @{text modes}
-  to be specified, which is appended to the current print mode; see
-  also \secref{sec:print-modes}.  Thus the output behavior may be
-  modified according particular print mode features.  For example,
-  @{command "pr"}~@{text "(latex xsymbols)"} would print the current
-  proof state with mathematical symbols and special characters
-  represented in {\LaTeX} source, according to the Isabelle style
-  \cite{isabelle-sys}.
-
-  Note that antiquotations (cf.\ \secref{sec:antiq}) provide a more
-  systematic way to include formal items into the printed text
-  document.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Details of printed content *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{tabular}{rcll}
-    @{attribute_def show_types} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
-    @{attribute_def show_sorts} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
-    @{attribute_def show_consts} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
-    @{attribute_def show_abbrevs} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text true} \\
-    @{attribute_def show_brackets} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
-    @{attribute_def names_long} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
-    @{attribute_def names_short} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
-    @{attribute_def names_unique} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text true} \\
-    @{attribute_def eta_contract} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text true} \\
-    @{attribute_def goals_limit} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text 10} \\
-    @{attribute_def show_main_goal} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
-    @{attribute_def show_hyps} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
-    @{attribute_def show_tags} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
-    @{attribute_def show_question_marks} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text true} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  These configuration options control the detail of information that
-  is displayed for types, terms, theorems, goals etc.  See also
-  \secref{sec:config}.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{attribute show_types} and @{attribute show_sorts} control
-  printing of type constraints for term variables, and sort
-  constraints for type variables.  By default, neither of these are
-  shown in output.  If @{attribute show_sorts} is enabled, types are
-  always shown as well.
-
-  Note that displaying types and sorts may explain why a polymorphic
-  inference rule fails to resolve with some goal, or why a rewrite
-  rule does not apply as expected.
-
-  \item @{attribute show_consts} controls printing of types of
-  constants when displaying a goal state.
-
-  Note that the output can be enormous, because polymorphic constants
-  often occur at several different type instances.
-
-  \item @{attribute show_abbrevs} controls folding of constant
-  abbreviations.
-
-  \item @{attribute show_brackets} controls bracketing in pretty
-  printed output.  If enabled, all sub-expressions of the pretty
-  printing tree will be parenthesized, even if this produces malformed
-  term syntax!  This crude way of showing the internal structure of
-  pretty printed entities may occasionally help to diagnose problems
-  with operator priorities, for example.
-
-  \item @{attribute names_long}, @{attribute names_short}, and
-  @{attribute names_unique} control the way of printing fully
-  qualified internal names in external form.  See also
-  \secref{sec:antiq} for the document antiquotation options of the
-  same names.
-
-  \item @{attribute eta_contract} controls @{text "\<eta>"}-contracted
-  printing of terms.
-
-  The @{text \<eta>}-contraction law asserts @{prop "(\<lambda>x. f x) \<equiv> f"},
-  provided @{text x} is not free in @{text f}.  It asserts
-  \emph{extensionality} of functions: @{prop "f \<equiv> g"} if @{prop "f x \<equiv>
-  g x"} for all @{text x}.  Higher-order unification frequently puts
-  terms into a fully @{text \<eta>}-expanded form.  For example, if @{text
-  F} has type @{text "(\<tau> \<Rightarrow> \<tau>) \<Rightarrow> \<tau>"} then its expanded form is @{term
-  "\<lambda>h. F (\<lambda>x. h x)"}.
-
-  Enabling @{attribute eta_contract} makes Isabelle perform @{text
-  \<eta>}-contractions before printing, so that @{term "\<lambda>h. F (\<lambda>x. h x)"}
-  appears simply as @{text F}.
-
-  Note that the distinction between a term and its @{text \<eta>}-expanded
-  form occasionally matters.  While higher-order resolution and
-  rewriting operate modulo @{text "\<alpha>\<beta>\<eta>"}-conversion, some other tools
-  might look at terms more discretely.
-
-  \item @{attribute goals_limit} controls the maximum number of
-  subgoals to be shown in goal output.
-
-  \item @{attribute show_main_goal} controls whether the main result
-  to be proven should be displayed.  This information might be
-  relevant for schematic goals, to inspect the current claim that has
-  been synthesized so far.
-
-  \item @{attribute show_hyps} controls printing of implicit
-  hypotheses of local facts.  Normally, only those hypotheses are
-  displayed that are \emph{not} covered by the assumptions of the
-  current context: this situation indicates a fault in some tool being
-  used.
-
-  By enabling @{attribute show_hyps}, output of \emph{all} hypotheses
-  can be enforced, which is occasionally useful for diagnostic
-  purposes.
-
-  \item @{attribute show_tags} controls printing of extra annotations
-  within theorems, such as internal position information, or the case
-  names being attached by the attribute @{attribute case_names}.
-
-  Note that the @{attribute tagged} and @{attribute untagged}
-  attributes provide low-level access to the collection of tags
-  associated with a theorem.
-
-  \item @{attribute show_question_marks} controls printing of question
-  marks for schematic variables, such as @{text ?x}.  Only the leading
-  question mark is affected, the remaining text is unchanged
-  (including proper markup for schematic variables that might be
-  relevant for user interfaces).
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Alternative print modes \label{sec:print-modes} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{mldecls}
-    @{index_ML print_mode_value: "unit -> string list"} \\
-    @{index_ML Print_Mode.with_modes: "string list -> ('a -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b"} \\
-  \end{mldecls}
-
-  The \emph{print mode} facility allows to modify various operations
-  for printing.  Commands like @{command typ}, @{command term},
-  @{command thm} (see \secref{sec:print-diag}) take additional print
-  modes as optional argument.  The underlying ML operations are as
-  follows.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{ML "print_mode_value ()"} yields the list of currently
-  active print mode names.  This should be understood as symbolic
-  representation of certain individual features for printing (with
-  precedence from left to right).
-
-  \item @{ML Print_Mode.with_modes}~@{text "modes f x"} evaluates
-  @{text "f x"} in an execution context where the print mode is
-  prepended by the given @{text "modes"}.  This provides a thread-safe
-  way to augment print modes.  It is also monotonic in the set of mode
-  names: it retains the default print mode that certain
-  user-interfaces might have installed for their proper functioning!
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \begin{warn}
-  The old global reference @{ML print_mode} should never be used
-  directly in applications.  Its main reason for being publicly
-  accessible is to support historic versions of Proof~General.
-  \end{warn}
-
-  \medskip The pretty printer for inner syntax maintains alternative
-  mixfix productions for any print mode name invented by the user, say
-  in commands like @{command notation} or @{command abbreviation}.
-  Mode names can be arbitrary, but the following ones have a specific
-  meaning by convention:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item @{verbatim "\"\""} (the empty string): default mode;
-  implicitly active as last element in the list of modes.
-
-  \item @{verbatim input}: dummy print mode that is never active; may
-  be used to specify notation that is only available for input.
-
-  \item @{verbatim internal} dummy print mode that is never active;
-  used internally in Isabelle/Pure.
-
-  \item @{verbatim xsymbols}: enable proper mathematical symbols
-  instead of ASCII art.\footnote{This traditional mode name stems from
-  the ``X-Symbol'' package for old versions Proof~General with XEmacs,
-  although that package has been superseded by Unicode in recent
-  years.}
-
-  \item @{verbatim HTML}: additional mode that is active in HTML
-  presentation of Isabelle theory sources; allows to provide
-  alternative output notation.
-
-  \item @{verbatim latex}: additional mode that is active in {\LaTeX}
-  document preparation of Isabelle theory sources; allows to provide
-  alternative output notation.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Printing limits *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{mldecls}
-    @{index_ML Pretty.margin_default: "int Unsynchronized.ref"} \\
-    @{index_ML print_depth: "int -> unit"} \\
-  \end{mldecls}
-
-  These ML functions set limits for pretty printed text.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{ML Pretty.margin_default} indicates the global default for
-  the right margin of the built-in pretty printer, with initial value
-  76.  Note that user-interfaces typically control margins
-  automatically when resizing windows, or even bypass the formatting
-  engine of Isabelle/ML altogether and do it within the front end via
-  Isabelle/Scala.
-
-  \item @{ML print_depth}~@{text n} limits the printing depth of the
-  ML toplevel pretty printer; the precise effect depends on the ML
-  compiler and run-time system.  Typically @{text n} should be less
-  than 10.  Bigger values such as 100--1000 are useful for debugging.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Mixfix annotations \label{sec:mixfix} *}
-
-text {* Mixfix annotations specify concrete \emph{inner syntax} of
-  Isabelle types and terms.  Locally fixed parameters in toplevel
-  theorem statements, locale and class specifications also admit
-  mixfix annotations in a fairly uniform manner.  A mixfix annotation
-  describes describes the concrete syntax, the translation to abstract
-  syntax, and the pretty printing.  Special case annotations provide a
-  simple means of specifying infix operators and binders.
-
-  Isabelle mixfix syntax is inspired by {\OBJ} \cite{OBJ}.  It allows
-  to specify any context-free priority grammar, which is more general
-  than the fixity declarations of ML and Prolog.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def mixfix}: '(' mfix ')'
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def struct_mixfix}: '(' ( mfix | @'structure' ) ')'
-    ;
-
-    mfix: @{syntax template} prios? @{syntax nat}? |
-      (@'infix' | @'infixl' | @'infixr') @{syntax template} @{syntax nat} |
-      @'binder' @{syntax template} prios? @{syntax nat}
-    ;
-    template: string
-    ;
-    prios: '[' (@{syntax nat} + ',') ']'
-  "}
-
-  The string given as @{text template} may include literal text,
-  spacing, blocks, and arguments (denoted by ``@{text _}''); the
-  special symbol ``@{verbatim "\<index>"}'' (printed as ``@{text "\<index>"}'')
-  represents an index argument that specifies an implicit structure
-  reference (see also \secref{sec:locale}).  Infix and binder
-  declarations provide common abbreviations for particular mixfix
-  declarations.  So in practice, mixfix templates mostly degenerate to
-  literal text for concrete syntax, such as ``@{verbatim "++"}'' for
-  an infix symbol.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* The general mixfix form *}
-
-text {* In full generality, mixfix declarations work as follows.
-  Suppose a constant @{text "c :: \<tau>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<tau>\<^sub>n \<Rightarrow> \<tau>"} is annotated by
-  @{text "(mixfix [p\<^sub>1, \<dots>, p\<^sub>n] p)"}, where @{text "mixfix"} is a string
-  @{text "d\<^sub>0 _ d\<^sub>1 _ \<dots> _ d\<^sub>n"} consisting of delimiters that surround
-  argument positions as indicated by underscores.
-
-  Altogether this determines a production for a context-free priority
-  grammar, where for each argument @{text "i"} the syntactic category
-  is determined by @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i"} (with priority @{text "p\<^sub>i"}), and the
-  result category is determined from @{text "\<tau>"} (with priority @{text
-  "p"}).  Priority specifications are optional, with default 0 for
-  arguments and 1000 for the result.\footnote{Omitting priorities is
-  prone to syntactic ambiguities unless the delimiter tokens determine
-  fully bracketed notation, as in @{text "if _ then _ else _ fi"}.}
-
-  Since @{text "\<tau>"} may be again a function type, the constant
-  type scheme may have more argument positions than the mixfix
-  pattern.  Printing a nested application @{text "c t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>m"} for
-  @{text "m > n"} works by attaching concrete notation only to the
-  innermost part, essentially by printing @{text "(c t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>n) \<dots> t\<^sub>m"}
-  instead.  If a term has fewer arguments than specified in the mixfix
-  template, the concrete syntax is ignored.
-
-  \medskip A mixfix template may also contain additional directives
-  for pretty printing, notably spaces, blocks, and breaks.  The
-  general template format is a sequence over any of the following
-  entities.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{text "d"} is a delimiter, namely a non-empty sequence of
-  characters other than the following special characters:
-
-  \smallskip
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-    @{verbatim "'"} & single quote \\
-    @{verbatim "_"} & underscore \\
-    @{text "\<index>"} & index symbol \\
-    @{verbatim "("} & open parenthesis \\
-    @{verbatim ")"} & close parenthesis \\
-    @{verbatim "/"} & slash \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \item @{verbatim "'"} escapes the special meaning of these
-  meta-characters, producing a literal version of the following
-  character, unless that is a blank.
-
-  A single quote followed by a blank separates delimiters, without
-  affecting printing, but input tokens may have additional white space
-  here.
-
-  \item @{verbatim "_"} is an argument position, which stands for a
-  certain syntactic category in the underlying grammar.
-
-  \item @{text "\<index>"} is an indexed argument position; this is the place
-  where implicit structure arguments can be attached.
-
-  \item @{text "s"} is a non-empty sequence of spaces for printing.
-  This and the following specifications do not affect parsing at all.
-
-  \item @{verbatim "("}@{text n} opens a pretty printing block.  The
-  optional number specifies how much indentation to add when a line
-  break occurs within the block.  If the parenthesis is not followed
-  by digits, the indentation defaults to 0.  A block specified via
-  @{verbatim "(00"} is unbreakable.
-
-  \item @{verbatim ")"} closes a pretty printing block.
-
-  \item @{verbatim "//"} forces a line break.
-
-  \item @{verbatim "/"}@{text s} allows a line break.  Here @{text s}
-  stands for the string of spaces (zero or more) right after the
-  slash.  These spaces are printed if the break is \emph{not} taken.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  The general idea of pretty printing with blocks and breaks is also
-  described in \cite{paulson-ml2}; it goes back to \cite{Oppen:1980}.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Infixes *}
-
-text {* Infix operators are specified by convenient short forms that
-  abbreviate general mixfix annotations as follows:
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-
-  @{verbatim "("}@{keyword_def "infix"}~@{verbatim "\""}@{text sy}@{verbatim "\""} @{text "p"}@{verbatim ")"}
-  & @{text "\<mapsto>"} &
-  @{verbatim "(\"(_ "}@{text sy}@{verbatim "/ _)\" ["}@{text "p + 1"}@{verbatim ", "}@{text "p + 1"}@{verbatim "]"}@{text " p"}@{verbatim ")"} \\
-  @{verbatim "("}@{keyword_def "infixl"}~@{verbatim "\""}@{text sy}@{verbatim "\""} @{text "p"}@{verbatim ")"}
-  & @{text "\<mapsto>"} &
-  @{verbatim "(\"(_ "}@{text sy}@{verbatim "/ _)\" ["}@{text "p"}@{verbatim ", "}@{text "p + 1"}@{verbatim "]"}@{text " p"}@{verbatim ")"} \\
-  @{verbatim "("}@{keyword_def "infixr"}~@{verbatim "\""}@{text sy}@{verbatim "\""} @{text "p"}@{verbatim ")"}
-  & @{text "\<mapsto>"} &
-  @{verbatim "(\"(_ "}@{text sy}@{verbatim "/ _)\" ["}@{text "p + 1"}@{verbatim ", "}@{text "p"}@{verbatim "]"}@{text " p"}@{verbatim ")"} \\
-
-  \end{tabular}
-  \end{center}
-
-  The mixfix template @{verbatim "\"(_ "}@{text sy}@{verbatim "/ _)\""}
-  specifies two argument positions; the delimiter is preceded by a
-  space and followed by a space or line break; the entire phrase is a
-  pretty printing block.
-
-  The alternative notation @{verbatim "op"}~@{text sy} is introduced
-  in addition.  Thus any infix operator may be written in prefix form
-  (as in ML), independently of the number of arguments in the term.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Binders *}
-
-text {* A \emph{binder} is a variable-binding construct such as a
-  quantifier.  The idea to formalize @{text "\<forall>x. b"} as @{text "All
-  (\<lambda>x. b)"} for @{text "All :: ('a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> bool"} already goes back
-  to \cite{church40}.  Isabelle declarations of certain higher-order
-  operators may be annotated with @{keyword_def "binder"} annotations
-  as follows:
-
-  \begin{center}
-  @{text "c :: "}@{verbatim "\""}@{text "(\<tau>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^sub>2) \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^sub>3"}@{verbatim "\"  ("}@{keyword "binder"}@{verbatim " \""}@{text "sy"}@{verbatim "\" ["}@{text "p"}@{verbatim "] "}@{text "q"}@{verbatim ")"}
-  \end{center}
-
-  This introduces concrete binder syntax @{text "sy x. b"}, where
-  @{text x} is a bound variable of type @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>1"}, the body @{text
-  b} has type @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>2"} and the whole term has type @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>3"}.
-  The optional integer @{text p} specifies the syntactic priority of
-  the body; the default is @{text "q"}, which is also the priority of
-  the whole construct.
-
-  Internally, the binder syntax is expanded to something like this:
-  \begin{center}
-  @{text "c_binder :: "}@{verbatim "\""}@{text "idts \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^sub>2 \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^sub>3"}@{verbatim "\"  (\"(3"}@{text sy}@{verbatim "_./ _)\" [0, "}@{text "p"}@{verbatim "] "}@{text "q"}@{verbatim ")"}
-  \end{center}
-
-  Here @{syntax (inner) idts} is the nonterminal symbol for a list of
-  identifiers with optional type constraints (see also
-  \secref{sec:pure-grammar}).  The mixfix template @{verbatim
-  "\"(3"}@{text sy}@{verbatim "_./ _)\""} defines argument positions
-  for the bound identifiers and the body, separated by a dot with
-  optional line break; the entire phrase is a pretty printing block of
-  indentation level 3.  Note that there is no extra space after @{text
-  "sy"}, so it needs to be included user specification if the binder
-  syntax ends with a token that may be continued by an identifier
-  token at the start of @{syntax (inner) idts}.
-
-  Furthermore, a syntax translation to transforms @{text "c_binder x\<^sub>1
-  \<dots> x\<^sub>n b"} into iterated application @{text "c (\<lambda>x\<^sub>1. \<dots> c (\<lambda>x\<^sub>n. b)\<dots>)"}.
-  This works in both directions, for parsing and printing.  *}
-
-
-section {* Explicit notation \label{sec:notation} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    @{command_def "type_notation"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "no_type_notation"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "notation"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "no_notation"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "write"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Commands that introduce new logical entities (terms or types)
-  usually allow to provide mixfix annotations on the spot, which is
-  convenient for default notation.  Nonetheless, the syntax may be
-  modified later on by declarations for explicit notation.  This
-  allows to add or delete mixfix annotations for of existing logical
-  entities within the current context.
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{command type_notation} | @@{command no_type_notation}) @{syntax target}?
-      @{syntax mode}? \\ (@{syntax nameref} @{syntax mixfix} + @'and')
-    ;
-    (@@{command notation} | @@{command no_notation}) @{syntax target}? @{syntax mode}? \\
-      (@{syntax nameref} @{syntax struct_mixfix} + @'and')
-    ;
-    @@{command write} @{syntax mode}? (@{syntax nameref} @{syntax struct_mixfix} + @'and')
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "type_notation"}~@{text "c (mx)"} associates mixfix
-  syntax with an existing type constructor.  The arity of the
-  constructor is retrieved from the context.
-
-  \item @{command "no_type_notation"} is similar to @{command
-  "type_notation"}, but removes the specified syntax annotation from
-  the present context.
-
-  \item @{command "notation"}~@{text "c (mx)"} associates mixfix
-  syntax with an existing constant or fixed variable.  The type
-  declaration of the given entity is retrieved from the context.
-
-  \item @{command "no_notation"} is similar to @{command "notation"},
-  but removes the specified syntax annotation from the present
-  context.
-
-  \item @{command "write"} is similar to @{command "notation"}, but
-  works within an Isar proof body.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* The Pure syntax \label{sec:pure-syntax} *}
-
-subsection {* Lexical matters \label{sec:inner-lex} *}
-
-text {* The inner lexical syntax vaguely resembles the outer one
-  (\secref{sec:outer-lex}), but some details are different.  There are
-  two main categories of inner syntax tokens:
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item \emph{delimiters} --- the literal tokens occurring in
-  productions of the given priority grammar (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:priority-grammar});
-
-  \item \emph{named tokens} --- various categories of identifiers etc.
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  Delimiters override named tokens and may thus render certain
-  identifiers inaccessible.  Sometimes the logical context admits
-  alternative ways to refer to the same entity, potentially via
-  qualified names.
-
-  \medskip The categories for named tokens are defined once and for
-  all as follows, reusing some categories of the outer token syntax
-  (\secref{sec:outer-lex}).
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{supertabular}{rcl}
-    @{syntax_def (inner) id} & = & @{syntax_ref ident} \\
-    @{syntax_def (inner) longid} & = & @{syntax_ref longident} \\
-    @{syntax_def (inner) var} & = & @{syntax_ref var} \\
-    @{syntax_def (inner) tid} & = & @{syntax_ref typefree} \\
-    @{syntax_def (inner) tvar} & = & @{syntax_ref typevar} \\
-    @{syntax_def (inner) num_token} & = & @{syntax_ref nat}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "-"}@{syntax_ref nat} \\
-    @{syntax_def (inner) float_token} & = & @{syntax_ref nat}@{verbatim "."}@{syntax_ref nat}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "-"}@{syntax_ref nat}@{verbatim "."}@{syntax_ref nat} \\
-    @{syntax_def (inner) xnum_token} & = & @{verbatim "#"}@{syntax_ref nat}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "#-"}@{syntax_ref nat} \\
-
-    @{syntax_def (inner) str_token} & = & @{verbatim "''"} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim "''"} \\
-  \end{supertabular}
-  \end{center}
-
-  The token categories @{syntax (inner) num_token}, @{syntax (inner)
-  float_token}, @{syntax (inner) xnum_token}, and @{syntax (inner)
-  str_token} are not used in Pure.  Object-logics may implement numerals
-  and string constants by adding appropriate syntax declarations,
-  together with some translation functions (e.g.\ see Isabelle/HOL).
-
-  The derived categories @{syntax_def (inner) num_const}, @{syntax_def
-  (inner) float_const}, and @{syntax_def (inner) num_const} provide
-  robust access to the respective tokens: the syntax tree holds a
-  syntactic constant instead of a free variable.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Priority grammars \label{sec:priority-grammar} *}
-
-text {* A context-free grammar consists of a set of \emph{terminal
-  symbols}, a set of \emph{nonterminal symbols} and a set of
-  \emph{productions}.  Productions have the form @{text "A = \<gamma>"},
-  where @{text A} is a nonterminal and @{text \<gamma>} is a string of
-  terminals and nonterminals.  One designated nonterminal is called
-  the \emph{root symbol}.  The language defined by the grammar
-  consists of all strings of terminals that can be derived from the
-  root symbol by applying productions as rewrite rules.
-
-  The standard Isabelle parser for inner syntax uses a \emph{priority
-  grammar}.  Each nonterminal is decorated by an integer priority:
-  @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>p\<^sup>)"}.  In a derivation, @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>p\<^sup>)"} may be rewritten
-  using a production @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>q\<^sup>) = \<gamma>"} only if @{text "p \<le> q"}.  Any
-  priority grammar can be translated into a normal context-free
-  grammar by introducing new nonterminals and productions.
-
-  \medskip Formally, a set of context free productions @{text G}
-  induces a derivation relation @{text "\<longrightarrow>\<^sub>G"} as follows.  Let @{text
-  \<alpha>} and @{text \<beta>} denote strings of terminal or nonterminal symbols.
-  Then @{text "\<alpha> A\<^sup>(\<^sup>p\<^sup>) \<beta> \<longrightarrow>\<^sub>G \<alpha> \<gamma> \<beta>"} holds if and only if @{text G}
-  contains some production @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>q\<^sup>) = \<gamma>"} for @{text "p \<le> q"}.
-
-  \medskip The following grammar for arithmetic expressions
-  demonstrates how binding power and associativity of operators can be
-  enforced by priorities.
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{tabular}{rclr}
-  @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} & @{text "="} & @{verbatim "("} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim ")"} \\
-  @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} & @{text "="} & @{verbatim 0} \\
-  @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} & @{text "="} & @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "+"} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} \\
-  @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} & @{text "="} & @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "*"} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} \\
-  @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} & @{text "="} & @{verbatim "-"} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \end{center}
-  The choice of priorities determines that @{verbatim "-"} binds
-  tighter than @{verbatim "*"}, which binds tighter than @{verbatim
-  "+"}.  Furthermore @{verbatim "+"} associates to the left and
-  @{verbatim "*"} to the right.
-
-  \medskip For clarity, grammars obey these conventions:
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item All priorities must lie between 0 and 1000.
-
-  \item Priority 0 on the right-hand side and priority 1000 on the
-  left-hand side may be omitted.
-
-  \item The production @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>p\<^sup>) = \<alpha>"} is written as @{text "A = \<alpha>
-  (p)"}, i.e.\ the priority of the left-hand side actually appears in
-  a column on the far right.
-
-  \item Alternatives are separated by @{text "|"}.
-
-  \item Repetition is indicated by dots @{text "(\<dots>)"} in an informal
-  but obvious way.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  Using these conventions, the example grammar specification above
-  takes the form:
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{tabular}{rclc}
-    @{text A} & @{text "="} & @{verbatim "("} @{text A} @{verbatim ")"} \\
-              & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim 0} & \qquad\qquad \\
-              & @{text "|"} & @{text A} @{verbatim "+"} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(0)"} \\
-              & @{text "|"} & @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "*"} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(2)"} \\
-              & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "-"} @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(3)"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \end{center}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* The Pure grammar \label{sec:pure-grammar} *}
-
-text {* The priority grammar of the @{text "Pure"} theory is defined
-  approximately like this:
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{supertabular}{rclr}
-
-  @{syntax_def (inner) any} & = & @{text "prop  |  logic"} \\\\
-
-  @{syntax_def (inner) prop} & = & @{verbatim "("} @{text prop} @{verbatim ")"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>4\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "::"} @{text type} & @{text "(3)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "any\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "=="} @{text "any\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(2)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "any\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} @{text "\<equiv>"} @{text "any\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(2)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "&&&"} @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(2)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "==>"} @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(1)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>2\<^sup>)"} @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(1)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "[|"} @{text prop} @{verbatim ";"} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim ";"} @{text prop} @{verbatim "|]"} @{verbatim "==>"} @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(1)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "\<lbrakk>"} @{text prop} @{verbatim ";"} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim ";"} @{text prop} @{text "\<rbrakk>"} @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} @{text "prop\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(1)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "!!"} @{text idts} @{verbatim "."} @{text prop} & @{text "(0)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "\<And>"} @{text idts} @{verbatim "."} @{text prop} & @{text "(0)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim OFCLASS} @{verbatim "("} @{text type} @{verbatim ","} @{text logic} @{verbatim ")"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim SORT_CONSTRAINT} @{verbatim "("} @{text type} @{verbatim ")"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim TERM} @{text logic} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim PROP} @{text aprop} \\\\
-
-  @{syntax_def (inner) aprop} & = & @{verbatim "("} @{text aprop} @{verbatim ")"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "id  |  longid  |  var  |  "}@{verbatim "_"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "..."} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim CONST} @{text "id  |  "}@{verbatim CONST} @{text "longid"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim XCONST} @{text "id  |  "}@{verbatim XCONST} @{text "longid"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "logic\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)  any\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>) \<dots> any\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(999)"} \\\\
-
-  @{syntax_def (inner) logic} & = & @{verbatim "("} @{text logic} @{verbatim ")"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "logic\<^sup>(\<^sup>4\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "::"} @{text type} & @{text "(3)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "id  |  longid  |  var  |  "}@{verbatim "_"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "..."} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim CONST} @{text "id  |  "}@{verbatim CONST} @{text "longid"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim XCONST} @{text "id  |  "}@{verbatim XCONST} @{text "longid"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "logic\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)  any\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>) \<dots> any\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(999)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "\<struct> index\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "%"} @{text pttrns} @{verbatim "."} @{text "any\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(3)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text \<lambda>} @{text pttrns} @{verbatim "."} @{text "any\<^sup>(\<^sup>3\<^sup>)"} & @{text "(3)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim op} @{verbatim "=="}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim op} @{text "\<equiv>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim op} @{verbatim "&&&"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim op} @{verbatim "==>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim op} @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim TYPE} @{verbatim "("} @{text type} @{verbatim ")"} \\\\
-
-  @{syntax_def (inner) idt} & = & @{verbatim "("} @{text idt} @{verbatim ")"}@{text "  |  id  |  "}@{verbatim "_"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text id} @{verbatim "::"} @{text type} & @{text "(0)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "_"} @{verbatim "::"} @{text type} & @{text "(0)"} \\\\
-
-  @{syntax_def (inner) index} & = & @{verbatim "\<^bsub>"} @{text "logic\<^sup>(\<^sup>0\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "\<^esub>"}@{text "  |  |  \<index>"} \\\\
-
-  @{syntax_def (inner) idts} & = & @{text "idt  |  idt\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>) idts"} & @{text "(0)"} \\\\
-
-  @{syntax_def (inner) pttrn} & = & @{text idt} \\\\
-
-  @{syntax_def (inner) pttrns} & = & @{text "pttrn  |  pttrn\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>) pttrns"} & @{text "(0)"} \\\\
-
-  @{syntax_def (inner) type} & = & @{verbatim "("} @{text type} @{verbatim ")"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "tid  |  tvar  |  "}@{verbatim "_"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "tid"} @{verbatim "::"} @{text "sort  |  tvar  "}@{verbatim "::"} @{text "sort  |  "}@{verbatim "_"} @{verbatim "::"} @{text "sort"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "type_name  |  type\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>0\<^sup>) type_name"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "("} @{text type} @{verbatim ","} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim ","} @{text type} @{verbatim ")"} @{text type_name} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "type\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} @{verbatim "=>"} @{text type} & @{text "(0)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "type\<^sup>(\<^sup>1\<^sup>)"} @{text "\<Rightarrow>"} @{text type} & @{text "(0)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "["} @{text type} @{verbatim ","} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim ","} @{text type} @{verbatim "]"} @{verbatim "=>"} @{text type} & @{text "(0)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "["} @{text type} @{verbatim ","} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim ","} @{text type} @{verbatim "]"} @{text "\<Rightarrow>"} @{text type} & @{text "(0)"} \\
-  @{syntax_def (inner) type_name} & = & @{text "id  |  longid"} \\\\
-
-  @{syntax_def (inner) sort} & = & @{syntax class_name}~@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "{}"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{verbatim "{"} @{syntax class_name} @{verbatim ","} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim ","} @{syntax class_name} @{verbatim "}"} \\
-  @{syntax_def (inner) class_name} & = & @{text "id  |  longid"} \\
-  \end{supertabular}
-  \end{center}
-
-  \medskip Here literal terminals are printed @{verbatim "verbatim"};
-  see also \secref{sec:inner-lex} for further token categories of the
-  inner syntax.  The meaning of the nonterminals defined by the above
-  grammar is as follows:
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) any} denotes any term.
-
-  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) prop} denotes meta-level propositions,
-  which are terms of type @{typ prop}.  The syntax of such formulae of
-  the meta-logic is carefully distinguished from usual conventions for
-  object-logics.  In particular, plain @{text "\<lambda>"}-term notation is
-  \emph{not} recognized as @{syntax (inner) prop}.
-
-  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) aprop} denotes atomic propositions, which
-  are embedded into regular @{syntax (inner) prop} by means of an
-  explicit @{verbatim PROP} token.
-
-  Terms of type @{typ prop} with non-constant head, e.g.\ a plain
-  variable, are printed in this form.  Constants that yield type @{typ
-  prop} are expected to provide their own concrete syntax; otherwise
-  the printed version will appear like @{syntax (inner) logic} and
-  cannot be parsed again as @{syntax (inner) prop}.
-
-  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) logic} denotes arbitrary terms of a
-  logical type, excluding type @{typ prop}.  This is the main
-  syntactic category of object-logic entities, covering plain @{text
-  \<lambda>}-term notation (variables, abstraction, application), plus
-  anything defined by the user.
-
-  When specifying notation for logical entities, all logical types
-  (excluding @{typ prop}) are \emph{collapsed} to this single category
-  of @{syntax (inner) logic}.
-
-  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) index} denotes an optional index term for
-  indexed syntax.  If omitted, it refers to the first @{keyword
-  "structure"} variable in the context.  The special dummy ``@{text
-  "\<index>"}'' serves as pattern variable in mixfix annotations that
-  introduce indexed notation.
-
-  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) idt} denotes identifiers, possibly
-  constrained by types.
-
-  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) idts} denotes a sequence of @{syntax_ref
-  (inner) idt}.  This is the most basic category for variables in
-  iterated binders, such as @{text "\<lambda>"} or @{text "\<And>"}.
-
-  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) pttrn} and @{syntax_ref (inner) pttrns}
-  denote patterns for abstraction, cases bindings etc.  In Pure, these
-  categories start as a merely copy of @{syntax (inner) idt} and
-  @{syntax (inner) idts}, respectively.  Object-logics may add
-  additional productions for binding forms.
-
-  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) type} denotes types of the meta-logic.
-
-  \item @{syntax_ref (inner) sort} denotes meta-level sorts.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Here are some further explanations of certain syntax features.
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item In @{syntax (inner) idts}, note that @{text "x :: nat y"} is
-  parsed as @{text "x :: (nat y)"}, treating @{text y} like a type
-  constructor applied to @{text nat}.  To avoid this interpretation,
-  write @{text "(x :: nat) y"} with explicit parentheses.
-
-  \item Similarly, @{text "x :: nat y :: nat"} is parsed as @{text "x ::
-  (nat y :: nat)"}.  The correct form is @{text "(x :: nat) (y ::
-  nat)"}, or @{text "(x :: nat) y :: nat"} if @{text y} is last in the
-  sequence of identifiers.
-
-  \item Type constraints for terms bind very weakly.  For example,
-  @{text "x < y :: nat"} is normally parsed as @{text "(x < y) ::
-  nat"}, unless @{text "<"} has a very low priority, in which case the
-  input is likely to be ambiguous.  The correct form is @{text "x < (y
-  :: nat)"}.
-
-  \item Constraints may be either written with two literal colons
-  ``@{verbatim "::"}'' or the double-colon symbol @{verbatim "\<Colon>"},
-  which actually looks exactly the same in some {\LaTeX} styles.
-
-  \item Dummy variables (written as underscore) may occur in different
-  roles.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item A type ``@{text "_"}'' or ``@{text "_ :: sort"}'' acts like an
-  anonymous inference parameter, which is filled-in according to the
-  most general type produced by the type-checking phase.
-
-  \item A bound ``@{text "_"}'' refers to a vacuous abstraction, where
-  the body does not refer to the binding introduced here.  As in the
-  term @{term "\<lambda>x _. x"}, which is @{text "\<alpha>"}-equivalent to @{text
-  "\<lambda>x y. x"}.
-
-  \item A free ``@{text "_"}'' refers to an implicit outer binding.
-  Higher definitional packages usually allow forms like @{text "f x _
-  = x"}.
-
-  \item A schematic ``@{text "_"}'' (within a term pattern, see
-  \secref{sec:term-decls}) refers to an anonymous variable that is
-  implicitly abstracted over its context of locally bound variables.
-  For example, this allows pattern matching of @{text "{x. f x = g
-  x}"} against @{text "{x. _ = _}"}, or even @{text "{_. _ = _}"} by
-  using both bound and schematic dummies.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \item The three literal dots ``@{verbatim "..."}'' may be also
-  written as ellipsis symbol @{verbatim "\<dots>"}.  In both cases this
-  refers to a special schematic variable, which is bound in the
-  context.  This special term abbreviation works nicely with
-  calculational reasoning (\secref{sec:calculation}).
-
-  \item @{verbatim CONST} ensures that the given identifier is treated
-  as constant term, and passed through the parse tree in fully
-  internalized form.  This is particularly relevant for translation
-  rules (\secref{sec:syn-trans}), notably on the RHS.
-
-  \item @{verbatim XCONST} is similar to @{verbatim CONST}, but
-  retains the constant name as given.  This is only relevant to
-  translation rules (\secref{sec:syn-trans}), notably on the LHS.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Inspecting the syntax *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "print_syntax"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "print_syntax"} prints the inner syntax of the
-  current context.  The output can be quite large; the most important
-  sections are explained below.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{text "lexicon"} lists the delimiters of the inner token
-  language; see \secref{sec:inner-lex}.
-
-  \item @{text "prods"} lists the productions of the underlying
-  priority grammar; see \secref{sec:priority-grammar}.
-
-  The nonterminal @{text "A\<^sup>(\<^sup>p\<^sup>)"} is rendered in plain text as @{text
-  "A[p]"}; delimiters are quoted.  Many productions have an extra
-  @{text "\<dots> => name"}.  These names later become the heads of parse
-  trees; they also guide the pretty printer.
-
-  Productions without such parse tree names are called \emph{copy
-  productions}.  Their right-hand side must have exactly one
-  nonterminal symbol (or named token).  The parser does not create a
-  new parse tree node for copy productions, but simply returns the
-  parse tree of the right-hand symbol.
-
-  If the right-hand side of a copy production consists of a single
-  nonterminal without any delimiters, then it is called a \emph{chain
-  production}.  Chain productions act as abbreviations: conceptually,
-  they are removed from the grammar by adding new productions.
-  Priority information attached to chain productions is ignored; only
-  the dummy value @{text "-1"} is displayed.
-
-  \item @{text "print modes"} lists the alternative print modes
-  provided by this grammar; see \secref{sec:print-modes}.
-
-  \item @{text "parse_rules"} and @{text "print_rules"} relate to
-  syntax translations (macros); see \secref{sec:syn-trans}.
-
-  \item @{text "parse_ast_translation"} and @{text
-  "print_ast_translation"} list sets of constants that invoke
-  translation functions for abstract syntax trees, which are only
-  required in very special situations; see \secref{sec:tr-funs}.
-
-  \item @{text "parse_translation"} and @{text "print_translation"}
-  list the sets of constants that invoke regular translation
-  functions; see \secref{sec:tr-funs}.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Ambiguity of parsed expressions *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{tabular}{rcll}
-    @{attribute_def syntax_ambiguity_warning} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text true} \\
-    @{attribute_def syntax_ambiguity_limit} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text 10} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-
-  Depending on the grammar and the given input, parsing may be
-  ambiguous.  Isabelle lets the Earley parser enumerate all possible
-  parse trees, and then tries to make the best out of the situation.
-  Terms that cannot be type-checked are filtered out, which often
-  leads to a unique result in the end.  Unlike regular type
-  reconstruction, which is applied to the whole collection of input
-  terms simultaneously, the filtering stage only treats each given
-  term in isolation.  Filtering is also not attempted for individual
-  types or raw ASTs (as required for @{command translations}).
-
-  Certain warning or error messages are printed, depending on the
-  situation and the given configuration options.  Parsing ultimately
-  fails, if multiple results remain after the filtering phase.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{attribute syntax_ambiguity_warning} controls output of
-  explicit warning messages about syntax ambiguity.
-
-  \item @{attribute syntax_ambiguity_limit} determines the number of
-  resulting parse trees that are shown as part of the printed message
-  in case of an ambiguity.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Syntax transformations \label{sec:syntax-transformations} *}
-
-text {* The inner syntax engine of Isabelle provides separate
-  mechanisms to transform parse trees either as rewrite systems on
-  first-order ASTs (\secref{sec:syn-trans}), or ML functions on ASTs
-  or syntactic @{text "\<lambda>"}-terms (\secref{sec:tr-funs}).  This works
-  both for parsing and printing, as outlined in
-  \figref{fig:parse-print}.
-
-  \begin{figure}[htbp]
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{tabular}{cl}
-  string          & \\
-  @{text "\<down>"}     & lexer + parser \\
-  parse tree      & \\
-  @{text "\<down>"}     & parse AST translation \\
-  AST             & \\
-  @{text "\<down>"}     & AST rewriting (macros) \\
-  AST             & \\
-  @{text "\<down>"}     & parse translation \\
-  --- pre-term ---    & \\
-  @{text "\<down>"}     & print translation \\
-  AST             & \\
-  @{text "\<down>"}     & AST rewriting (macros) \\
-  AST             & \\
-  @{text "\<down>"}     & print AST translation \\
-  string          &
-  \end{tabular}
-  \end{center}
-  \caption{Parsing and printing with translations}\label{fig:parse-print}
-  \end{figure}
-
-  These intermediate syntax tree formats eventually lead to a pre-term
-  with all names and binding scopes resolved, but most type
-  information still missing.  Explicit type constraints might be given by
-  the user, or implicit position information by the system --- both
-  need to be passed-through carefully by syntax transformations.
-
-  Pre-terms are further processed by the so-called \emph{check} and
-  \emph{unckeck} phases that are intertwined with type-inference (see
-  also \cite{isabelle-implementation}).  The latter allows to operate
-  on higher-order abstract syntax with proper binding and type
-  information already available.
-
-  As a rule of thumb, anything that manipulates bindings of variables
-  or constants needs to be implemented as syntax transformation (see
-  below).  Anything else is better done via check/uncheck: a prominent
-  example application is the @{command abbreviation} concept of
-  Isabelle/Pure. *}
-
-
-subsection {* Abstract syntax trees \label{sec:ast} *}
-
-text {* The ML datatype @{ML_type Ast.ast} explicitly represents the
-  intermediate AST format that is used for syntax rewriting
-  (\secref{sec:syn-trans}).  It is defined in ML as follows:
-  \begin{ttbox}
-  datatype ast =
-    Constant of string |
-    Variable of string |
-    Appl of ast list
-  \end{ttbox}
-
-  An AST is either an atom (constant or variable) or a list of (at
-  least two) subtrees.  Occasional diagnostic output of ASTs uses
-  notation that resembles S-expression of LISP.  Constant atoms are
-  shown as quoted strings, variable atoms as non-quoted strings and
-  applications as a parenthesized list of subtrees.  For example, the
-  AST
-  @{ML [display] "Ast.Appl
-  [Ast.Constant \"_abs\", Ast.Variable \"x\", Ast.Variable \"t\"]"}
-  is pretty-printed as @{verbatim "(\"_abs\" x t)"}.  Note that
-  @{verbatim "()"} and @{verbatim "(x)"} are excluded as ASTs, because
-  they have too few subtrees.
-
-  \medskip AST application is merely a pro-forma mechanism to indicate
-  certain syntactic structures.  Thus @{verbatim "(c a b)"} could mean
-  either term application or type application, depending on the
-  syntactic context.
-
-  Nested application like @{verbatim "((\"_abs\" x t) u)"} is also
-  possible, but ASTs are definitely first-order: the syntax constant
-  @{verbatim "\"_abs\""} does not bind the @{verbatim x} in any way.
-  Proper bindings are introduced in later stages of the term syntax,
-  where @{verbatim "(\"_abs\" x t)"} becomes an @{ML Abs} node and
-  occurrences of @{verbatim x} in @{verbatim t} are replaced by bound
-  variables (represented as de-Bruijn indices).
-*}
-
-
-subsubsection {* AST constants versus variables *}
-
-text {* Depending on the situation --- input syntax, output syntax,
-  translation patterns --- the distinction of atomic asts as @{ML
-  Ast.Constant} versus @{ML Ast.Variable} serves slightly different
-  purposes.
-
-  Input syntax of a term such as @{text "f a b = c"} does not yet
-  indicate the scopes of atomic entities @{text "f, a, b, c"}: they
-  could be global constants or local variables, even bound ones
-  depending on the context of the term.  @{ML Ast.Variable} leaves
-  this choice still open: later syntax layers (or translation
-  functions) may capture such a variable to determine its role
-  specifically, to make it a constant, bound variable, free variable
-  etc.  In contrast, syntax translations that introduce already known
-  constants would rather do it via @{ML Ast.Constant} to prevent
-  accidental re-interpretation later on.
-
-  Output syntax turns term constants into @{ML Ast.Constant} and
-  variables (free or schematic) into @{ML Ast.Variable}.  This
-  information is precise when printing fully formal @{text "\<lambda>"}-terms.
-
-  In AST translation patterns (\secref{sec:syn-trans}) the system
-  guesses from the current theory context which atoms should be
-  treated as constant versus variable for the matching process.
-  Sometimes this needs to be indicated more explicitly using @{text
-  "CONST c"} inside the term language.  It is also possible to use
-  @{command syntax} declarations (without mixfix annotation) to
-  enforce that certain unqualified names are always treated as
-  constant within the syntax machinery.
-
-  \medskip For ASTs that represent the language of types or sorts, the
-  situation is much simpler, since the concrete syntax already
-  distinguishes type variables from type constants (constructors).  So
-  @{text "('a, 'b) foo"} corresponds to an AST application of some
-  constant for @{text foo} and variable arguments for @{text "'a"} and
-  @{text "'b"}.  Note that the postfix application is merely a feature
-  of the concrete syntax, while in the AST the constructor occurs in
-  head position.  *}
-
-
-subsubsection {* Authentic syntax names *}
-
-text {* Naming constant entities within ASTs is another delicate
-  issue.  Unqualified names are looked up in the name space tables in
-  the last stage of parsing, after all translations have been applied.
-  Since syntax transformations do not know about this later name
-  resolution yet, there can be surprises in boundary cases.
-
-  \emph{Authentic syntax names} for @{ML Ast.Constant} avoid this
-  problem: the fully-qualified constant name with a special prefix for
-  its formal category (@{text "class"}, @{text "type"}, @{text
-  "const"}, @{text "fixed"}) represents the information faithfully
-  within the untyped AST format.  Accidental overlap with free or
-  bound variables is excluded as well.  Authentic syntax names work
-  implicitly in the following situations:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Input of term constants (or fixed variables) that are
-  introduced by concrete syntax via @{command notation}: the
-  correspondence of a particular grammar production to some known term
-  entity is preserved.
-
-  \item Input of type constants (constructors) and type classes ---
-  thanks to explicit syntactic distinction independently on the
-  context.
-
-  \item Output of term constants, type constants, type classes ---
-  this information is already available from the internal term to be
-  printed.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  In other words, syntax transformations that operate on input terms
-  written as prefix applications are difficult to make robust.
-  Luckily, this case rarely occurs in practice, because syntax forms
-  to be translated usually correspond to some bits of concrete
-  notation. *}
-
-
-subsection {* Raw syntax and translations \label{sec:syn-trans} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{tabular}{rcll}
-    @{command_def "nonterminal"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "syntax"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "no_syntax"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "translations"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "no_translations"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{attribute_def syntax_ast_trace} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
-    @{attribute_def syntax_ast_stats} & : & @{text attribute} & default @{text false} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-
-  Unlike mixfix notation for existing formal entities
-  (\secref{sec:notation}), raw syntax declarations provide full access
-  to the priority grammar of the inner syntax, without any sanity
-  checks.  This includes additional syntactic categories (via
-  @{command nonterminal}) and free-form grammar productions (via
-  @{command syntax}).  Additional syntax translations (or macros, via
-  @{command translations}) are required to turn resulting parse trees
-  into proper representations of formal entities again.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command nonterminal} (@{syntax name} + @'and')
-    ;
-    (@@{command syntax} | @@{command no_syntax}) @{syntax mode}? (constdecl +)
-    ;
-    (@@{command translations} | @@{command no_translations})
-      (transpat ('==' | '=>' | '<=' | '\<rightleftharpoons>' | '\<rightharpoonup>' | '\<leftharpoondown>') transpat +)
-    ;
-
-    constdecl: @{syntax name} '::' @{syntax type} @{syntax mixfix}?
-    ;
-    mode: ('(' ( @{syntax name} | @'output' | @{syntax name} @'output' ) ')')
-    ;
-    transpat: ('(' @{syntax nameref} ')')? @{syntax string}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "nonterminal"}~@{text c} declares a type
-  constructor @{text c} (without arguments) to act as purely syntactic
-  type: a nonterminal symbol of the inner syntax.
-
-  \item @{command "syntax"}~@{text "(mode) c :: \<sigma> (mx)"} augments the
-  priority grammar and the pretty printer table for the given print
-  mode (default @{verbatim "\"\""}). An optional keyword @{keyword_ref
-  "output"} means that only the pretty printer table is affected.
-
-  Following \secref{sec:mixfix}, the mixfix annotation @{text "mx =
-  template ps q"} together with type @{text "\<sigma> = \<tau>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<tau>\<^sub>n \<Rightarrow> \<tau>"} and
-  specify a grammar production.  The @{text template} contains
-  delimiter tokens that surround @{text "n"} argument positions
-  (@{verbatim "_"}).  The latter correspond to nonterminal symbols
-  @{text "A\<^sub>i"} derived from the argument types @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i"} as
-  follows:
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item @{text "prop"} if @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i = prop"}
-
-  \item @{text "logic"} if @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i = (\<dots>)\<kappa>"} for logical type
-  constructor @{text "\<kappa> \<noteq> prop"}
-
-  \item @{text any} if @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i = \<alpha>"} for type variables
-
-  \item @{text "\<kappa>"} if @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i = \<kappa>"} for nonterminal @{text "\<kappa>"}
-  (syntactic type constructor)
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  Each @{text "A\<^sub>i"} is decorated by priority @{text "p\<^sub>i"} from the
-  given list @{text "ps"}; misssing priorities default to 0.
-
-  The resulting nonterminal of the production is determined similarly
-  from type @{text "\<tau>"}, with priority @{text "q"} and default 1000.
-
-  \medskip Parsing via this production produces parse trees @{text
-  "t\<^sub>1, \<dots>, t\<^sub>n"} for the argument slots.  The resulting parse tree is
-  composed as @{text "c t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>n"}, by using the syntax constant @{text
-  "c"} of the syntax declaration.
-
-  Such syntactic constants are invented on the spot, without formal
-  check wrt.\ existing declarations.  It is conventional to use plain
-  identifiers prefixed by a single underscore (e.g.\ @{text
-  "_foobar"}).  Names should be chosen with care, to avoid clashes
-  with other syntax declarations.
-
-  \medskip The special case of copy production is specified by @{text
-  "c = "}@{verbatim "\"\""} (empty string).  It means that the
-  resulting parse tree @{text "t"} is copied directly, without any
-  further decoration.
-
-  \item @{command "no_syntax"}~@{text "(mode) decls"} removes grammar
-  declarations (and translations) resulting from @{text decls}, which
-  are interpreted in the same manner as for @{command "syntax"} above.
-
-  \item @{command "translations"}~@{text rules} specifies syntactic
-  translation rules (i.e.\ macros) as first-order rewrite rules on
-  ASTs (\secref{sec:ast}).  The theory context maintains two
-  independent lists translation rules: parse rules (@{verbatim "=>"}
-  or @{text "\<rightharpoonup>"}) and print rules (@{verbatim "<="} or @{text "\<leftharpoondown>"}).
-  For convenience, both can be specified simultaneously as parse~/
-  print rules (@{verbatim "=="} or @{text "\<rightleftharpoons>"}).
-
-  Translation patterns may be prefixed by the syntactic category to be
-  used for parsing; the default is @{text logic} which means that
-  regular term syntax is used.  Both sides of the syntax translation
-  rule undergo parsing and parse AST translations
-  \secref{sec:tr-funs}, in order to perform some fundamental
-  normalization like @{text "\<lambda>x y. b \<leadsto> \<lambda>x. \<lambda>y. b"}, but other AST
-  translation rules are \emph{not} applied recursively here.
-
-  When processing AST patterns, the inner syntax lexer runs in a
-  different mode that allows identifiers to start with underscore.
-  This accommodates the usual naming convention for auxiliary syntax
-  constants --- those that do not have a logical counter part --- by
-  allowing to specify arbitrary AST applications within the term
-  syntax, independently of the corresponding concrete syntax.
-
-  Atomic ASTs are distinguished as @{ML Ast.Constant} versus @{ML
-  Ast.Variable} as follows: a qualified name or syntax constant
-  declared via @{command syntax}, or parse tree head of concrete
-  notation becomes @{ML Ast.Constant}, anything else @{ML
-  Ast.Variable}.  Note that @{text CONST} and @{text XCONST} within
-  the term language (\secref{sec:pure-grammar}) allow to enforce
-  treatment as constants.
-
-  AST rewrite rules @{text "(lhs, rhs)"} need to obey the following
-  side-conditions:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Rules must be left linear: @{text "lhs"} must not contain
-  repeated variables.\footnote{The deeper reason for this is that AST
-  equality is not well-defined: different occurrences of the ``same''
-  AST could be decorated differently by accidental type-constraints or
-  source position information, for example.}
-
-  \item Every variable in @{text "rhs"} must also occur in @{text
-  "lhs"}.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \item @{command "no_translations"}~@{text rules} removes syntactic
-  translation rules, which are interpreted in the same manner as for
-  @{command "translations"} above.
-
-  \item @{attribute syntax_ast_trace} and @{attribute
-  syntax_ast_stats} control diagnostic output in the AST normalization
-  process, when translation rules are applied to concrete input or
-  output.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Raw syntax and translations provides a slightly more low-level
-  access to the grammar and the form of resulting parse trees.  It is
-  often possible to avoid this untyped macro mechanism, and use
-  type-safe @{command abbreviation} or @{command notation} instead.
-  Some important situations where @{command syntax} and @{command
-  translations} are really need are as follows:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Iterated replacement via recursive @{command translations}.
-  For example, consider list enumeration @{term "[a, b, c, d]"} as
-  defined in theory @{theory List} in Isabelle/HOL.
-
-  \item Change of binding status of variables: anything beyond the
-  built-in @{keyword "binder"} mixfix annotation requires explicit
-  syntax translations.  For example, consider list filter
-  comprehension @{term "[x \<leftarrow> xs . P]"} as defined in theory @{theory
-  List} in Isabelle/HOL.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-subsubsection {* Applying translation rules *}
-
-text {* As a term is being parsed or printed, an AST is generated as
-  an intermediate form according to \figref{fig:parse-print}.  The AST
-  is normalized by applying translation rules in the manner of a
-  first-order term rewriting system.  We first examine how a single
-  rule is applied.
-
-  Let @{text "t"} be the abstract syntax tree to be normalized and
-  @{text "(lhs, rhs)"} some translation rule.  A subtree @{text "u"}
-  of @{text "t"} is called \emph{redex} if it is an instance of @{text
-  "lhs"}; in this case the pattern @{text "lhs"} is said to match the
-  object @{text "u"}.  A redex matched by @{text "lhs"} may be
-  replaced by the corresponding instance of @{text "rhs"}, thus
-  \emph{rewriting} the AST @{text "t"}.  Matching requires some notion
-  of \emph{place-holders} in rule patterns: @{ML Ast.Variable} serves
-  this purpose.
-
-  More precisely, the matching of the object @{text "u"} against the
-  pattern @{text "lhs"} is performed as follows:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Objects of the form @{ML Ast.Variable}~@{text "x"} or @{ML
-  Ast.Constant}~@{text "x"} are matched by pattern @{ML
-  Ast.Constant}~@{text "x"}.  Thus all atomic ASTs in the object are
-  treated as (potential) constants, and a successful match makes them
-  actual constants even before name space resolution (see also
-  \secref{sec:ast}).
-
-  \item Object @{text "u"} is matched by pattern @{ML
-  Ast.Variable}~@{text "x"}, binding @{text "x"} to @{text "u"}.
-
-  \item Object @{ML Ast.Appl}~@{text "us"} is matched by @{ML
-  Ast.Appl}~@{text "ts"} if @{text "us"} and @{text "ts"} have the
-  same length and each corresponding subtree matches.
-
-  \item In every other case, matching fails.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  A successful match yields a substitution that is applied to @{text
-  "rhs"}, generating the instance that replaces @{text "u"}.
-
-  Normalizing an AST involves repeatedly applying translation rules
-  until none are applicable.  This works yoyo-like: top-down,
-  bottom-up, top-down, etc.  At each subtree position, rules are
-  chosen in order of appearance in the theory definitions.
-
-  The configuration options @{attribute syntax_ast_trace} and
-  @{attribute syntax_ast_stats} might help to understand this process
-  and diagnose problems.
-
-  \begin{warn}
-  If syntax translation rules work incorrectly, the output of
-  @{command_ref print_syntax} with its \emph{rules} sections reveals the
-  actual internal forms of AST pattern, without potentially confusing
-  concrete syntax.  Recall that AST constants appear as quoted strings
-  and variables without quotes.
-  \end{warn}
-
-  \begin{warn}
-  If @{attribute_ref eta_contract} is set to @{text "true"}, terms
-  will be @{text "\<eta>"}-contracted \emph{before} the AST rewriter sees
-  them.  Thus some abstraction nodes needed for print rules to match
-  may vanish.  For example, @{text "Ball A (\<lambda>x. P x)"} would contract
-  to @{text "Ball A P"} and the standard print rule would fail to
-  apply.  This problem can be avoided by hand-written ML translation
-  functions (see also \secref{sec:tr-funs}), which is in fact the same
-  mechanism used in built-in @{keyword "binder"} declarations.
-  \end{warn}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Syntax translation functions \label{sec:tr-funs} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "parse_ast_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "parse_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "typed_print_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_ast_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{ML_antiquotation_def "class_syntax"} & : & @{text ML_antiquotation} \\
-    @{ML_antiquotation_def "type_syntax"} & : & @{text ML_antiquotation} \\
-    @{ML_antiquotation_def "const_syntax"} & : & @{text ML_antiquotation} \\
-    @{ML_antiquotation_def "syntax_const"} & : & @{text ML_antiquotation} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Syntax translation functions written in ML admit almost arbitrary
-  manipulations of inner syntax, at the expense of some complexity and
-  obscurity in the implementation.
-
-  @{rail "
-  ( @@{command parse_ast_translation} | @@{command parse_translation} |
-    @@{command print_translation} | @@{command typed_print_translation} |
-    @@{command print_ast_translation}) ('(' @'advanced' ')')? @{syntax text}
-  ;
-  (@@{ML_antiquotation class_syntax} |
-   @@{ML_antiquotation type_syntax} |
-   @@{ML_antiquotation const_syntax} |
-   @@{ML_antiquotation syntax_const}) name
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command parse_translation} etc. declare syntax translation
-  functions to the theory.  Any of these commands have a single
-  @{syntax text} argument that refers to an ML expression of
-  appropriate type, which are as follows by default:
-
-  \medskip
-  {\footnotesize
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-  @{command parse_ast_translation} & : @{ML_type "(string * (Ast.ast list -> Ast.ast)) list"} \\
-  @{command parse_translation} & : @{ML_type "(string * (term list -> term)) list"} \\
-  @{command print_translation} & : @{ML_type "(string * (term list -> term)) list"} \\
-  @{command typed_print_translation} & : @{ML_type "(string * (typ -> term list -> term)) list"} \\
-  @{command print_ast_translation} & : @{ML_type "(string * (Ast.ast list -> Ast.ast)) list"} \\
-  \end{tabular}}
-  \medskip
-
-  The argument list consists of @{text "(c, tr)"} pairs, where @{text
-  "c"} is the syntax name of the formal entity involved, and @{text
-  "tr"} a function that translates a syntax form @{text "c args"} into
-  @{text "tr args"}.  The ML naming convention for parse translations
-  is @{text "c_tr"} and for print translations @{text "c_tr'"}.
-
-  The @{command_ref print_syntax} command displays the sets of names
-  associated with the translation functions of a theory under @{text
-  "parse_ast_translation"} etc.
-
-  If the @{verbatim "("}@{keyword "advanced"}@{verbatim ")"} option is
-  given, the corresponding translation functions depend on the current
-  theory or proof context as additional argument.  This allows to
-  implement advanced syntax mechanisms, as translations functions may
-  refer to specific theory declarations or auxiliary proof data.
-
-  \item @{text "@{class_syntax c}"}, @{text "@{type_syntax c}"},
-  @{text "@{const_syntax c}"} inline the authentic syntax name of the
-  given formal entities into the ML source.  This is the
-  fully-qualified logical name prefixed by a special marker to
-  indicate its kind: thus different logical name spaces are properly
-  distinguished within parse trees.
-
-  \item @{text "@{const_syntax c}"} inlines the name @{text "c"} of
-  the given syntax constant, having checked that it has been declared
-  via some @{command syntax} commands within the theory context.  Note
-  that the usual naming convention makes syntax constants start with
-  underscore, to reduce the chance of accidental clashes with other
-  names occurring in parse trees (unqualified constants etc.).
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsubsection {* The translation strategy *}
-
-text {* The different kinds of translation functions are invoked during
-  the transformations between parse trees, ASTs and syntactic terms
-  (cf.\ \figref{fig:parse-print}).  Whenever a combination of the form
-  @{text "c x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>n"} is encountered, and a translation function
-  @{text "f"} of appropriate kind is declared for @{text "c"}, the
-  result is produced by evaluation of @{text "f [x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>n]"} in ML.
-
-  For AST translations, the arguments @{text "x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>n"} are ASTs.  A
-  combination has the form @{ML "Ast.Constant"}~@{text "c"} or @{ML
-  "Ast.Appl"}~@{text "["}@{ML Ast.Constant}~@{text "c, x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>n]"}.
-  For term translations, the arguments are terms and a combination has
-  the form @{ML Const}~@{text "(c, \<tau>)"} or @{ML Const}~@{text "(c, \<tau>)
-  $ x\<^sub>1 $ \<dots> $ x\<^sub>n"}.  Terms allow more sophisticated transformations
-  than ASTs do, typically involving abstractions and bound
-  variables. \emph{Typed} print translations may even peek at the type
-  @{text "\<tau>"} of the constant they are invoked on, although that information
-  may be inaccurate.
-
-  Regardless of whether they act on ASTs or terms, translation
-  functions called during the parsing process differ from those for
-  printing in their overall behaviour:
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item [Parse translations] are applied bottom-up.  The arguments are
-  already in translated form.  The translations must not fail;
-  exceptions trigger an error message.  There may be at most one
-  function associated with any syntactic name.
-
-  \item [Print translations] are applied top-down.  They are supplied
-  with arguments that are partly still in internal form.  The result
-  again undergoes translation; therefore a print translation should
-  not introduce as head the very constant that invoked it.  The
-  function may raise exception @{ML Match} to indicate failure; in
-  this event it has no effect.  Multiple functions associated with
-  some syntactic name are tried in the order of declaration in the
-  theory.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Only constant atoms --- constructor @{ML Ast.Constant} for ASTs and
-  @{ML Const} for terms --- can invoke translation functions.  This
-  means that parse translations can only be associated with parse tree
-  heads of concrete syntax, or syntactic constants introduced via
-  other translations.  For plain identifiers within the term language,
-  the status of constant versus variable is not yet know during
-  parsing.  This is in contrast to print translations, where constants
-  are explicitly known from the given term in its fully internal form.
-*}
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/ML_Tactic.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/ML_Tactic.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-theory ML_Tactic
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* ML tactic expressions *}
-
-text {*
-  Isar Proof methods closely resemble traditional tactics, when used
-  in unstructured sequences of @{command "apply"} commands.
-  Isabelle/Isar provides emulations for all major ML tactics of
-  classic Isabelle --- mostly for the sake of easy porting of existing
-  developments, as actual Isar proof texts would demand much less
-  diversity of proof methods.
-
-  Unlike tactic expressions in ML, Isar proof methods provide proper
-  concrete syntax for additional arguments, options, modifiers etc.
-  Thus a typical method text is usually more concise than the
-  corresponding ML tactic.  Furthermore, the Isar versions of classic
-  Isabelle tactics often cover several variant forms by a single
-  method with separate options to tune the behavior.  For example,
-  method @{method simp} replaces all of @{ML simp_tac}~/ @{ML
-  asm_simp_tac}~/ @{ML full_simp_tac}~/ @{ML asm_full_simp_tac}, there
-  is also concrete syntax for augmenting the Simplifier context (the
-  current ``simpset'') in a convenient way.
-*}
-
-
-section {* Resolution tactics *}
-
-text {*
-  Classic Isabelle provides several variant forms of tactics for
-  single-step rule applications (based on higher-order resolution).
-  The space of resolution tactics has the following main dimensions.
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item The ``mode'' of resolution: intro, elim, destruct, or forward
-  (e.g.\ @{ML resolve_tac}, @{ML eresolve_tac}, @{ML dresolve_tac},
-  @{ML forward_tac}).
-
-  \item Optional explicit instantiation (e.g.\ @{ML resolve_tac} vs.\
-  @{ML res_inst_tac}).
-
-  \item Abbreviations for singleton arguments (e.g.\ @{ML resolve_tac}
-  vs.\ @{ML rtac}).
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  Basically, the set of Isar tactic emulations @{method rule_tac},
-  @{method erule_tac}, @{method drule_tac}, @{method frule_tac} (see
-  \secref{sec:tactics}) would be sufficient to cover the four modes,
-  either with or without instantiation, and either with single or
-  multiple arguments.  Although it is more convenient in most cases to
-  use the plain @{method_ref (Pure) rule} method, or any of its
-  ``improper'' variants @{method erule}, @{method drule}, @{method
-  frule}.  Note that explicit goal addressing is only supported by the
-  actual @{method rule_tac} version.
-
-  With this in mind, plain resolution tactics correspond to Isar
-  methods as follows.
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-    @{ML rtac}~@{text "a 1"} & & @{text "rule a"} \\
-    @{ML resolve_tac}~@{text "[a\<^sub>1, \<dots>] 1"} & & @{text "rule a\<^sub>1 \<dots>"} \\
-    @{ML res_inst_tac}~@{text "ctxt [(x\<^sub>1, t\<^sub>1), \<dots>] a 1"} & &
-    @{text "rule_tac x\<^sub>1 = t\<^sub>1 \<AND> \<dots> \<IN> a"} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{ML rtac}~@{text "a i"} & & @{text "rule_tac [i] a"} \\
-    @{ML resolve_tac}~@{text "[a\<^sub>1, \<dots>] i"} & & @{text "rule_tac [i] a\<^sub>1 \<dots>"} \\
-    @{ML res_inst_tac}~@{text "ctxt [(x\<^sub>1, t\<^sub>1), \<dots>] a i"} & &
-    @{text "rule_tac [i] x\<^sub>1 = t\<^sub>1 \<AND> \<dots> \<IN> a"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  Note that explicit goal addressing may be usually avoided by
-  changing the order of subgoals with @{command "defer"} or @{command
-  "prefer"} (see \secref{sec:tactic-commands}).
-*}
-
-
-section {* Simplifier tactics *}
-
-text {*
-  The main Simplifier tactics @{ML simp_tac} and variants (cf.\
-  \cite{isabelle-ref}) are all covered by the @{method simp} and
-  @{method simp_all} methods (see \secref{sec:simplifier}).  Note that
-  there is no individual goal addressing available, simplification
-  acts either on the first goal (@{method simp}) or all goals
-  (@{method simp_all}).
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-    @{ML asm_full_simp_tac}~@{text "@{simpset} 1"} & & @{method simp} \\
-    @{ML ALLGOALS}~(@{ML asm_full_simp_tac}~@{text "@{simpset}"}) & & @{method simp_all} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{ML simp_tac}~@{text "@{simpset} 1"} & & @{method simp}~@{text "(no_asm)"} \\
-    @{ML asm_simp_tac}~@{text "@{simpset} 1"} & & @{method simp}~@{text "(no_asm_simp)"} \\
-    @{ML full_simp_tac}~@{text "@{simpset} 1"} & & @{method simp}~@{text "(no_asm_use)"} \\
-    @{ML asm_lr_simp_tac}~@{text "@{simpset} 1"} & & @{method simp}~@{text "(asm_lr)"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-*}
-
-
-section {* Classical Reasoner tactics *}
-
-text {* The Classical Reasoner provides a rather large number of
-  variations of automated tactics, such as @{ML blast_tac}, @{ML
-  fast_tac}, @{ML clarify_tac} etc.  The corresponding Isar methods
-  usually share the same base name, such as @{method blast}, @{method
-  fast}, @{method clarify} etc.\ (see \secref{sec:classical}).  *}
-
-
-section {* Miscellaneous tactics *}
-
-text {*
-  There are a few additional tactics defined in various theories of
-  Isabelle/HOL, some of these also in Isabelle/FOL or Isabelle/ZF.
-  The most common ones of these may be ported to Isar as follows.
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-    @{ML stac}~@{text "a 1"} & & @{text "subst a"} \\
-    @{ML hyp_subst_tac}~@{text 1} & & @{text hypsubst} \\
-    @{ML strip_tac}~@{text 1} & @{text "\<approx>"} & @{text "intro strip"} \\
-    @{ML split_all_tac}~@{text 1} & & @{text "simp (no_asm_simp) only: split_tupled_all"} \\
-      & @{text "\<approx>"} & @{text "simp only: split_tupled_all"} \\
-      & @{text "\<lless>"} & @{text "clarify"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Tacticals *}
-
-text {*
-  Classic Isabelle provides a huge amount of tacticals for combination
-  and modification of existing tactics.  This has been greatly reduced
-  in Isar, providing the bare minimum of combinators only: ``@{text
-  ","}'' (sequential composition), ``@{text "|"}'' (alternative
-  choices), ``@{text "?"}'' (try), ``@{text "+"}'' (repeat at least
-  once).  These are usually sufficient in practice; if all fails,
-  arbitrary ML tactic code may be invoked via the @{method tactic}
-  method (see \secref{sec:tactics}).
-
-  \medskip Common ML tacticals may be expressed directly in Isar as
-  follows:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-    @{text "tac\<^sub>1"}~@{ML_text THEN}~@{text "tac\<^sub>2"} & & @{text "meth\<^sub>1, meth\<^sub>2"} \\
-    @{text "tac\<^sub>1"}~@{ML_text ORELSE}~@{text "tac\<^sub>2"} & & @{text "meth\<^sub>1 | meth\<^sub>2"} \\
-    @{ML TRY}~@{text tac} & & @{text "meth?"} \\
-    @{ML REPEAT1}~@{text tac} & & @{text "meth+"} \\
-    @{ML REPEAT}~@{text tac} & & @{text "(meth+)?"} \\
-    @{ML EVERY}~@{text "[tac\<^sub>1, \<dots>]"} & & @{text "meth\<^sub>1, \<dots>"} \\
-    @{ML FIRST}~@{text "[tac\<^sub>1, \<dots>]"} & & @{text "meth\<^sub>1 | \<dots>"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \medskip @{ML CHANGED} (see \cite{isabelle-implementation}) is
-  usually not required in Isar, since most basic proof methods already
-  fail unless there is an actual change in the goal state.
-  Nevertheless, ``@{text "?"}''  (try) may be used to accept
-  \emph{unchanged} results as well.
-
-  \medskip @{ML ALLGOALS}, @{ML SOMEGOAL} etc.\ (see
-  \cite{isabelle-implementation}) are not available in Isar, since
-  there is no direct goal addressing.  Nevertheless, some basic
-  methods address all goals internally, notably @{method simp_all}
-  (see \secref{sec:simplifier}).  Also note that @{ML ALLGOALS} can be
-  often replaced by ``@{text "+"}'' (repeat at least once), although
-  this usually has a different operational behavior: subgoals are
-  solved in a different order.
-
-  \medskip Iterated resolution, such as
-  @{ML_text "REPEAT (FIRSTGOAL (resolve_tac ...))"}, is usually better
-  expressed using the @{method intro} and @{method elim} methods of
-  Isar (see \secref{sec:classical}).
-*}
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Misc.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Misc.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-theory Misc
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* Other commands *}
-
-section {* Inspecting the context *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "print_commands"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_theory"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_methods"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_attributes"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_theorems"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "find_theorems"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "find_consts"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "thm_deps"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "unused_thms"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_facts"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_binds"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{command print_theory} | @@{command print_theorems}) ('!'?)
-    ;
-
-    @@{command find_theorems} ('(' @{syntax nat}? 'with_dups'? ')')? \\ (thmcriterion * )
-    ;
-    thmcriterion: ('-'?) ('name' ':' @{syntax nameref} | 'intro' | 'elim' | 'dest' |
-      'solves' | 'simp' ':' @{syntax term} | @{syntax term})
-    ;
-    @@{command find_consts} (constcriterion * )
-    ;
-    constcriterion: ('-'?)
-      ('name' ':' @{syntax nameref} | 'strict' ':' @{syntax type} | @{syntax type})
-    ;
-    @@{command thm_deps} @{syntax thmrefs}
-    ;
-    @@{command unused_thms} ((@{syntax name} +) '-' (@{syntax name} * ))?
-  "}
-
-  These commands print certain parts of the theory and proof context.
-  Note that there are some further ones available, such as for the set
-  of rules declared for simplifications.
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{command "print_commands"} prints Isabelle's outer theory
-  syntax, including keywords and command.
-  
-  \item @{command "print_theory"} prints the main logical content of
-  the theory context; the ``@{text "!"}'' option indicates extra
-  verbosity.
-
-  \item @{command "print_methods"} prints all proof methods
-  available in the current theory context.
-  
-  \item @{command "print_attributes"} prints all attributes
-  available in the current theory context.
-  
-  \item @{command "print_theorems"} prints theorems resulting from the
-  last command; the ``@{text "!"}'' option indicates extra verbosity.
-  
-  \item @{command "find_theorems"}~@{text criteria} retrieves facts
-  from the theory or proof context matching all of given search
-  criteria.  The criterion @{text "name: p"} selects all theorems
-  whose fully qualified name matches pattern @{text p}, which may
-  contain ``@{text "*"}'' wildcards.  The criteria @{text intro},
-  @{text elim}, and @{text dest} select theorems that match the
-  current goal as introduction, elimination or destruction rules,
-  respectively.  The criterion @{text "solves"} returns all rules
-  that would directly solve the current goal.  The criterion
-  @{text "simp: t"} selects all rewrite rules whose left-hand side
-  matches the given term.  The criterion term @{text t} selects all
-  theorems that contain the pattern @{text t} -- as usual, patterns
-  may contain occurrences of the dummy ``@{text _}'', schematic
-  variables, and type constraints.
-  
-  Criteria can be preceded by ``@{text "-"}'' to select theorems that
-  do \emph{not} match. Note that giving the empty list of criteria
-  yields \emph{all} currently known facts.  An optional limit for the
-  number of printed facts may be given; the default is 40.  By
-  default, duplicates are removed from the search result. Use
-  @{text with_dups} to display duplicates.
-
-  \item @{command "find_consts"}~@{text criteria} prints all constants
-  whose type meets all of the given criteria. The criterion @{text
-  "strict: ty"} is met by any type that matches the type pattern
-  @{text ty}.  Patterns may contain both the dummy type ``@{text _}''
-  and sort constraints. The criterion @{text ty} is similar, but it
-  also matches against subtypes. The criterion @{text "name: p"} and
-  the prefix ``@{text "-"}'' function as described for @{command
-  "find_theorems"}.
-
-  \item @{command "thm_deps"}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"}
-  visualizes dependencies of facts, using Isabelle's graph browser
-  tool (see also \cite{isabelle-sys}).
-
-  \item @{command "unused_thms"}~@{text "A\<^isub>1 \<dots> A\<^isub>m - B\<^isub>1 \<dots> B\<^isub>n"}
-  displays all unused theorems in theories @{text "B\<^isub>1 \<dots> B\<^isub>n"}
-  or their parents, but not in @{text "A\<^isub>1 \<dots> A\<^isub>m"} or their parents.
-  If @{text n} is @{text 0}, the end of the range of theories
-  defaults to the current theory. If no range is specified,
-  only the unused theorems in the current theory are displayed.
-  
-  \item @{command "print_facts"} prints all local facts of the
-  current context, both named and unnamed ones.
-  
-  \item @{command "print_binds"} prints all term abbreviations
-  present in the context.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* System commands *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "cd"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "pwd"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "use_thy"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{command cd} | @@{command use_thy}) @{syntax name}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "cd"}~@{text path} changes the current directory
-  of the Isabelle process.
-
-  \item @{command "pwd"} prints the current working directory.
-
-  \item @{command "use_thy"}~@{text A} preload theory @{text A}.
-  These system commands are scarcely used when working interactively,
-  since loading of theories is done automatically as required.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  %FIXME proper place (!?)
-  Isabelle file specification may contain path variables (e.g.\
-  @{verbatim "$ISABELLE_HOME"}) that are expanded accordingly.  Note
-  that @{verbatim "~"} abbreviates @{verbatim "$USER_HOME"}, and
-  @{verbatim "~~"} abbreviates @{verbatim "$ISABELLE_HOME"}.  The
-  general syntax for path specifications follows POSIX conventions.
-*}
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Outer_Syntax.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Outer_Syntax.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,427 +0,0 @@
-theory Outer_Syntax
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* Outer syntax --- the theory language \label{ch:outer-syntax} *}
-
-text {*
-  The rather generic framework of Isabelle/Isar syntax emerges from
-  three main syntactic categories: \emph{commands} of the top-level
-  Isar engine (covering theory and proof elements), \emph{methods} for
-  general goal refinements (analogous to traditional ``tactics''), and
-  \emph{attributes} for operations on facts (within a certain
-  context).  Subsequently we give a reference of basic syntactic
-  entities underlying Isabelle/Isar syntax in a bottom-up manner.
-  Concrete theory and proof language elements will be introduced later
-  on.
-
-  \medskip In order to get started with writing well-formed
-  Isabelle/Isar documents, the most important aspect to be noted is
-  the difference of \emph{inner} versus \emph{outer} syntax.  Inner
-  syntax is that of Isabelle types and terms of the logic, while outer
-  syntax is that of Isabelle/Isar theory sources (specifications and
-  proofs).  As a general rule, inner syntax entities may occur only as
-  \emph{atomic entities} within outer syntax.  For example, the string
-  @{verbatim "\"x + y\""} and identifier @{verbatim z} are legal term
-  specifications within a theory, while @{verbatim "x + y"} without
-  quotes is not.
-
-  Printed theory documents usually omit quotes to gain readability
-  (this is a matter of {\LaTeX} macro setup, say via @{verbatim
-  "\\isabellestyle"}, see also \cite{isabelle-sys}).  Experienced
-  users of Isabelle/Isar may easily reconstruct the lost technical
-  information, while mere readers need not care about quotes at all.
-
-  \medskip Isabelle/Isar input may contain any number of input
-  termination characters ``@{verbatim ";"}'' (semicolon) to separate
-  commands explicitly.  This is particularly useful in interactive
-  shell sessions to make clear where the current command is intended
-  to end.  Otherwise, the interpreter loop will continue to issue a
-  secondary prompt ``@{verbatim "#"}'' until an end-of-command is
-  clearly recognized from the input syntax, e.g.\ encounter of the
-  next command keyword.
-
-  More advanced interfaces such as Proof~General \cite{proofgeneral}
-  do not require explicit semicolons, the amount of input text is
-  determined automatically by inspecting the present content of the
-  Emacs text buffer.  In the printed presentation of Isabelle/Isar
-  documents semicolons are omitted altogether for readability.
-
-  \begin{warn}
-    Proof~General requires certain syntax classification tables in
-    order to achieve properly synchronized interaction with the
-    Isabelle/Isar process.  These tables need to be consistent with
-    the Isabelle version and particular logic image to be used in a
-    running session (common object-logics may well change the outer
-    syntax).  The standard setup should work correctly with any of the
-    ``official'' logic images derived from Isabelle/HOL (including
-    HOLCF etc.).  Users of alternative logics may need to tell
-    Proof~General explicitly, e.g.\ by giving an option @{verbatim "-k ZF"}
-    (in conjunction with @{verbatim "-l ZF"}, to specify the default
-    logic image).  Note that option @{verbatim "-L"} does both
-    of this at the same time.
-  \end{warn}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Lexical matters \label{sec:outer-lex} *}
-
-text {* The outer lexical syntax consists of three main categories of
-  syntax tokens:
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item \emph{major keywords} --- the command names that are available
-  in the present logic session;
-
-  \item \emph{minor keywords} --- additional literal tokens required
-  by the syntax of commands;
-
-  \item \emph{named tokens} --- various categories of identifiers etc.
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  Major keywords and minor keywords are guaranteed to be disjoint.
-  This helps user-interfaces to determine the overall structure of a
-  theory text, without knowing the full details of command syntax.
-  Internally, there is some additional information about the kind of
-  major keywords, which approximates the command type (theory command,
-  proof command etc.).
-
-  Keywords override named tokens.  For example, the presence of a
-  command called @{verbatim term} inhibits the identifier @{verbatim
-  term}, but the string @{verbatim "\"term\""} can be used instead.
-  By convention, the outer syntax always allows quoted strings in
-  addition to identifiers, wherever a named entity is expected.
-
-  When tokenizing a given input sequence, the lexer repeatedly takes
-  the longest prefix of the input that forms a valid token.  Spaces,
-  tabs, newlines and formfeeds between tokens serve as explicit
-  separators.
-
-  \medskip The categories for named tokens are defined once and for
-  all as follows.
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{supertabular}{rcl}
-    @{syntax_def ident} & = & @{text "letter quasiletter\<^sup>*"} \\
-    @{syntax_def longident} & = & @{text "ident("}@{verbatim "."}@{text "ident)\<^sup>+"} \\
-    @{syntax_def symident} & = & @{text "sym\<^sup>+  |  "}@{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<"}@{text ident}@{verbatim ">"} \\
-    @{syntax_def nat} & = & @{text "digit\<^sup>+"} \\
-    @{syntax_def float} & = & @{syntax_ref nat}@{verbatim "."}@{syntax_ref nat}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "-"}@{syntax_ref nat}@{verbatim "."}@{syntax_ref nat} \\
-    @{syntax_def var} & = & @{verbatim "?"}@{text "ident  |  "}@{verbatim "?"}@{text ident}@{verbatim "."}@{text nat} \\
-    @{syntax_def typefree} & = & @{verbatim "'"}@{text ident} \\
-    @{syntax_def typevar} & = & @{verbatim "?"}@{text "typefree  |  "}@{verbatim "?"}@{text typefree}@{verbatim "."}@{text nat} \\
-    @{syntax_def string} & = & @{verbatim "\""} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim "\""} \\
-    @{syntax_def altstring} & = & @{verbatim "`"} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim "`"} \\
-    @{syntax_def verbatim} & = & @{verbatim "{*"} @{text "\<dots>"} @{verbatim "*"}@{verbatim "}"} \\[1ex]
-
-    @{text letter} & = & @{text "latin  |  "}@{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<"}@{text latin}@{verbatim ">"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<"}@{text "latin latin"}@{verbatim ">"}@{text "  |  greek  |"} \\
-          &   & @{verbatim "\<^isub>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<^isup>"} \\
-    @{text quasiletter} & = & @{text "letter  |  digit  |  "}@{verbatim "_"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "'"} \\
-    @{text latin} & = & @{verbatim a}@{text "  | \<dots> |  "}@{verbatim z}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim A}@{text "  |  \<dots> |  "}@{verbatim Z} \\
-    @{text digit} & = & @{verbatim "0"}@{text "  |  \<dots> |  "}@{verbatim "9"} \\
-    @{text sym} & = & @{verbatim "!"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "#"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "$"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "%"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "&"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "*"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "+"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "-"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "/"}@{text "  |"} \\
-    & & @{verbatim "<"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "="}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim ">"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "?"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "@"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "^"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "_"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "|"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "~"} \\
-    @{text greek} & = & @{verbatim "\<alpha>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<beta>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<gamma>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<delta>"}@{text "  |"} \\
-          &   & @{verbatim "\<epsilon>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<zeta>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<eta>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<theta>"}@{text "  |"} \\
-          &   & @{verbatim "\<iota>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<kappa>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<mu>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<nu>"}@{text "  |"} \\
-          &   & @{verbatim "\<xi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<pi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<rho>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<sigma>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<tau>"}@{text "  |"} \\
-          &   & @{verbatim "\<upsilon>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<phi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<chi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<psi>"}@{text "  |"} \\
-          &   & @{verbatim "\<omega>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Gamma>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Delta>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Theta>"}@{text "  |"} \\
-          &   & @{verbatim "\<Lambda>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Xi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Pi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Sigma>"}@{text "  |"} \\
-          &   & @{verbatim "\<Upsilon>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Phi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Psi>"}@{text "  |  "}@{verbatim "\<Omega>"} \\
-  \end{supertabular}
-  \end{center}
-
-  A @{syntax_ref var} or @{syntax_ref typevar} describes an unknown,
-  which is internally a pair of base name and index (ML type @{ML_type
-  indexname}).  These components are either separated by a dot as in
-  @{text "?x.1"} or @{text "?x7.3"} or run together as in @{text
-  "?x1"}.  The latter form is possible if the base name does not end
-  with digits.  If the index is 0, it may be dropped altogether:
-  @{text "?x"} and @{text "?x0"} and @{text "?x.0"} all refer to the
-  same unknown, with basename @{text "x"} and index 0.
-
-  The syntax of @{syntax_ref string} admits any characters, including
-  newlines; ``@{verbatim "\""}'' (double-quote) and ``@{verbatim
-  "\\"}'' (backslash) need to be escaped by a backslash; arbitrary
-  character codes may be specified as ``@{verbatim "\\"}@{text ddd}'',
-  with three decimal digits.  Alternative strings according to
-  @{syntax_ref altstring} are analogous, using single back-quotes
-  instead.
-
-  The body of @{syntax_ref verbatim} may consist of any text not
-  containing ``@{verbatim "*"}@{verbatim "}"}''; this allows
-  convenient inclusion of quotes without further escapes.  There is no
-  way to escape ``@{verbatim "*"}@{verbatim "}"}''.  If the quoted
-  text is {\LaTeX} source, one may usually add some blank or comment
-  to avoid the critical character sequence.
-
-  Source comments take the form @{verbatim "(*"}~@{text
-  "\<dots>"}~@{verbatim "*)"} and may be nested, although the user-interface
-  might prevent this.  Note that this form indicates source comments
-  only, which are stripped after lexical analysis of the input.  The
-  Isar syntax also provides proper \emph{document comments} that are
-  considered as part of the text (see \secref{sec:comments}).
-
-  Common mathematical symbols such as @{text \<forall>} are represented in
-  Isabelle as @{verbatim \<forall>}.  There are infinitely many Isabelle
-  symbols like this, although proper presentation is left to front-end
-  tools such as {\LaTeX}, Proof~General, or Isabelle/jEdit.  A list of
-  predefined Isabelle symbols that work well with these tools is given
-  in \appref{app:symbols}.  Note that @{verbatim "\<lambda>"} does not belong
-  to the @{text letter} category, since it is already used differently
-  in the Pure term language.  *}
-
-
-section {* Common syntax entities *}
-
-text {*
-  We now introduce several basic syntactic entities, such as names,
-  terms, and theorem specifications, which are factored out of the
-  actual Isar language elements to be described later.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Names *}
-
-text {* Entity @{syntax name} usually refers to any name of types,
-  constants, theorems etc.\ that are to be \emph{declared} or
-  \emph{defined} (so qualified identifiers are excluded here).  Quoted
-  strings provide an escape for non-identifier names or those ruled
-  out by outer syntax keywords (e.g.\ quoted @{verbatim "\"let\""}).
-  Already existing objects are usually referenced by @{syntax
-  nameref}.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def name}: @{syntax ident} | @{syntax symident} |
-      @{syntax string} | @{syntax nat}
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def parname}: '(' @{syntax name} ')'
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def nameref}: @{syntax name} | @{syntax longident}
-  "}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Numbers *}
-
-text {* The outer lexical syntax (\secref{sec:outer-lex}) admits
-  natural numbers and floating point numbers.  These are combined as
-  @{syntax int} and @{syntax real} as follows.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def int}: @{syntax nat} | '-' @{syntax nat}
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def real}: @{syntax float} | @{syntax int}
-  "}
-
-  Note that there is an overlap with the category @{syntax name},
-  which also includes @{syntax nat}.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Comments \label{sec:comments} *}
-
-text {* Large chunks of plain @{syntax text} are usually given
-  @{syntax verbatim}, i.e.\ enclosed in @{verbatim "{"}@{verbatim
-  "*"}~@{text "\<dots>"}~@{verbatim "*"}@{verbatim "}"}.  For convenience,
-  any of the smaller text units conforming to @{syntax nameref} are
-  admitted as well.  A marginal @{syntax comment} is of the form
-  @{verbatim "--"}~@{syntax text}.  Any number of these may occur
-  within Isabelle/Isar commands.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def text}: @{syntax verbatim} | @{syntax nameref}
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def comment}: '--' @{syntax text}
-  "}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Type classes, sorts and arities *}
-
-text {*
-  Classes are specified by plain names.  Sorts have a very simple
-  inner syntax, which is either a single class name @{text c} or a
-  list @{text "{c\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>n}"} referring to the
-  intersection of these classes.  The syntax of type arities is given
-  directly at the outer level.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def classdecl}: @{syntax name} (('<' | '\<subseteq>') (@{syntax nameref} + ','))?
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def sort}: @{syntax nameref}
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def arity}: ('(' (@{syntax sort} + ',') ')')? @{syntax sort}
-  "}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Types and terms \label{sec:types-terms} *}
-
-text {*
-  The actual inner Isabelle syntax, that of types and terms of the
-  logic, is far too sophisticated in order to be modelled explicitly
-  at the outer theory level.  Basically, any such entity has to be
-  quoted to turn it into a single token (the parsing and type-checking
-  is performed internally later).  For convenience, a slightly more
-  liberal convention is adopted: quotes may be omitted for any type or
-  term that is already atomic at the outer level.  For example, one
-  may just write @{verbatim x} instead of quoted @{verbatim "\"x\""}.
-  Note that symbolic identifiers (e.g.\ @{verbatim "++"} or @{text
-  "\<forall>"} are available as well, provided these have not been superseded
-  by commands or other keywords already (such as @{verbatim "="} or
-  @{verbatim "+"}).
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def type}: @{syntax nameref} | @{syntax typefree} |
-      @{syntax typevar}
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def term}: @{syntax nameref} | @{syntax var}
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def prop}: @{syntax term}
-  "}
-
-  Positional instantiations are indicated by giving a sequence of
-  terms, or the placeholder ``@{text _}'' (underscore), which means to
-  skip a position.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def inst}: '_' | @{syntax term}
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def insts}: (@{syntax inst} *)
-  "}
-
-  Type declarations and definitions usually refer to @{syntax
-  typespec} on the left-hand side.  This models basic type constructor
-  application at the outer syntax level.  Note that only plain postfix
-  notation is available here, but no infixes.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def typespec}:
-      (() | @{syntax typefree} | '(' ( @{syntax typefree} + ',' ) ')') @{syntax name}
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def typespec_sorts}:
-      (() | (@{syntax typefree} ('::' @{syntax sort})?) |
-        '(' ( (@{syntax typefree} ('::' @{syntax sort})?) + ',' ) ')') @{syntax name}
-  "}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Term patterns and declarations \label{sec:term-decls} *}
-
-text {* Wherever explicit propositions (or term fragments) occur in a
-  proof text, casual binding of schematic term variables may be given
-  specified via patterns of the form ``@{text "(\<IS> p\<^sub>1 \<dots> p\<^sub>n)"}''.
-  This works both for @{syntax term} and @{syntax prop}.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def term_pat}: '(' (@'is' @{syntax term} +) ')'
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def prop_pat}: '(' (@'is' @{syntax prop} +) ')'
-  "}
-
-  \medskip Declarations of local variables @{text "x :: \<tau>"} and
-  logical propositions @{text "a : \<phi>"} represent different views on
-  the same principle of introducing a local scope.  In practice, one
-  may usually omit the typing of @{syntax vars} (due to
-  type-inference), and the naming of propositions (due to implicit
-  references of current facts).  In any case, Isar proof elements
-  usually admit to introduce multiple such items simultaneously.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def vars}: (@{syntax name} +) ('::' @{syntax type})?
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def props}: @{syntax thmdecl}? (@{syntax prop} @{syntax prop_pat}? +)
-  "}
-
-  The treatment of multiple declarations corresponds to the
-  complementary focus of @{syntax vars} versus @{syntax props}.  In
-  ``@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>n :: \<tau>"}'' the typing refers to all variables, while
-  in @{text "a: \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"} the naming refers to all propositions
-  collectively.  Isar language elements that refer to @{syntax vars}
-  or @{syntax props} typically admit separate typings or namings via
-  another level of iteration, with explicit @{keyword_ref "and"}
-  separators; e.g.\ see @{command "fix"} and @{command "assume"} in
-  \secref{sec:proof-context}.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Attributes and theorems \label{sec:syn-att} *}
-
-text {* Attributes have their own ``semi-inner'' syntax, in the sense
-  that input conforming to @{syntax args} below is parsed by the
-  attribute a second time.  The attribute argument specifications may
-  be any sequence of atomic entities (identifiers, strings etc.), or
-  properly bracketed argument lists.  Below @{syntax atom} refers to
-  any atomic entity, including any @{syntax keyword} conforming to
-  @{syntax symident}.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def atom}: @{syntax nameref} | @{syntax typefree} |
-      @{syntax typevar} | @{syntax var} | @{syntax nat} | @{syntax float} |
-      @{syntax keyword}
-    ;
-    arg: @{syntax atom} | '(' @{syntax args} ')' | '[' @{syntax args} ']'
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def args}: arg *
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def attributes}: '[' (@{syntax nameref} @{syntax args} * ',') ']'
-  "}
-
-  Theorem specifications come in several flavors: @{syntax axmdecl}
-  and @{syntax thmdecl} usually refer to axioms, assumptions or
-  results of goal statements, while @{syntax thmdef} collects lists of
-  existing theorems.  Existing theorems are given by @{syntax thmref}
-  and @{syntax thmrefs}, the former requires an actual singleton
-  result.
-
-  There are three forms of theorem references:
-  \begin{enumerate}
-  
-  \item named facts @{text "a"},
-
-  \item selections from named facts @{text "a(i)"} or @{text "a(j - k)"},
-
-  \item literal fact propositions using @{syntax_ref altstring} syntax
-  @{verbatim "`"}@{text "\<phi>"}@{verbatim "`"} (see also method
-  @{method_ref fact}).
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  Any kind of theorem specification may include lists of attributes
-  both on the left and right hand sides; attributes are applied to any
-  immediately preceding fact.  If names are omitted, the theorems are
-  not stored within the theorem database of the theory or proof
-  context, but any given attributes are applied nonetheless.
-
-  An extra pair of brackets around attributes (like ``@{text
-  "[[simproc a]]"}'') abbreviates a theorem reference involving an
-  internal dummy fact, which will be ignored later on.  So only the
-  effect of the attribute on the background context will persist.
-  This form of in-place declarations is particularly useful with
-  commands like @{command "declare"} and @{command "using"}.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def axmdecl}: @{syntax name} @{syntax attributes}? ':'
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def thmdecl}: thmbind ':'
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def thmdef}: thmbind '='
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def thmref}:
-      (@{syntax nameref} selection? | @{syntax altstring}) @{syntax attributes}? |
-      '[' @{syntax attributes} ']'
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def thmrefs}: @{syntax thmref} +
-    ;
-
-    thmbind: @{syntax name} @{syntax attributes} | @{syntax name} | @{syntax attributes}
-    ;
-    selection: '(' ((@{syntax nat} | @{syntax nat} '-' @{syntax nat}?) + ',') ')'
-  "}
-*}
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Preface.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Preface.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-theory Preface
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* Preface *}
-
-text {*
-  The \emph{Isabelle} system essentially provides a generic
-  infrastructure for building deductive systems (programmed in
-  Standard ML), with a special focus on interactive theorem proving in
-  higher-order logics.  Many years ago, even end-users would refer to
-  certain ML functions (goal commands, tactics, tacticals etc.) to
-  pursue their everyday theorem proving tasks.
-  
-  In contrast \emph{Isar} provides an interpreted language environment
-  of its own, which has been specifically tailored for the needs of
-  theory and proof development.  Compared to raw ML, the Isabelle/Isar
-  top-level provides a more robust and comfortable development
-  platform, with proper support for theory development graphs, managed
-  transactions with unlimited undo etc.  The Isabelle/Isar version of
-  the \emph{Proof~General} user interface
-  \cite{proofgeneral,Aspinall:TACAS:2000} provides a decent front-end
-  for interactive theory and proof development in this advanced
-  theorem proving environment, even though it is somewhat biased
-  towards old-style proof scripts.
-
-  \medskip Apart from the technical advances over bare-bones ML
-  programming, the main purpose of the Isar language is to provide a
-  conceptually different view on machine-checked proofs
-  \cite{Wenzel:1999:TPHOL,Wenzel-PhD}.  \emph{Isar} stands for
-  \emph{Intelligible semi-automated reasoning}.  Drawing from both the
-  traditions of informal mathematical proof texts and high-level
-  programming languages, Isar offers a versatile environment for
-  structured formal proof documents.  Thus properly written Isar
-  proofs become accessible to a broader audience than unstructured
-  tactic scripts (which typically only provide operational information
-  for the machine).  Writing human-readable proof texts certainly
-  requires some additional efforts by the writer to achieve a good
-  presentation, both of formal and informal parts of the text.  On the
-  other hand, human-readable formal texts gain some value in their own
-  right, independently of the mechanic proof-checking process.
-
-  Despite its grand design of structured proof texts, Isar is able to
-  assimilate the old tactical style as an ``improper'' sub-language.
-  This provides an easy upgrade path for existing tactic scripts, as
-  well as some means for interactive experimentation and debugging of
-  structured proofs.  Isabelle/Isar supports a broad range of proof
-  styles, both readable and unreadable ones.
-
-  \medskip The generic Isabelle/Isar framework (see
-  \chref{ch:isar-framework}) works reasonably well for any Isabelle
-  object-logic that conforms to the natural deduction view of the
-  Isabelle/Pure framework.  Specific language elements introduced by
-  Isabelle/HOL are described in \chref{ch:hol}.  Although the main
-  language elements are already provided by the Isabelle/Pure
-  framework, examples given in the generic parts will usually refer to
-  Isabelle/HOL.
-
-  \medskip Isar commands may be either \emph{proper} document
-  constructors, or \emph{improper commands}.  Some proof methods and
-  attributes introduced later are classified as improper as well.
-  Improper Isar language elements, which are marked by ``@{text
-  "\<^sup>*"}'' in the subsequent chapters; they are often helpful
-  when developing proof documents, but their use is discouraged for
-  the final human-readable outcome.  Typical examples are diagnostic
-  commands that print terms or theorems according to the current
-  context; other commands emulate old-style tactical theorem proving.
-*}
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Proof.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Proof.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,1522 +0,0 @@
-theory Proof
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* Proofs \label{ch:proofs} *}
-
-text {*
-  Proof commands perform transitions of Isar/VM machine
-  configurations, which are block-structured, consisting of a stack of
-  nodes with three main components: logical proof context, current
-  facts, and open goals.  Isar/VM transitions are typed according to
-  the following three different modes of operation:
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{text "proof(prove)"} means that a new goal has just been
-  stated that is now to be \emph{proven}; the next command may refine
-  it by some proof method, and enter a sub-proof to establish the
-  actual result.
-
-  \item @{text "proof(state)"} is like a nested theory mode: the
-  context may be augmented by \emph{stating} additional assumptions,
-  intermediate results etc.
-
-  \item @{text "proof(chain)"} is intermediate between @{text
-  "proof(state)"} and @{text "proof(prove)"}: existing facts (i.e.\
-  the contents of the special ``@{fact_ref this}'' register) have been
-  just picked up in order to be used when refining the goal claimed
-  next.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  The proof mode indicator may be understood as an instruction to the
-  writer, telling what kind of operation may be performed next.  The
-  corresponding typings of proof commands restricts the shape of
-  well-formed proof texts to particular command sequences.  So dynamic
-  arrangements of commands eventually turn out as static texts of a
-  certain structure.
-
-  \Appref{ap:refcard} gives a simplified grammar of the (extensible)
-  language emerging that way from the different types of proof
-  commands.  The main ideas of the overall Isar framework are
-  explained in \chref{ch:isar-framework}.
-*}
-
-
-section {* Proof structure *}
-
-subsection {* Formal notepad *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "notepad"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command notepad} @'begin'
-    ;
-    @@{command end}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "notepad"}~@{keyword "begin"} opens a proof state
-  without any goal statement.  This allows to experiment with Isar,
-  without producing any persistent result.
-
-  The notepad can be closed by @{command "end"} or discontinued by
-  @{command "oops"}.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Blocks *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "next"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{command_def "{"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{command_def "}"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  While Isar is inherently block-structured, opening and closing
-  blocks is mostly handled rather casually, with little explicit
-  user-intervention.  Any local goal statement automatically opens
-  \emph{two} internal blocks, which are closed again when concluding
-  the sub-proof (by @{command "qed"} etc.).  Sections of different
-  context within a sub-proof may be switched via @{command "next"},
-  which is just a single block-close followed by block-open again.
-  The effect of @{command "next"} is to reset the local proof context;
-  there is no goal focus involved here!
-
-  For slightly more advanced applications, there are explicit block
-  parentheses as well.  These typically achieve a stronger forward
-  style of reasoning.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "next"} switches to a fresh block within a
-  sub-proof, resetting the local context to the initial one.
-
-  \item @{command "{"} and @{command "}"} explicitly open and close
-  blocks.  Any current facts pass through ``@{command "{"}''
-  unchanged, while ``@{command "}"}'' causes any result to be
-  \emph{exported} into the enclosing context.  Thus fixed variables
-  are generalized, assumptions discharged, and local definitions
-  unfolded (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}).  There is no difference
-  of @{command "assume"} and @{command "presume"} in this mode of
-  forward reasoning --- in contrast to plain backward reasoning with
-  the result exported at @{command "show"} time.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Omitting proofs *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "oops"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> local_theory | theory"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The @{command "oops"} command discontinues the current proof
-  attempt, while considering the partial proof text as properly
-  processed.  This is conceptually quite different from ``faking''
-  actual proofs via @{command_ref "sorry"} (see
-  \secref{sec:proof-steps}): @{command "oops"} does not observe the
-  proof structure at all, but goes back right to the theory level.
-  Furthermore, @{command "oops"} does not produce any result theorem
-  --- there is no intended claim to be able to complete the proof
-  in any way.
-
-  A typical application of @{command "oops"} is to explain Isar proofs
-  \emph{within} the system itself, in conjunction with the document
-  preparation tools of Isabelle described in \chref{ch:document-prep}.
-  Thus partial or even wrong proof attempts can be discussed in a
-  logically sound manner.  Note that the Isabelle {\LaTeX} macros can
-  be easily adapted to print something like ``@{text "\<dots>"}'' instead of
-  the keyword ``@{command "oops"}''.
-*}
-
-
-section {* Statements *}
-
-subsection {* Context elements \label{sec:proof-context} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "fix"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{command_def "assume"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{command_def "presume"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{command_def "def"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The logical proof context consists of fixed variables and
-  assumptions.  The former closely correspond to Skolem constants, or
-  meta-level universal quantification as provided by the Isabelle/Pure
-  logical framework.  Introducing some \emph{arbitrary, but fixed}
-  variable via ``@{command "fix"}~@{text x}'' results in a local value
-  that may be used in the subsequent proof as any other variable or
-  constant.  Furthermore, any result @{text "\<turnstile> \<phi>[x]"} exported from
-  the context will be universally closed wrt.\ @{text x} at the
-  outermost level: @{text "\<turnstile> \<And>x. \<phi>[x]"} (this is expressed in normal
-  form using Isabelle's meta-variables).
-
-  Similarly, introducing some assumption @{text \<chi>} has two effects.
-  On the one hand, a local theorem is created that may be used as a
-  fact in subsequent proof steps.  On the other hand, any result
-  @{text "\<chi> \<turnstile> \<phi>"} exported from the context becomes conditional wrt.\
-  the assumption: @{text "\<turnstile> \<chi> \<Longrightarrow> \<phi>"}.  Thus, solving an enclosing goal
-  using such a result would basically introduce a new subgoal stemming
-  from the assumption.  How this situation is handled depends on the
-  version of assumption command used: while @{command "assume"}
-  insists on solving the subgoal by unification with some premise of
-  the goal, @{command "presume"} leaves the subgoal unchanged in order
-  to be proved later by the user.
-
-  Local definitions, introduced by ``@{command "def"}~@{text "x \<equiv>
-  t"}'', are achieved by combining ``@{command "fix"}~@{text x}'' with
-  another version of assumption that causes any hypothetical equation
-  @{text "x \<equiv> t"} to be eliminated by the reflexivity rule.  Thus,
-  exporting some result @{text "x \<equiv> t \<turnstile> \<phi>[x]"} yields @{text "\<turnstile>
-  \<phi>[t]"}.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command fix} (@{syntax vars} + @'and')
-    ;
-    (@@{command assume} | @@{command presume}) (@{syntax props} + @'and')
-    ;
-    @@{command def} (def + @'and')
-    ;
-    def: @{syntax thmdecl}? \\ @{syntax name} ('==' | '\<equiv>') @{syntax term} @{syntax term_pat}?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{command "fix"}~@{text x} introduces a local variable @{text
-  x} that is \emph{arbitrary, but fixed.}
-  
-  \item @{command "assume"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} and @{command
-  "presume"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} introduce a local fact @{text "\<phi> \<turnstile> \<phi>"} by
-  assumption.  Subsequent results applied to an enclosing goal (e.g.\
-  by @{command_ref "show"}) are handled as follows: @{command
-  "assume"} expects to be able to unify with existing premises in the
-  goal, while @{command "presume"} leaves @{text \<phi>} as new subgoals.
-  
-  Several lists of assumptions may be given (separated by
-  @{keyword_ref "and"}; the resulting list of current facts consists
-  of all of these concatenated.
-  
-  \item @{command "def"}~@{text "x \<equiv> t"} introduces a local
-  (non-polymorphic) definition.  In results exported from the context,
-  @{text x} is replaced by @{text t}.  Basically, ``@{command
-  "def"}~@{text "x \<equiv> t"}'' abbreviates ``@{command "fix"}~@{text
-  x}~@{command "assume"}~@{text "x \<equiv> t"}'', with the resulting
-  hypothetical equation solved by reflexivity.
-  
-  The default name for the definitional equation is @{text x_def}.
-  Several simultaneous definitions may be given at the same time.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  The special name @{fact_ref prems} refers to all assumptions of the
-  current context as a list of theorems.  This feature should be used
-  with great care!  It is better avoided in final proof texts.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Term abbreviations \label{sec:term-abbrev} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "let"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{keyword_def "is"} & : & syntax \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Abbreviations may be either bound by explicit @{command
-  "let"}~@{text "p \<equiv> t"} statements, or by annotating assumptions or
-  goal statements with a list of patterns ``@{text "(\<IS> p\<^sub>1 \<dots>
-  p\<^sub>n)"}''.  In both cases, higher-order matching is invoked to
-  bind extra-logical term variables, which may be either named
-  schematic variables of the form @{text ?x}, or nameless dummies
-  ``@{variable _}'' (underscore). Note that in the @{command "let"}
-  form the patterns occur on the left-hand side, while the @{keyword
-  "is"} patterns are in postfix position.
-
-  Polymorphism of term bindings is handled in Hindley-Milner style,
-  similar to ML.  Type variables referring to local assumptions or
-  open goal statements are \emph{fixed}, while those of finished
-  results or bound by @{command "let"} may occur in \emph{arbitrary}
-  instances later.  Even though actual polymorphism should be rarely
-  used in practice, this mechanism is essential to achieve proper
-  incremental type-inference, as the user proceeds to build up the
-  Isar proof text from left to right.
-
-  \medskip Term abbreviations are quite different from local
-  definitions as introduced via @{command "def"} (see
-  \secref{sec:proof-context}).  The latter are visible within the
-  logic as actual equations, while abbreviations disappear during the
-  input process just after type checking.  Also note that @{command
-  "def"} does not support polymorphism.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command let} ((@{syntax term} + @'and') '=' @{syntax term} + @'and')
-  "}
-
-  The syntax of @{keyword "is"} patterns follows @{syntax term_pat} or
-  @{syntax prop_pat} (see \secref{sec:term-decls}).
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "let"}~@{text "p\<^sub>1 = t\<^sub>1 \<AND> \<dots> p\<^sub>n = t\<^sub>n"} binds any
-  text variables in patterns @{text "p\<^sub>1, \<dots>, p\<^sub>n"} by simultaneous
-  higher-order matching against terms @{text "t\<^sub>1, \<dots>, t\<^sub>n"}.
-
-  \item @{text "(\<IS> p\<^sub>1 \<dots> p\<^sub>n)"} resembles @{command "let"}, but
-  matches @{text "p\<^sub>1, \<dots>, p\<^sub>n"} against the preceding statement.  Also
-  note that @{keyword "is"} is not a separate command, but part of
-  others (such as @{command "assume"}, @{command "have"} etc.).
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Some \emph{implicit} term abbreviations\index{term abbreviations}
-  for goals and facts are available as well.  For any open goal,
-  @{variable_ref thesis} refers to its object-level statement,
-  abstracted over any meta-level parameters (if present).  Likewise,
-  @{variable_ref this} is bound for fact statements resulting from
-  assumptions or finished goals.  In case @{variable this} refers to
-  an object-logic statement that is an application @{text "f t"}, then
-  @{text t} is bound to the special text variable ``@{variable "\<dots>"}''
-  (three dots).  The canonical application of this convenience are
-  calculational proofs (see \secref{sec:calculation}).
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Facts and forward chaining \label{sec:proof-facts} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "note"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{command_def "then"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(chain)"} \\
-    @{command_def "from"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(chain)"} \\
-    @{command_def "with"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(chain)"} \\
-    @{command_def "using"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "unfolding"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  New facts are established either by assumption or proof of local
-  statements.  Any fact will usually be involved in further proofs,
-  either as explicit arguments of proof methods, or when forward
-  chaining towards the next goal via @{command "then"} (and variants);
-  @{command "from"} and @{command "with"} are composite forms
-  involving @{command "note"}.  The @{command "using"} elements
-  augments the collection of used facts \emph{after} a goal has been
-  stated.  Note that the special theorem name @{fact_ref this} refers
-  to the most recently established facts, but only \emph{before}
-  issuing a follow-up claim.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command note} (@{syntax thmdef}? @{syntax thmrefs} + @'and')
-    ;
-    (@@{command from} | @@{command with} | @@{command using} | @@{command unfolding})
-      (@{syntax thmrefs} + @'and')
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "note"}~@{text "a = b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} recalls existing facts
-  @{text "b\<^sub>1, \<dots>, b\<^sub>n"}, binding the result as @{text a}.  Note that
-  attributes may be involved as well, both on the left and right hand
-  sides.
-
-  \item @{command "then"} indicates forward chaining by the current
-  facts in order to establish the goal to be claimed next.  The
-  initial proof method invoked to refine that will be offered the
-  facts to do ``anything appropriate'' (see also
-  \secref{sec:proof-steps}).  For example, method @{method (Pure) rule}
-  (see \secref{sec:pure-meth-att}) would typically do an elimination
-  rather than an introduction.  Automatic methods usually insert the
-  facts into the goal state before operation.  This provides a simple
-  scheme to control relevance of facts in automated proof search.
-  
-  \item @{command "from"}~@{text b} abbreviates ``@{command
-  "note"}~@{text b}~@{command "then"}''; thus @{command "then"} is
-  equivalent to ``@{command "from"}~@{text this}''.
-  
-  \item @{command "with"}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} abbreviates ``@{command
-  "from"}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n \<AND> this"}''; thus the forward chaining
-  is from earlier facts together with the current ones.
-  
-  \item @{command "using"}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} augments the facts being
-  currently indicated for use by a subsequent refinement step (such as
-  @{command_ref "apply"} or @{command_ref "proof"}).
-  
-  \item @{command "unfolding"}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} is structurally
-  similar to @{command "using"}, but unfolds definitional equations
-  @{text "b\<^sub>1, \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} throughout the goal state and facts.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Forward chaining with an empty list of theorems is the same as not
-  chaining at all.  Thus ``@{command "from"}~@{text nothing}'' has no
-  effect apart from entering @{text "prove(chain)"} mode, since
-  @{fact_ref nothing} is bound to the empty list of theorems.
-
-  Basic proof methods (such as @{method_ref (Pure) rule}) expect multiple
-  facts to be given in their proper order, corresponding to a prefix
-  of the premises of the rule involved.  Note that positions may be
-  easily skipped using something like @{command "from"}~@{text "_
-  \<AND> a \<AND> b"}, for example.  This involves the trivial rule
-  @{text "PROP \<psi> \<Longrightarrow> PROP \<psi>"}, which is bound in Isabelle/Pure as
-  ``@{fact_ref "_"}'' (underscore).
-
-  Automated methods (such as @{method simp} or @{method auto}) just
-  insert any given facts before their usual operation.  Depending on
-  the kind of procedure involved, the order of facts is less
-  significant here.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Goals \label{sec:goals} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "lemma"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "theorem"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "corollary"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "schematic_lemma"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "schematic_theorem"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "schematic_corollary"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "have"} & : & @{text "proof(state) | proof(chain) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "show"} & : & @{text "proof(state) | proof(chain) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "hence"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "thus"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_statement"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  From a theory context, proof mode is entered by an initial goal
-  command such as @{command "lemma"}, @{command "theorem"}, or
-  @{command "corollary"}.  Within a proof, new claims may be
-  introduced locally as well; four variants are available here to
-  indicate whether forward chaining of facts should be performed
-  initially (via @{command_ref "then"}), and whether the final result
-  is meant to solve some pending goal.
-
-  Goals may consist of multiple statements, resulting in a list of
-  facts eventually.  A pending multi-goal is internally represented as
-  a meta-level conjunction (@{text "&&&"}), which is usually
-  split into the corresponding number of sub-goals prior to an initial
-  method application, via @{command_ref "proof"}
-  (\secref{sec:proof-steps}) or @{command_ref "apply"}
-  (\secref{sec:tactic-commands}).  The @{method_ref induct} method
-  covered in \secref{sec:cases-induct} acts on multiple claims
-  simultaneously.
-
-  Claims at the theory level may be either in short or long form.  A
-  short goal merely consists of several simultaneous propositions
-  (often just one).  A long goal includes an explicit context
-  specification for the subsequent conclusion, involving local
-  parameters and assumptions.  Here the role of each part of the
-  statement is explicitly marked by separate keywords (see also
-  \secref{sec:locale}); the local assumptions being introduced here
-  are available as @{fact_ref assms} in the proof.  Moreover, there
-  are two kinds of conclusions: @{element_def "shows"} states several
-  simultaneous propositions (essentially a big conjunction), while
-  @{element_def "obtains"} claims several simultaneous simultaneous
-  contexts of (essentially a big disjunction of eliminated parameters
-  and assumptions, cf.\ \secref{sec:obtain}).
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{command lemma} | @@{command theorem} | @@{command corollary} |
-     @@{command schematic_lemma} | @@{command schematic_theorem} |
-     @@{command schematic_corollary}) @{syntax target}? (goal | longgoal)
-    ;
-    (@@{command have} | @@{command show} | @@{command hence} | @@{command thus}) goal
-    ;
-    @@{command print_statement} @{syntax modes}? @{syntax thmrefs}
-    ;
-  
-    goal: (@{syntax props} + @'and')
-    ;
-    longgoal: @{syntax thmdecl}? (@{syntax_ref \"includes\"}?) (@{syntax context_elem} * ) conclusion
-    ;
-    conclusion: @'shows' goal | @'obtains' (@{syntax parname}? case + '|')
-    ;
-    case: (@{syntax vars} + @'and') @'where' (@{syntax props} + @'and')
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{command "lemma"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} enters proof mode with
-  @{text \<phi>} as main goal, eventually resulting in some fact @{text "\<turnstile>
-  \<phi>"} to be put back into the target context.  An additional @{syntax
-  context} specification may build up an initial proof context for the
-  subsequent claim; this includes local definitions and syntax as
-  well, see also @{syntax "includes"} in \secref{sec:bundle} and
-  @{syntax context_elem} in \secref{sec:locale}.
-  
-  \item @{command "theorem"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} and @{command
-  "corollary"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} are essentially the same as @{command
-  "lemma"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"}, but the facts are internally marked as
-  being of a different kind.  This discrimination acts like a formal
-  comment.
-
-  \item @{command "schematic_lemma"}, @{command "schematic_theorem"},
-  @{command "schematic_corollary"} are similar to @{command "lemma"},
-  @{command "theorem"}, @{command "corollary"}, respectively but allow
-  the statement to contain unbound schematic variables.
-
-  Under normal circumstances, an Isar proof text needs to specify
-  claims explicitly.  Schematic goals are more like goals in Prolog,
-  where certain results are synthesized in the course of reasoning.
-  With schematic statements, the inherent compositionality of Isar
-  proofs is lost, which also impacts performance, because proof
-  checking is forced into sequential mode.
-  
-  \item @{command "have"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} claims a local goal,
-  eventually resulting in a fact within the current logical context.
-  This operation is completely independent of any pending sub-goals of
-  an enclosing goal statements, so @{command "have"} may be freely
-  used for experimental exploration of potential results within a
-  proof body.
-  
-  \item @{command "show"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} is like @{command
-  "have"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} plus a second stage to refine some pending
-  sub-goal for each one of the finished result, after having been
-  exported into the corresponding context (at the head of the
-  sub-proof of this @{command "show"} command).
-  
-  To accommodate interactive debugging, resulting rules are printed
-  before being applied internally.  Even more, interactive execution
-  of @{command "show"} predicts potential failure and displays the
-  resulting error as a warning beforehand.  Watch out for the
-  following message:
-
-  %FIXME proper antiquitation
-  \begin{ttbox}
-  Problem! Local statement will fail to solve any pending goal
-  \end{ttbox}
-  
-  \item @{command "hence"} abbreviates ``@{command "then"}~@{command
-  "have"}'', i.e.\ claims a local goal to be proven by forward
-  chaining the current facts.  Note that @{command "hence"} is also
-  equivalent to ``@{command "from"}~@{text this}~@{command "have"}''.
-  
-  \item @{command "thus"} abbreviates ``@{command "then"}~@{command
-  "show"}''.  Note that @{command "thus"} is also equivalent to
-  ``@{command "from"}~@{text this}~@{command "show"}''.
-  
-  \item @{command "print_statement"}~@{text a} prints facts from the
-  current theory or proof context in long statement form, according to
-  the syntax for @{command "lemma"} given above.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Any goal statement causes some term abbreviations (such as
-  @{variable_ref "?thesis"}) to be bound automatically, see also
-  \secref{sec:term-abbrev}.
-
-  The optional case names of @{element_ref "obtains"} have a twofold
-  meaning: (1) during the of this claim they refer to the the local
-  context introductions, (2) the resulting rule is annotated
-  accordingly to support symbolic case splits when used with the
-  @{method_ref cases} method (cf.\ \secref{sec:cases-induct}).
-*}
-
-
-section {* Refinement steps *}
-
-subsection {* Proof method expressions \label{sec:proof-meth} *}
-
-text {* Proof methods are either basic ones, or expressions composed
-  of methods via ``@{verbatim ","}'' (sequential composition),
-  ``@{verbatim "|"}'' (alternative choices), ``@{verbatim "?"}''
-  (try), ``@{verbatim "+"}'' (repeat at least once), ``@{verbatim
-  "["}@{text n}@{verbatim "]"}'' (restriction to first @{text n}
-  sub-goals, with default @{text "n = 1"}).  In practice, proof
-  methods are usually just a comma separated list of @{syntax
-  nameref}~@{syntax args} specifications.  Note that parentheses may
-  be dropped for single method specifications (with no arguments).
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def method}:
-      (@{syntax nameref} | '(' methods ')') (() | '?' | '+' | '[' @{syntax nat}? ']')
-    ;
-    methods: (@{syntax nameref} @{syntax args} | @{syntax method}) + (',' | '|')
-  "}
-
-  Proper Isar proof methods do \emph{not} admit arbitrary goal
-  addressing, but refer either to the first sub-goal or all sub-goals
-  uniformly.  The goal restriction operator ``@{text "[n]"}''
-  evaluates a method expression within a sandbox consisting of the
-  first @{text n} sub-goals (which need to exist).  For example, the
-  method ``@{text "simp_all[3]"}'' simplifies the first three
-  sub-goals, while ``@{text "(rule foo, simp_all)[]"}'' simplifies all
-  new goals that emerge from applying rule @{text "foo"} to the
-  originally first one.
-
-  Improper methods, notably tactic emulations, offer a separate
-  low-level goal addressing scheme as explicit argument to the
-  individual tactic being involved.  Here ``@{text "[!]"}'' refers to
-  all goals, and ``@{text "[n-]"}'' to all goals starting from @{text
-  "n"}.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def goal_spec}:
-      '[' (@{syntax nat} '-' @{syntax nat} | @{syntax nat} '-' | @{syntax nat} | '!' ) ']'
-  "}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Initial and terminal proof steps \label{sec:proof-steps} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "proof"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{command_def "qed"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state) | local_theory | theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "by"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(state) | local_theory | theory"} \\
-    @{command_def ".."} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(state) | local_theory | theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "."} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(state) | local_theory | theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "sorry"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(state) | local_theory | theory"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Arbitrary goal refinement via tactics is considered harmful.
-  Structured proof composition in Isar admits proof methods to be
-  invoked in two places only.
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item An \emph{initial} refinement step @{command_ref
-  "proof"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"} reduces a newly stated goal to a number
-  of sub-goals that are to be solved later.  Facts are passed to
-  @{text "m\<^sub>1"} for forward chaining, if so indicated by @{text
-  "proof(chain)"} mode.
-  
-  \item A \emph{terminal} conclusion step @{command_ref "qed"}~@{text
-  "m\<^sub>2"} is intended to solve remaining goals.  No facts are
-  passed to @{text "m\<^sub>2"}.
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  The only other (proper) way to affect pending goals in a proof body
-  is by @{command_ref "show"}, which involves an explicit statement of
-  what is to be solved eventually.  Thus we avoid the fundamental
-  problem of unstructured tactic scripts that consist of numerous
-  consecutive goal transformations, with invisible effects.
-
-  \medskip As a general rule of thumb for good proof style, initial
-  proof methods should either solve the goal completely, or constitute
-  some well-understood reduction to new sub-goals.  Arbitrary
-  automatic proof tools that are prone leave a large number of badly
-  structured sub-goals are no help in continuing the proof document in
-  an intelligible manner.
-
-  Unless given explicitly by the user, the default initial method is
-  @{method_ref (Pure) rule} (or its classical variant @{method_ref
-  rule}), which applies a single standard elimination or introduction
-  rule according to the topmost symbol involved.  There is no separate
-  default terminal method.  Any remaining goals are always solved by
-  assumption in the very last step.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command proof} method?
-    ;
-    @@{command qed} method?
-    ;
-    @@{command \"by\"} method method?
-    ;
-    (@@{command \".\"} | @@{command \"..\"} | @@{command sorry})
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{command "proof"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"} refines the goal by proof
-  method @{text "m\<^sub>1"}; facts for forward chaining are passed if so
-  indicated by @{text "proof(chain)"} mode.
-  
-  \item @{command "qed"}~@{text "m\<^sub>2"} refines any remaining goals by
-  proof method @{text "m\<^sub>2"} and concludes the sub-proof by assumption.
-  If the goal had been @{text "show"} (or @{text "thus"}), some
-  pending sub-goal is solved as well by the rule resulting from the
-  result \emph{exported} into the enclosing goal context.  Thus @{text
-  "qed"} may fail for two reasons: either @{text "m\<^sub>2"} fails, or the
-  resulting rule does not fit to any pending goal\footnote{This
-  includes any additional ``strong'' assumptions as introduced by
-  @{command "assume"}.} of the enclosing context.  Debugging such a
-  situation might involve temporarily changing @{command "show"} into
-  @{command "have"}, or weakening the local context by replacing
-  occurrences of @{command "assume"} by @{command "presume"}.
-  
-  \item @{command "by"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1 m\<^sub>2"} is a \emph{terminal
-  proof}\index{proof!terminal}; it abbreviates @{command
-  "proof"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"}~@{command "qed"}~@{text "m\<^sub>2"}, but with
-  backtracking across both methods.  Debugging an unsuccessful
-  @{command "by"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1 m\<^sub>2"} command can be done by expanding its
-  definition; in many cases @{command "proof"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"} (or even
-  @{text "apply"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"}) is already sufficient to see the
-  problem.
-
-  \item ``@{command ".."}'' is a \emph{default
-  proof}\index{proof!default}; it abbreviates @{command "by"}~@{text
-  "rule"}.
-
-  \item ``@{command "."}'' is a \emph{trivial
-  proof}\index{proof!trivial}; it abbreviates @{command "by"}~@{text
-  "this"}.
-  
-  \item @{command "sorry"} is a \emph{fake proof}\index{proof!fake}
-  pretending to solve the pending claim without further ado.  This
-  only works in interactive development, or if the @{ML
-  quick_and_dirty} flag is enabled (in ML).  Facts emerging from fake
-  proofs are not the real thing.  Internally, each theorem container
-  is tainted by an oracle invocation, which is indicated as ``@{text
-  "[!]"}'' in the printed result.
-  
-  The most important application of @{command "sorry"} is to support
-  experimentation and top-down proof development.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Fundamental methods and attributes \label{sec:pure-meth-att} *}
-
-text {*
-  The following proof methods and attributes refer to basic logical
-  operations of Isar.  Further methods and attributes are provided by
-  several generic and object-logic specific tools and packages (see
-  \chref{ch:gen-tools} and \chref{ch:hol}).
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def "-"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def "fact"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def "assumption"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def "this"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def (Pure) "rule"} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{attribute_def (Pure) "intro"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (Pure) "elim"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (Pure) "dest"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def (Pure) "rule"} & : & @{text attribute} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{attribute_def "OF"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def "of"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def "where"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{method fact} @{syntax thmrefs}?
-    ;
-    @@{method (Pure) rule} @{syntax thmrefs}?
-    ;
-    rulemod: ('intro' | 'elim' | 'dest')
-      ((('!' | () | '?') @{syntax nat}?) | 'del') ':' @{syntax thmrefs}
-    ;
-    (@@{attribute intro} | @@{attribute elim} | @@{attribute dest})
-      ('!' | () | '?') @{syntax nat}?
-    ;
-    @@{attribute (Pure) rule} 'del'
-    ;
-    @@{attribute OF} @{syntax thmrefs}
-    ;
-    @@{attribute of} @{syntax insts} ('concl' ':' @{syntax insts})?
-    ;
-    @@{attribute \"where\"}
-      ((@{syntax name} | @{syntax var} | @{syntax typefree} | @{syntax typevar}) '='
-      (@{syntax type} | @{syntax term}) * @'and')
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item ``@{method "-"}'' (minus) does nothing but insert the forward
-  chaining facts as premises into the goal.  Note that command
-  @{command_ref "proof"} without any method actually performs a single
-  reduction step using the @{method_ref (Pure) rule} method; thus a plain
-  \emph{do-nothing} proof step would be ``@{command "proof"}~@{text
-  "-"}'' rather than @{command "proof"} alone.
-  
-  \item @{method "fact"}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} composes some fact from
-  @{text "a\<^sub>1, \<dots>, a\<^sub>n"} (or implicitly from the current proof context)
-  modulo unification of schematic type and term variables.  The rule
-  structure is not taken into account, i.e.\ meta-level implication is
-  considered atomic.  This is the same principle underlying literal
-  facts (cf.\ \secref{sec:syn-att}): ``@{command "have"}~@{text
-  "\<phi>"}~@{command "by"}~@{text fact}'' is equivalent to ``@{command
-  "note"}~@{verbatim "`"}@{text \<phi>}@{verbatim "`"}'' provided that
-  @{text "\<turnstile> \<phi>"} is an instance of some known @{text "\<turnstile> \<phi>"} in the
-  proof context.
-  
-  \item @{method assumption} solves some goal by a single assumption
-  step.  All given facts are guaranteed to participate in the
-  refinement; this means there may be only 0 or 1 in the first place.
-  Recall that @{command "qed"} (\secref{sec:proof-steps}) already
-  concludes any remaining sub-goals by assumption, so structured
-  proofs usually need not quote the @{method assumption} method at
-  all.
-  
-  \item @{method this} applies all of the current facts directly as
-  rules.  Recall that ``@{command "."}'' (dot) abbreviates ``@{command
-  "by"}~@{text this}''.
-  
-  \item @{method (Pure) rule}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} applies some rule given as
-  argument in backward manner; facts are used to reduce the rule
-  before applying it to the goal.  Thus @{method (Pure) rule} without facts
-  is plain introduction, while with facts it becomes elimination.
-  
-  When no arguments are given, the @{method (Pure) rule} method tries to pick
-  appropriate rules automatically, as declared in the current context
-  using the @{attribute (Pure) intro}, @{attribute (Pure) elim},
-  @{attribute (Pure) dest} attributes (see below).  This is the
-  default behavior of @{command "proof"} and ``@{command ".."}'' 
-  (double-dot) steps (see \secref{sec:proof-steps}).
-  
-  \item @{attribute (Pure) intro}, @{attribute (Pure) elim}, and
-  @{attribute (Pure) dest} declare introduction, elimination, and
-  destruct rules, to be used with method @{method (Pure) rule}, and similar
-  tools.  Note that the latter will ignore rules declared with
-  ``@{text "?"}'', while ``@{text "!"}''  are used most aggressively.
-  
-  The classical reasoner (see \secref{sec:classical}) introduces its
-  own variants of these attributes; use qualified names to access the
-  present versions of Isabelle/Pure, i.e.\ @{attribute (Pure)
-  "Pure.intro"}.
-  
-  \item @{attribute (Pure) rule}~@{text del} undeclares introduction,
-  elimination, or destruct rules.
-  
-  \item @{attribute OF}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} applies some theorem to all
-  of the given rules @{text "a\<^sub>1, \<dots>, a\<^sub>n"} in canonical right-to-left
-  order, which means that premises stemming from the @{text "a\<^sub>i"}
-  emerge in parallel in the result, without interfering with each
-  other.  In many practical situations, the @{text "a\<^sub>i"} do not have
-  premises themselves, so @{text "rule [OF a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n]"} can be actually
-  read as functional application (modulo unification).
-
-  Argument positions may be effectively skipped by using ``@{text _}''
-  (underscore), which refers to the propositional identity rule in the
-  Pure theory.
-  
-  \item @{attribute of}~@{text "t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>n"} performs positional
-  instantiation of term variables.  The terms @{text "t\<^sub>1, \<dots>, t\<^sub>n"} are
-  substituted for any schematic variables occurring in a theorem from
-  left to right; ``@{text _}'' (underscore) indicates to skip a
-  position.  Arguments following a ``@{text "concl:"}'' specification
-  refer to positions of the conclusion of a rule.
-  
-  \item @{attribute "where"}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 = t\<^sub>1 \<AND> \<dots> x\<^sub>n = t\<^sub>n"}
-  performs named instantiation of schematic type and term variables
-  occurring in a theorem.  Schematic variables have to be specified on
-  the left-hand side (e.g.\ @{text "?x1.3"}).  The question mark may
-  be omitted if the variable name is a plain identifier without index.
-  As type instantiations are inferred from term instantiations,
-  explicit type instantiations are seldom necessary.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Emulating tactic scripts \label{sec:tactic-commands} *}
-
-text {*
-  The Isar provides separate commands to accommodate tactic-style
-  proof scripts within the same system.  While being outside the
-  orthodox Isar proof language, these might come in handy for
-  interactive exploration and debugging, or even actual tactical proof
-  within new-style theories (to benefit from document preparation, for
-  example).  See also \secref{sec:tactics} for actual tactics, that
-  have been encapsulated as proof methods.  Proper proof methods may
-  be used in scripts, too.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "apply"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "apply_end"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{command_def "done"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(state) | local_theory | theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "defer"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
-    @{command_def "prefer"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
-    @{command_def "back"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    ( @@{command apply} | @@{command apply_end} ) @{syntax method}
-    ;
-    @@{command defer} @{syntax nat}?
-    ;
-    @@{command prefer} @{syntax nat}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "apply"}~@{text m} applies proof method @{text m} in
-  initial position, but unlike @{command "proof"} it retains ``@{text
-  "proof(prove)"}'' mode.  Thus consecutive method applications may be
-  given just as in tactic scripts.
-  
-  Facts are passed to @{text m} as indicated by the goal's
-  forward-chain mode, and are \emph{consumed} afterwards.  Thus any
-  further @{command "apply"} command would always work in a purely
-  backward manner.
-  
-  \item @{command "apply_end"}~@{text "m"} applies proof method @{text
-  m} as if in terminal position.  Basically, this simulates a
-  multi-step tactic script for @{command "qed"}, but may be given
-  anywhere within the proof body.
-  
-  No facts are passed to @{text m} here.  Furthermore, the static
-  context is that of the enclosing goal (as for actual @{command
-  "qed"}).  Thus the proof method may not refer to any assumptions
-  introduced in the current body, for example.
-  
-  \item @{command "done"} completes a proof script, provided that the
-  current goal state is solved completely.  Note that actual
-  structured proof commands (e.g.\ ``@{command "."}'' or @{command
-  "sorry"}) may be used to conclude proof scripts as well.
-
-  \item @{command "defer"}~@{text n} and @{command "prefer"}~@{text n}
-  shuffle the list of pending goals: @{command "defer"} puts off
-  sub-goal @{text n} to the end of the list (@{text "n = 1"} by
-  default), while @{command "prefer"} brings sub-goal @{text n} to the
-  front.
-  
-  \item @{command "back"} does back-tracking over the result sequence
-  of the latest proof command.  Basically, any proof command may
-  return multiple results.
-  
-  \end{description}
-
-  Any proper Isar proof method may be used with tactic script commands
-  such as @{command "apply"}.  A few additional emulations of actual
-  tactics are provided as well; these would be never used in actual
-  structured proofs, of course.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Defining proof methods *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "method_setup"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command method_setup} @{syntax name} '=' @{syntax text} @{syntax text}?
-    ;
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "method_setup"}~@{text "name = text description"}
-  defines a proof method in the current theory.  The given @{text
-  "text"} has to be an ML expression of type
-  @{ML_type "(Proof.context -> Proof.method) context_parser"}, cf.\
-  basic parsers defined in structure @{ML_struct Args} and @{ML_struct
-  Attrib}.  There are also combinators like @{ML METHOD} and @{ML
-  SIMPLE_METHOD} to turn certain tactic forms into official proof
-  methods; the primed versions refer to tactics with explicit goal
-  addressing.
-
-  Here are some example method definitions:
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-  method_setup my_method1 = {*
-    Scan.succeed (K (SIMPLE_METHOD' (fn i: int => no_tac)))
-  *}  "my first method (without any arguments)"
-
-  method_setup my_method2 = {*
-    Scan.succeed (fn ctxt: Proof.context =>
-      SIMPLE_METHOD' (fn i: int => no_tac))
-  *}  "my second method (with context)"
-
-  method_setup my_method3 = {*
-    Attrib.thms >> (fn thms: thm list => fn ctxt: Proof.context =>
-      SIMPLE_METHOD' (fn i: int => no_tac))
-  *}  "my third method (with theorem arguments and context)"
-
-
-section {* Generalized elimination \label{sec:obtain} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "obtain"} & : & @{text "proof(state) | proof(chain) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "guess"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "proof(state) | proof(chain) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Generalized elimination means that additional elements with certain
-  properties may be introduced in the current context, by virtue of a
-  locally proven ``soundness statement''.  Technically speaking, the
-  @{command "obtain"} language element is like a declaration of
-  @{command "fix"} and @{command "assume"} (see also see
-  \secref{sec:proof-context}), together with a soundness proof of its
-  additional claim.  According to the nature of existential reasoning,
-  assumptions get eliminated from any result exported from the context
-  later, provided that the corresponding parameters do \emph{not}
-  occur in the conclusion.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command obtain} @{syntax parname}? (@{syntax vars} + @'and')
-      @'where' (@{syntax props} + @'and')
-    ;
-    @@{command guess} (@{syntax vars} + @'and')
-  "}
-
-  The derived Isar command @{command "obtain"} is defined as follows
-  (where @{text "b\<^sub>1, \<dots>, b\<^sub>k"} shall refer to (optional)
-  facts indicated for forward chaining).
-  \begin{matharray}{l}
-    @{text "\<langle>using b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>k\<rangle>"}~~@{command "obtain"}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m \<WHERE> a: \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n  \<langle>proof\<rangle> \<equiv>"} \\[1ex]
-    \quad @{command "have"}~@{text "\<And>thesis. (\<And>x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m. \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> thesis) \<Longrightarrow> thesis"} \\
-    \quad @{command "proof"}~@{method succeed} \\
-    \qquad @{command "fix"}~@{text thesis} \\
-    \qquad @{command "assume"}~@{text "that [Pure.intro?]: \<And>x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m. \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> thesis"} \\
-    \qquad @{command "then"}~@{command "show"}~@{text thesis} \\
-    \quad\qquad @{command "apply"}~@{text -} \\
-    \quad\qquad @{command "using"}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>k  \<langle>proof\<rangle>"} \\
-    \quad @{command "qed"} \\
-    \quad @{command "fix"}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m"}~@{command "assume"}@{text "\<^sup>* a: \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Typically, the soundness proof is relatively straight-forward, often
-  just by canonical automated tools such as ``@{command "by"}~@{text
-  simp}'' or ``@{command "by"}~@{text blast}''.  Accordingly, the
-  ``@{text that}'' reduction above is declared as simplification and
-  introduction rule.
-
-  In a sense, @{command "obtain"} represents at the level of Isar
-  proofs what would be meta-logical existential quantifiers and
-  conjunctions.  This concept has a broad range of useful
-  applications, ranging from plain elimination (or introduction) of
-  object-level existential and conjunctions, to elimination over
-  results of symbolic evaluation of recursive definitions, for
-  example.  Also note that @{command "obtain"} without parameters acts
-  much like @{command "have"}, where the result is treated as a
-  genuine assumption.
-
-  An alternative name to be used instead of ``@{text that}'' above may
-  be given in parentheses.
-
-  \medskip The improper variant @{command "guess"} is similar to
-  @{command "obtain"}, but derives the obtained statement from the
-  course of reasoning!  The proof starts with a fixed goal @{text
-  thesis}.  The subsequent proof may refine this to anything of the
-  form like @{text "\<And>x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m. \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots>
-  \<phi>\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> thesis"}, but must not introduce new subgoals.  The
-  final goal state is then used as reduction rule for the obtain
-  scheme described above.  Obtained parameters @{text "x\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
-  x\<^sub>m"} are marked as internal by default, which prevents the
-  proof context from being polluted by ad-hoc variables.  The variable
-  names and type constraints given as arguments for @{command "guess"}
-  specify a prefix of obtained parameters explicitly in the text.
-
-  It is important to note that the facts introduced by @{command
-  "obtain"} and @{command "guess"} may not be polymorphic: any
-  type-variables occurring here are fixed in the present context!
-*}
-
-
-section {* Calculational reasoning \label{sec:calculation} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "also"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{command_def "finally"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(chain)"} \\
-    @{command_def "moreover"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{command_def "ultimately"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(chain)"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_trans_rules"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{attribute trans} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute sym} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute symmetric} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Calculational proof is forward reasoning with implicit application
-  of transitivity rules (such those of @{text "="}, @{text "\<le>"},
-  @{text "<"}).  Isabelle/Isar maintains an auxiliary fact register
-  @{fact_ref calculation} for accumulating results obtained by
-  transitivity composed with the current result.  Command @{command
-  "also"} updates @{fact calculation} involving @{fact this}, while
-  @{command "finally"} exhibits the final @{fact calculation} by
-  forward chaining towards the next goal statement.  Both commands
-  require valid current facts, i.e.\ may occur only after commands
-  that produce theorems such as @{command "assume"}, @{command
-  "note"}, or some finished proof of @{command "have"}, @{command
-  "show"} etc.  The @{command "moreover"} and @{command "ultimately"}
-  commands are similar to @{command "also"} and @{command "finally"},
-  but only collect further results in @{fact calculation} without
-  applying any rules yet.
-
-  Also note that the implicit term abbreviation ``@{text "\<dots>"}'' has
-  its canonical application with calculational proofs.  It refers to
-  the argument of the preceding statement. (The argument of a curried
-  infix expression happens to be its right-hand side.)
-
-  Isabelle/Isar calculations are implicitly subject to block structure
-  in the sense that new threads of calculational reasoning are
-  commenced for any new block (as opened by a local goal, for
-  example).  This means that, apart from being able to nest
-  calculations, there is no separate \emph{begin-calculation} command
-  required.
-
-  \medskip The Isar calculation proof commands may be defined as
-  follows:\footnote{We suppress internal bookkeeping such as proper
-  handling of block-structure.}
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command "also"}@{text "\<^sub>0"} & \equiv & @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = this"} \\
-    @{command "also"}@{text "\<^sub>n+1"} & \equiv & @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = trans [OF calculation this]"} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{command "finally"} & \equiv & @{command "also"}~@{command "from"}~@{text calculation} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{command "moreover"} & \equiv & @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = calculation this"} \\
-    @{command "ultimately"} & \equiv & @{command "moreover"}~@{command "from"}~@{text calculation} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{command also} | @@{command finally}) ('(' @{syntax thmrefs} ')')?
-    ;
-    @@{attribute trans} (() | 'add' | 'del')
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "also"}~@{text "(a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n)"} maintains the auxiliary
-  @{fact calculation} register as follows.  The first occurrence of
-  @{command "also"} in some calculational thread initializes @{fact
-  calculation} by @{fact this}. Any subsequent @{command "also"} on
-  the same level of block-structure updates @{fact calculation} by
-  some transitivity rule applied to @{fact calculation} and @{fact
-  this} (in that order).  Transitivity rules are picked from the
-  current context, unless alternative rules are given as explicit
-  arguments.
-
-  \item @{command "finally"}~@{text "(a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n)"} maintaining @{fact
-  calculation} in the same way as @{command "also"}, and concludes the
-  current calculational thread.  The final result is exhibited as fact
-  for forward chaining towards the next goal. Basically, @{command
-  "finally"} just abbreviates @{command "also"}~@{command
-  "from"}~@{fact calculation}.  Typical idioms for concluding
-  calculational proofs are ``@{command "finally"}~@{command
-  "show"}~@{text ?thesis}~@{command "."}'' and ``@{command
-  "finally"}~@{command "have"}~@{text \<phi>}~@{command "."}''.
-
-  \item @{command "moreover"} and @{command "ultimately"} are
-  analogous to @{command "also"} and @{command "finally"}, but collect
-  results only, without applying rules.
-
-  \item @{command "print_trans_rules"} prints the list of transitivity
-  rules (for calculational commands @{command "also"} and @{command
-  "finally"}) and symmetry rules (for the @{attribute symmetric}
-  operation and single step elimination patters) of the current
-  context.
-
-  \item @{attribute trans} declares theorems as transitivity rules.
-
-  \item @{attribute sym} declares symmetry rules, as well as
-  @{attribute "Pure.elim"}@{text "?"} rules.
-
-  \item @{attribute symmetric} resolves a theorem with some rule
-  declared as @{attribute sym} in the current context.  For example,
-  ``@{command "assume"}~@{text "[symmetric]: x = y"}'' produces a
-  swapped fact derived from that assumption.
-
-  In structured proof texts it is often more appropriate to use an
-  explicit single-step elimination proof, such as ``@{command
-  "assume"}~@{text "x = y"}~@{command "then"}~@{command "have"}~@{text
-  "y = x"}~@{command ".."}''.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Proof by cases and induction \label{sec:cases-induct} *}
-
-subsection {* Rule contexts *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "case"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_cases"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{attribute_def case_names} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def case_conclusion} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def params} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def consumes} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The puristic way to build up Isar proof contexts is by explicit
-  language elements like @{command "fix"}, @{command "assume"},
-  @{command "let"} (see \secref{sec:proof-context}).  This is adequate
-  for plain natural deduction, but easily becomes unwieldy in concrete
-  verification tasks, which typically involve big induction rules with
-  several cases.
-
-  The @{command "case"} command provides a shorthand to refer to a
-  local context symbolically: certain proof methods provide an
-  environment of named ``cases'' of the form @{text "c: x\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
-  x\<^sub>m, \<phi>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<phi>\<^sub>n"}; the effect of ``@{command
-  "case"}~@{text c}'' is then equivalent to ``@{command "fix"}~@{text
-  "x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m"}~@{command "assume"}~@{text "c: \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots>
-  \<phi>\<^sub>n"}''.  Term bindings may be covered as well, notably
-  @{variable ?case} for the main conclusion.
-
-  By default, the ``terminology'' @{text "x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>m"} of
-  a case value is marked as hidden, i.e.\ there is no way to refer to
-  such parameters in the subsequent proof text.  After all, original
-  rule parameters stem from somewhere outside of the current proof
-  text.  By using the explicit form ``@{command "case"}~@{text "(c
-  y\<^sub>1 \<dots> y\<^sub>m)"}'' instead, the proof author is able to
-  chose local names that fit nicely into the current context.
-
-  \medskip It is important to note that proper use of @{command
-  "case"} does not provide means to peek at the current goal state,
-  which is not directly observable in Isar!  Nonetheless, goal
-  refinement commands do provide named cases @{text "goal\<^sub>i"}
-  for each subgoal @{text "i = 1, \<dots>, n"} of the resulting goal state.
-  Using this extra feature requires great care, because some bits of
-  the internal tactical machinery intrude the proof text.  In
-  particular, parameter names stemming from the left-over of automated
-  reasoning tools are usually quite unpredictable.
-
-  Under normal circumstances, the text of cases emerge from standard
-  elimination or induction rules, which in turn are derived from
-  previous theory specifications in a canonical way (say from
-  @{command "inductive"} definitions).
-
-  \medskip Proper cases are only available if both the proof method
-  and the rules involved support this.  By using appropriate
-  attributes, case names, conclusions, and parameters may be also
-  declared by hand.  Thus variant versions of rules that have been
-  derived manually become ready to use in advanced case analysis
-  later.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command case} (caseref | '(' caseref (('_' | @{syntax name}) +) ')')
-    ;
-    caseref: nameref attributes?
-    ;
-
-    @@{attribute case_names} ((@{syntax name} ( '[' (('_' | @{syntax name}) +) ']' ) ? ) +)
-    ;
-    @@{attribute case_conclusion} @{syntax name} (@{syntax name} * )
-    ;
-    @@{attribute params} ((@{syntax name} * ) + @'and')
-    ;
-    @@{attribute consumes} @{syntax nat}?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{command "case"}~@{text "(c x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m)"} invokes a named local
-  context @{text "c: x\<^sub>1, \<dots>, x\<^sub>m, \<phi>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<phi>\<^sub>m"}, as provided by an
-  appropriate proof method (such as @{method_ref cases} and
-  @{method_ref induct}).  The command ``@{command "case"}~@{text "(c
-  x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m)"}'' abbreviates ``@{command "fix"}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<dots>
-  x\<^sub>m"}~@{command "assume"}~@{text "c: \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"}''.
-
-  \item @{command "print_cases"} prints all local contexts of the
-  current state, using Isar proof language notation.
-  
-  \item @{attribute case_names}~@{text "c\<^sub>1 \<dots> c\<^sub>k"} declares names for
-  the local contexts of premises of a theorem; @{text "c\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>k"}
-  refers to the \emph{prefix} of the list of premises. Each of the
-  cases @{text "c\<^isub>i"} can be of the form @{text "c[h\<^isub>1 \<dots> h\<^isub>n]"} where
-  the @{text "h\<^isub>1 \<dots> h\<^isub>n"} are the names of the hypotheses in case @{text "c\<^isub>i"}
-  from left to right.
-  
-  \item @{attribute case_conclusion}~@{text "c d\<^sub>1 \<dots> d\<^sub>k"} declares
-  names for the conclusions of a named premise @{text c}; here @{text
-  "d\<^sub>1, \<dots>, d\<^sub>k"} refers to the prefix of arguments of a logical formula
-  built by nesting a binary connective (e.g.\ @{text "\<or>"}).
-  
-  Note that proof methods such as @{method induct} and @{method
-  coinduct} already provide a default name for the conclusion as a
-  whole.  The need to name subformulas only arises with cases that
-  split into several sub-cases, as in common co-induction rules.
-
-  \item @{attribute params}~@{text "p\<^sub>1 \<dots> p\<^sub>m \<AND> \<dots> q\<^sub>1 \<dots> q\<^sub>n"} renames
-  the innermost parameters of premises @{text "1, \<dots>, n"} of some
-  theorem.  An empty list of names may be given to skip positions,
-  leaving the present parameters unchanged.
-  
-  Note that the default usage of case rules does \emph{not} directly
-  expose parameters to the proof context.
-  
-  \item @{attribute consumes}~@{text n} declares the number of ``major
-  premises'' of a rule, i.e.\ the number of facts to be consumed when
-  it is applied by an appropriate proof method.  The default value of
-  @{attribute consumes} is @{text "n = 1"}, which is appropriate for
-  the usual kind of cases and induction rules for inductive sets (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:hol-inductive}).  Rules without any @{attribute
-  consumes} declaration given are treated as if @{attribute
-  consumes}~@{text 0} had been specified.
-  
-  Note that explicit @{attribute consumes} declarations are only
-  rarely needed; this is already taken care of automatically by the
-  higher-level @{attribute cases}, @{attribute induct}, and
-  @{attribute coinduct} declarations.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Proof methods *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{method_def cases} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def induct} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def induction} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def coinduct} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The @{method cases}, @{method induct}, @{method induction},
-  and @{method coinduct}
-  methods provide a uniform interface to common proof techniques over
-  datatypes, inductive predicates (or sets), recursive functions etc.
-  The corresponding rules may be specified and instantiated in a
-  casual manner.  Furthermore, these methods provide named local
-  contexts that may be invoked via the @{command "case"} proof command
-  within the subsequent proof text.  This accommodates compact proof
-  texts even when reasoning about large specifications.
-
-  The @{method induct} method also provides some additional
-  infrastructure in order to be applicable to structure statements
-  (either using explicit meta-level connectives, or including facts
-  and parameters separately).  This avoids cumbersome encoding of
-  ``strengthened'' inductive statements within the object-logic.
-
-  Method @{method induction} differs from @{method induct} only in
-  the names of the facts in the local context invoked by the @{command "case"}
-  command.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{method cases} ('(' 'no_simp' ')')? \\
-      (@{syntax insts} * @'and') rule?
-    ;
-    (@@{method induct} | @@{method induction}) ('(' 'no_simp' ')')? (definsts * @'and') \\ arbitrary? taking? rule?
-    ;
-    @@{method coinduct} @{syntax insts} taking rule?
-    ;
-
-    rule: ('type' | 'pred' | 'set') ':' (@{syntax nameref} +) | 'rule' ':' (@{syntax thmref} +)
-    ;
-    definst: @{syntax name} ('==' | '\<equiv>') @{syntax term} | '(' @{syntax term} ')' | @{syntax inst}
-    ;
-    definsts: ( definst * )
-    ;
-    arbitrary: 'arbitrary' ':' ((@{syntax term} * ) @'and' +)
-    ;
-    taking: 'taking' ':' @{syntax insts}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{method cases}~@{text "insts R"} applies method @{method
-  rule} with an appropriate case distinction theorem, instantiated to
-  the subjects @{text insts}.  Symbolic case names are bound according
-  to the rule's local contexts.
-
-  The rule is determined as follows, according to the facts and
-  arguments passed to the @{method cases} method:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{llll}
-    facts           &                 & arguments   & rule \\\hline
-                    & @{method cases} &             & classical case split \\
-                    & @{method cases} & @{text t}   & datatype exhaustion (type of @{text t}) \\
-    @{text "\<turnstile> A t"} & @{method cases} & @{text "\<dots>"} & inductive predicate/set elimination (of @{text A}) \\
-    @{text "\<dots>"}     & @{method cases} & @{text "\<dots> rule: R"} & explicit rule @{text R} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  Several instantiations may be given, referring to the \emph{suffix}
-  of premises of the case rule; within each premise, the \emph{prefix}
-  of variables is instantiated.  In most situations, only a single
-  term needs to be specified; this refers to the first variable of the
-  last premise (it is usually the same for all cases).  The @{text
-  "(no_simp)"} option can be used to disable pre-simplification of
-  cases (see the description of @{method induct} below for details).
-
-  \item @{method induct}~@{text "insts R"} and
-  @{method induction}~@{text "insts R"} are analogous to the
-  @{method cases} method, but refer to induction rules, which are
-  determined as follows:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{llll}
-    facts           &                  & arguments            & rule \\\hline
-                    & @{method induct} & @{text "P x"}        & datatype induction (type of @{text x}) \\
-    @{text "\<turnstile> A x"} & @{method induct} & @{text "\<dots>"}          & predicate/set induction (of @{text A}) \\
-    @{text "\<dots>"}     & @{method induct} & @{text "\<dots> rule: R"} & explicit rule @{text R} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-  
-  Several instantiations may be given, each referring to some part of
-  a mutual inductive definition or datatype --- only related partial
-  induction rules may be used together, though.  Any of the lists of
-  terms @{text "P, x, \<dots>"} refers to the \emph{suffix} of variables
-  present in the induction rule.  This enables the writer to specify
-  only induction variables, or both predicates and variables, for
-  example.
-
-  Instantiations may be definitional: equations @{text "x \<equiv> t"}
-  introduce local definitions, which are inserted into the claim and
-  discharged after applying the induction rule.  Equalities reappear
-  in the inductive cases, but have been transformed according to the
-  induction principle being involved here.  In order to achieve
-  practically useful induction hypotheses, some variables occurring in
-  @{text t} need to be fixed (see below).  Instantiations of the form
-  @{text t}, where @{text t} is not a variable, are taken as a
-  shorthand for \mbox{@{text "x \<equiv> t"}}, where @{text x} is a fresh
-  variable. If this is not intended, @{text t} has to be enclosed in
-  parentheses.  By default, the equalities generated by definitional
-  instantiations are pre-simplified using a specific set of rules,
-  usually consisting of distinctness and injectivity theorems for
-  datatypes. This pre-simplification may cause some of the parameters
-  of an inductive case to disappear, or may even completely delete
-  some of the inductive cases, if one of the equalities occurring in
-  their premises can be simplified to @{text False}.  The @{text
-  "(no_simp)"} option can be used to disable pre-simplification.
-  Additional rules to be used in pre-simplification can be declared
-  using the @{attribute_def induct_simp} attribute.
-
-  The optional ``@{text "arbitrary: x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m"}''
-  specification generalizes variables @{text "x\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
-  x\<^sub>m"} of the original goal before applying induction.  One can
-  separate variables by ``@{text "and"}'' to generalize them in other
-  goals then the first. Thus induction hypotheses may become
-  sufficiently general to get the proof through.  Together with
-  definitional instantiations, one may effectively perform induction
-  over expressions of a certain structure.
-  
-  The optional ``@{text "taking: t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>n"}''
-  specification provides additional instantiations of a prefix of
-  pending variables in the rule.  Such schematic induction rules
-  rarely occur in practice, though.
-
-  \item @{method coinduct}~@{text "inst R"} is analogous to the
-  @{method induct} method, but refers to coinduction rules, which are
-  determined as follows:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{llll}
-    goal          &                    & arguments & rule \\\hline
-                  & @{method coinduct} & @{text x} & type coinduction (type of @{text x}) \\
-    @{text "A x"} & @{method coinduct} & @{text "\<dots>"} & predicate/set coinduction (of @{text A}) \\
-    @{text "\<dots>"}   & @{method coinduct} & @{text "\<dots> rule: R"} & explicit rule @{text R} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  
-  Coinduction is the dual of induction.  Induction essentially
-  eliminates @{text "A x"} towards a generic result @{text "P x"},
-  while coinduction introduces @{text "A x"} starting with @{text "B
-  x"}, for a suitable ``bisimulation'' @{text B}.  The cases of a
-  coinduct rule are typically named after the predicates or sets being
-  covered, while the conclusions consist of several alternatives being
-  named after the individual destructor patterns.
-  
-  The given instantiation refers to the \emph{suffix} of variables
-  occurring in the rule's major premise, or conclusion if unavailable.
-  An additional ``@{text "taking: t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>n"}''
-  specification may be required in order to specify the bisimulation
-  to be used in the coinduction step.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Above methods produce named local contexts, as determined by the
-  instantiated rule as given in the text.  Beyond that, the @{method
-  induct} and @{method coinduct} methods guess further instantiations
-  from the goal specification itself.  Any persisting unresolved
-  schematic variables of the resulting rule will render the the
-  corresponding case invalid.  The term binding @{variable ?case} for
-  the conclusion will be provided with each case, provided that term
-  is fully specified.
-
-  The @{command "print_cases"} command prints all named cases present
-  in the current proof state.
-
-  \medskip Despite the additional infrastructure, both @{method cases}
-  and @{method coinduct} merely apply a certain rule, after
-  instantiation, while conforming due to the usual way of monotonic
-  natural deduction: the context of a structured statement @{text
-  "\<And>x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m. \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n \<Longrightarrow> \<dots>"}
-  reappears unchanged after the case split.
-
-  The @{method induct} method is fundamentally different in this
-  respect: the meta-level structure is passed through the
-  ``recursive'' course involved in the induction.  Thus the original
-  statement is basically replaced by separate copies, corresponding to
-  the induction hypotheses and conclusion; the original goal context
-  is no longer available.  Thus local assumptions, fixed parameters
-  and definitions effectively participate in the inductive rephrasing
-  of the original statement.
-
-  In @{method induct} proofs, local assumptions introduced by cases are split
-  into two different kinds: @{text hyps} stemming from the rule and
-  @{text prems} from the goal statement.  This is reflected in the
-  extracted cases accordingly, so invoking ``@{command "case"}~@{text
-  c}'' will provide separate facts @{text c.hyps} and @{text c.prems},
-  as well as fact @{text c} to hold the all-inclusive list.
-
-  In @{method induction} proofs, local assumptions introduced by cases are
-  split into three different kinds: @{text IH}, the induction hypotheses,
-  @{text hyps}, the remaining hypotheses stemming from the rule, and
-  @{text prems}, the assumptions from the goal statement. The names are
-  @{text c.IH}, @{text c.hyps} and @{text c.prems}, as above.
-
-
-  \medskip Facts presented to either method are consumed according to
-  the number of ``major premises'' of the rule involved, which is
-  usually 0 for plain cases and induction rules of datatypes etc.\ and
-  1 for rules of inductive predicates or sets and the like.  The
-  remaining facts are inserted into the goal verbatim before the
-  actual @{text cases}, @{text induct}, or @{text coinduct} rule is
-  applied.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Declaring rules *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "print_induct_rules"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{attribute_def cases} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def induct} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{attribute_def coinduct} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{attribute cases} spec
-    ;
-    @@{attribute induct} spec
-    ;
-    @@{attribute coinduct} spec
-    ;
-
-    spec: (('type' | 'pred' | 'set') ':' @{syntax nameref}) | 'del'
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "print_induct_rules"} prints cases and induct rules
-  for predicates (or sets) and types of the current context.
-
-  \item @{attribute cases}, @{attribute induct}, and @{attribute
-  coinduct} (as attributes) declare rules for reasoning about
-  (co)inductive predicates (or sets) and types, using the
-  corresponding methods of the same name.  Certain definitional
-  packages of object-logics usually declare emerging cases and
-  induction rules as expected, so users rarely need to intervene.
-
-  Rules may be deleted via the @{text "del"} specification, which
-  covers all of the @{text "type"}/@{text "pred"}/@{text "set"}
-  sub-categories simultaneously.  For example, @{attribute
-  cases}~@{text del} removes any @{attribute cases} rules declared for
-  some type, predicate, or set.
-  
-  Manual rule declarations usually refer to the @{attribute
-  case_names} and @{attribute params} attributes to adjust names of
-  cases and parameters of a rule; the @{attribute consumes}
-  declaration is taken care of automatically: @{attribute
-  consumes}~@{text 0} is specified for ``type'' rules and @{attribute
-  consumes}~@{text 1} for ``predicate'' / ``set'' rules.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Quick_Reference.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Quick_Reference.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
-theory Quick_Reference
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* Isabelle/Isar quick reference \label{ap:refcard} *}
-
-section {* Proof commands *}
-
-subsection {* Primitives and basic syntax *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-    @{command "fix"}~@{text x} & augment context by @{text "\<And>x. \<box>"} \\
-    @{command "assume"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} & augment context by @{text "\<phi> \<Longrightarrow> \<box>"} \\
-    @{command "then"} & indicate forward chaining of facts \\
-    @{command "have"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} & prove local result \\
-    @{command "show"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} & prove local result, refining some goal \\
-    @{command "using"}~@{text a} & indicate use of additional facts \\
-    @{command "unfolding"}~@{text a} & unfold definitional equations \\
-    @{command "proof"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"}~\dots~@{command "qed"}~@{text "m\<^sub>2"} & indicate proof structure and refinements \\
-    @{command "{"}~@{text "\<dots>"}~@{command "}"} & indicate explicit blocks \\
-    @{command "next"} & switch blocks \\
-    @{command "note"}~@{text "a = b"} & reconsider facts \\
-    @{command "let"}~@{text "p = t"} & abbreviate terms by higher-order matching \\
-    @{command "write"}~@{text "c  (mx)"} & declare local mixfix syntax \\
-  \end{tabular}
-
-  \medskip
-
-  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
-    @{text "proof"} & = & @{text "prfx\<^sup>*"}~@{command "proof"}~@{text "method\<^sup>? stmt\<^sup>*"}~@{command "qed"}~@{text "method\<^sup>?"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{text "prfx\<^sup>*"}~@{command "done"} \\
-    @{text prfx} & = & @{command "apply"}~@{text method} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "using"}~@{text "facts"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "unfolding"}~@{text "facts"} \\
-    @{text stmt} & = & @{command "{"}~@{text "stmt\<^sup>*"}~@{command "}"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "next"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "note"}~@{text "name = facts"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "let"}~@{text "term = term"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "write"}~@{text "name (mixfix)"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "fix"}~@{text "var\<^sup>+"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "assume"}~@{text "name: props"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "then"}@{text "\<^sup>?"}~@{text goal} \\
-    @{text goal} & = & @{command "have"}~@{text "name: props proof"} \\
-    & @{text "|"} & @{command "show"}~@{text "name: props proof"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Abbreviations and synonyms *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
-    @{command "by"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1 m\<^sub>2"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} &
-      @{command "proof"}~@{text "m\<^sub>1"}~@{command "qed"}~@{text "m\<^sub>2"} \\
-    @{command ".."} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "by"}~@{text rule} \\
-    @{command "."} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "by"}~@{text this} \\
-    @{command "hence"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "then"}~@{command "have"} \\
-    @{command "thus"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "then"}~@{command "show"} \\
-    @{command "from"}~@{text a} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "note"}~@{text a}~@{command "then"} \\
-    @{command "with"}~@{text a} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "from"}~@{text "a \<AND> this"} \\
-    @{command "from"}~@{text this} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "then"} \\
-    @{command "from"}~@{text this}~@{command "have"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "hence"} \\
-    @{command "from"}~@{text this}~@{command "show"} & @{text "\<equiv>"} & @{command "thus"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Derived elements *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
-    @{command "also"}@{text "\<^sub>0"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
-      @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = this"} \\
-    @{command "also"}@{text "\<^sub>n\<^sub>+\<^sub>1"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
-      @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = trans [OF calculation this]"} \\
-    @{command "finally"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
-      @{command "also"}~@{command "from"}~@{text calculation} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{command "moreover"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
-      @{command "note"}~@{text "calculation = calculation this"} \\
-    @{command "ultimately"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
-      @{command "moreover"}~@{command "from"}~@{text calculation} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{command "presume"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
-      @{command "assume"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} \\
-    @{command "def"}~@{text "a: x \<equiv> t"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
-      @{command "fix"}~@{text x}~@{command "assume"}~@{text "a: x \<equiv> t"} \\
-    @{command "obtain"}~@{text "x \<WHERE> a: \<phi>"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
-      @{text "\<dots>"}~@{command "fix"}~@{text x}~@{command "assume"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} \\
-    @{command "case"}~@{text c} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
-      @{command "fix"}~@{text x}~@{command "assume"}~@{text "c: \<phi>"} \\
-    @{command "sorry"} & @{text "\<approx>"} &
-      @{command "by"}~@{text cheating} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Diagnostic commands *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-    @{command "pr"} & print current state \\
-    @{command "thm"}~@{text a} & print fact \\
-    @{command "prop"}~@{text \<phi>} & print proposition \\
-    @{command "term"}~@{text t} & print term \\
-    @{command "typ"}~@{text \<tau>} & print type \\
-  \end{tabular}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Proof methods *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Single steps (forward-chaining facts)}} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{method assumption} & apply some assumption \\
-    @{method this} & apply current facts \\
-    @{method rule}~@{text a} & apply some rule  \\
-    @{method rule} & apply standard rule (default for @{command "proof"}) \\
-    @{method contradiction} & apply @{text "\<not>"} elimination rule (any order) \\
-    @{method cases}~@{text t} & case analysis (provides cases) \\
-    @{method induct}~@{text x} & proof by induction (provides cases) \\[2ex]
-
-    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Repeated steps (inserting facts)}} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{method "-"} & no rules \\
-    @{method intro}~@{text a} & introduction rules \\
-    @{method intro_classes} & class introduction rules \\
-    @{method elim}~@{text a} & elimination rules \\
-    @{method unfold}~@{text a} & definitional rewrite rules \\[2ex]
-
-    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Automated proof tools (inserting facts)}} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{method iprover} & intuitionistic proof search \\
-    @{method blast}, @{method fast} & Classical Reasoner \\
-    @{method simp}, @{method simp_all} & Simplifier (+ Splitter) \\
-    @{method auto}, @{method force} & Simplifier + Classical Reasoner \\
-    @{method arith} & Arithmetic procedures \\
-  \end{tabular}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Attributes *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Rules}} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{attribute OF}~@{text a} & rule resolved with facts (skipping ``@{text _}'') \\
-    @{attribute of}~@{text t} & rule instantiated with terms (skipping ``@{text _}'') \\
-    @{attribute "where"}~@{text "x = t"} & rule instantiated with terms, by variable name \\
-    @{attribute symmetric} & resolution with symmetry rule \\
-    @{attribute THEN}~@{text b} & resolution with another rule \\
-    @{attribute rule_format} & result put into standard rule format \\
-    @{attribute elim_format} & destruct rule turned into elimination rule format \\[1ex]
-
-    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Declarations}} \\[0.5ex]
-    @{attribute simp} & Simplifier rule \\
-    @{attribute intro}, @{attribute elim}, @{attribute dest} & Pure or Classical Reasoner rule \\
-    @{attribute iff} & Simplifier + Classical Reasoner rule \\
-    @{attribute split} & case split rule \\
-    @{attribute trans} & transitivity rule \\
-    @{attribute sym} & symmetry rule \\
-  \end{tabular}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Rule declarations and methods *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{tabular}{l|lllll}
-      & @{method rule} & @{method iprover} & @{method blast} & @{method simp} & @{method auto} \\
-      &                &                   & @{method fast} & @{method simp_all} & @{method force} \\
-    \hline
-    @{attribute Pure.elim}@{text "!"} @{attribute Pure.intro}@{text "!"}
-      & @{text "\<times>"}    & @{text "\<times>"} \\
-    @{attribute Pure.elim} @{attribute Pure.intro}
-      & @{text "\<times>"}    & @{text "\<times>"} \\
-    @{attribute elim}@{text "!"} @{attribute intro}@{text "!"}
-      & @{text "\<times>"}    &                    & @{text "\<times>"}          &                     & @{text "\<times>"} \\
-    @{attribute elim} @{attribute intro}
-      & @{text "\<times>"}    &                    & @{text "\<times>"}          &                     & @{text "\<times>"} \\
-    @{attribute iff}
-      & @{text "\<times>"}    &                    & @{text "\<times>"}          & @{text "\<times>"}         & @{text "\<times>"} \\
-    @{attribute iff}@{text "?"}
-      & @{text "\<times>"} \\
-    @{attribute elim}@{text "?"} @{attribute intro}@{text "?"}
-      & @{text "\<times>"} \\
-    @{attribute simp}
-      &                &                    &                      & @{text "\<times>"}         & @{text "\<times>"} \\
-    @{attribute cong}
-      &                &                    &                      & @{text "\<times>"}         & @{text "\<times>"} \\
-    @{attribute split}
-      &                &                    &                      & @{text "\<times>"}         & @{text "\<times>"} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Emulating tactic scripts *}
-
-subsection {* Commands *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-    @{command "apply"}~@{text m} & apply proof method at initial position \\
-    @{command "apply_end"}~@{text m} & apply proof method near terminal position \\
-    @{command "done"} & complete proof \\
-    @{command "defer"}~@{text n} & move subgoal to end \\
-    @{command "prefer"}~@{text n} & move subgoal to beginning \\
-    @{command "back"} & backtrack last command \\
-  \end{tabular}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Methods *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-    @{method rule_tac}~@{text insts} & resolution (with instantiation) \\
-    @{method erule_tac}~@{text insts} & elim-resolution (with instantiation) \\
-    @{method drule_tac}~@{text insts} & destruct-resolution (with instantiation) \\
-    @{method frule_tac}~@{text insts} & forward-resolution (with instantiation) \\
-    @{method cut_tac}~@{text insts} & insert facts (with instantiation) \\
-    @{method thin_tac}~@{text \<phi>} & delete assumptions \\
-    @{method subgoal_tac}~@{text \<phi>} & new claims \\
-    @{method rename_tac}~@{text x} & rename innermost goal parameters \\
-    @{method rotate_tac}~@{text n} & rotate assumptions of goal \\
-    @{method tactic}~@{text "text"} & arbitrary ML tactic \\
-    @{method case_tac}~@{text t} & exhaustion (datatypes) \\
-    @{method induct_tac}~@{text x} & induction (datatypes) \\
-    @{method ind_cases}~@{text t} & exhaustion + simplification (inductive predicates) \\
-  \end{tabular}
-*}
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Spec.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Spec.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,1337 +0,0 @@
-theory Spec
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* Specifications *}
-
-text {*
-  The Isabelle/Isar theory format integrates specifications and
-  proofs, supporting interactive development with unlimited undo
-  operation.  There is an integrated document preparation system (see
-  \chref{ch:document-prep}), for typesetting formal developments
-  together with informal text.  The resulting hyper-linked PDF
-  documents can be used both for WWW presentation and printed copies.
-
-  The Isar proof language (see \chref{ch:proofs}) is embedded into the
-  theory language as a proper sub-language.  Proof mode is entered by
-  stating some @{command theorem} or @{command lemma} at the theory
-  level, and left again with the final conclusion (e.g.\ via @{command
-  qed}).  Some theory specification mechanisms also require a proof,
-  such as @{command typedef} in HOL, which demands non-emptiness of
-  the representing sets.
-*}
-
-
-section {* Defining theories \label{sec:begin-thy} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "theory"} & : & @{text "toplevel \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (global) "end"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> toplevel"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Isabelle/Isar theories are defined via theory files, which may
-  contain both specifications and proofs; occasionally definitional
-  mechanisms also require some explicit proof.  The theory body may be
-  sub-structured by means of \emph{local theory targets}, such as
-  @{command "locale"} and @{command "class"}.
-
-  The first proper command of a theory is @{command "theory"}, which
-  indicates imports of previous theories and optional dependencies on
-  other source files (usually in ML).  Just preceding the initial
-  @{command "theory"} command there may be an optional @{command
-  "header"} declaration, which is only relevant to document
-  preparation: see also the other section markup commands in
-  \secref{sec:markup}.
-
-  A theory is concluded by a final @{command (global) "end"} command,
-  one that does not belong to a local theory target.  No further
-  commands may follow such a global @{command (global) "end"},
-  although some user-interfaces might pretend that trailing input is
-  admissible.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command theory} @{syntax name} imports \\ keywords? uses? @'begin'
-    ;
-    imports: @'imports' (@{syntax name} +)
-    ;
-    keywords: @'keywords' ((@{syntax string} +) ('::' @{syntax name} @{syntax tags})? + @'and')
-    ;
-    uses: @'uses' ((@{syntax name} | @{syntax parname}) +)
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "theory"}~@{text "A \<IMPORTS> B\<^sub>1 \<dots> B\<^sub>n \<BEGIN>"}
-  starts a new theory @{text A} based on the merge of existing
-  theories @{text "B\<^sub>1 \<dots> B\<^sub>n"}.  Due to the possibility to import more
-  than one ancestor, the resulting theory structure of an Isabelle
-  session forms a directed acyclic graph (DAG).  Isabelle takes care
-  that sources contributing to the development graph are always
-  up-to-date: changed files are automatically rechecked whenever a
-  theory header specification is processed.
-
-  The optional @{keyword_def "keywords"} specification declares outer
-  syntax (\chref{ch:outer-syntax}) that is introduced in this theory
-  later on (rare in end-user applications).  Both minor keywords and
-  major keywords of the Isar command language need to be specified, in
-  order to make parsing of proof documents work properly.  Command
-  keywords need to be classified according to their structural role in
-  the formal text.  Examples may be seen in Isabelle/HOL sources
-  itself, such as @{keyword "keywords"}~@{verbatim "\"typedef\""}
-  @{text ":: thy_goal"} or @{keyword "keywords"}~@{verbatim
-  "\"datatype\""} @{text ":: thy_decl"} for theory-level declarations
-  with and without proof, respectively.  Additional @{syntax tags}
-  provide defaults for document preparation (\secref{sec:tags}).
-  
-  The optional @{keyword_def "uses"} specification declares additional
-  dependencies on external files (notably ML sources).  Files will be
-  loaded immediately (as ML), unless the name is parenthesized.  The
-  latter case records a dependency that needs to be resolved later in
-  the text, usually via explicit @{command_ref "use"} for ML files;
-  other file formats require specific load commands defined by the
-  corresponding tools or packages.
-  
-  \item @{command (global) "end"} concludes the current theory
-  definition.  Note that some other commands, e.g.\ local theory
-  targets @{command locale} or @{command class} may involve a
-  @{keyword "begin"} that needs to be matched by @{command (local)
-  "end"}, according to the usual rules for nested blocks.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Local theory targets \label{sec:target} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    @{command_def "context"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def (local) "end"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  A local theory target is a context managed separately within the
-  enclosing theory.  Contexts may introduce parameters (fixed
-  variables) and assumptions (hypotheses).  Definitions and theorems
-  depending on the context may be added incrementally later on.
-
-  \emph{Named contexts} refer to locales (cf.\ \secref{sec:locale}) or
-  type classes (cf.\ \secref{sec:class}); the name ``@{text "-"}''
-  signifies the global theory context.
-
-  \emph{Unnamed contexts} may introduce additional parameters and
-  assumptions, and results produced in the context are generalized
-  accordingly.  Such auxiliary contexts may be nested within other
-  targets, like @{command "locale"}, @{command "class"}, @{command
-  "instantiation"}, @{command "overloading"}.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command context} @{syntax nameref} @'begin'
-    ;
-    @@{command context} @{syntax_ref \"includes\"}? (@{syntax context_elem} * ) @'begin'
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def target}: '(' @'in' @{syntax nameref} ')'
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{command "context"}~@{text "c \<BEGIN>"} opens a named
-  context, by recommencing an existing locale or class @{text c}.
-  Note that locale and class definitions allow to include the
-  @{keyword "begin"} keyword as well, in order to continue the local
-  theory immediately after the initial specification.
-
-  \item @{command "context"}~@{text "bundles elements \<BEGIN>"} opens
-  an unnamed context, by extending the enclosing global or local
-  theory target by the given declaration bundles (\secref{sec:bundle})
-  and context elements (@{text "\<FIXES>"}, @{text "\<ASSUMES>"}
-  etc.).  This means any results stemming from definitions and proofs
-  in the extended context will be exported into the enclosing target
-  by lifting over extra parameters and premises.
-  
-  \item @{command (local) "end"} concludes the current local theory,
-  according to the nesting of contexts.  Note that a global @{command
-  (global) "end"} has a different meaning: it concludes the theory
-  itself (\secref{sec:begin-thy}).
-  
-  \item @{text "("}@{keyword_def "in"}~@{text "c)"} given after any
-  local theory command specifies an immediate target, e.g.\
-  ``@{command "definition"}~@{text "(\<IN> c) \<dots>"}'' or ``@{command
-  "theorem"}~@{text "(\<IN> c) \<dots>"}''.  This works both in a local or
-  global theory context; the current target context will be suspended
-  for this command only.  Note that ``@{text "(\<IN> -)"}'' will
-  always produce a global result independently of the current target
-  context.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  The exact meaning of results produced within a local theory context
-  depends on the underlying target infrastructure (locale, type class
-  etc.).  The general idea is as follows, considering a context named
-  @{text c} with parameter @{text x} and assumption @{text "A[x]"}.
-  
-  Definitions are exported by introducing a global version with
-  additional arguments; a syntactic abbreviation links the long form
-  with the abstract version of the target context.  For example,
-  @{text "a \<equiv> t[x]"} becomes @{text "c.a ?x \<equiv> t[?x]"} at the theory
-  level (for arbitrary @{text "?x"}), together with a local
-  abbreviation @{text "c \<equiv> c.a x"} in the target context (for the
-  fixed parameter @{text x}).
-
-  Theorems are exported by discharging the assumptions and
-  generalizing the parameters of the context.  For example, @{text "a:
-  B[x]"} becomes @{text "c.a: A[?x] \<Longrightarrow> B[?x]"}, again for arbitrary
-  @{text "?x"}.
-
-  \medskip The Isabelle/HOL library contains numerous applications of
-  locales and classes, e.g.\ see @{file "~~/src/HOL/Algebra"}.  An
-  example for an unnamed auxiliary contexts is given in @{file
-  "~~/src/HOL/Isar_Examples/Group_Context.thy"}.  *}
-
-
-section {* Bundled declarations \label{sec:bundle} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "bundle"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_bundles"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow> "} \\
-    @{command_def "include"} & : & @{text "proof(state) \<rightarrow> proof(state)"} \\
-    @{command_def "including"} & : & @{text "proof(prove) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{keyword_def "includes"} & : & syntax \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The outer syntax of fact expressions (\secref{sec:syn-att}) involves
-  theorems and attributes, which are evaluated in the context and
-  applied to it.  Attributes may declare theorems to the context, as
-  in @{text "this_rule [intro] that_rule [elim]"} for example.
-  Configuration options (\secref{sec:config}) are special declaration
-  attributes that operate on the context without a theorem, as in
-  @{text "[[show_types = false]]"} for example.
-
-  Expressions of this form may be defined as \emph{bundled
-  declarations} in the context, and included in other situations later
-  on.  Including declaration bundles augments a local context casually
-  without logical dependencies, which is in contrast to locales and
-  locale interpretation (\secref{sec:locale}).
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command bundle} @{syntax target}? \\
-    @{syntax name} '=' @{syntax thmrefs} (@'for' (@{syntax vars} + @'and'))?
-    ;
-    (@@{command include} | @@{command including}) (@{syntax nameref}+)
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def \"includes\"}: @'includes' (@{syntax nameref}+)
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command bundle}~@{text "b = decls"} defines a bundle of
-  declarations in the current context.  The RHS is similar to the one
-  of the @{command declare} command.  Bundles defined in local theory
-  targets are subject to transformations via morphisms, when moved
-  into different application contexts; this works analogously to any
-  other local theory specification.
-
-  \item @{command print_bundles} prints the named bundles that are
-  available in the current context.
-
-  \item @{command include}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} includes the declarations
-  from the given bundles into the current proof body context.  This is
-  analogous to @{command "note"} (\secref{sec:proof-facts}) with the
-  expanded bundles.
-
-  \item @{command including} is similar to @{command include}, but
-  works in proof refinement (backward mode).  This is analogous to
-  @{command "using"} (\secref{sec:proof-facts}) with the expanded
-  bundles.
-
-  \item @{keyword "includes"}~@{text "b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"} is similar to
-  @{command include}, but works in situations where a specification
-  context is constructed, notably for @{command context} and long
-  statements of @{command theorem} etc.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Here is an artificial example of bundling various configuration
-  options: *}
-
-bundle trace = [[simp_trace, blast_trace, linarith_trace, metis_trace, smt_trace]]
-
-lemma "x = x"
-  including trace by metis
-
-
-section {* Basic specification elements *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    @{command_def "axiomatization"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} & (axiomatic!) \\
-    @{command_def "definition"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{attribute_def "defn"} & : & @{text attribute} \\
-    @{command_def "abbreviation"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_abbrevs"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow> "} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  These specification mechanisms provide a slightly more abstract view
-  than the underlying primitives of @{command "consts"}, @{command
-  "defs"} (see \secref{sec:consts}), and @{command "axioms"} (see
-  \secref{sec:axms-thms}).  In particular, type-inference is commonly
-  available, and result names need not be given.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command axiomatization} @{syntax \"fixes\"}? (@'where' specs)?
-    ;
-    @@{command definition} @{syntax target}? \\
-      (decl @'where')? @{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop}
-    ;
-    @@{command abbreviation} @{syntax target}? @{syntax mode}? \\
-      (decl @'where')? @{syntax prop}
-    ;
-
-    @{syntax_def \"fixes\"}: ((@{syntax name} ('::' @{syntax type})?
-      @{syntax mixfix}? | @{syntax vars}) + @'and')
-    ;
-    specs: (@{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax props} + @'and')
-    ;
-    decl: @{syntax name} ('::' @{syntax type})? @{syntax mixfix}?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{command "axiomatization"}~@{text "c\<^sub>1 \<dots> c\<^sub>m \<WHERE> \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"}
-  introduces several constants simultaneously and states axiomatic
-  properties for these.  The constants are marked as being specified
-  once and for all, which prevents additional specifications being
-  issued later on.
-  
-  Note that axiomatic specifications are only appropriate when
-  declaring a new logical system; axiomatic specifications are
-  restricted to global theory contexts.  Normal applications should
-  only use definitional mechanisms!
-
-  \item @{command "definition"}~@{text "c \<WHERE> eq"} produces an
-  internal definition @{text "c \<equiv> t"} according to the specification
-  given as @{text eq}, which is then turned into a proven fact.  The
-  given proposition may deviate from internal meta-level equality
-  according to the rewrite rules declared as @{attribute defn} by the
-  object-logic.  This usually covers object-level equality @{text "x =
-  y"} and equivalence @{text "A \<leftrightarrow> B"}.  End-users normally need not
-  change the @{attribute defn} setup.
-  
-  Definitions may be presented with explicit arguments on the LHS, as
-  well as additional conditions, e.g.\ @{text "f x y = t"} instead of
-  @{text "f \<equiv> \<lambda>x y. t"} and @{text "y \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> g x y = u"} instead of an
-  unrestricted @{text "g \<equiv> \<lambda>x y. u"}.
-  
-  \item @{command "abbreviation"}~@{text "c \<WHERE> eq"} introduces a
-  syntactic constant which is associated with a certain term according
-  to the meta-level equality @{text eq}.
-  
-  Abbreviations participate in the usual type-inference process, but
-  are expanded before the logic ever sees them.  Pretty printing of
-  terms involves higher-order rewriting with rules stemming from
-  reverted abbreviations.  This needs some care to avoid overlapping
-  or looping syntactic replacements!
-  
-  The optional @{text mode} specification restricts output to a
-  particular print mode; using ``@{text input}'' here achieves the
-  effect of one-way abbreviations.  The mode may also include an
-  ``@{keyword "output"}'' qualifier that affects the concrete syntax
-  declared for abbreviations, cf.\ @{command "syntax"} in
-  \secref{sec:syn-trans}.
-  
-  \item @{command "print_abbrevs"} prints all constant abbreviations
-  of the current context.
-  
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Generic declarations *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "declaration"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "syntax_declaration"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "declare"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Arbitrary operations on the background context may be wrapped-up as
-  generic declaration elements.  Since the underlying concept of local
-  theories may be subject to later re-interpretation, there is an
-  additional dependency on a morphism that tells the difference of the
-  original declaration context wrt.\ the application context
-  encountered later on.  A fact declaration is an important special
-  case: it consists of a theorem which is applied to the context by
-  means of an attribute.
-
-  @{rail "
-    (@@{command declaration} | @@{command syntax_declaration})
-      ('(' @'pervasive' ')')? \\ @{syntax target}? @{syntax text}
-    ;
-    @@{command declare} @{syntax target}? (@{syntax thmrefs} + @'and')
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "declaration"}~@{text d} adds the declaration
-  function @{text d} of ML type @{ML_type declaration}, to the current
-  local theory under construction.  In later application contexts, the
-  function is transformed according to the morphisms being involved in
-  the interpretation hierarchy.
-
-  If the @{text "(pervasive)"} option is given, the corresponding
-  declaration is applied to all possible contexts involved, including
-  the global background theory.
-
-  \item @{command "syntax_declaration"} is similar to @{command
-  "declaration"}, but is meant to affect only ``syntactic'' tools by
-  convention (such as notation and type-checking information).
-
-  \item @{command "declare"}~@{text thms} declares theorems to the
-  current local theory context.  No theorem binding is involved here,
-  unlike @{command "theorems"} or @{command "lemmas"} (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:axms-thms}), so @{command "declare"} only has the effect
-  of applying attributes as included in the theorem specification.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Locales \label{sec:locale} *}
-
-text {*
-  Locales are parametric named local contexts, consisting of a list of
-  declaration elements that are modeled after the Isar proof context
-  commands (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}).
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Locale expressions \label{sec:locale-expr} *}
-
-text {*
-  A \emph{locale expression} denotes a structured context composed of
-  instances of existing locales.  The context consists of a list of
-  instances of declaration elements from the locales.  Two locale
-  instances are equal if they are of the same locale and the
-  parameters are instantiated with equivalent terms.  Declaration
-  elements from equal instances are never repeated, thus avoiding
-  duplicate declarations.  More precisely, declarations from instances
-  that are subsumed by earlier instances are omitted.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @{syntax_def locale_expr}: (instance + '+') (@'for' (@{syntax \"fixes\"} + @'and'))?
-    ;
-    instance: (qualifier ':')? @{syntax nameref} (pos_insts | named_insts)
-    ;
-    qualifier: @{syntax name} ('?' | '!')?
-    ;
-    pos_insts: ('_' | @{syntax term})*
-    ;
-    named_insts: @'where' (@{syntax name} '=' @{syntax term} + @'and')
-  "}
-
-  A locale instance consists of a reference to a locale and either
-  positional or named parameter instantiations.  Identical
-  instantiations (that is, those that instante a parameter by itself)
-  may be omitted.  The notation `@{text "_"}' enables to omit the
-  instantiation for a parameter inside a positional instantiation.
-
-  Terms in instantiations are from the context the locale expressions
-  is declared in.  Local names may be added to this context with the
-  optional @{keyword "for"} clause.  This is useful for shadowing names
-  bound in outer contexts, and for declaring syntax.  In addition,
-  syntax declarations from one instance are effective when parsing
-  subsequent instances of the same expression.
-
-  Instances have an optional qualifier which applies to names in
-  declarations.  Names include local definitions and theorem names.
-  If present, the qualifier itself is either optional
-  (``\texttt{?}''), which means that it may be omitted on input of the
-  qualified name, or mandatory (``\texttt{!}'').  If neither
-  ``\texttt{?}'' nor ``\texttt{!}'' are present, the command's default
-  is used.  For @{command "interpretation"} and @{command "interpret"}
-  the default is ``mandatory'', for @{command "locale"} and @{command
-  "sublocale"} the default is ``optional''.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Locale declarations *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "locale"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_locale"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_locales"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{method_def intro_locales} & : & @{text method} \\
-    @{method_def unfold_locales} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \indexisarelem{fixes}\indexisarelem{constrains}\indexisarelem{assumes}
-  \indexisarelem{defines}\indexisarelem{notes}
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command locale} @{syntax name} ('=' @{syntax locale})? @'begin'?
-    ;
-    @@{command print_locale} '!'? @{syntax nameref}
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def locale}: @{syntax context_elem}+ |
-      @{syntax locale_expr} ('+' (@{syntax context_elem}+))?
-    ;
-    @{syntax_def context_elem}:
-      @'fixes' (@{syntax \"fixes\"} + @'and') |
-      @'constrains' (@{syntax name} '::' @{syntax type} + @'and') |
-      @'assumes' (@{syntax props} + @'and') |
-      @'defines' (@{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop} @{syntax prop_pat}? + @'and') |
-      @'notes' (@{syntax thmdef}? @{syntax thmrefs} + @'and')
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{command "locale"}~@{text "loc = import + body"} defines a
-  new locale @{text loc} as a context consisting of a certain view of
-  existing locales (@{text import}) plus some additional elements
-  (@{text body}).  Both @{text import} and @{text body} are optional;
-  the degenerate form @{command "locale"}~@{text loc} defines an empty
-  locale, which may still be useful to collect declarations of facts
-  later on.  Type-inference on locale expressions automatically takes
-  care of the most general typing that the combined context elements
-  may acquire.
-
-  The @{text import} consists of a structured locale expression; see
-  \secref{sec:proof-context} above.  Its for clause defines the local
-  parameters of the @{text import}.  In addition, locale parameters
-  whose instantance is omitted automatically extend the (possibly
-  empty) for clause: they are inserted at its beginning.  This means
-  that these parameters may be referred to from within the expression
-  and also in the subsequent context elements and provides a
-  notational convenience for the inheritance of parameters in locale
-  declarations.
-
-  The @{text body} consists of context elements.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{element "fixes"}~@{text "x :: \<tau> (mx)"} declares a local
-  parameter of type @{text \<tau>} and mixfix annotation @{text mx} (both
-  are optional).  The special syntax declaration ``@{text
-  "(\<STRUCTURE>)"}'' means that @{text x} may be referenced
-  implicitly in this context.
-
-  \item @{element "constrains"}~@{text "x :: \<tau>"} introduces a type
-  constraint @{text \<tau>} on the local parameter @{text x}.  This
-  element is deprecated.  The type constraint should be introduced in
-  the for clause or the relevant @{element "fixes"} element.
-
-  \item @{element "assumes"}~@{text "a: \<phi>\<^sub>1 \<dots> \<phi>\<^sub>n"}
-  introduces local premises, similar to @{command "assume"} within a
-  proof (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}).
-
-  \item @{element "defines"}~@{text "a: x \<equiv> t"} defines a previously
-  declared parameter.  This is similar to @{command "def"} within a
-  proof (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}), but @{element "defines"}
-  takes an equational proposition instead of variable-term pair.  The
-  left-hand side of the equation may have additional arguments, e.g.\
-  ``@{element "defines"}~@{text "f x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>n \<equiv> t"}''.
-
-  \item @{element "notes"}~@{text "a = b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"}
-  reconsiders facts within a local context.  Most notably, this may
-  include arbitrary declarations in any attribute specifications
-  included here, e.g.\ a local @{attribute simp} rule.
-
-  The initial @{text import} specification of a locale expression
-  maintains a dynamic relation to the locales being referenced
-  (benefiting from any later fact declarations in the obvious manner).
-
-  \end{description}
-  
-  Note that ``@{text "(\<IS> p\<^sub>1 \<dots> p\<^sub>n)"}'' patterns given
-  in the syntax of @{element "assumes"} and @{element "defines"} above
-  are illegal in locale definitions.  In the long goal format of
-  \secref{sec:goals}, term bindings may be included as expected,
-  though.
-  
-  \medskip Locale specifications are ``closed up'' by
-  turning the given text into a predicate definition @{text
-  loc_axioms} and deriving the original assumptions as local lemmas
-  (modulo local definitions).  The predicate statement covers only the
-  newly specified assumptions, omitting the content of included locale
-  expressions.  The full cumulative view is only provided on export,
-  involving another predicate @{text loc} that refers to the complete
-  specification text.
-  
-  In any case, the predicate arguments are those locale parameters
-  that actually occur in the respective piece of text.  Also note that
-  these predicates operate at the meta-level in theory, but the locale
-  packages attempts to internalize statements according to the
-  object-logic setup (e.g.\ replacing @{text \<And>} by @{text \<forall>}, and
-  @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} by @{text "\<longrightarrow>"} in HOL; see also
-  \secref{sec:object-logic}).  Separate introduction rules @{text
-  loc_axioms.intro} and @{text loc.intro} are provided as well.
-  
-  \item @{command "print_locale"}~@{text "locale"} prints the
-  contents of the named locale.  The command omits @{element "notes"}
-  elements by default.  Use @{command "print_locale"}@{text "!"} to
-  have them included.
-
-  \item @{command "print_locales"} prints the names of all locales
-  of the current theory.
-
-  \item @{method intro_locales} and @{method unfold_locales}
-  repeatedly expand all introduction rules of locale predicates of the
-  theory.  While @{method intro_locales} only applies the @{text
-  loc.intro} introduction rules and therefore does not decend to
-  assumptions, @{method unfold_locales} is more aggressive and applies
-  @{text loc_axioms.intro} as well.  Both methods are aware of locale
-  specifications entailed by the context, both from target statements,
-  and from interpretations (see below).  New goals that are entailed
-  by the current context are discharged automatically.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Locale interpretation *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "interpretation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "interpret"} & : & @{text "proof(state) | proof(chain) \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "sublocale"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_dependencies"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_interps"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Locale expressions may be instantiated, and the instantiated facts
-  added to the current context.  This requires a proof of the
-  instantiated specification and is called \emph{locale
-  interpretation}.  Interpretation is possible in locales (command
-  @{command "sublocale"}), theories (command @{command
-  "interpretation"}) and also within proof bodies (command @{command
-  "interpret"}).
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command interpretation} @{syntax locale_expr} equations?
-    ;
-    @@{command interpret} @{syntax locale_expr} equations?
-    ;
-    @@{command sublocale} @{syntax nameref} ('<' | '\<subseteq>') @{syntax locale_expr} \\
-      equations?
-    ;
-    @@{command print_dependencies} '!'? @{syntax locale_expr}
-    ;
-    @@{command print_interps} @{syntax nameref}
-    ;
-
-    equations: @'where' (@{syntax thmdecl}? @{syntax prop} + @'and')
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "interpretation"}~@{text "expr \<WHERE> eqns"}
-  interprets @{text expr} in the theory.  The command generates proof
-  obligations for the instantiated specifications (assumes and defines
-  elements).  Once these are discharged by the user, instantiated
-  facts are added to the theory in a post-processing phase.
-
-  Free variables in the interpreted expression are allowed.  They are
-  turned into schematic variables in the generated declarations.  In
-  order to use a free variable whose name is already bound in the
-  context --- for example, because a constant of that name exists ---
-  it may be added to the @{keyword "for"} clause.
-
-  Additional equations, which are unfolded during
-  post-processing, may be given after the keyword @{keyword "where"}.
-  This is useful for interpreting concepts introduced through
-  definitions.  The equations must be proved.
-
-  The command is aware of interpretations already active in the
-  theory, but does not simplify the goal automatically.  In order to
-  simplify the proof obligations use methods @{method intro_locales}
-  or @{method unfold_locales}.  Post-processing is not applied to
-  facts of interpretations that are already active.  This avoids
-  duplication of interpreted facts, in particular.  Note that, in the
-  case of a locale with import, parts of the interpretation may
-  already be active.  The command will only process facts for new
-  parts.
-
-  Adding facts to locales has the effect of adding interpreted facts
-  to the theory for all interpretations as well.  That is,
-  interpretations dynamically participate in any facts added to
-  locales.  Note that if a theory inherits additional facts for a
-  locale through one parent and an interpretation of that locale
-  through another parent, the additional facts will not be
-  interpreted.
-
-  \item @{command "interpret"}~@{text "expr \<WHERE> eqns"} interprets
-  @{text expr} in the proof context and is otherwise similar to
-  interpretation in theories.  Note that rewrite rules given to
-  @{command "interpret"} after the @{keyword "where"} keyword should be
-  explicitly universally quantified.
-
-  \item @{command "sublocale"}~@{text "name \<subseteq> expr \<WHERE>
-  eqns"}
-  interprets @{text expr} in the locale @{text name}.  A proof that
-  the specification of @{text name} implies the specification of
-  @{text expr} is required.  As in the localized version of the
-  theorem command, the proof is in the context of @{text name}.  After
-  the proof obligation has been discharged, the facts of @{text expr}
-  become part of locale @{text name} as \emph{derived} context
-  elements and are available when the context @{text name} is
-  subsequently entered.  Note that, like import, this is dynamic:
-  facts added to a locale part of @{text expr} after interpretation
-  become also available in @{text name}.
-
-  Only specification fragments of @{text expr} that are not already
-  part of @{text name} (be it imported, derived or a derived fragment
-  of the import) are considered in this process.  This enables
-  circular interpretations provided that no infinite chains are
-  generated in the locale hierarchy.
-
-  If interpretations of @{text name} exist in the current theory, the
-  command adds interpretations for @{text expr} as well, with the same
-  qualifier, although only for fragments of @{text expr} that are not
-  interpreted in the theory already.
-
-  Equations given after @{keyword "where"} amend the morphism through
-  which @{text expr} is interpreted.  This enables to map definitions
-  from the interpreted locales to entities of @{text name}.  This
-  feature is experimental.
-
-  \item @{command "print_dependencies"}~@{text "expr"} is useful for
-  understanding the effect of an interpretation of @{text "expr"}.  It
-  lists all locale instances for which interpretations would be added
-  to the current context.  Variant @{command
-  "print_dependencies"}@{text "!"} prints all locale instances that
-  would be considered for interpretation, and would be interpreted in
-  an empty context (that is, without interpretations).
-
-  \item @{command "print_interps"}~@{text "locale"} lists all
-  interpretations of @{text "locale"} in the current theory or proof
-  context, including those due to a combination of a @{command
-  "interpretation"} or @{command "interpret"} and one or several
-  @{command "sublocale"} declarations.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \begin{warn}
-    Since attributes are applied to interpreted theorems,
-    interpretation may modify the context of common proof tools, e.g.\
-    the Simplifier or Classical Reasoner.  As the behavior of such
-    tools is \emph{not} stable under interpretation morphisms, manual
-    declarations might have to be added to the target context of the
-    interpretation to revert such declarations.
-  \end{warn}
-
-  \begin{warn}
-    An interpretation in a theory or proof context may subsume previous
-    interpretations.  This happens if the same specification fragment
-    is interpreted twice and the instantiation of the second
-    interpretation is more general than the interpretation of the
-    first.  The locale package does not attempt to remove subsumed
-    interpretations.
-  \end{warn}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Classes \label{sec:class} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "class"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "instantiation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "instance"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command "instance"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> proof(prove)"} \\
-    @{command_def "subclass"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "print_classes"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "class_deps"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{method_def intro_classes} & : & @{text method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  A class is a particular locale with \emph{exactly one} type variable
-  @{text \<alpha>}.  Beyond the underlying locale, a corresponding type class
-  is established which is interpreted logically as axiomatic type
-  class \cite{Wenzel:1997:TPHOL} whose logical content are the
-  assumptions of the locale.  Thus, classes provide the full
-  generality of locales combined with the commodity of type classes
-  (notably type-inference).  See \cite{isabelle-classes} for a short
-  tutorial.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command class} class_spec @'begin'?
-    ;
-    class_spec: @{syntax name} '='
-      ((@{syntax nameref} '+' (@{syntax context_elem}+)) |
-        @{syntax nameref} | (@{syntax context_elem}+))      
-    ;
-    @@{command instantiation} (@{syntax nameref} + @'and') '::' @{syntax arity} @'begin'
-    ;
-    @@{command instance} (() | (@{syntax nameref} + @'and') '::' @{syntax arity} |
-      @{syntax nameref} ('<' | '\<subseteq>') @{syntax nameref} )
-    ;
-    @@{command subclass} @{syntax target}? @{syntax nameref}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "class"}~@{text "c = superclasses + body"} defines
-  a new class @{text c}, inheriting from @{text superclasses}.  This
-  introduces a locale @{text c} with import of all locales @{text
-  superclasses}.
-
-  Any @{element "fixes"} in @{text body} are lifted to the global
-  theory level (\emph{class operations} @{text "f\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
-  f\<^sub>n"} of class @{text c}), mapping the local type parameter
-  @{text \<alpha>} to a schematic type variable @{text "?\<alpha> :: c"}.
-
-  Likewise, @{element "assumes"} in @{text body} are also lifted,
-  mapping each local parameter @{text "f :: \<tau>[\<alpha>]"} to its
-  corresponding global constant @{text "f :: \<tau>[?\<alpha> :: c]"}.  The
-  corresponding introduction rule is provided as @{text
-  c_class_axioms.intro}.  This rule should be rarely needed directly
-  --- the @{method intro_classes} method takes care of the details of
-  class membership proofs.
-
-  \item @{command "instantiation"}~@{text "t :: (s\<^sub>1, \<dots>, s\<^sub>n)s
-  \<BEGIN>"} opens a theory target (cf.\ \secref{sec:target}) which
-  allows to specify class operations @{text "f\<^sub>1, \<dots>, f\<^sub>n"} corresponding
-  to sort @{text s} at the particular type instance @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1 :: s\<^sub>1,
-  \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n :: s\<^sub>n) t"}.  A plain @{command "instance"} command in the
-  target body poses a goal stating these type arities.  The target is
-  concluded by an @{command_ref (local) "end"} command.
-
-  Note that a list of simultaneous type constructors may be given;
-  this corresponds nicely to mutually recursive type definitions, e.g.\
-  in Isabelle/HOL.
-
-  \item @{command "instance"} in an instantiation target body sets
-  up a goal stating the type arities claimed at the opening @{command
-  "instantiation"}.  The proof would usually proceed by @{method
-  intro_classes}, and then establish the characteristic theorems of
-  the type classes involved.  After finishing the proof, the
-  background theory will be augmented by the proven type arities.
-
-  On the theory level, @{command "instance"}~@{text "t :: (s\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
-  s\<^sub>n)s"} provides a convenient way to instantiate a type class with no
-  need to specify operations: one can continue with the
-  instantiation proof immediately.
-
-  \item @{command "subclass"}~@{text c} in a class context for class
-  @{text d} sets up a goal stating that class @{text c} is logically
-  contained in class @{text d}.  After finishing the proof, class
-  @{text d} is proven to be subclass @{text c} and the locale @{text
-  c} is interpreted into @{text d} simultaneously.
-
-  A weakend form of this is available through a further variant of
-  @{command instance}:  @{command instance}~@{text "c\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> c\<^sub>2"} opens
-  a proof that class @{text "c\<^isub>2"} implies @{text "c\<^isub>1"} without reference
-  to the underlying locales;  this is useful if the properties to prove
-  the logical connection are not sufficent on the locale level but on
-  the theory level.
-
-  \item @{command "print_classes"} prints all classes in the current
-  theory.
-
-  \item @{command "class_deps"} visualizes all classes and their
-  subclass relations as a Hasse diagram.
-
-  \item @{method intro_classes} repeatedly expands all class
-  introduction rules of this theory.  Note that this method usually
-  needs not be named explicitly, as it is already included in the
-  default proof step (e.g.\ of @{command "proof"}).  In particular,
-  instantiation of trivial (syntactic) classes may be performed by a
-  single ``@{command ".."}'' proof step.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* The class target *}
-
-text {*
-  %FIXME check
-
-  A named context may refer to a locale (cf.\ \secref{sec:target}).
-  If this locale is also a class @{text c}, apart from the common
-  locale target behaviour the following happens.
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Local constant declarations @{text "g[\<alpha>]"} referring to the
-  local type parameter @{text \<alpha>} and local parameters @{text "f[\<alpha>]"}
-  are accompanied by theory-level constants @{text "g[?\<alpha> :: c]"}
-  referring to theory-level class operations @{text "f[?\<alpha> :: c]"}.
-
-  \item Local theorem bindings are lifted as are assumptions.
-
-  \item Local syntax refers to local operations @{text "g[\<alpha>]"} and
-  global operations @{text "g[?\<alpha> :: c]"} uniformly.  Type inference
-  resolves ambiguities.  In rare cases, manual type annotations are
-  needed.
-  
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Co-regularity of type classes and arities *}
-
-text {* The class relation together with the collection of
-  type-constructor arities must obey the principle of
-  \emph{co-regularity} as defined below.
-
-  \medskip For the subsequent formulation of co-regularity we assume
-  that the class relation is closed by transitivity and reflexivity.
-  Moreover the collection of arities @{text "t :: (\<^vec>s)c"} is
-  completed such that @{text "t :: (\<^vec>s)c"} and @{text "c \<subseteq> c'"}
-  implies @{text "t :: (\<^vec>s)c'"} for all such declarations.
-
-  Treating sorts as finite sets of classes (meaning the intersection),
-  the class relation @{text "c\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> c\<^sub>2"} is extended to sorts as
-  follows:
-  \[
-    @{text "s\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> s\<^sub>2 \<equiv> \<forall>c\<^sub>2 \<in> s\<^sub>2. \<exists>c\<^sub>1 \<in> s\<^sub>1. c\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> c\<^sub>2"}
-  \]
-
-  This relation on sorts is further extended to tuples of sorts (of
-  the same length) in the component-wise way.
-
-  \smallskip Co-regularity of the class relation together with the
-  arities relation means:
-  \[
-    @{text "t :: (\<^vec>s\<^sub>1)c\<^sub>1 \<Longrightarrow> t :: (\<^vec>s\<^sub>2)c\<^sub>2 \<Longrightarrow> c\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> c\<^sub>2 \<Longrightarrow> \<^vec>s\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> \<^vec>s\<^sub>2"}
-  \]
-  \noindent for all such arities.  In other words, whenever the result
-  classes of some type-constructor arities are related, then the
-  argument sorts need to be related in the same way.
-
-  \medskip Co-regularity is a very fundamental property of the
-  order-sorted algebra of types.  For example, it entails principle
-  types and most general unifiers, e.g.\ see \cite{nipkow-prehofer}.
-*}
-
-
-section {* Unrestricted overloading *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "overloading"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Isabelle/Pure's definitional schemes support certain forms of
-  overloading (see \secref{sec:consts}).  Overloading means that a
-  constant being declared as @{text "c :: \<alpha> decl"} may be
-  defined separately on type instances
-  @{text "c :: (\<beta>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<beta>\<^sub>n) t decl"}
-  for each type constructor @{text t}.  At most occassions
-  overloading will be used in a Haskell-like fashion together with
-  type classes by means of @{command "instantiation"} (see
-  \secref{sec:class}).  Sometimes low-level overloading is desirable.
-  The @{command "overloading"} target provides a convenient view for
-  end-users.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command overloading} ( spec + ) @'begin'
-    ;
-    spec: @{syntax name} ( '==' | '\<equiv>' ) @{syntax term} ( '(' @'unchecked' ')' )?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "overloading"}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<equiv> c\<^sub>1 :: \<tau>\<^sub>1 \<AND> \<dots> x\<^sub>n \<equiv> c\<^sub>n :: \<tau>\<^sub>n \<BEGIN>"}
-  opens a theory target (cf.\ \secref{sec:target}) which allows to
-  specify constants with overloaded definitions.  These are identified
-  by an explicitly given mapping from variable names @{text "x\<^sub>i"} to
-  constants @{text "c\<^sub>i"} at particular type instances.  The
-  definitions themselves are established using common specification
-  tools, using the names @{text "x\<^sub>i"} as reference to the
-  corresponding constants.  The target is concluded by @{command
-  (local) "end"}.
-
-  A @{text "(unchecked)"} option disables global dependency checks for
-  the corresponding definition, which is occasionally useful for
-  exotic overloading (see \secref{sec:consts} for a precise description).
-  It is at the discretion of the user to avoid
-  malformed theory specifications!
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Incorporating ML code \label{sec:ML} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "ML_file"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "ML"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "ML_prf"} & : & @{text "proof \<rightarrow> proof"} \\
-    @{command_def "ML_val"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "ML_command"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\
-    @{command_def "setup"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "local_setup"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "attribute_setup"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command ML_file} @{syntax name}
-    ;
-    (@@{command ML} | @@{command ML_prf} | @@{command ML_val} |
-      @@{command ML_command} | @@{command setup} | @@{command local_setup}) @{syntax text}
-    ;
-    @@{command attribute_setup} @{syntax name} '=' @{syntax text} @{syntax text}?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "ML_file"}~@{text "name"} reads and evaluates the
-  given ML file.  The current theory context is passed down to the ML
-  toplevel and may be modified, using @{ML "Context.>>"} or derived ML
-  commands.  Top-level ML bindings are stored within the (global or
-  local) theory context.
-  
-  \item @{command "ML"}~@{text "text"} is similar to @{command
-  "ML_file"}, but evaluates directly the given @{text "text"}.
-  Top-level ML bindings are stored within the (global or local) theory
-  context.
-
-  \item @{command "ML_prf"} is analogous to @{command "ML"} but works
-  within a proof context.  Top-level ML bindings are stored within the
-  proof context in a purely sequential fashion, disregarding the
-  nested proof structure.  ML bindings introduced by @{command
-  "ML_prf"} are discarded at the end of the proof.
-
-  \item @{command "ML_val"} and @{command "ML_command"} are diagnostic
-  versions of @{command "ML"}, which means that the context may not be
-  updated.  @{command "ML_val"} echos the bindings produced at the ML
-  toplevel, but @{command "ML_command"} is silent.
-  
-  \item @{command "setup"}~@{text "text"} changes the current theory
-  context by applying @{text "text"}, which refers to an ML expression
-  of type @{ML_type "theory -> theory"}.  This enables to initialize
-  any object-logic specific tools and packages written in ML, for
-  example.
-
-  \item @{command "local_setup"} is similar to @{command "setup"} for
-  a local theory context, and an ML expression of type @{ML_type
-  "local_theory -> local_theory"}.  This allows to
-  invoke local theory specification packages without going through
-  concrete outer syntax, for example.
-
-  \item @{command "attribute_setup"}~@{text "name = text description"}
-  defines an attribute in the current theory.  The given @{text
-  "text"} has to be an ML expression of type
-  @{ML_type "attribute context_parser"}, cf.\ basic parsers defined in
-  structure @{ML_struct Args} and @{ML_struct Attrib}.
-
-  In principle, attributes can operate both on a given theorem and the
-  implicit context, although in practice only one is modified and the
-  other serves as parameter.  Here are examples for these two cases:
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-  attribute_setup my_rule = {*
-    Attrib.thms >> (fn ths =>
-      Thm.rule_attribute
-        (fn context: Context.generic => fn th: thm =>
-          let val th' = th OF ths
-          in th' end)) *}
-
-  attribute_setup my_declaration = {*
-    Attrib.thms >> (fn ths =>
-      Thm.declaration_attribute
-        (fn th: thm => fn context: Context.generic =>
-          let val context' = context
-          in context' end)) *}
-
-
-section {* Primitive specification elements *}
-
-subsection {* Type classes and sorts \label{sec:classes} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    @{command_def "classes"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "classrel"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} & (axiomatic!) \\
-    @{command_def "default_sort"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"}
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command classes} (@{syntax classdecl} +)
-    ;
-    @@{command classrel} (@{syntax nameref} ('<' | '\<subseteq>') @{syntax nameref} + @'and')
-    ;
-    @@{command default_sort} @{syntax sort}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "classes"}~@{text "c \<subseteq> c\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>n"} declares class
-  @{text c} to be a subclass of existing classes @{text "c\<^sub>1, \<dots>, c\<^sub>n"}.
-  Isabelle implicitly maintains the transitive closure of the class
-  hierarchy.  Cyclic class structures are not permitted.
-
-  \item @{command "classrel"}~@{text "c\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> c\<^sub>2"} states subclass
-  relations between existing classes @{text "c\<^sub>1"} and @{text "c\<^sub>2"}.
-  This is done axiomatically!  The @{command_ref "subclass"} and
-  @{command_ref "instance"} commands (see \secref{sec:class}) provide
-  a way to introduce proven class relations.
-
-  \item @{command "default_sort"}~@{text s} makes sort @{text s} the
-  new default sort for any type variable that is given explicitly in
-  the text, but lacks a sort constraint (wrt.\ the current context).
-  Type variables generated by type inference are not affected.
-
-  Usually the default sort is only changed when defining a new
-  object-logic.  For example, the default sort in Isabelle/HOL is
-  @{class type}, the class of all HOL types.
-
-  When merging theories, the default sorts of the parents are
-  logically intersected, i.e.\ the representations as lists of classes
-  are joined.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Types and type abbreviations \label{sec:types-pure} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    @{command_def "type_synonym"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "typedecl"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "arities"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} & (axiomatic!) \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command type_synonym} (@{syntax typespec} '=' @{syntax type} @{syntax mixfix}?)
-    ;
-    @@{command typedecl} @{syntax typespec} @{syntax mixfix}?
-    ;
-    @@{command arities} (@{syntax nameref} '::' @{syntax arity} +)
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "type_synonym"}~@{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n) t = \<tau>"}
-  introduces a \emph{type synonym} @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n) t"} for the
-  existing type @{text "\<tau>"}.  Unlike actual type definitions, as are
-  available in Isabelle/HOL for example, type synonyms are merely
-  syntactic abbreviations without any logical significance.
-  Internally, type synonyms are fully expanded.
-  
-  \item @{command "typedecl"}~@{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<alpha>\<^sub>n) t"} declares a new
-  type constructor @{text t}.  If the object-logic defines a base sort
-  @{text s}, then the constructor is declared to operate on that, via
-  the axiomatic specification @{command arities}~@{text "t :: (s, \<dots>,
-  s)s"}.
-
-  \item @{command "arities"}~@{text "t :: (s\<^sub>1, \<dots>, s\<^sub>n)s"} augments
-  Isabelle's order-sorted signature of types by new type constructor
-  arities.  This is done axiomatically!  The @{command_ref "instantiation"}
-  target (see \secref{sec:class}) provides a way to introduce
-  proven type arities.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Constants and definitions \label{sec:consts} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "consts"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "defs"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Definitions essentially express abbreviations within the logic.  The
-  simplest form of a definition is @{text "c :: \<sigma> \<equiv> t"}, where @{text
-  c} is a newly declared constant.  Isabelle also allows derived forms
-  where the arguments of @{text c} appear on the left, abbreviating a
-  prefix of @{text \<lambda>}-abstractions, e.g.\ @{text "c \<equiv> \<lambda>x y. t"} may be
-  written more conveniently as @{text "c x y \<equiv> t"}.  Moreover,
-  definitions may be weakened by adding arbitrary pre-conditions:
-  @{text "A \<Longrightarrow> c x y \<equiv> t"}.
-
-  \medskip The built-in well-formedness conditions for definitional
-  specifications are:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Arguments (on the left-hand side) must be distinct variables.
-
-  \item All variables on the right-hand side must also appear on the
-  left-hand side.
-
-  \item All type variables on the right-hand side must also appear on
-  the left-hand side; this prohibits @{text "0 :: nat \<equiv> length ([] ::
-  \<alpha> list)"} for example.
-
-  \item The definition must not be recursive.  Most object-logics
-  provide definitional principles that can be used to express
-  recursion safely.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  The right-hand side of overloaded definitions may mention overloaded constants
-  recursively at type instances corresponding to the immediate
-  argument types @{text "\<beta>\<^sub>1, \<dots>, \<beta>\<^sub>n"}.  Incomplete
-  specification patterns impose global constraints on all occurrences,
-  e.g.\ @{text "d :: \<alpha> \<times> \<alpha>"} on the left-hand side means that all
-  corresponding occurrences on some right-hand side need to be an
-  instance of this, general @{text "d :: \<alpha> \<times> \<beta>"} will be disallowed.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command consts} ((@{syntax name} '::' @{syntax type} @{syntax mixfix}?) +)
-    ;
-    @@{command defs} opt? (@{syntax axmdecl} @{syntax prop} +)
-    ;
-    opt: '(' @'unchecked'? @'overloaded'? ')'
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "consts"}~@{text "c :: \<sigma>"} declares constant @{text
-  c} to have any instance of type scheme @{text \<sigma>}.  The optional
-  mixfix annotations may attach concrete syntax to the constants
-  declared.
-  
-  \item @{command "defs"}~@{text "name: eqn"} introduces @{text eqn}
-  as a definitional axiom for some existing constant.
-  
-  The @{text "(unchecked)"} option disables global dependency checks
-  for this definition, which is occasionally useful for exotic
-  overloading.  It is at the discretion of the user to avoid malformed
-  theory specifications!
-  
-  The @{text "(overloaded)"} option declares definitions to be
-  potentially overloaded.  Unless this option is given, a warning
-  message would be issued for any definitional equation with a more
-  special type than that of the corresponding constant declaration.
-  
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Axioms and theorems \label{sec:axms-thms} *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    @{command_def "axioms"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} & (axiomatic!) \\
-    @{command_def "lemmas"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "theorems"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command axioms} (@{syntax axmdecl} @{syntax prop} +)
-    ;
-    (@@{command lemmas} | @@{command theorems}) @{syntax target}? \\
-      (@{syntax thmdef}? @{syntax thmrefs} + @'and')
-      (@'for' (@{syntax vars} + @'and'))?
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item @{command "axioms"}~@{text "a: \<phi>"} introduces arbitrary
-  statements as axioms of the meta-logic.  In fact, axioms are
-  ``axiomatic theorems'', and may be referred later just as any other
-  theorem.
-  
-  Axioms are usually only introduced when declaring new logical
-  systems.  Everyday work is typically done the hard way, with proper
-  definitions and proven theorems.
-  
-  \item @{command "lemmas"}~@{text "a = b\<^sub>1 \<dots> b\<^sub>n"}~@{keyword_def
-  "for"}~@{text "x\<^sub>1 \<dots> x\<^sub>m"} evaluates given facts (with attributes) in
-  the current context, which may be augmented by local variables.
-  Results are standardized before being stored, i.e.\ schematic
-  variables are renamed to enforce index @{text "0"} uniformly.
-
-  \item @{command "theorems"} is the same as @{command "lemmas"}, but
-  marks the result as a different kind of facts.
-
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-
-section {* Oracles *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    @{command_def "oracle"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} & (axiomatic!) \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Oracles allow Isabelle to take advantage of external reasoners such
-  as arithmetic decision procedures, model checkers, fast tautology
-  checkers or computer algebra systems.  Invoked as an oracle, an
-  external reasoner can create arbitrary Isabelle theorems.
-
-  It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the external
-  reasoner is as trustworthy as the application requires.  Another
-  typical source of errors is the linkup between Isabelle and the
-  external tool, not just its concrete implementation, but also the
-  required translation between two different logical environments.
-
-  Isabelle merely guarantees well-formedness of the propositions being
-  asserted, and records within the internal derivation object how
-  presumed theorems depend on unproven suppositions.
-
-  @{rail "
-    @@{command oracle} @{syntax name} '=' @{syntax text}
-  "}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "oracle"}~@{text "name = text"} turns the given ML
-  expression @{text "text"} of type @{ML_text "'a -> cterm"} into an
-  ML function of type @{ML_text "'a -> thm"}, which is bound to the
-  global identifier @{ML_text name}.  This acts like an infinitary
-  specification of axioms!  Invoking the oracle only works within the
-  scope of the resulting theory.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  See @{file "~~/src/HOL/ex/Iff_Oracle.thy"} for a worked example of
-  defining a new primitive rule as oracle, and turning it into a proof
-  method.
-*}
-
-
-section {* Name spaces *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    @{command_def "hide_class"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "hide_type"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "hide_const"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-    @{command_def "hide_fact"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  @{rail "
-    ( @{command hide_class} | @{command hide_type} |
-      @{command hide_const} | @{command hide_fact} ) ('(' @'open' ')')? (@{syntax nameref} + )
-  "}
-
-  Isabelle organizes any kind of name declarations (of types,
-  constants, theorems etc.) by separate hierarchically structured name
-  spaces.  Normally the user does not have to control the behavior of
-  name spaces by hand, yet the following commands provide some way to
-  do so.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item @{command "hide_class"}~@{text names} fully removes class
-  declarations from a given name space; with the @{text "(open)"}
-  option, only the base name is hidden.
-
-  Note that hiding name space accesses has no impact on logical
-  declarations --- they remain valid internally.  Entities that are no
-  longer accessible to the user are printed with the special qualifier
-  ``@{text "??"}'' prefixed to the full internal name.
-
-  \item @{command "hide_type"}, @{command "hide_const"}, and @{command
-  "hide_fact"} are similar to @{command "hide_class"}, but hide types,
-  constants, and facts, respectively.
-  
-  \end{description}
-*}
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Symbols.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Symbols.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-theory Symbols
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* Predefined Isabelle symbols \label{app:symbols} *}
-
-text {*
-  Isabelle supports an infinite number of non-ASCII symbols, which are
-  represented in source text as @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<"}@{text
-  name}@{verbatim ">"} (where @{text name} may be any identifier).  It
-  is left to front-end tools how to present these symbols to the user.
-  The collection of predefined standard symbols given below is
-  available by default for Isabelle document output, due to
-  appropriate definitions of @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim isasym}@{text
-  name} for each @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<"}@{text name}@{verbatim
-  ">"} in the @{verbatim isabellesym.sty} file.  Most of these symbols
-  are displayed properly in Proof~General and Isabelle/jEdit.
-
-  Moreover, any single symbol (or ASCII character) may be prefixed by
-  @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<^sup>"}, for superscript and @{verbatim
-  "\\"}@{verbatim "<^sub>"}, for subscript, such as @{verbatim
-  "A\\"}@{verbatim "<^sup>\<star>"}, for @{text "A\<^sup>\<star>"} the alternative
-  versions @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<^isub>"} and @{verbatim
-  "\\"}@{verbatim "<^isup>"} are considered as quasi letters and may
-  be used within identifiers.  Sub- and superscripts that span a
-  region of text are marked up with @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim
-  "<^bsub>"}@{text "\<dots>"}@{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<^esub>"}, and
-  @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<^bsup>"}@{text "\<dots>"}@{verbatim
-  "\\"}@{verbatim "<^esup>"} respectively.  Furthermore, all ASCII
-  characters and most other symbols may be printed in bold by
-  prefixing @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<^bold>"} such as @{verbatim
-  "\\"}@{verbatim "<^bold>\\"}@{verbatim "<alpha>"} for @{text
-  "\<^bold>\<alpha>"}.  Note that @{verbatim "\\"}@{verbatim "<^bold>"}, may
-  \emph{not} be combined with sub- or superscripts for single symbols.
-
-  Further details of Isabelle document preparation are covered in
-  \chref{ch:document-prep}.
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{isabellebody}
-  \input{syms}  
-  \end{isabellebody}
-  \end{center}
-*}
-
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Synopsis.thy
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/Synopsis.thy	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,1108 +0,0 @@
-theory Synopsis
-imports Base Main
-begin
-
-chapter {* Synopsis *}
-
-section {* Notepad *}
-
-text {*
-  An Isar proof body serves as mathematical notepad to compose logical
-  content, consisting of types, terms, facts.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Types and terms *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  txt {* Locally fixed entities: *}
-  fix x   -- {* local constant, without any type information yet *}
-  fix x :: 'a  -- {* variant with explicit type-constraint for subsequent use*}
-
-  fix a b
-  assume "a = b"  -- {* type assignment at first occurrence in concrete term *}
-
-  txt {* Definitions (non-polymorphic): *}
-  def x \<equiv> "t::'a"
-
-  txt {* Abbreviations (polymorphic): *}
-  let ?f = "\<lambda>x. x"
-  term "?f ?f"
-
-  txt {* Notation: *}
-  write x  ("***")
-end
-
-
-subsection {* Facts *}
-
-text {*
-  A fact is a simultaneous list of theorems.
-*}
-
-
-subsubsection {* Producing facts *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-
-  txt {* Via assumption (``lambda''): *}
-  assume a: A
-
-  txt {* Via proof (``let''): *}
-  have b: B sorry
-
-  txt {* Via abbreviation (``let''): *}
-  note c = a b
-
-end
-
-
-subsubsection {* Referencing facts *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  txt {* Via explicit name: *}
-  assume a: A
-  note a
-
-  txt {* Via implicit name: *}
-  assume A
-  note this
-
-  txt {* Via literal proposition (unification with results from the proof text): *}
-  assume A
-  note `A`
-
-  assume "\<And>x. B x"
-  note `B a`
-  note `B b`
-end
-
-
-subsubsection {* Manipulating facts *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  txt {* Instantiation: *}
-  assume a: "\<And>x. B x"
-  note a
-  note a [of b]
-  note a [where x = b]
-
-  txt {* Backchaining: *}
-  assume 1: A
-  assume 2: "A \<Longrightarrow> C"
-  note 2 [OF 1]
-  note 1 [THEN 2]
-
-  txt {* Symmetric results: *}
-  assume "x = y"
-  note this [symmetric]
-
-  assume "x \<noteq> y"
-  note this [symmetric]
-
-  txt {* Adhoc-simplification (take care!): *}
-  assume "P ([] @ xs)"
-  note this [simplified]
-end
-
-
-subsubsection {* Projections *}
-
-text {*
-  Isar facts consist of multiple theorems.  There is notation to project
-  interval ranges.
-*}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  assume stuff: A B C D
-  note stuff(1)
-  note stuff(2-3)
-  note stuff(2-)
-end
-
-
-subsubsection {* Naming conventions *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Lower-case identifiers are usually preferred.
-
-  \item Facts can be named after the main term within the proposition.
-
-  \item Facts should \emph{not} be named after the command that
-  introduced them (@{command "assume"}, @{command "have"}).  This is
-  misleading and hard to maintain.
-
-  \item Natural numbers can be used as ``meaningless'' names (more
-  appropriate than @{text "a1"}, @{text "a2"} etc.)
-
-  \item Symbolic identifiers are supported (e.g. @{text "*"}, @{text
-  "**"}, @{text "***"}).
-
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Block structure *}
-
-text {*
-  The formal notepad is block structured.  The fact produced by the last
-  entry of a block is exported into the outer context.
-*}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  {
-    have a: A sorry
-    have b: B sorry
-    note a b
-  }
-  note this
-  note `A`
-  note `B`
-end
-
-text {* Explicit blocks as well as implicit blocks of nested goal
-  statements (e.g.\ @{command have}) automatically introduce one extra
-  pair of parentheses in reserve.  The @{command next} command allows
-  to ``jump'' between these sub-blocks. *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-
-  {
-    have a: A sorry
-  next
-    have b: B
-    proof -
-      show B sorry
-    next
-      have c: C sorry
-    next
-      have d: D sorry
-    qed
-  }
-
-  txt {* Alternative version with explicit parentheses everywhere: *}
-
-  {
-    {
-      have a: A sorry
-    }
-    {
-      have b: B
-      proof -
-        {
-          show B sorry
-        }
-        {
-          have c: C sorry
-        }
-        {
-          have d: D sorry
-        }
-      qed
-    }
-  }
-
-end
-
-
-section {* Calculational reasoning \label{sec:calculations-synopsis} *}
-
-text {*
-  For example, see @{file "~~/src/HOL/Isar_Examples/Group.thy"}.
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Special names in Isar proofs *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item term @{text "?thesis"} --- the main conclusion of the
-  innermost pending claim
-
-  \item term @{text "\<dots>"} --- the argument of the last explicitly
-    stated result (for infix application this is the right-hand side)
-
-  \item fact @{text "this"} --- the last result produced in the text
-
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  have "x = y"
-  proof -
-    term ?thesis
-    show ?thesis sorry
-    term ?thesis  -- {* static! *}
-  qed
-  term "\<dots>"
-  thm this
-end
-
-text {* Calculational reasoning maintains the special fact called
-  ``@{text calculation}'' in the background.  Certain language
-  elements combine primary @{text this} with secondary @{text
-  calculation}. *}
-
-
-subsection {* Transitive chains *}
-
-text {* The Idea is to combine @{text this} and @{text calculation}
-  via typical @{text trans} rules (see also @{command
-  print_trans_rules}): *}
-
-thm trans
-thm less_trans
-thm less_le_trans
-
-notepad
-begin
-  txt {* Plain bottom-up calculation: *}
-  have "a = b" sorry
-  also
-  have "b = c" sorry
-  also
-  have "c = d" sorry
-  finally
-  have "a = d" .
-
-  txt {* Variant using the @{text "\<dots>"} abbreviation: *}
-  have "a = b" sorry
-  also
-  have "\<dots> = c" sorry
-  also
-  have "\<dots> = d" sorry
-  finally
-  have "a = d" .
-
-  txt {* Top-down version with explicit claim at the head: *}
-  have "a = d"
-  proof -
-    have "a = b" sorry
-    also
-    have "\<dots> = c" sorry
-    also
-    have "\<dots> = d" sorry
-    finally
-    show ?thesis .
-  qed
-next
-  txt {* Mixed inequalities (require suitable base type): *}
-  fix a b c d :: nat
-
-  have "a < b" sorry
-  also
-  have "b \<le> c" sorry
-  also
-  have "c = d" sorry
-  finally
-  have "a < d" .
-end
-
-
-subsubsection {* Notes *}
-
-text {*
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item The notion of @{text trans} rule is very general due to the
-  flexibility of Isabelle/Pure rule composition.
-
-  \item User applications may declare their own rules, with some care
-  about the operational details of higher-order unification.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-
-subsection {* Degenerate calculations and bigstep reasoning *}
-
-text {* The Idea is to append @{text this} to @{text calculation},
-  without rule composition.  *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  txt {* A vacuous proof: *}
-  have A sorry
-  moreover
-  have B sorry
-  moreover
-  have C sorry
-  ultimately
-  have A and B and C .
-next
-  txt {* Slightly more content (trivial bigstep reasoning): *}
-  have A sorry
-  moreover
-  have B sorry
-  moreover
-  have C sorry
-  ultimately
-  have "A \<and> B \<and> C" by blast
-next
-  txt {* More ambitious bigstep reasoning involving structured results: *}
-  have "A \<or> B \<or> C" sorry
-  moreover
-  { assume A have R sorry }
-  moreover
-  { assume B have R sorry }
-  moreover
-  { assume C have R sorry }
-  ultimately
-  have R by blast  -- {* ``big-bang integration'' of proof blocks (occasionally fragile) *}
-end
-
-
-section {* Induction *}
-
-subsection {* Induction as Natural Deduction *}
-
-text {* In principle, induction is just a special case of Natural
-  Deduction (see also \secref{sec:natural-deduction-synopsis}).  For
-  example: *}
-
-thm nat.induct
-print_statement nat.induct
-
-notepad
-begin
-  fix n :: nat
-  have "P n"
-  proof (rule nat.induct)  -- {* fragile rule application! *}
-    show "P 0" sorry
-  next
-    fix n :: nat
-    assume "P n"
-    show "P (Suc n)" sorry
-  qed
-end
-
-text {*
-  In practice, much more proof infrastructure is required.
-
-  The proof method @{method induct} provides:
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item implicit rule selection and robust instantiation
-
-  \item context elements via symbolic case names
-
-  \item support for rule-structured induction statements, with local
-    parameters, premises, etc.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  fix n :: nat
-  have "P n"
-  proof (induct n)
-    case 0
-    show ?case sorry
-  next
-    case (Suc n)
-    from Suc.hyps show ?case sorry
-  qed
-end
-
-
-subsubsection {* Example *}
-
-text {*
-  The subsequent example combines the following proof patterns:
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item outermost induction (over the datatype structure of natural
-  numbers), to decompose the proof problem in top-down manner
-
-  \item calculational reasoning (\secref{sec:calculations-synopsis})
-  to compose the result in each case
-
-  \item solving local claims within the calculation by simplification
-
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-lemma
-  fixes n :: nat
-  shows "(\<Sum>i=0..n. i) = n * (n + 1) div 2"
-proof (induct n)
-  case 0
-  have "(\<Sum>i=0..0. i) = (0::nat)" by simp
-  also have "\<dots> = 0 * (0 + 1) div 2" by simp
-  finally show ?case .
-next
-  case (Suc n)
-  have "(\<Sum>i=0..Suc n. i) = (\<Sum>i=0..n. i) + (n + 1)" by simp
-  also have "\<dots> = n * (n + 1) div 2 + (n + 1)" by (simp add: Suc.hyps)
-  also have "\<dots> = (n * (n + 1) + 2 * (n + 1)) div 2" by simp
-  also have "\<dots> = (Suc n * (Suc n + 1)) div 2" by simp
-  finally show ?case .
-qed
-
-text {* This demonstrates how induction proofs can be done without
-  having to consider the raw Natural Deduction structure. *}
-
-
-subsection {* Induction with local parameters and premises *}
-
-text {* Idea: Pure rule statements are passed through the induction
-  rule.  This achieves convenient proof patterns, thanks to some
-  internal trickery in the @{method induct} method.
-
-  Important: Using compact HOL formulae with @{text "\<forall>/\<longrightarrow>"} is a
-  well-known anti-pattern! It would produce useless formal noise.
-*}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  fix n :: nat
-  fix P :: "nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
-  fix Q :: "'a \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
-
-  have "P n"
-  proof (induct n)
-    case 0
-    show "P 0" sorry
-  next
-    case (Suc n)
-    from `P n` show "P (Suc n)" sorry
-  qed
-
-  have "A n \<Longrightarrow> P n"
-  proof (induct n)
-    case 0
-    from `A 0` show "P 0" sorry
-  next
-    case (Suc n)
-    from `A n \<Longrightarrow> P n`
-      and `A (Suc n)` show "P (Suc n)" sorry
-  qed
-
-  have "\<And>x. Q x n"
-  proof (induct n)
-    case 0
-    show "Q x 0" sorry
-  next
-    case (Suc n)
-    from `\<And>x. Q x n` show "Q x (Suc n)" sorry
-    txt {* Local quantification admits arbitrary instances: *}
-    note `Q a n` and `Q b n`
-  qed
-end
-
-
-subsection {* Implicit induction context *}
-
-text {* The @{method induct} method can isolate local parameters and
-  premises directly from the given statement.  This is convenient in
-  practical applications, but requires some understanding of what is
-  going on internally (as explained above).  *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  fix n :: nat
-  fix Q :: "'a \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
-
-  fix x :: 'a
-  assume "A x n"
-  then have "Q x n"
-  proof (induct n arbitrary: x)
-    case 0
-    from `A x 0` show "Q x 0" sorry
-  next
-    case (Suc n)
-    from `\<And>x. A x n \<Longrightarrow> Q x n`  -- {* arbitrary instances can be produced here *}
-      and `A x (Suc n)` show "Q x (Suc n)" sorry
-  qed
-end
-
-
-subsection {* Advanced induction with term definitions *}
-
-text {* Induction over subexpressions of a certain shape are delicate
-  to formalize.  The Isar @{method induct} method provides
-  infrastructure for this.
-
-  Idea: sub-expressions of the problem are turned into a defined
-  induction variable; often accompanied with fixing of auxiliary
-  parameters in the original expression.  *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  fix a :: "'a \<Rightarrow> nat"
-  fix A :: "nat \<Rightarrow> bool"
-
-  assume "A (a x)"
-  then have "P (a x)"
-  proof (induct "a x" arbitrary: x)
-    case 0
-    note prem = `A (a x)`
-      and defn = `0 = a x`
-    show "P (a x)" sorry
-  next
-    case (Suc n)
-    note hyp = `\<And>x. n = a x \<Longrightarrow> A (a x) \<Longrightarrow> P (a x)`
-      and prem = `A (a x)`
-      and defn = `Suc n = a x`
-    show "P (a x)" sorry
-  qed
-end
-
-
-section {* Natural Deduction \label{sec:natural-deduction-synopsis} *}
-
-subsection {* Rule statements *}
-
-text {*
-  Isabelle/Pure ``theorems'' are always natural deduction rules,
-  which sometimes happen to consist of a conclusion only.
-
-  The framework connectives @{text "\<And>"} and @{text "\<Longrightarrow>"} indicate the
-  rule structure declaratively.  For example: *}
-
-thm conjI
-thm impI
-thm nat.induct
-
-text {*
-  The object-logic is embedded into the Pure framework via an implicit
-  derivability judgment @{term "Trueprop :: bool \<Rightarrow> prop"}.
-
-  Thus any HOL formulae appears atomic to the Pure framework, while
-  the rule structure outlines the corresponding proof pattern.
-
-  This can be made explicit as follows:
-*}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  write Trueprop  ("Tr")
-
-  thm conjI
-  thm impI
-  thm nat.induct
-end
-
-text {*
-  Isar provides first-class notation for rule statements as follows.
-*}
-
-print_statement conjI
-print_statement impI
-print_statement nat.induct
-
-
-subsubsection {* Examples *}
-
-text {*
-  Introductions and eliminations of some standard connectives of
-  the object-logic can be written as rule statements as follows.  (The
-  proof ``@{command "by"}~@{method blast}'' serves as sanity check.)
-*}
-
-lemma "(P \<Longrightarrow> False) \<Longrightarrow> \<not> P" by blast
-lemma "\<not> P \<Longrightarrow> P \<Longrightarrow> Q" by blast
-
-lemma "P \<Longrightarrow> Q \<Longrightarrow> P \<and> Q" by blast
-lemma "P \<and> Q \<Longrightarrow> (P \<Longrightarrow> Q \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R" by blast
-
-lemma "P \<Longrightarrow> P \<or> Q" by blast
-lemma "Q \<Longrightarrow> P \<or> Q" by blast
-lemma "P \<or> Q \<Longrightarrow> (P \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> (Q \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R" by blast
-
-lemma "(\<And>x. P x) \<Longrightarrow> (\<forall>x. P x)" by blast
-lemma "(\<forall>x. P x) \<Longrightarrow> P x" by blast
-
-lemma "P x \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>x. P x)" by blast
-lemma "(\<exists>x. P x) \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R" by blast
-
-lemma "x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<inter> B" by blast
-lemma "x \<in> A \<inter> B \<Longrightarrow> (x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R" by blast
-
-lemma "x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<union> B" by blast
-lemma "x \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<union> B" by blast
-lemma "x \<in> A \<union> B \<Longrightarrow> (x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> (x \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow> R" by blast
-
-
-subsection {* Isar context elements *}
-
-text {* We derive some results out of the blue, using Isar context
-  elements and some explicit blocks.  This illustrates their meaning
-  wrt.\ Pure connectives, without goal states getting in the way.  *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  {
-    fix x
-    have "B x" sorry
-  }
-  have "\<And>x. B x" by fact
-
-next
-
-  {
-    assume A
-    have B sorry
-  }
-  have "A \<Longrightarrow> B" by fact
-
-next
-
-  {
-    def x \<equiv> t
-    have "B x" sorry
-  }
-  have "B t" by fact
-
-next
-
-  {
-    obtain x :: 'a where "B x" sorry
-    have C sorry
-  }
-  have C by fact
-
-end
-
-
-subsection {* Pure rule composition *}
-
-text {*
-  The Pure framework provides means for:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-    \item backward-chaining of rules by @{inference resolution}
-
-    \item closing of branches by @{inference assumption}
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  Both principles involve higher-order unification of @{text \<lambda>}-terms
-  modulo @{text "\<alpha>\<beta>\<eta>"}-equivalence (cf.\ Huet and Miller).  *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  assume a: A and b: B
-  thm conjI
-  thm conjI [of A B]  -- "instantiation"
-  thm conjI [of A B, OF a b]  -- "instantiation and composition"
-  thm conjI [OF a b]  -- "composition via unification (trivial)"
-  thm conjI [OF `A` `B`]
-
-  thm conjI [OF disjI1]
-end
-
-text {* Note: Low-level rule composition is tedious and leads to
-  unreadable~/ unmaintainable expressions in the text.  *}
-
-
-subsection {* Structured backward reasoning *}
-
-text {* Idea: Canonical proof decomposition via @{command fix}~/
-  @{command assume}~/ @{command show}, where the body produces a
-  natural deduction rule to refine some goal.  *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  fix A B :: "'a \<Rightarrow> bool"
-
-  have "\<And>x. A x \<Longrightarrow> B x"
-  proof -
-    fix x
-    assume "A x"
-    show "B x" sorry
-  qed
-
-  have "\<And>x. A x \<Longrightarrow> B x"
-  proof -
-    {
-      fix x
-      assume "A x"
-      show "B x" sorry
-    } -- "implicit block structure made explicit"
-    note `\<And>x. A x \<Longrightarrow> B x`
-      -- "side exit for the resulting rule"
-  qed
-end
-
-
-subsection {* Structured rule application *}
-
-text {*
-  Idea: Previous facts and new claims are composed with a rule from
-  the context (or background library).
-*}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  assume r1: "A \<Longrightarrow> B \<Longrightarrow> C"  -- {* simple rule (Horn clause) *}
-
-  have A sorry  -- "prefix of facts via outer sub-proof"
-  then have C
-  proof (rule r1)
-    show B sorry  -- "remaining rule premises via inner sub-proof"
-  qed
-
-  have C
-  proof (rule r1)
-    show A sorry
-    show B sorry
-  qed
-
-  have A and B sorry
-  then have C
-  proof (rule r1)
-  qed
-
-  have A and B sorry
-  then have C by (rule r1)
-
-next
-
-  assume r2: "A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. B1 x \<Longrightarrow> B2 x) \<Longrightarrow> C"  -- {* nested rule *}
-
-  have A sorry
-  then have C
-  proof (rule r2)
-    fix x
-    assume "B1 x"
-    show "B2 x" sorry
-  qed
-
-  txt {* The compound rule premise @{prop "\<And>x. B1 x \<Longrightarrow> B2 x"} is better
-    addressed via @{command fix}~/ @{command assume}~/ @{command show}
-    in the nested proof body.  *}
-end
-
-
-subsection {* Example: predicate logic *}
-
-text {*
-  Using the above principles, standard introduction and elimination proofs
-  of predicate logic connectives of HOL work as follows.
-*}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  have "A \<longrightarrow> B" and A sorry
-  then have B ..
-
-  have A sorry
-  then have "A \<or> B" ..
-
-  have B sorry
-  then have "A \<or> B" ..
-
-  have "A \<or> B" sorry
-  then have C
-  proof
-    assume A
-    then show C sorry
-  next
-    assume B
-    then show C sorry
-  qed
-
-  have A and B sorry
-  then have "A \<and> B" ..
-
-  have "A \<and> B" sorry
-  then have A ..
-
-  have "A \<and> B" sorry
-  then have B ..
-
-  have False sorry
-  then have A ..
-
-  have True ..
-
-  have "\<not> A"
-  proof
-    assume A
-    then show False sorry
-  qed
-
-  have "\<not> A" and A sorry
-  then have B ..
-
-  have "\<forall>x. P x"
-  proof
-    fix x
-    show "P x" sorry
-  qed
-
-  have "\<forall>x. P x" sorry
-  then have "P a" ..
-
-  have "\<exists>x. P x"
-  proof
-    show "P a" sorry
-  qed
-
-  have "\<exists>x. P x" sorry
-  then have C
-  proof
-    fix a
-    assume "P a"
-    show C sorry
-  qed
-
-  txt {* Less awkward version using @{command obtain}: *}
-  have "\<exists>x. P x" sorry
-  then obtain a where "P a" ..
-end
-
-text {* Further variations to illustrate Isar sub-proofs involving
-  @{command show}: *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  have "A \<and> B"
-  proof  -- {* two strictly isolated subproofs *}
-    show A sorry
-  next
-    show B sorry
-  qed
-
-  have "A \<and> B"
-  proof  -- {* one simultaneous sub-proof *}
-    show A and B sorry
-  qed
-
-  have "A \<and> B"
-  proof  -- {* two subproofs in the same context *}
-    show A sorry
-    show B sorry
-  qed
-
-  have "A \<and> B"
-  proof  -- {* swapped order *}
-    show B sorry
-    show A sorry
-  qed
-
-  have "A \<and> B"
-  proof  -- {* sequential subproofs *}
-    show A sorry
-    show B using `A` sorry
-  qed
-end
-
-
-subsubsection {* Example: set-theoretic operators *}
-
-text {* There is nothing special about logical connectives (@{text
-  "\<and>"}, @{text "\<or>"}, @{text "\<forall>"}, @{text "\<exists>"} etc.).  Operators from
-  set-theory or lattice-theory work analogously.  It is only a matter
-  of rule declarations in the library; rules can be also specified
-  explicitly.
-*}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  have "x \<in> A" and "x \<in> B" sorry
-  then have "x \<in> A \<inter> B" ..
-
-  have "x \<in> A" sorry
-  then have "x \<in> A \<union> B" ..
-
-  have "x \<in> B" sorry
-  then have "x \<in> A \<union> B" ..
-
-  have "x \<in> A \<union> B" sorry
-  then have C
-  proof
-    assume "x \<in> A"
-    then show C sorry
-  next
-    assume "x \<in> B"
-    then show C sorry
-  qed
-
-next
-  have "x \<in> \<Inter>A"
-  proof
-    fix a
-    assume "a \<in> A"
-    show "x \<in> a" sorry
-  qed
-
-  have "x \<in> \<Inter>A" sorry
-  then have "x \<in> a"
-  proof
-    show "a \<in> A" sorry
-  qed
-
-  have "a \<in> A" and "x \<in> a" sorry
-  then have "x \<in> \<Union>A" ..
-
-  have "x \<in> \<Union>A" sorry
-  then obtain a where "a \<in> A" and "x \<in> a" ..
-end
-
-
-section {* Generalized elimination and cases *}
-
-subsection {* General elimination rules *}
-
-text {*
-  The general format of elimination rules is illustrated by the
-  following typical representatives:
-*}
-
-thm exE     -- {* local parameter *}
-thm conjE   -- {* local premises *}
-thm disjE   -- {* split into cases *}
-
-text {*
-  Combining these characteristics leads to the following general scheme
-  for elimination rules with cases:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item prefix of assumptions (or ``major premises'')
-
-  \item one or more cases that enable to establish the main conclusion
-    in an augmented context
-
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  assume r:
-    "A1 \<Longrightarrow> A2 \<Longrightarrow>  (* assumptions *)
-      (\<And>x y. B1 x y \<Longrightarrow> C1 x y \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow>  (* case 1 *)
-      (\<And>x y. B2 x y \<Longrightarrow> C2 x y \<Longrightarrow> R) \<Longrightarrow>  (* case 2 *)
-      R  (* main conclusion *)"
-
-  have A1 and A2 sorry
-  then have R
-  proof (rule r)
-    fix x y
-    assume "B1 x y" and "C1 x y"
-    show ?thesis sorry
-  next
-    fix x y
-    assume "B2 x y" and "C2 x y"
-    show ?thesis sorry
-  qed
-end
-
-text {* Here @{text "?thesis"} is used to refer to the unchanged goal
-  statement.  *}
-
-
-subsection {* Rules with cases *}
-
-text {*
-  Applying an elimination rule to some goal, leaves that unchanged
-  but allows to augment the context in the sub-proof of each case.
-
-  Isar provides some infrastructure to support this:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item native language elements to state eliminations
-
-  \item symbolic case names
-
-  \item method @{method cases} to recover this structure in a
-  sub-proof
-
-  \end{itemize}
-*}
-
-print_statement exE
-print_statement conjE
-print_statement disjE
-
-lemma
-  assumes A1 and A2  -- {* assumptions *}
-  obtains
-    (case1)  x y where "B1 x y" and "C1 x y"
-  | (case2)  x y where "B2 x y" and "C2 x y"
-  sorry
-
-
-subsubsection {* Example *}
-
-lemma tertium_non_datur:
-  obtains
-    (T)  A
-  | (F)  "\<not> A"
-  by blast
-
-notepad
-begin
-  fix x y :: 'a
-  have C
-  proof (cases "x = y" rule: tertium_non_datur)
-    case T
-    from `x = y` show ?thesis sorry
-  next
-    case F
-    from `x \<noteq> y` show ?thesis sorry
-  qed
-end
-
-
-subsubsection {* Example *}
-
-text {*
-  Isabelle/HOL specification mechanisms (datatype, inductive, etc.)
-  provide suitable derived cases rules.
-*}
-
-datatype foo = Foo | Bar foo
-
-notepad
-begin
-  fix x :: foo
-  have C
-  proof (cases x)
-    case Foo
-    from `x = Foo` show ?thesis sorry
-  next
-    case (Bar a)
-    from `x = Bar a` show ?thesis sorry
-  qed
-end
-
-
-subsection {* Obtaining local contexts *}
-
-text {* A single ``case'' branch may be inlined into Isar proof text
-  via @{command obtain}.  This proves @{prop "(\<And>x. B x \<Longrightarrow> thesis) \<Longrightarrow>
-  thesis"} on the spot, and augments the context afterwards.  *}
-
-notepad
-begin
-  fix B :: "'a \<Rightarrow> bool"
-
-  obtain x where "B x" sorry
-  note `B x`
-
-  txt {* Conclusions from this context may not mention @{term x} again! *}
-  {
-    obtain x where "B x" sorry
-    from `B x` have C sorry
-  }
-  note `C`
-end
-
-end
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Document_Preparation.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Document_Preparation.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,990 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{Document{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Preparation}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Document{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Preparation\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Document preparation \label{ch:document-prep}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isabelle/Isar provides a simple document preparation system
-  based on regular {PDF-\LaTeX} technology, with full support for
-  hyper-links and bookmarks.  Thus the results are well suited for WWW
-  browsing and as printed copies.
-
-  \medskip Isabelle generates {\LaTeX} output while running a
-  \emph{logic session} (see also \cite{isabelle-sys}).  Getting
-  started with a working configuration for common situations is quite
-  easy by using the Isabelle \verb|mkdir| and \verb|make|
-  tools.  First invoke
-\begin{ttbox}
-  isabelle mkdir Foo
-\end{ttbox}
-  to initialize a separate directory for session \verb|Foo| (it
-  is safe to experiment, since \verb|isabelle mkdir| never
-  overwrites existing files).  Ensure that \verb|Foo/ROOT.ML|
-  holds ML commands to load all theories required for this session;
-  furthermore \verb|Foo/document/root.tex| should include any
-  special {\LaTeX} macro packages required for your document (the
-  default is usually sufficient as a start).
-
-  The session is controlled by a separate \verb|IsaMakefile|
-  (with crude source dependencies by default).  This file is located
-  one level up from the \verb|Foo| directory location.  Now
-  invoke
-\begin{ttbox}
-  isabelle make Foo
-\end{ttbox}
-  to run the \verb|Foo| session, with browser information and
-  document preparation enabled.  Unless any errors are reported by
-  Isabelle or {\LaTeX}, the output will appear inside the directory
-  defined by the \verb|ISABELLE_BROWSER_INFO| setting (as
-  reported by the batch job in verbose mode).
-
-  \medskip You may also consider to tune the \verb|usedir|
-  options in \verb|IsaMakefile|, for example to switch the output
-  format between \verb|pdf| and \verb|dvi|, or activate the
-  \verb|-D| option to retain a second copy of the generated
-  {\LaTeX} sources (for manual inspection or separate runs of
-  \hyperlink{executable.latex}{\mbox{\isa{\isatt{latex}}}}).
-
-  \medskip See \emph{The Isabelle System Manual} \cite{isabelle-sys}
-  for further details on Isabelle logic sessions and theory
-  presentation.  The Isabelle/HOL tutorial \cite{isabelle-hol-book}
-  also covers theory presentation to some extent.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Markup commands \label{sec:markup}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{header}\hypertarget{command.header}{\hyperlink{command.header}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{header}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}toplevel\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ toplevel{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[0.5ex]
-    \indexdef{}{command}{chapter}\hypertarget{command.chapter}{\hyperlink{command.chapter}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{chapter}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{section}\hypertarget{command.section}{\hyperlink{command.section}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{section}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{subsection}\hypertarget{command.subsection}{\hyperlink{command.subsection}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subsection}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{subsubsection}\hypertarget{command.subsubsection}{\hyperlink{command.subsubsection}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subsubsection}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{text}\hypertarget{command.text}{\hyperlink{command.text}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{text}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{text\_raw}\hypertarget{command.text-raw}{\hyperlink{command.text-raw}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{text{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}raw}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[0.5ex]
-    \indexdef{}{command}{sect}\hypertarget{command.sect}{\hyperlink{command.sect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sect}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{subsect}\hypertarget{command.subsect}{\hyperlink{command.subsect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subsect}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{subsubsect}\hypertarget{command.subsubsect}{\hyperlink{command.subsubsect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subsubsect}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{txt}\hypertarget{command.txt}{\hyperlink{command.txt}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{txt}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{txt\_raw}\hypertarget{command.txt-raw}{\hyperlink{command.txt-raw}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{txt{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}raw}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Markup commands provide a structured way to insert text into the
-  document generated from a theory.  Each markup command takes a
-  single \hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}} argument, which is passed as argument to a
-  corresponding {\LaTeX} macro.  The default macros provided by
-  \verb|~~/lib/texinputs/isabelle.sty| can be redefined according
-  to the needs of the underlying document and {\LaTeX} styles.
-
-  Note that formal comments (\secref{sec:comments}) are similar to
-  markup commands, but have a different status within Isabelle/Isar
-  syntax.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.chapter}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{chapter}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.section}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{section}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.subsection}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subsection}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.subsubsection}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subsubsection}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.text}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{text}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{7}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.header}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{header}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.text-raw}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{text{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}raw}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.sect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sect}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.subsect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subsect}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.subsubsect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subsubsect}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.txt}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{txt}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{6}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.txt-raw}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{txt{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}raw}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.header}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{header}}}} provides plain text markup just preceding
-  the formal beginning of a theory.  The corresponding {\LaTeX} macro
-  is \verb|\isamarkupheader|, which acts like \hyperlink{command.section}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{section}}}} by default.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.chapter}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{chapter}}}}, \hyperlink{command.section}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{section}}}}, \hyperlink{command.subsection}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subsection}}}},
-  and \hyperlink{command.subsubsection}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subsubsection}}}} mark chapter and section headings
-  within the main theory body or local theory targets.  The
-  corresponding {\LaTeX} macros are \verb|\isamarkupchapter|,
-  \verb|\isamarkupsection|, \verb|\isamarkupsubsection| etc.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.sect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sect}}}}, \hyperlink{command.subsect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subsect}}}}, and \hyperlink{command.subsubsect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subsubsect}}}}
-  mark section headings within proofs.  The corresponding {\LaTeX}
-  macros are \verb|\isamarkupsect|, \verb|\isamarkupsubsect| etc.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.text}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{text}}}} and \hyperlink{command.txt}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{txt}}}} specify paragraphs of plain
-  text.  This corresponds to a {\LaTeX} environment \verb|\begin{isamarkuptext}| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|\end{isamarkuptext}| etc.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.text-raw}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{text{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}raw}}}} and \hyperlink{command.txt-raw}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{txt{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}raw}}}} insert {\LaTeX}
-  source into the output, without additional markup.  Thus the full
-  range of document manipulations becomes available, at the risk of
-  messing up document output.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Except for \hyperlink{command.text-raw}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{text{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}raw}}}} and \hyperlink{command.txt-raw}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{txt{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}raw}}}}, the text
-  passed to any of the above markup commands may refer to formal
-  entities via \emph{document antiquotations}, see also
-  \secref{sec:antiq}.  These are interpreted in the present theory or
-  proof context, or the named \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}target{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \medskip The proof markup commands closely resemble those for theory
-  specifications, but have a different formal status and produce
-  different {\LaTeX} macros.  The default definitions coincide for
-  analogous commands such as \hyperlink{command.section}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{section}}}} and \hyperlink{command.sect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sect}}}}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Document Antiquotations \label{sec:antiq}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{theory}\hypertarget{antiquotation.theory}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.theory}{\mbox{\isa{theory}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{thm}\hypertarget{antiquotation.thm}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.thm}{\mbox{\isa{thm}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{lemma}\hypertarget{antiquotation.lemma}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{lemma}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{prop}\hypertarget{antiquotation.prop}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{term}\hypertarget{antiquotation.term}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{term\_type}\hypertarget{antiquotation.term-type}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.term-type}{\mbox{\isa{term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{typeof}\hypertarget{antiquotation.typeof}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.typeof}{\mbox{\isa{typeof}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{const}\hypertarget{antiquotation.const}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.const}{\mbox{\isa{const}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{abbrev}\hypertarget{antiquotation.abbrev}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.abbrev}{\mbox{\isa{abbrev}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{typ}\hypertarget{antiquotation.typ}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.typ}{\mbox{\isa{typ}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{type}\hypertarget{antiquotation.type}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{class}\hypertarget{antiquotation.class}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.class}{\mbox{\isa{class}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{text}\hypertarget{antiquotation.text}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{goals}\hypertarget{antiquotation.goals}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.goals}{\mbox{\isa{goals}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{subgoals}\hypertarget{antiquotation.subgoals}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.subgoals}{\mbox{\isa{subgoals}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{prf}\hypertarget{antiquotation.prf}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.prf}{\mbox{\isa{prf}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{full\_prf}\hypertarget{antiquotation.full-prf}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.full-prf}{\mbox{\isa{full{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}prf}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{ML}\hypertarget{antiquotation.ML}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.ML}{\mbox{\isa{ML}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{ML\_op}\hypertarget{antiquotation.ML-op}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.ML-op}{\mbox{\isa{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}op}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{ML\_type}\hypertarget{antiquotation.ML-type}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.ML-type}{\mbox{\isa{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{ML\_struct}\hypertarget{antiquotation.ML-struct}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.ML-struct}{\mbox{\isa{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}struct}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{file}\hypertarget{antiquotation.file}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.file}{\mbox{\isa{file}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The overall content of an Isabelle/Isar theory may alternate between
-  formal and informal text.  The main body consists of formal
-  specification and proof commands, interspersed with markup commands
-  (\secref{sec:markup}) or document comments (\secref{sec:comments}).
-  The argument of markup commands quotes informal text to be printed
-  in the resulting document, but may again refer to formal entities
-  via \emph{document antiquotations}.
-
-  For example, embedding of ``\isa{{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}term\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}types{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}''
-  within a text block makes
-  \isa{{\isacharparenleft}f{\isasymColon}{\isacharprime}a\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ {\isacharprime}a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharparenleft}x{\isasymColon}{\isacharprime}a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharparenleft}a{\isasymColon}{\isacharprime}a{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharplus}\ x} appear in the final {\LaTeX} document.
-
-  Antiquotations usually spare the author tedious typing of logical
-  entities in full detail.  Even more importantly, some degree of
-  consistency-checking between the main body of formal text and its
-  informal explanation is achieved, since terms and types appearing in
-  antiquotations are checked within the current theory or proof
-  context.
-
-  %% FIXME less monolithic presentation, move to individual sections!?
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{antiquotation}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{15}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{antiquotation}\hypertarget{syntax.antiquotation}{\hyperlink{syntax.antiquotation}{\mbox{\isa{antiquotation}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.theory}{\mbox{\isa{theory}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.thm}{\mbox{\isa{thm}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{styles}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{lemma}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{by}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.method}{\mbox{\isa{method}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.method}{\mbox{\isa{method}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{styles}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{styles}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{6}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.HOL.value}{\mbox{\isa{value}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{styles}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{7}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.term-type}{\mbox{\isa{term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{styles}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{8}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.typeof}{\mbox{\isa{typeof}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{styles}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{9}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.const}{\mbox{\isa{const}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{10}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.abbrev}{\mbox{\isa{abbrev}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{11}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.typ}{\mbox{\isa{typ}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{12}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{13}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.class}{\mbox{\isa{class}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{14}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{9}{\hyperlink{syntax.antiquotation}{\mbox{\isa{antiquotation}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.goals}{\mbox{\isa{goals}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.subgoals}{\mbox{\isa{subgoals}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.prf}{\mbox{\isa{prf}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.full-prf}{\mbox{\isa{full{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}prf}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.ML}{\mbox{\isa{ML}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.ML-op}{\mbox{\isa{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}op}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{6}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.ML-type}{\mbox{\isa{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{7}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.ML-struct}{\mbox{\isa{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}struct}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{8}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{antiquotation.file}{\mbox{\isa{file}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{options}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{options}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{option}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{option}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{styles}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{style}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{style}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  Note that the syntax of antiquotations may \emph{not} include source
-  comments \verb|(*|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\verb|*)| nor verbatim
-  text \verb|{|\verb|*|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\verb|*|\verb|}|.
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}theory\ A{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints the name \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which is
-  guaranteed to refer to a valid ancestor theory in the current
-  context.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}thm\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints theorems \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  Full fact expressions are allowed here, including attributes
-  (\secref{sec:syn-att}).
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}prop\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints a well-typed proposition \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}lemma\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\ by\ m{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} proves a well-typed proposition
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by method \isa{m} and prints the original \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}term\ t{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints a well-typed term \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}value\ t{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} evaluates a term \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and prints
-  its result, see also \indexref{HOL}{command}{value}\hyperlink{command.HOL.value}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{value}}}}.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type\ t{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints a well-typed term \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  annotated with its type.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}typeof\ t{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints the type of a well-typed term
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}const\ c{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints a logical or syntactic constant
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}abbrev\ c\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints a constant abbreviation
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ rhs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} as defined in the current context.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}typ\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints a well-formed type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}type\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6B617070613E}{\isasymkappa}}{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints a (logical or syntactic) type
-    constructor \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6B617070613E}{\isasymkappa}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}class\ c{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints a class \isa{c}.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}text\ s{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints uninterpreted source text \isa{s}.  This is particularly useful to print portions of text according
-  to the Isabelle document style, without demanding well-formedness,
-  e.g.\ small pieces of terms that should not be parsed or
-  type-checked yet.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}goals{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints the current \emph{dynamic} goal
-  state.  This is mainly for support of tactic-emulation scripts
-  within Isar.  Presentation of goal states does not conform to the
-  idea of human-readable proof documents!
-
-  When explaining proofs in detail it is usually better to spell out
-  the reasoning via proper Isar proof commands, instead of peeking at
-  the internal machine configuration.
-  
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}subgoals{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is similar to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}goals{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, but
-  does not print the main goal.
-  
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}prf\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints the (compact) proof terms
-  corresponding to the theorems \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}. Note that this
-  requires proof terms to be switched on for the current logic
-  session.
-  
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}full{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}prf\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is like \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}prf\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, but prints the full proof terms, i.e.\ also displays
-  information omitted in the compact proof term, which is denoted by
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}'' placeholders there.
-  
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}ML\ s{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}op\ s{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type\ s{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}struct\ s{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} check text \isa{s} as ML value,
-  infix operator, type, and structure, respectively.  The source is
-  printed verbatim.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}file\ path{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} checks that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}path{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} refers to a
-  file (or directory) and prints it verbatim.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Styled antiquotations%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The antiquotations \isa{thm}, \isa{prop} and \isa{term} admit an extra \emph{style} specification to modify the
-  printed result.  A style is specified by a name with a possibly
-  empty number of arguments;  multiple styles can be sequenced with
-  commas.  The following standard styles are available:
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \isa{lhs} extracts the first argument of any application
-  form with at least two arguments --- typically meta-level or
-  object-level equality, or any other binary relation.
-  
-  \item \isa{rhs} is like \isa{lhs}, but extracts the second
-  argument.
-  
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}concl{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} extracts the conclusion \isa{C} from a rule
-  in Horn-clause normal form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prem{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \isa{n} extract premise number
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} from from a rule in Horn-clause
-  normal form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{General options%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The following options are available to tune the printed output
-  of antiquotations.  Note that many of these coincide with global ML
-  flags of the same names.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{show\_types}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.show-types}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.show-types}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}types}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{show\_sorts}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.show-sorts}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.show-sorts}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}sorts}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} control
-  printing of explicit type and sort constraints.
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{show\_structs}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.show-structs}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.show-structs}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}structs}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  controls printing of implicit structures.
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{show\_abbrevs}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.show-abbrevs}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.show-abbrevs}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abbrevs}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  controls folding of abbreviations.
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{names\_long}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.names-long}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.names-long}{\mbox{\isa{names{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}long}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} forces
-  names of types and constants etc.\ to be printed in their fully
-  qualified internal form.
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{names\_short}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.names-short}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.names-short}{\mbox{\isa{names{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}short}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  forces names of types and constants etc.\ to be printed unqualified.
-  Note that internalizing the output again in the current context may
-  well yield a different result.
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{names\_unique}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.names-unique}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.names-unique}{\mbox{\isa{names{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unique}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  determines whether the printed version of qualified names should be
-  made sufficiently long to avoid overlap with names declared further
-  back.  Set to \isa{false} for more concise output.
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{eta\_contract}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.eta-contract}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.eta-contract}{\mbox{\isa{eta{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}contract}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  prints terms in \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6574613E}{\isasymeta}}}-contracted form.
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{display}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.display}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.display}{\mbox{\isa{display}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} indicates
-  if the text is to be output as multi-line ``display material'',
-  rather than a small piece of text without line breaks (which is the
-  default).
-
-  In this mode the embedded entities are printed in the same style as
-  the main theory text.
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{break}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.break}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.break}{\mbox{\isa{break}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} controls
-  line breaks in non-display material.
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{quotes}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.quotes}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.quotes}{\mbox{\isa{quotes}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} indicates
-  if the output should be enclosed in double quotes.
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{mode}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.mode}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.mode}{\mbox{\isa{mode}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ name{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} adds \isa{name} to the print mode to be used for presentation.  Note that the
-  standard setup for {\LaTeX} output is already present by default,
-  including the modes \isa{latex} and \isa{xsymbols}.
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{margin}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.margin}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.margin}{\mbox{\isa{margin}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{indent}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.indent}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.indent}{\mbox{\isa{indent}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} change the margin
-  or indentation for pretty printing of display material.
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{goals\_limit}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.goals-limit}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.goals-limit}{\mbox{\isa{goals{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}limit}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  determines the maximum number of goals to be printed (for goal-based
-  antiquotation).
-
-  \item \indexdef{}{antiquotation option}{source}\hypertarget{antiquotation option.source}{\hyperlink{antiquotation option.source}{\mbox{\isa{source}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints the
-  original source text of the antiquotation arguments, rather than its
-  internal representation.  Note that formal checking of
-  \hyperlink{antiquotation.thm}{\mbox{\isa{thm}}}, \hyperlink{antiquotation.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}, etc. is still
-  enabled; use the \hyperlink{antiquotation.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}} antiquotation for unchecked
-  output.
-
-  Regular \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}term{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}typ{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} antiquotations with \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}source\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ false{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} involve a full round-trip from the original source
-  to an internalized logical entity back to a source form, according
-  to the syntax of the current context.  Thus the printed output is
-  not under direct control of the author, it may even fluctuate a bit
-  as the underlying theory is changed later on.
-
-  In contrast, \hyperlink{antiquotation option.source}{\mbox{\isa{source}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ true{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  admits direct printing of the given source text, with the desirable
-  well-formedness check in the background, but without modification of
-  the printed text.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  For boolean flags, ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ true{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' may be abbreviated as
-  ``\isa{name}''.  All of the above flags are disabled by default,
-  unless changed from ML, say in the \verb|ROOT.ML| of the
-  logic session.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Markup via command tags \label{sec:tags}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Each Isabelle/Isar command may be decorated by additional
-  presentation tags, to indicate some modification in the way it is
-  printed in the document.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{tags}\hypertarget{syntax.tags}{\hyperlink{syntax.tags}{\mbox{\isa{tags}}}}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\isa{tag}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{tag}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{25}{\isacharpercent}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.ident}{\mbox{\isa{ident}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  Some tags are pre-declared for certain classes of commands, serving
-  as default markup if no tags are given in the text:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & theory begin/end \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & all proof commands \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}ML{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & all commands involving ML code \\
-  \end{tabular}
-
-  \medskip The Isabelle document preparation system
-  \cite{isabelle-sys} allows tagged command regions to be presented
-  specifically, e.g.\ to fold proof texts, or drop parts of the text
-  completely.
-
-  For example ``\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{25}{\isacharpercent}}invisible\ auto{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' causes
-  that piece of proof to be treated as \isa{invisible} instead of
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (the default), which may be shown or hidden
-  depending on the document setup.  In contrast, ``\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{25}{\isacharpercent}}visible\ auto{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' forces this text to be shown
-  invariably.
-
-  Explicit tag specifications within a proof apply to all subsequent
-  commands of the same level of nesting.  For example, ``\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{25}{\isacharpercent}}visible\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}'' forces the whole
-  sub-proof to be typeset as \isa{visible} (unless some of its parts
-  are tagged differently).
-
-  \medskip Command tags merely produce certain markup environments for
-  type-setting.  The meaning of these is determined by {\LaTeX}
-  macros, as defined in \verb|~~/lib/texinputs/isabelle.sty| or
-  by the document author.  The Isabelle document preparation tools
-  also provide some high-level options to specify the meaning of
-  arbitrary tags to ``keep'', ``drop'', or ``fold'' the corresponding
-  parts of the text.  Logic sessions may also specify ``document
-  versions'', where given tags are interpreted in some particular way.
-  Again see \cite{isabelle-sys} for further details.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Railroad diagrams%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{antiquotation}{rail}\hypertarget{antiquotation.rail}{\hyperlink{antiquotation.rail}{\mbox{\isa{rail}}}} & : & \isa{antiquotation} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\isa{rail}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{string}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  The \hyperlink{antiquotation.rail}{\mbox{\isa{rail}}} antiquotation allows to include syntax
-  diagrams into Isabelle documents.  {\LaTeX} requires the style file
-  \verb|~~/lib/texinputs/pdfsetup.sty|, which can be used via
-  \verb|\usepackage{pdfsetup}| in \verb|root.tex|, for
-  example.
-
-  The rail specification language is quoted here as Isabelle \hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}; it has its own grammar given below.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{rule}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{rule}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\isa{identifier}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.antiquotation}{\mbox{\isa{antiquotation}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\isa{body}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{body}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{concatenation}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{concatenation}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{atom}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\isa{atom}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{6}{\isa{atom}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{body}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\isa{identifier}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\isa{string}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.antiquotation}{\mbox{\isa{antiquotation}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C}{\isacharbackslash}}{\isaliteral{5C}{\isacharbackslash}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  The lexical syntax of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}identifier{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} coincides with that of
-  \hyperlink{syntax.ident}{\mbox{\isa{ident}}} in regular Isabelle syntax, but \isa{string} uses
-  single quotes instead of double quotes of the standard \hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}} category, to avoid extra escapes.
-
-  Each \isa{rule} defines a formal language (with optional name),
-  using a notation that is similar to EBNF or regular expressions with
-  recursion.  The meaning and visual appearance of these rail language
-  elements is illustrated by the following representative examples.
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Empty \verb|()|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Nonterminal \verb|A|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@nont{\isa{A}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Nonterminal via Isabelle antiquotation
-  \verb|@{syntax method}|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.method}{\mbox{\isa{method}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Terminal \verb|'xyz'|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\isa{xyz}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Terminal in keyword style \verb|@'xyz'|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{xyz}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Terminal via Isabelle antiquotation
-  \verb|@@{method rule}|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Concatenation \verb|A B C|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@nont{\isa{A}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{B}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{C}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Linebreak \verb|\\| inside
-  concatenation\footnote{Strictly speaking, this is only a single
-  backslash, but the enclosing \hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}} syntax requires a
-  second one for escaping.} \verb|A B C \\ D E F|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@nont{\isa{A}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{B}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{C}}[]
-\rail@cr{2}
-\rail@nont{\isa{D}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{E}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{F}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Variants \verb|A |\verb,|,\verb| B |\verb,|,\verb| C|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\isa{A}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{B}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\isa{C}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Option \verb|A ?|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{A}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Repetition \verb|A *|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\isa{A}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Repetition with separator \verb|A * sep|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{A}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cnont{\isa{sep}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Strict repetition \verb|A +|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{A}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \item Strict repetition with separator \verb|A + sep|
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{A}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\isa{sep}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Draft presentation%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{display\_drafts}\hypertarget{command.display-drafts}{\hyperlink{command.display-drafts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{display{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}drafts}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_drafts}\hypertarget{command.print-drafts}{\hyperlink{command.print-drafts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}drafts}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.display-drafts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{display{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}drafts}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.print-drafts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}drafts}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.display-drafts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{display{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}drafts}}}}~\isa{paths} and \hyperlink{command.print-drafts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}drafts}}}}~\isa{paths} perform simple output of a given list
-  of raw source files.  Only those symbols that do not require
-  additional {\LaTeX} packages are displayed properly, everything else
-  is left verbatim.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/First_Order_Logic.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/First_Order_Logic.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,1417 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{First{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Order{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Logic}%
-%
-\isamarkupheader{Example: First-Order Logic%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimvisible
-%
-\endisadelimvisible
-%
-\isatagvisible
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ First{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Order{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Logic\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ \ \isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagvisible
-{\isafoldvisible}%
-%
-\isadelimvisible
-%
-\endisadelimvisible
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent In order to commence a new object-logic within
-  Isabelle/Pure we introduce abstract syntactic categories \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  for individuals and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}o{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for object-propositions.  The latter
-  is embedded into the language of Pure propositions by means of a
-  separate judgment.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{typedecl}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ i\isanewline
-\isacommand{typedecl}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ o\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{judgment}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ Trueprop\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}o\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ prop{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isadigit{5}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent Note that the object-logic judgement is implicit in the
-  syntax: writing \isa{A} produces \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Trueprop\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} internally.
-  From the Pure perspective this means ``\isa{A} is derivable in the
-  object-logic''.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Equational reasoning \label{sec:framework-ex-equal}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Equality is axiomatized as a binary predicate on individuals, with
-  reflexivity as introduction, and substitution as elimination
-  principle.  Note that the latter is particularly convenient in a
-  framework like Isabelle, because syntactic congruences are
-  implicitly produced by unification of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} against
-  expressions containing occurrences of \isa{x}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{axiomatization}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ equal\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isakeyword{infix}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isadigit{5}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ refl\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\isanewline
-\ \ subst\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}elim{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent Substitution is very powerful, but also hard to control in
-  full generality.  We derive some common symmetry~/ transitivity
-  schemes of \isa{equal} as particular consequences.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ sym\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}sym{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{shows}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{with}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ forw{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}subst\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}trans{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{shows}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ this\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ back{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}subst\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}trans{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{shows}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ trans\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}trans{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ z{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{shows}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ z{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ z{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ z{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Basic group theory%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-As an example for equational reasoning we consider some bits of
-  group theory.  The subsequent locale definition postulates group
-  operations and axioms; we also derive some consequences of this
-  specification.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{locale}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ group\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{fixes}\ prod\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isakeyword{infix}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isadigit{7}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isakeyword{and}\ inv\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isadigit{9}}{\isadigit{9}}{\isadigit{9}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isakeyword{and}\ unit\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ i\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ assoc{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ y{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ z\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ z{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isakeyword{and}\ left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unit{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isakeyword{and}\ left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inv{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ right{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inv{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unit\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}symmetric{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ assoc\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}symmetric{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inv\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}symmetric{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ assoc{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inv{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ assoc{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unit{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inv{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{finally}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ right{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unit{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inv\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}symmetric{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ assoc\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}symmetric{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ right{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inv{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unit{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{finally}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent Reasoning from basic axioms is often tedious.  Our proofs
-  work by producing various instances of the given rules (potentially
-  the symmetric form) using the pattern ``\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{eq}~\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ r{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' and composing the chain of
-  results via \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}/\hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}.  These steps may
-  involve any of the transitivity rules declared in
-  \secref{sec:framework-ex-equal}, namely \isa{trans} in combining
-  the first two results in \isa{right{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inv} and in the final steps of
-  both proofs, \isa{forw{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}subst} in the first combination of \isa{right{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unit}, and \isa{back{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}subst} in all other calculational steps.
-
-  Occasional substitutions in calculations are adequate, but should
-  not be over-emphasized.  The other extreme is to compose a chain by
-  plain transitivity only, with replacements occurring always in
-  topmost position. For example:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{unfolding}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inv\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{5C3C696E76657273653E}{\isasyminverse}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{unfolding}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ assoc\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{unfolding}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ right{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inv\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{unfolding}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unit\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{finally}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent Here we have re-used the built-in mechanism for unfolding
-  definitions in order to normalize each equational problem.  A more
-  realistic object-logic would include proper setup for the Simplifier
-  (\secref{sec:simplifier}), the main automated tool for equational
-  reasoning in Isabelle.  Then ``\hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}}~\isa{left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inv}~\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' would become ``\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp\ only{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ left{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inv{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' etc.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Propositional logic \label{sec:framework-ex-prop}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-We axiomatize basic connectives of propositional logic: implication,
-  disjunction, and conjunction.  The associated rules are modeled
-  after Gentzen's system of Natural Deduction \cite{Gentzen:1935}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{axiomatization}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ imp\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}o\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isakeyword{infixr}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isadigit{5}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ impI\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\isanewline
-\ \ impD\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}dest{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{axiomatization}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ disj\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}o\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isakeyword{infixr}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isadigit{3}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ disjI\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\isanewline
-\ \ disjI\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\isanewline
-\ \ disjE\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}elim{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{axiomatization}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ conj\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}o\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isakeyword{infixr}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isadigit{3}}{\isadigit{5}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ conjI\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\isanewline
-\ \ conjD\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\isanewline
-\ \ conjD\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent The conjunctive destructions have the disadvantage that
-  decomposing \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} involves an immediate decision which
-  component should be projected.  The more convenient simultaneous
-  elimination \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} can be derived as
-  follows:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ conjE\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}elim{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{obtains}\ A\ \isakeyword{and}\ B\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ conjD\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ conjD\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent Here is an example of swapping conjuncts with a single
-  intermediate elimination step:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{obtain}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isakeyword{and}\ A\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent Note that the analogous elimination rule for disjunction
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4F425441494E533E}{\isasymOBTAINS}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C424241523E}{\isasymBBAR}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' coincides with
-  the original axiomatization of \isa{disjE}.
-
-  \medskip We continue propositional logic by introducing absurdity
-  with its characteristic elimination.  Plain truth may then be
-  defined as a proposition that is trivially true.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{axiomatization}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ false\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ o\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ falseE\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}elim{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{definition}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ true\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ o\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C746F703E}{\isasymtop}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C746F703E}{\isasymtop}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ trueI\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C746F703E}{\isasymtop}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{unfolding}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ true{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\medskip\noindent Now negation represents an implication towards
-  absurdity:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{definition}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ not\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}o\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isadigit{4}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isadigit{4}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ notI\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{shows}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{unfolding}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ not{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def\isanewline
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ notE\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}elim{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{shows}\ B\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ A{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{unfolding}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ not{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Classical logic%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Subsequently we state the principle of classical contradiction as a
-  local assumption.  Thus we refrain from forcing the object-logic
-  into the classical perspective.  Within that context, we may derive
-  well-known consequences of the classical principle.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{locale}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ classical\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ classical{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ double{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}negation{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{shows}\ C\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ classical{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{with}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ tertium{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}non{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}datur{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ double{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}negation{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}C\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}C\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{with}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}C\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{with}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}C\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent These examples illustrate both classical reasoning and
-  non-trivial propositional proofs in general.  All three rules
-  characterize classical logic independently, but the original rule is
-  already the most convenient to use, because it leaves the conclusion
-  unchanged.  Note that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ C\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} fits again into our
-  format for eliminations, despite the additional twist that the
-  context refers to the main conclusion.  So we may write \isa{classical} as the Isar statement ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4F425441494E533E}{\isasymOBTAINS}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.
-  This also explains nicely how classical reasoning really works:
-  whatever the main \isa{thesis} might be, we may always assume its
-  negation!%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Quantifiers \label{sec:framework-ex-quant}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Representing quantifiers is easy, thanks to the higher-order nature
-  of the underlying framework.  According to the well-known technique
-  introduced by Church \cite{church40}, quantifiers are operators on
-  predicates, which are syntactically represented as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-terms
-  of type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Binder notation turns \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}All\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} into \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} etc.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{axiomatization}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ All\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isakeyword{binder}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ allI\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\isanewline
-\ \ allD\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}dest{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{axiomatization}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ Ex\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isakeyword{binder}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ exI\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\isanewline
-\ \ exE\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}elim{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent The statement of \isa{exE} corresponds to ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4F425441494E533E}{\isasymOBTAINS}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' in Isar.  In the
-  subsequent example we illustrate quantifier reasoning involving all
-  four rules:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ R\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{shows}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ R\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \ \ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} introduction%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{obtain}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ \isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ R\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{using}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ R\ x\ y{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \ \ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} elimination%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ y\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}R\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{using}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ R\ x\ y{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \ \ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} destruction%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ R\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \ \ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} introduction%
-}
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Canonical reasoning patterns%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The main rules of first-order predicate logic from
-  \secref{sec:framework-ex-prop} and \secref{sec:framework-ex-quant}
-  can now be summarized as follows, using the native Isar statement
-  format of \secref{sec:framework-stmt}.
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{l}
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}impI{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}impD{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[1ex]
-
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}disjI\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}disjI\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}disjE{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4F425441494E533E}{\isasymOBTAINS}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C424241523E}{\isasymBBAR}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[1ex]
-
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}conjI{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}conjE{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4F425441494E533E}{\isasymOBTAINS}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[1ex]
-
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}falseE{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}trueI{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C746F703E}{\isasymtop}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[1ex]
-
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}notI{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}notE{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[1ex]
-
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}allI{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}allE{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ B\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[1ex]
-
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}exI{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ B\ a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}exE{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4F425441494E533E}{\isasymOBTAINS}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ B\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \noindent This essentially provides a declarative reading of Pure
-  rules as Isar reasoning patterns: the rule statements tells how a
-  canonical proof outline shall look like.  Since the above rules have
-  already been declared as \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}} --- each according to its
-  particular shape --- we can immediately write Isar proof texts as
-  follows:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-%
-\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ A%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isakeyword{and}\ B%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{obtain}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isakeyword{and}\ B\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C746F703E}{\isasymtop}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ A%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\qquad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{obtain}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a\ \isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\bigskip\noindent Of course, these proofs are merely examples.  As
-  sketched in \secref{sec:framework-subproof}, there is a fair amount
-  of flexibility in expressing Pure deductions in Isar.  Here the user
-  is asked to express himself adequately, aiming at proof texts of
-  literary quality.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimvisible
-%
-\endisadelimvisible
-%
-\isatagvisible
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagvisible
-{\isafoldvisible}%
-%
-\isadelimvisible
-%
-\endisadelimvisible
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Framework.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Framework.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,1518 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{Framework}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Framework\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{The Isabelle/Isar Framework \label{ch:isar-framework}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isabelle/Isar
-  \cite{Wenzel:1999:TPHOL,Wenzel-PhD,Nipkow-TYPES02,Wenzel-Paulson:2006,Wenzel:2006:Festschrift}
-  is intended as a generic framework for developing formal
-  mathematical documents with full proof checking.  Definitions and
-  proofs are organized as theories.  An assembly of theory sources may
-  be presented as a printed document; see also
-  \chref{ch:document-prep}.
-
-  The main objective of Isar is the design of a human-readable
-  structured proof language, which is called the ``primary proof
-  format'' in Isar terminology.  Such a primary proof language is
-  somewhere in the middle between the extremes of primitive proof
-  objects and actual natural language.  In this respect, Isar is a bit
-  more formalistic than Mizar
-  \cite{Trybulec:1993:MizarFeatures,Rudnicki:1992:MizarOverview,Wiedijk:1999:Mizar},
-  using logical symbols for certain reasoning schemes where Mizar
-  would prefer English words; see \cite{Wenzel-Wiedijk:2002} for
-  further comparisons of these systems.
-
-  So Isar challenges the traditional way of recording informal proofs
-  in mathematical prose, as well as the common tendency to see fully
-  formal proofs directly as objects of some logical calculus (e.g.\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-terms in a version of type theory).  In fact, Isar is
-  better understood as an interpreter of a simple block-structured
-  language for describing the data flow of local facts and goals,
-  interspersed with occasional invocations of proof methods.
-  Everything is reduced to logical inferences internally, but these
-  steps are somewhat marginal compared to the overall bookkeeping of
-  the interpretation process.  Thanks to careful design of the syntax
-  and semantics of Isar language elements, a formal record of Isar
-  instructions may later appear as an intelligible text to the
-  attentive reader.
-
-  The Isar proof language has emerged from careful analysis of some
-  inherent virtues of the existing logical framework of Isabelle/Pure
-  \cite{paulson-found,paulson700}, notably composition of higher-order
-  natural deduction rules, which is a generalization of Gentzen's
-  original calculus \cite{Gentzen:1935}.  The approach of generic
-  inference systems in Pure is continued by Isar towards actual proof
-  texts.
-
-  Concrete applications require another intermediate layer: an
-  object-logic.  Isabelle/HOL \cite{isa-tutorial} (simply-typed
-  set-theory) is being used most of the time; Isabelle/ZF
-  \cite{isabelle-ZF} is less extensively developed, although it would
-  probably fit better for classical mathematics.
-
-  \medskip In order to illustrate natural deduction in Isar, we shall
-  refer to the background theory and library of Isabelle/HOL.  This
-  includes common notions of predicate logic, naive set-theory etc.\
-  using fairly standard mathematical notation.  From the perspective
-  of generic natural deduction there is nothing special about the
-  logical connectives of HOL (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, etc.), only the resulting reasoning principles are
-  relevant to the user.  There are similar rules available for
-  set-theory operators (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E7465723E}{\isasyminter}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C756E696F6E3E}{\isasymunion}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C496E7465723E}{\isasymInter}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C556E696F6E3E}{\isasymUnion}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, etc.), or any other theory developed in the library (lattice
-  theory, topology etc.).
-
-  Subsequently we briefly review fragments of Isar proof texts
-  corresponding directly to such general deduction schemes.  The
-  examples shall refer to set-theory, to minimize the danger of
-  understanding connectives of predicate logic as something special.
-
-  \medskip The following deduction performs \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E7465723E}{\isasyminter}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-introduction,
-  working forwards from assumptions towards the conclusion.  We give
-  both the Isar text, and depict the primitive rule involved, as
-  determined by unification of the problem against rules that are
-  declared in the library context.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\medskip\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ \ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E7465723E}{\isasyminter}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\infer{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E7465723E}{\isasyminter}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\end{minipage}
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\medskip\noindent Note that \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}} augments the proof
-  context, \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}} indicates that the current fact shall be
-  used in the next step, and \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}} states an intermediate
-  goal.  The two dots ``\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' refer to a complete proof of
-  this claim, using the indicated facts and a canonical rule from the
-  context.  We could have been more explicit here by spelling out the
-  final proof step via the \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}} command:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ \ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E7465723E}{\isasyminter}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ IntI{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent The format of the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E7465723E}{\isasyminter}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-introduction rule represents
-  the most basic inference, which proceeds from given premises to a
-  conclusion, without any nested proof context involved.
-
-  The next example performs backwards introduction on \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C496E7465723E}{\isasymInter}}{\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  the intersection of all sets within a given set.  This requires a
-  nested proof of set membership within a local context, where \isa{A} is an arbitrary-but-fixed member of the collection:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\medskip\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ \ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C496E7465723E}{\isasymInter}}{\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ \ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\infer{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C496E7465723E}{\isasymInter}}{\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\infer*{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}A{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\end{minipage}
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\medskip\noindent This Isar reasoning pattern again refers to the
-  primitive rule depicted above.  The system determines it in the
-  ``\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}'' step, which could have been spelt out more
-  explicitly as ``\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ InterI{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.  Note
-  that the rule involves both a local parameter \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and an
-  assumption \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in the nested reasoning.  This kind of
-  compound rule typically demands a genuine sub-proof in Isar, working
-  backwards rather than forwards as seen before.  In the proof body we
-  encounter the \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}-\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}-\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}
-  outline of nested sub-proofs that is typical for Isar.  The final
-  \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} is like \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}} followed by an additional
-  refinement of the enclosing claim, using the rule derived from the
-  proof body.
-
-  \medskip The next example involves \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C556E696F6E3E}{\isasymUnion}}{\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which can be
-  characterized as the set of all \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} such that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}A{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  The elimination rule for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C556E696F6E3E}{\isasymUnion}}{\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} does
-  not mention \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} at all, but admits to obtain
-  directly a local \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} such that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} hold.  This corresponds to the following Isar proof and
-  inference rule, respectively:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\medskip\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ \ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C556E696F6E3E}{\isasymUnion}}{\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ \ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\infer{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C556E696F6E3E}{\isasymUnion}}{\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \infer*{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}A{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\end{minipage}
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\medskip\noindent Although the Isar proof follows the natural
-  deduction rule closely, the text reads not as natural as
-  anticipated.  There is a double occurrence of an arbitrary
-  conclusion \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which represents the final result, but is
-  irrelevant for now.  This issue arises for any elimination rule
-  involving local parameters.  Isar provides the derived language
-  element \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}, which is able to perform the same
-  elimination proof more conveniently:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ \ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C556E696F6E3E}{\isasymUnion}}{\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{obtain}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent Here we avoid to mention the final conclusion \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  and return to plain forward reasoning.  The rule involved in the
-  ``\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' proof is the same as before.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{The Pure framework \label{sec:framework-pure}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The Pure logic \cite{paulson-found,paulson700} is an intuitionistic
-  fragment of higher-order logic \cite{church40}.  In type-theoretic
-  parlance, there are three levels of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-calculus with
-  corresponding arrows \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}/\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}/\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & syntactic function space (terms depending on terms) \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & universal quantification (proofs depending on terms) \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & implication (proofs depending on proofs) \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \noindent Here only the types of syntactic terms, and the
-  propositions of proof terms have been shown.  The \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-structure of proofs can be recorded as an optional feature of
-  the Pure inference kernel \cite{Berghofer-Nipkow:2000:TPHOL}, but
-  the formal system can never depend on them due to \emph{proof
-  irrelevance}.
-
-  On top of this most primitive layer of proofs, Pure implements a
-  generic calculus for nested natural deduction rules, similar to
-  \cite{Schroeder-Heister:1984}.  Here object-logic inferences are
-  internalized as formulae over \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  Combining such rule statements may involve higher-order unification
-  \cite{paulson-natural}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Primitive inferences%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Term syntax provides explicit notation for abstraction \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ b{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and application \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, while types are usually
-  implicit thanks to type-inference; terms of type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prop{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are
-  called propositions.  Logical statements are composed via \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Primitive reasoning operates on
-  judgments of the form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, with standard introduction
-  and elimination rules for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} that refer to
-  fixed parameters \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and hypotheses
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ A\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} from the context \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}};
-  the corresponding proof terms are left implicit.  The subsequent
-  inference rules define \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} inductively, relative to a
-  collection of axioms:
-
-  \[
-  \infer{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{(\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \text{~axiom})}
-  \qquad
-  \infer{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{}
-  \]
-
-  \[
-  \infer{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ B{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F74696E3E}{\isasymnotin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \qquad
-  \infer{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ B{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \]
-
-  \[
-  \infer{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \qquad
-  \infer{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C756E696F6E3E}{\isasymunion}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \]
-
-  Furthermore, Pure provides a built-in equality \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ prop{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} with axioms for reflexivity, substitution, extensionality,
-  and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6574613E}{\isasymeta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-conversion on \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-terms.
-
-  \medskip An object-logic introduces another layer on top of Pure,
-  e.g.\ with types \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for individuals and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}o{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for
-  propositions, term constants \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Trueprop\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ o\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ prop{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} as
-  (implicit) derivability judgment and connectives like \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ o\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ o{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, and axioms for object-level
-  rules such as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}conjI{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}allI{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Derived object rules are represented as theorems of
-  Pure.  After the initial object-logic setup, further axiomatizations
-  are usually avoided; plain definitions and derived principles are
-  used exclusively.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Reasoning with rules \label{sec:framework-resolution}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Primitive inferences mostly serve foundational purposes.  The main
-  reasoning mechanisms of Pure operate on nested natural deduction
-  rules expressed as formulae, using \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to bind local
-  parameters and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to express entailment.  Multiple
-  parameters and premises are represented by repeating these
-  connectives in a right-associative manner.
-
-  Since \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} commute thanks to the theorem
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, we may assume w.l.o.g.\
-  that rule statements always observe the normal form where
-  quantifiers are pulled in front of implications at each level of
-  nesting.  This means that any Pure proposition may be presented as a
-  \emph{Hereditary Harrop Formula} \cite{Miller:1991} which is of the
-  form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub m{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ H\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ H\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C67653E}{\isasymge}}\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} atomic, and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}H\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ H\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} being recursively of the same format.
-  Following the convention that outermost quantifiers are implicit,
-  Horn clauses \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ A\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are a special
-  case of this.
-
-  For example, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E7465723E}{\isasyminter}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-introduction rule encountered before is
-  represented as a Pure theorem as follows:
-  \[
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}IntI{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E7465723E}{\isasyminter}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  \]
-
-  \noindent This is a plain Horn clause, since no further nesting on
-  the left is involved.  The general \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C496E7465723E}{\isasymInter}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-introduction
-  corresponds to a Hereditary Harrop Formula with one additional level
-  of nesting:
-  \[
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}InterI{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}A{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C496E7465723E}{\isasymInter}}{\isaliteral{5C3C413E}{\isasymA}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  \]
-
-  \medskip Goals are also represented as rules: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ A\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} states that the sub-goals \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ A\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} entail the result \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}; for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} the
-  goal is finished.  To allow \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} being a rule statement
-  itself, we introduce the protective marker \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ prop\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ prop{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which is defined as identity and hidden from the user.  We
-  initialize and finish goal states as follows:
-
-  \[
-  \begin{array}{c@ {\qquad}c}
-  \infer[(\indexdef{}{inference}{init}\hypertarget{inference.init}{\hyperlink{inference.init}{\mbox{\isa{init}}}})]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}C\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{} &
-  \infer[(\indexdef{}{inference}{finish}\hypertarget{inference.finish}{\hyperlink{inference.finish}{\mbox{\isa{finish}}}})]{\isa{C}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \end{array}
-  \]
-
-  \noindent Goal states are refined in intermediate proof steps until
-  a finished form is achieved.  Here the two main reasoning principles
-  are \hyperlink{inference.resolution}{\mbox{\isa{resolution}}}, for back-chaining a rule against a
-  sub-goal (replacing it by zero or more sub-goals), and \hyperlink{inference.assumption}{\mbox{\isa{assumption}}}, for solving a sub-goal (finding a short-circuit with
-  local assumptions).  Below \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} stands for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C67653E}{\isasymge}}\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).
-
-  \[
-  \infer[(\indexdef{}{inference}{resolution}\hypertarget{inference.resolution}{\hyperlink{inference.resolution}{\mbox{\isa{resolution}}}})]
-  {\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec H\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec A\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec a\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  {\begin{tabular}{rl}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rule{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec A\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}goal{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec H\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}goal\ unifier{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec a\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ B{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-   \end{tabular}}
-  \]
-
-  \medskip
-
-  \[
-  \infer[(\indexdef{}{inference}{assumption}\hypertarget{inference.assumption}{\hyperlink{inference.assumption}{\mbox{\isa{assumption}}}})]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}C{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  {\begin{tabular}{rl}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}goal{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec H\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}assm\ unifier{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ H\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~~\text{(for some~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}H\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}})} \\
-   \end{tabular}}
-  \]
-
-  The following trace illustrates goal-oriented reasoning in
-  Isabelle/Pure:
-
-  {\footnotesize
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{r@ {\quad}l}
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ A{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ A{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}init{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}resolution\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ A{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}resolution\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}assumption{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}resolution\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}assumption{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}finish{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-  }
-
-  Compositions of \hyperlink{inference.assumption}{\mbox{\isa{assumption}}} after \hyperlink{inference.resolution}{\mbox{\isa{resolution}}} occurs quite often, typically in elimination steps.
-  Traditional Isabelle tactics accommodate this by a combined
-  \indexdef{}{inference}{elim\_resolution}\hypertarget{inference.elim-resolution}{\hyperlink{inference.elim-resolution}{\mbox{\isa{elim{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}resolution}}}} principle.  In contrast, Isar uses
-  a slightly more refined combination, where the assumptions to be
-  closed are marked explicitly, using again the protective marker
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}:
-
-  \[
-  \infer[(\hyperlink{inference.refinement}{\mbox{\isa{refinement}}})]
-  {\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec H\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec G{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec a\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  {\begin{tabular}{rl}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}sub{\isaliteral{5C3C68797068656E3E}{\isasymhyphen}}proof{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec G\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}goal{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec H\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}goal\ unifier{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec a\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ B{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}assm\ unifiers{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ G\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub j\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec a\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}H\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{5C3C76617274686574613E}{\isasymvartheta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \quad (for each marked \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}G\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub j{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} some \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}H\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}) \\
-   \end{tabular}}
-  \]
-
-  \noindent Here the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}sub{\isaliteral{5C3C68797068656E3E}{\isasymhyphen}}proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} rule stems from the
-  main \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}-\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}-\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} outline of
-  Isar (cf.\ \secref{sec:framework-subproof}): each assumption
-  indicated in the text results in a marked premise \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}G{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} above.
-  The marking enforces resolution against one of the sub-goal's
-  premises.  Consequently, \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}-\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}-\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} enables to fit the result of a sub-proof quite robustly into a
-  pending sub-goal, while maintaining a good measure of flexibility.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{The Isar proof language \label{sec:framework-isar}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Structured proofs are presented as high-level expressions for
-  composing entities of Pure (propositions, facts, and goals).  The
-  Isar proof language allows to organize reasoning within the
-  underlying rule calculus of Pure, but Isar is not another logical
-  calculus!
-
-  Isar is an exercise in sound minimalism.  Approximately half of the
-  language is introduced as primitive, the rest defined as derived
-  concepts.  The following grammar describes the core language
-  (category \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}), which is embedded into theory
-  specification elements such as \hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}; see also
-  \secref{sec:framework-stmt} for the separate category \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}statement{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory{\isaliteral{5C3C68797068656E3E}{\isasymhyphen}}stmt{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & = & \hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}statement\ proof\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~~\hyperlink{command.definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{definition}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[1ex]
-
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prfx\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}method\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}\ stmt\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}method\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[1ex]
-
-    \isa{prfx} & = & \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}facts{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}facts{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-
-    \isa{stmt} & = & \hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}stmt\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.next}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{next}}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ facts{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}term\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ term{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}var\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F746C6566743E}{\isasymguillemotleft}}inference{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F7472696768743E}{\isasymguillemotright}}\ name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ props{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\isa{goal} \\
-    \isa{goal} & = & \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ props\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ props\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-
-  \medskip Simultaneous propositions or facts may be separated by the
-  \hyperlink{keyword.and}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}} keyword.
-
-  \medskip The syntax for terms and propositions is inherited from
-  Pure (and the object-logic).  A \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}pattern{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is a \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}term{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} with schematic variables, to be bound by higher-order
-  matching.
-
-  \medskip Facts may be referenced by name or proposition.  For
-  example, the result of ``\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616E676C653E}{\isasymlangle}}proof{\isaliteral{5C3C72616E676C653E}{\isasymrangle}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
-  becomes available both as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  \isacharbackquoteopen\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\isacharbackquoteclose.  Moreover,
-  fact expressions may involve attributes that modify either the
-  theorem or the background context.  For example, the expression
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}OF\ b{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' refers to the composition of two facts
-  according to the \hyperlink{inference.resolution}{\mbox{\isa{resolution}}} inference of
-  \secref{sec:framework-resolution}, while ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
-  declares a fact as introduction rule in the context.
-
-  The special fact called ``\hyperlink{fact.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}'' always refers to the last
-  result, as produced by \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}, \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}, \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}, or \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}.  Since \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}} occurs
-  frequently together with \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}} we provide some
-  abbreviations:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
-    \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{a} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{a}~\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.with}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{with}}}}~\isa{a} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  The \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}method{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} category is essentially a parameter and may be
-  populated later.  Methods use the facts indicated by \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}} or \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}, and then operate on the goal state.
-  Some basic methods are predefined: ``\hyperlink{method.-}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}}'' leaves the goal
-  unchanged, ``\hyperlink{method.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}'' applies the facts as rules to the
-  goal, ``\hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}'' applies the facts to another rule and the
-  result to the goal (both ``\hyperlink{method.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}'' and ``\hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}''
-  refer to \hyperlink{inference.resolution}{\mbox{\isa{resolution}}} of
-  \secref{sec:framework-resolution}).  The secondary arguments to
-  ``\hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}'' may be specified explicitly as in ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', or picked from the context.  In the latter case, the system
-  first tries rules declared as \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}} or
-  \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}}, followed by those declared as \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}.
-
-  The default method for \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}} is ``\hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}''
-  (arguments picked from the context), for \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}} it is
-  ``\hyperlink{method.-}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}}''.  Further abbreviations for terminal proof steps
-  are ``\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}method\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ method\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' for
-  ``\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}method\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}method\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', and ``\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' for ``\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}, and ``\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' for ``\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\hyperlink{method.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}''.  The \hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}} element operates
-  directly on the current facts and goal by applying equalities.
-
-  \medskip Block structure can be indicated explicitly by ``\hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}}}}'', although the body of a sub-proof
-  already involves implicit nesting.  In any case, \hyperlink{command.next}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{next}}}}
-  jumps into the next section of a block, i.e.\ it acts like closing
-  an implicit block scope and opening another one; there is no direct
-  correspondence to subgoals here.
-
-  The remaining elements \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}} and \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}} build up
-  a local context (see \secref{sec:framework-context}), while
-  \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} refines a pending sub-goal by the rule resulting
-  from a nested sub-proof (see \secref{sec:framework-subproof}).
-  Further derived concepts will support calculational reasoning (see
-  \secref{sec:framework-calc}).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Context elements \label{sec:framework-context}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-In judgments \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of the primitive framework, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  essentially acts like a proof context.  Isar elaborates this idea
-  towards a higher-level notion, with additional information for
-  type-inference, term abbreviations, local facts, hypotheses etc.
-
-  The element \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} declares a local
-  parameter, i.e.\ an arbitrary-but-fixed entity of a given type; in
-  results exported from the context, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} may become anything.
-  The \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F746C6566743E}{\isasymguillemotleft}}inference{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F7472696768743E}{\isasymguillemotright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} element provides a
-  general interface to hypotheses: ``\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F746C6566743E}{\isasymguillemotleft}}inference{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F7472696768743E}{\isasymguillemotright}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' produces \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} locally, while the
-  included inference tells how to discharge \isa{A} from results
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} later on.  There is no user-syntax for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F746C6566743E}{\isasymguillemotleft}}inference{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F7472696768743E}{\isasymguillemotright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, i.e.\ it may only occur internally when derived
-  commands are defined in ML.
-
-  At the user-level, the default inference for \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}} is
-  \hyperlink{inference.discharge}{\mbox{\isa{discharge}}} as given below.  The additional variants
-  \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}} and \hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}} are defined as follows:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
-    \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}}~\isa{A} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F746C6566743E}{\isasymguillemotleft}}weak{\isaliteral{5C3C68797068656E3E}{\isasymhyphen}}discharge{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F7472696768743E}{\isasymguillemotright}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F746C6566743E}{\isasymguillemotleft}}expansion{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F7472696768743E}{\isasymguillemotright}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \[
-  \infer[(\indexdef{}{inference}{discharge}\hypertarget{inference.discharge}{\hyperlink{inference.discharge}{\mbox{\isa{discharge}}}})]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C73747275743E}{\isasymstrut}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C73747275743E}{\isasymstrut}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \]
-  \[
-  \infer[(\indexdef{}{inference}{weak-discharge}\hypertarget{inference.weak-discharge}{\hyperlink{inference.weak-discharge}{\mbox{\isa{weak{\isaliteral{5C3C68797068656E3E}{\isasymhyphen}}discharge}}}})]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C73747275743E}{\isasymstrut}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C73747275743E}{\isasymstrut}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \]
-  \[
-  \infer[(\indexdef{}{inference}{expansion}\hypertarget{inference.expansion}{\hyperlink{inference.expansion}{\mbox{\isa{expansion}}}})]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C73747275743E}{\isasymstrut}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ B\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C73747275743E}{\isasymstrut}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \]
-
-  \medskip Note that \hyperlink{inference.discharge}{\mbox{\isa{discharge}}} and \hyperlink{inference.weak-discharge}{\mbox{\isa{weak{\isaliteral{5C3C68797068656E3E}{\isasymhyphen}}discharge}}} differ in the marker for \isa{A}, which is
-  relevant when the result of a \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}-\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}-\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} outline is composed with a pending goal,
-  cf.\ \secref{sec:framework-subproof}.
-
-  The most interesting derived context element in Isar is \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}} \cite[\S5.3]{Wenzel-PhD}, which supports generalized
-  elimination steps in a purely forward manner.  The \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}
-  command takes a specification of parameters \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  assumptions \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to be added to the context, together
-  with a proof of a case rule stating that this extension is
-  conservative (i.e.\ may be removed from closed results later on):
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{l}
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616E676C653E}{\isasymlangle}}facts{\isaliteral{5C3C72616E676C653E}{\isasymrangle}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~~\hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec A\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616E676C653E}{\isasymlangle}}proof{\isaliteral{5C3C72616E676C653E}{\isasymrangle}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[0.5ex]
-  \quad \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}case{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}thesis{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec A\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{5C3C72616E676C653E}{\isasymrangle}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \quad \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\hyperlink{method.-}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}} \\
-  \qquad \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{thesis} \\
-  \qquad \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec A\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \qquad \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{thesis}~\hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616E676C653E}{\isasymlangle}}facts{\isaliteral{5C3C72616E676C653E}{\isasymrangle}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616E676C653E}{\isasymlangle}}proof{\isaliteral{5C3C72616E676C653E}{\isasymrangle}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \quad \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}} \\
-  \quad \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F746C6566743E}{\isasymguillemotleft}}elimination\ case{\isaliteral{5C3C6775696C6C656D6F7472696768743E}{\isasymguillemotright}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec A\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \[
-  \infer[(\hyperlink{inference.elimination}{\mbox{\isa{elimination}}})]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{
-    \begin{tabular}{rl}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}case{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}thesis{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec A\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[0.2ex]
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}result{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C756E696F6E3E}{\isasymunion}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec A\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[0.2ex]
-    \end{tabular}}
-  \]
-
-  \noindent Here the name ``\isa{thesis}'' is a specific convention
-  for an arbitrary-but-fixed proposition; in the primitive natural
-  deduction rules shown before we have occasionally used \isa{C}.
-  The whole statement of ``\hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}~\isa{x}~\hyperlink{keyword.where}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' may be read as a claim that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  may be assumed for some arbitrary-but-fixed \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Also note
-  that ``\hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' without parameters
-  is similar to ``\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', but the
-  latter involves multiple sub-goals.
-
-  \medskip The subsequent Isar proof texts explain all context
-  elements introduced above using the formal proof language itself.
-  After finishing a local proof within a block, we indicate the
-  exported result via \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-%
-\begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}%
-\end{minipage}\quad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}%
-\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{def}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ a\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}B\ a{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}%
-\end{minipage}\quad\begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{obtain}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ \isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ \ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}B{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}%
-\end{minipage}
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\bigskip\noindent This illustrates the meaning of Isar context
-  elements without goals getting in between.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Structured statements \label{sec:framework-stmt}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The category \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}statement{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of top-level theorem specifications
-  is defined as follows:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}statement{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ props\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ conclusion{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[0.5ex]
-
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C46495845533E}{\isasymFIXES}}\ vars\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ props\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}conclusion{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ props\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4F425441494E533E}{\isasymOBTAINS}}\ vars\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ props\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  & & \quad \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C424241523E}{\isasymBBAR}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-
-  \medskip\noindent A simple \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}statement{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} consists of named
-  propositions.  The full form admits local context elements followed
-  by the actual conclusions, such as ``\hyperlink{keyword.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{fixes}}}}~\isa{x}~\hyperlink{keyword.assumes}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{assumes}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{keyword.shows}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{shows}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.  The final result emerges as a Pure rule after discharging
-  the context: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ A\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  The \hyperlink{keyword.obtains}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{obtains}}}} variant is another abbreviation defined
-  below; unlike \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}} (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:framework-context}) there may be several ``cases''
-  separated by ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C424241523E}{\isasymBBAR}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', each consisting of several
-  parameters (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}vars{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}) and several premises (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}props{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).
-  This specifies multi-branch elimination rules.
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{l}
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4F425441494E533E}{\isasymOBTAINS}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec A\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ \ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C424241523E}{\isasymBBAR}}\ \ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ \ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[0.5ex]
-  \quad \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C46495845533E}{\isasymFIXES}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \quad \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec A\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis\ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \quad \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  Presenting structured statements in such an ``open'' format usually
-  simplifies the subsequent proof, because the outer structure of the
-  problem is already laid out directly.  E.g.\ consider the following
-  canonical patterns for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C53484F57533E}{\isasymSHOWS}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4F425441494E533E}{\isasymOBTAINS}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  respectively:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{fixes}\ x\ \isakeyword{and}\ y\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{shows}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ x{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}B\ y{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
-\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{obtains}\ x\ \isakeyword{and}\ y\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ thesis\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\end{minipage}
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\medskip\noindent Here local facts \isacharbackquoteopen\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\isacharbackquoteclose\ and \isacharbackquoteopen\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}B\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\isacharbackquoteclose\ are referenced immediately; there is no
-  need to decompose the logical rule structure again.  In the second
-  proof the final ``\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}~\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{thesis}~\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}''  involves the local rule case \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ A\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for the particular instance of terms \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} produced in the body.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Structured proof refinement \label{sec:framework-subproof}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-By breaking up the grammar for the Isar proof language, we may
-  understand a proof text as a linear sequence of individual proof
-  commands.  These are interpreted as transitions of the Isar virtual
-  machine (Isar/VM), which operates on a block-structured
-  configuration in single steps.  This allows users to write proof
-  texts in an incremental manner, and inspect intermediate
-  configurations for debugging.
-
-  The basic idea is analogous to evaluating algebraic expressions on a
-  stack machine: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C63646F743E}{\isasymcdot}}\ c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} then corresponds to a sequence
-  of single transitions for each symbol \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ b{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C63646F743E}{\isasymcdot}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  In Isar the algebraic values are facts or goals, and the operations
-  are inferences.
-
-  \medskip The Isar/VM state maintains a stack of nodes, each node
-  contains the local proof context, the linguistic mode, and a pending
-  goal (optional).  The mode determines the type of transition that
-  may be performed next, it essentially alternates between forward and
-  backward reasoning, with an intermediate stage for chained facts
-  (see \figref{fig:isar-vm}).
-
-  \begin{figure}[htb]
-  \begin{center}
-  \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{Thy/document/isar-vm}
-  \end{center}
-  \caption{Isar/VM modes}\label{fig:isar-vm}
-  \end{figure}
-
-  For example, in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}state{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} mode Isar acts like a mathematical
-  scratch-pad, accepting declarations like \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}, \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}, and claims like \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}, \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}.  A goal
-  statement changes the mode to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prove{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which means that we
-  may now refine the problem via \hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}} or \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}.  Then we are again in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}state{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} mode of a proof body,
-  which may issue \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} statements to solve pending
-  sub-goals.  A concluding \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}} will return to the original
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}state{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} mode one level upwards.  The subsequent Isar/VM
-  trace indicates block structure, linguistic mode, goal state, and
-  inferences:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begingroup\footnotesize
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-%
-\begin{minipage}[t]{0.18\textwidth}
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ \ \ \ \ \ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\quad
-\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\textwidth}
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}begin{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\\
-\\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}begin{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}end{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}end{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\end{minipage}
-\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\textwidth}
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prove{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}state{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}state{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prove{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}state{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}state{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}[t]{0.35\textwidth}
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\\
-\\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}init{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}resolution\ impI{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\\
-\\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}refinement\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}finish{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-\end{minipage}
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\endgroup
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent Here the \hyperlink{inference.refinement}{\mbox{\isa{refinement}}} inference from
-  \secref{sec:framework-resolution} mediates composition of Isar
-  sub-proofs nicely.  Observe that this principle incorporates some
-  degree of freedom in proof composition.  In particular, the proof
-  body allows parameters and assumptions to be re-ordered, or commuted
-  according to Hereditary Harrop Form.  Moreover, context elements
-  that are not used in a sub-proof may be omitted altogether.  For
-  example:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ A\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ \isakeyword{and}\ y\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ A\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ y\ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimnoproof
-%
-\isatagnoproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagnoproof
-{\isafoldnoproof}%
-%
-\isadelimnoproof
-%
-\endisadelimnoproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\\[3ex]\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ A\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ y\ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\end{minipage}\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ A\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ y\ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\end{minipage}
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\medskip\noindent Such ``peephole optimizations'' of Isar texts are
-  practically important to improve readability, by rearranging
-  contexts elements according to the natural flow of reasoning in the
-  body, while still observing the overall scoping rules.
-
-  \medskip This illustrates the basic idea of structured proof
-  processing in Isar.  The main mechanisms are based on natural
-  deduction rule composition within the Pure framework.  In
-  particular, there are no direct operations on goal states within the
-  proof body.  Moreover, there is no hidden automated reasoning
-  involved, just plain unification.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Calculational reasoning \label{sec:framework-calc}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The existing Isar infrastructure is sufficiently flexible to support
-  calculational reasoning (chains of transitivity steps) as derived
-  concept.  The generic proof elements introduced below depend on
-  rules declared as \hyperlink{attribute.trans}{\mbox{\isa{trans}}} in the context.  It is left to
-  the object-logic to provide a suitable rule collection for mixed
-  relations of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C653E}{\isasymle}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7375627365743E}{\isasymsubset}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} etc.  Due to the flexibility of rule composition
-  (\secref{sec:framework-resolution}), substitution of equals by
-  equals is covered as well, even substitution of inequalities
-  involving monotonicity conditions; see also \cite[\S6]{Wenzel-PhD}
-  and \cite{Bauer-Wenzel:2001}.
-
-  The generic calculational mechanism is based on the observation that
-  rules such as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}trans{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ z\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ z{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  proceed from the premises towards the conclusion in a deterministic
-  fashion.  Thus we may reason in forward mode, feeding intermediate
-  results into rules selected from the context.  The course of
-  reasoning is organized by maintaining a secondary fact called
-  ``\hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}}'', apart from the primary ``\hyperlink{fact.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}''
-  already provided by the Isar primitives.  In the definitions below,
-  \hyperlink{attribute.OF}{\mbox{\isa{OF}}} refers to \hyperlink{inference.resolution}{\mbox{\isa{resolution}}}
-  (\secref{sec:framework-resolution}) with multiple rule arguments,
-  and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}trans{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} represents to a suitable rule from the context:
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}calculation\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}calculation\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ trans\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}OF\ calculation\ this{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[0.5ex]
-    \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}~\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{calculation} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \noindent The start of a calculation is determined implicitly in the
-  text: here \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}} sets \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} to the current
-  result; any subsequent occurrence will update \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} by
-  combination with the next result and a transitivity rule.  The
-  calculational sequence is concluded via \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}, where
-  the final result is exposed for use in a concluding claim.
-
-  Here is a canonical proof pattern, using \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}} to
-  establish the intermediate results:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{finally}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\noindent The term ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' above is a special abbreviation
-  provided by the Isabelle/Isar syntax layer: it statically refers to
-  the right-hand side argument of the previous statement given in the
-  text.  Thus it happens to coincide with relevant sub-expressions in
-  the calculational chain, but the exact correspondence is dependent
-  on the transitivity rules being involved.
-
-  \medskip Symmetry rules such as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are like
-  transitivities with only one premise.  Isar maintains a separate
-  rule collection declared via the \hyperlink{attribute.sym}{\mbox{\isa{sym}}} attribute, to be
-  used in fact expressions ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}symmetric{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', or single-step
-  proofs ``\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}~\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}''.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Generic.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Generic.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,1926 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{Generic}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Generic\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Generic tools and packages \label{ch:gen-tools}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Configuration options \label{sec:config}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isabelle/Pure maintains a record of named configuration
-  options within the theory or proof context, with values of type
-  \verb|bool|, \verb|int|, \verb|real|, or \verb|string|.  Tools may declare options in ML, and then refer to these
-  values (relative to the context).  Thus global reference variables
-  are easily avoided.  The user may change the value of a
-  configuration option by means of an associated attribute of the same
-  name.  This form of context declaration works particularly well with
-  commands such as \hyperlink{command.declare}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{declare}}}} or \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}} like
-  this:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{declare}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}main{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}goal\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ false{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}main{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}goal\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ true{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-For historical reasons, some tools cannot take the full proof
-  context into account and merely refer to the background theory.
-  This is accommodated by configuration options being declared as
-  ``global'', which may not be changed within a local context.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_configs}\hypertarget{command.print-configs}{\hyperlink{command.print-configs}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}configs}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{true}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{false}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.int}{\mbox{\isa{int}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.float}{\mbox{\isa{float}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-configs}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}configs}}}} prints the available configuration
-  options, with names, types, and current values.
-  
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ value{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} as an attribute expression modifies the
-  named option, with the syntax of the value depending on the option's
-  type.  For \verb|bool| the default value is \isa{true}.  Any
-  attempt to change a global option in a local context is ignored.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Basic proof tools%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Miscellaneous methods and attributes \label{sec:misc-meth-att}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{method}{unfold}\hypertarget{method.unfold}{\hyperlink{method.unfold}{\mbox{\isa{unfold}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{fold}\hypertarget{method.fold}{\hyperlink{method.fold}{\mbox{\isa{fold}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{insert}\hypertarget{method.insert}{\hyperlink{method.insert}{\mbox{\isa{insert}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\[0.5ex]
-    \indexdef{}{method}{erule}\hypertarget{method.erule}{\hyperlink{method.erule}{\mbox{\isa{erule}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{drule}\hypertarget{method.drule}{\hyperlink{method.drule}{\mbox{\isa{drule}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{frule}\hypertarget{method.frule}{\hyperlink{method.frule}{\mbox{\isa{frule}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{intro}\hypertarget{method.intro}{\hyperlink{method.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{elim}\hypertarget{method.elim}{\hyperlink{method.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{succeed}\hypertarget{method.succeed}{\hyperlink{method.succeed}{\mbox{\isa{succeed}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{fail}\hypertarget{method.fail}{\hyperlink{method.fail}{\mbox{\isa{fail}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.fold}{\mbox{\isa{fold}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.unfold}{\mbox{\isa{unfold}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.insert}{\mbox{\isa{insert}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.erule}{\mbox{\isa{erule}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.drule}{\mbox{\isa{drule}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.frule}{\mbox{\isa{frule}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{method.unfold}{\mbox{\isa{unfold}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \hyperlink{method.fold}{\mbox{\isa{fold}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} expand (or fold back) the given definitions throughout
-  all goals; any chained facts provided are inserted into the goal and
-  subject to rewriting as well.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.insert}{\mbox{\isa{insert}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} inserts theorems as facts
-  into all goals of the proof state.  Note that current facts
-  indicated for forward chaining are ignored.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.erule}{\mbox{\isa{erule}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \hyperlink{method.drule}{\mbox{\isa{drule}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, and \hyperlink{method.frule}{\mbox{\isa{frule}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are similar to the basic \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}
-  method (see \secref{sec:pure-meth-att}), but apply rules by
-  elim-resolution, destruct-resolution, and forward-resolution,
-  respectively \cite{isabelle-implementation}.  The optional natural
-  number argument (default 0) specifies additional assumption steps to
-  be performed here.
-
-  Note that these methods are improper ones, mainly serving for
-  experimentation and tactic script emulation.  Different modes of
-  basic rule application are usually expressed in Isar at the proof
-  language level, rather than via implicit proof state manipulations.
-  For example, a proper single-step elimination would be done using
-  the plain \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} method, with forward chaining of current
-  facts.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}} and \hyperlink{method.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}} repeatedly refine some goal
-  by intro- or elim-resolution, after having inserted any chained
-  facts.  Exactly the rules given as arguments are taken into account;
-  this allows fine-tuned decomposition of a proof problem, in contrast
-  to common automated tools.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.succeed}{\mbox{\isa{succeed}}} yields a single (unchanged) result; it is
-  the identity of the ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' method combinator (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:proof-meth}).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.fail}{\mbox{\isa{fail}}} yields an empty result sequence; it is the
-  identity of the ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' method combinator (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:proof-meth}).
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{tagged}\hypertarget{attribute.tagged}{\hyperlink{attribute.tagged}{\mbox{\isa{tagged}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{untagged}\hypertarget{attribute.untagged}{\hyperlink{attribute.untagged}{\mbox{\isa{untagged}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\[0.5ex]
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{THEN}\hypertarget{attribute.THEN}{\hyperlink{attribute.THEN}{\mbox{\isa{THEN}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{unfolded}\hypertarget{attribute.unfolded}{\hyperlink{attribute.unfolded}{\mbox{\isa{unfolded}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{folded}\hypertarget{attribute.folded}{\hyperlink{attribute.folded}{\mbox{\isa{folded}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{abs\_def}\hypertarget{attribute.abs-def}{\hyperlink{attribute.abs-def}{\mbox{\isa{abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\[0.5ex]
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{rotated}\hypertarget{attribute.rotated}{\hyperlink{attribute.rotated}{\mbox{\isa{rotated}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{Pure}{attribute}{elim\_format}\hypertarget{attribute.Pure.elim-format}{\hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim-format}{\mbox{\isa{elim{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}format}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{standard}\hypertarget{attribute.standard}{\hyperlink{attribute.standard}{\mbox{\isa{standard}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{no\_vars}\hypertarget{attribute.no-vars}{\hyperlink{attribute.no-vars}{\mbox{\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}vars}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.tagged}{\mbox{\isa{tagged}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.untagged}{\mbox{\isa{untagged}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.THEN}{\mbox{\isa{THEN}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmref}{\mbox{\isa{thmref}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.unfolded}{\mbox{\isa{unfolded}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.folded}{\mbox{\isa{folded}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.rotated}{\mbox{\isa{rotated}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.int}{\mbox{\isa{int}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.tagged}{\mbox{\isa{tagged}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name\ value{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \hyperlink{attribute.untagged}{\mbox{\isa{untagged}}}~\isa{name} add and remove \emph{tags} of some theorem.
-  Tags may be any list of string pairs that serve as formal comment.
-  The first string is considered the tag name, the second its value.
-  Note that \hyperlink{attribute.untagged}{\mbox{\isa{untagged}}} removes any tags of the same name.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.THEN}{\mbox{\isa{THEN}}}~\isa{a} composes rules by resolution; it
-  resolves with the first premise of \isa{a} (an alternative
-  position may be also specified).  See also \verb|RS| in
-  \cite{isabelle-implementation}.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.unfolded}{\mbox{\isa{unfolded}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \hyperlink{attribute.folded}{\mbox{\isa{folded}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} expand and fold back again the given
-  definitions throughout a rule.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.abs-def}{\mbox{\isa{abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def}}} turns an equation of the form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ x\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} into \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which ensures that \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} or \hyperlink{method.unfold}{\mbox{\isa{unfold}}} steps always expand it.  This also works
-  for object-logic equality.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.rotated}{\mbox{\isa{rotated}}}~\isa{n} rotate the premises of a
-  theorem by \isa{n} (default 1).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim-format}{\mbox{\isa{elim{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}format}}} turns a destruction rule into
-  elimination rule format, by resolving with the rule \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}PROP\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}PROP\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ PROP\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ PROP\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  
-  Note that the Classical Reasoner (\secref{sec:classical}) provides
-  its own version of this operation.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.standard}{\mbox{\isa{standard}}} puts a theorem into the standard form of
-  object-rules at the outermost theory level.  Note that this
-  operation violates the local proof context (including active
-  locales).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.no-vars}{\mbox{\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}vars}}} replaces schematic variables by free
-  ones; this is mainly for tuning output of pretty printed theorems.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Low-level equational reasoning%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{method}{subst}\hypertarget{method.subst}{\hyperlink{method.subst}{\mbox{\isa{subst}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{hypsubst}\hypertarget{method.hypsubst}{\hyperlink{method.hypsubst}{\mbox{\isa{hypsubst}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{split}\hypertarget{method.split}{\hyperlink{method.split}{\mbox{\isa{split}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.subst}{\mbox{\isa{subst}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{asm}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmref}{\mbox{\isa{thmref}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.split}{\mbox{\isa{split}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  These methods provide low-level facilities for equational reasoning
-  that are intended for specialized applications only.  Normally,
-  single step calculations would be performed in a structured text
-  (see also \secref{sec:calculation}), while the Simplifier methods
-  provide the canonical way for automated normalization (see
-  \secref{sec:simplifier}).
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.subst}{\mbox{\isa{subst}}}~\isa{eq} performs a single substitution step
-  using rule \isa{eq}, which may be either a meta or object
-  equality.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.subst}{\mbox{\isa{subst}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}asm{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ eq{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} substitutes in an
-  assumption.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.subst}{\mbox{\isa{subst}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ j{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ eq{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} performs several
-  substitutions in the conclusion. The numbers \isa{i} to \isa{j}
-  indicate the positions to substitute at.  Positions are ordered from
-  the top of the term tree moving down from left to right. For
-  example, in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ d{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} there are three positions
-  where commutativity of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is applicable: 1 refers to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, 2 to the whole term, and 3 to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  If the positions in the list \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ j{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are non-overlapping
-  (e.g.\ \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ d{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}) you may
-  assume all substitutions are performed simultaneously.  Otherwise
-  the behaviour of \isa{subst} is not specified.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.subst}{\mbox{\isa{subst}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}asm{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ j{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ eq{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} performs the
-  substitutions in the assumptions. The positions refer to the
-  assumptions in order from left to right.  For example, given in a
-  goal of the form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ d{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, position 1 of
-  commutativity of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is the subterm \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  position 2 is the subterm \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.hypsubst}{\mbox{\isa{hypsubst}}} performs substitution using some
-  assumption; this only works for equations of the form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} where \isa{x} is a free or bound variable.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.split}{\mbox{\isa{split}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} performs single-step case
-  splitting using the given rules.  Splitting is performed in the
-  conclusion or some assumption of the subgoal, depending of the
-  structure of the rule.
-  
-  Note that the \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} method already involves repeated
-  application of split rules as declared in the current context, using
-  \hyperlink{attribute.split}{\mbox{\isa{split}}}, for example.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Further tactic emulations \label{sec:tactics}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The following improper proof methods emulate traditional tactics.
-  These admit direct access to the goal state, which is normally
-  considered harmful!  In particular, this may involve both numbered
-  goal addressing (default 1), and dynamic instantiation within the
-  scope of some subgoal.
-
-  \begin{warn}
-    Dynamic instantiations refer to universally quantified parameters
-    of a subgoal (the dynamic context) rather than fixed variables and
-    term abbreviations of a (static) Isar context.
-  \end{warn}
-
-  Tactic emulation methods, unlike their ML counterparts, admit
-  simultaneous instantiation from both dynamic and static contexts.
-  If names occur in both contexts goal parameters hide locally fixed
-  variables.  Likewise, schematic variables refer to term
-  abbreviations, if present in the static context.  Otherwise the
-  schematic variable is interpreted as a schematic variable and left
-  to be solved by unification with certain parts of the subgoal.
-
-  Note that the tactic emulation proof methods in Isabelle/Isar are
-  consistently named \isa{foo{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}.  Note also that variable names
-  occurring on left hand sides of instantiations must be preceded by a
-  question mark if they coincide with a keyword or contain dots.  This
-  is consistent with the attribute \hyperlink{attribute.where}{\mbox{\isa{where}}} (see
-  \secref{sec:pure-meth-att}).
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{method}{rule\_tac}\hypertarget{method.rule-tac}{\hyperlink{method.rule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{erule\_tac}\hypertarget{method.erule-tac}{\hyperlink{method.erule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{erule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{drule\_tac}\hypertarget{method.drule-tac}{\hyperlink{method.drule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{drule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{frule\_tac}\hypertarget{method.frule-tac}{\hyperlink{method.frule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{frule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{cut\_tac}\hypertarget{method.cut-tac}{\hyperlink{method.cut-tac}{\mbox{\isa{cut{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{thin\_tac}\hypertarget{method.thin-tac}{\hyperlink{method.thin-tac}{\mbox{\isa{thin{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{subgoal\_tac}\hypertarget{method.subgoal-tac}{\hyperlink{method.subgoal-tac}{\mbox{\isa{subgoal{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{rename\_tac}\hypertarget{method.rename-tac}{\hyperlink{method.rename-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rename{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{rotate\_tac}\hypertarget{method.rotate-tac}{\hyperlink{method.rotate-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rotate{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{tactic}\hypertarget{method.tactic}{\hyperlink{method.tactic}{\mbox{\isa{tactic}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{raw\_tactic}\hypertarget{method.raw-tactic}{\hyperlink{method.raw-tactic}{\mbox{\isa{raw{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tactic}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{9}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.rule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.erule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{erule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.drule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{drule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.frule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{frule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.cut-tac}{\mbox{\isa{cut{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.thin-tac}{\mbox{\isa{thin{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.goal-spec}{\mbox{\isa{goal{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}spec}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{7}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\isa{dynamic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}insts}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{in}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmref}{\mbox{\isa{thmref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{8}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.subgoal-tac}{\mbox{\isa{subgoal{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.goal-spec}{\mbox{\isa{goal{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}spec}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.rename-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rename{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.goal-spec}{\mbox{\isa{goal{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}spec}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.rotate-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rotate{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.goal-spec}{\mbox{\isa{goal{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}spec}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.int}{\mbox{\isa{int}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.tactic}{\mbox{\isa{tactic}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.raw-tactic}{\mbox{\isa{raw{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tactic}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{dynamic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}insts}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-\begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.rule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}} etc. do resolution of rules with explicit
-  instantiation.  This works the same way as the ML tactics \verb|res_inst_tac| etc. (see \cite{isabelle-implementation})
-
-  Multiple rules may be only given if there is no instantiation; then
-  \hyperlink{method.rule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}} is the same as \verb|resolve_tac| in ML (see
-  \cite{isabelle-implementation}).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.cut-tac}{\mbox{\isa{cut{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}} inserts facts into the proof state as
-  assumption of a subgoal; instantiations may be given as well.  Note
-  that the scope of schematic variables is spread over the main goal
-  statement and rule premises are turned into new subgoals.  This is
-  in contrast to the regular method \hyperlink{method.insert}{\mbox{\isa{insert}}} which inserts
-  closed rule statements.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.thin-tac}{\mbox{\isa{thin{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}} deletes the specified premise
-  from a subgoal.  Note that \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}} may contain schematic
-  variables, to abbreviate the intended proposition; the first
-  matching subgoal premise will be deleted.  Removing useless premises
-  from a subgoal increases its readability and can make search tactics
-  run faster.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.subgoal-tac}{\mbox{\isa{subgoal{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} adds the propositions
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} as local premises to a subgoal, and poses the same
-  as new subgoals (in the original context).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.rename-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rename{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} renames parameters of a
-  goal according to the list \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which refers to the
-  \emph{suffix} of variables.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.rotate-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rotate{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{n} rotates the premises of a
-  subgoal by \isa{n} positions: from right to left if \isa{n} is
-  positive, and from left to right if \isa{n} is negative; the
-  default value is 1.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.tactic}{\mbox{\isa{tactic}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}text{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} produces a proof method from
-  any ML text of type \verb|tactic|.  Apart from the usual ML
-  environment and the current proof context, the ML code may refer to
-  the locally bound values \verb|facts|, which indicates any
-  current facts used for forward-chaining.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.raw-tactic}{\mbox{\isa{raw{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tactic}}} is similar to \hyperlink{method.tactic}{\mbox{\isa{tactic}}}, but
-  presents the goal state in its raw internal form, where simultaneous
-  subgoals appear as conjunction of the logical framework instead of
-  the usual split into several subgoals.  While feature this is useful
-  for debugging of complex method definitions, it should not never
-  appear in production theories.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{The Simplifier \label{sec:simplifier}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Simplification methods%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{method}{simp}\hypertarget{method.simp}{\hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{simp\_all}\hypertarget{method.simp-all}{\hyperlink{method.simp-all}{\mbox{\isa{simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.simp-all}{\mbox{\isa{simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{opt}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.simpmod}{\mbox{\isa{simpmod}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\isa{opt}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}use}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{asm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lr}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{9}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{simpmod}\hypertarget{syntax.simpmod}{\hyperlink{syntax.simpmod}{\mbox{\isa{simpmod}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{only}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{cong}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{6}
-\rail@term{\isa{split}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{7}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{8}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} invokes the Simplifier, after declaring
-  additional rules according to the arguments given.  Note that the
-  \isa{only} modifier first removes all other rewrite rules,
-  congruences, and looper tactics (including splits), and then behaves
-  like \isa{add}.
-
-  \medskip The \isa{cong} modifiers add or delete Simplifier
-  congruence rules (see also \secref{sec:simp-cong}), the default is
-  to add.
-
-  \medskip The \isa{split} modifiers add or delete rules for the
-  Splitter (see also \cite{isabelle-ref}), the default is to add.
-  This works only if the Simplifier method has been properly setup to
-  include the Splitter (all major object logics such HOL, HOLCF, FOL,
-  ZF do this already).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.simp-all}{\mbox{\isa{simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all}}} is similar to \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}, but acts on
-  all goals (backwards from the last to the first one).
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  By default the Simplifier methods take local assumptions fully into
-  account, using equational assumptions in the subsequent
-  normalization process, or simplifying assumptions themselves (cf.\
-  \verb|asm_full_simp_tac| in \cite{isabelle-ref}).  In structured
-  proofs this is usually quite well behaved in practice: just the
-  local premises of the actual goal are involved, additional facts may
-  be inserted via explicit forward-chaining (via \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}},
-  \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}, \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}} etc.).
-
-  Additional Simplifier options may be specified to tune the behavior
-  further (mostly for unstructured scripts with many accidental local
-  facts): ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' means assumptions are ignored
-  completely (cf.\ \verb|simp_tac|), ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' means
-  assumptions are used in the simplification of the conclusion but are
-  not themselves simplified (cf.\ \verb|asm_simp_tac|), and ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}use{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' means assumptions are simplified but are not used
-  in the simplification of each other or the conclusion (cf.\ \verb|full_simp_tac|).  For compatibility reasons, there is also an option
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}asm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lr{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', which means that an assumption is only used
-  for simplifying assumptions which are to the right of it (cf.\ \verb|asm_lr_simp_tac|).
-
-  The configuration option \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}depth{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}limit{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} limits the number of
-  recursive invocations of the simplifier during conditional
-  rewriting.
-
-  \medskip The Splitter package is usually configured to work as part
-  of the Simplifier.  The effect of repeatedly applying \verb|split_tac| can be simulated by ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp\ only{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ split{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.  There is also a separate \isa{split}
-  method available for single-step case splitting.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Declaring rules%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_simpset}\hypertarget{command.print-simpset}{\hyperlink{command.print-simpset}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simpset}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{simp}\hypertarget{attribute.simp}{\hyperlink{attribute.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{split}\hypertarget{attribute.split}{\hyperlink{attribute.split}{\mbox{\isa{split}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.split}{\mbox{\isa{split}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-simpset}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simpset}}}} prints the collection of rules
-  declared to the Simplifier, which is also known as ``simpset''
-  internally \cite{isabelle-ref}.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} declares simplification rules.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.split}{\mbox{\isa{split}}} declares case split rules.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Congruence rules\label{sec:simp-cong}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{cong}\hypertarget{attribute.cong}{\hyperlink{attribute.cong}{\mbox{\isa{cong}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.cong}{\mbox{\isa{cong}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.cong}{\mbox{\isa{cong}}} declares congruence rules to the Simplifier
-  context.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Congruence rules are equalities of the form \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ f\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ f\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}y\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}y\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  This controls the simplification of the arguments of \isa{f}.  For
-  example, some arguments can be simplified under additional
-  assumptions: \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E676C65667472696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongleftrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E676C65667472696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongleftrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E676C65667472696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongleftrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  Given this rule, the simplifier assumes \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and extracts
-  rewrite rules from it when simplifying \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Such local
-  assumptions are effective for rewriting formulae such as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  %FIXME
-  %The local assumptions are also provided as theorems to the solver;
-  %see \secref{sec:simp-solver} below.
-
-  \medskip The following congruence rule for bounded quantifiers also
-  supplies contextual information --- about the bound variable:
-  \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}A\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}P\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E676C65667472696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongleftrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}Q\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}A{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}P\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E676C65667472696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongleftrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}B{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}Q\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  \medskip This congruence rule for conditional expressions can
-  supply contextual information for simplifying the arms:
-  \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}p\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}c{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}b\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}d{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}if\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}p\ then\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}a\ else\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}if\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}q\ then\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}c\ else\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}d{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  A congruence rule can also \emph{prevent} simplification of some
-  arguments.  Here is an alternative congruence rule for conditional
-  expressions that conforms to non-strict functional evaluation:
-  \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}p\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}if\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}p\ then\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}a\ else\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}if\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}q\ then\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}a\ else\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  Only the first argument is simplified; the others remain unchanged.
-  This can make simplification much faster, but may require an extra
-  case split over the condition \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to prove the goal.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Simplification procedures%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Simplification procedures are ML functions that produce proven
-  rewrite rules on demand.  They are associated with higher-order
-  patterns that approximate the left-hand sides of equations.  The
-  Simplifier first matches the current redex against one of the LHS
-  patterns; if this succeeds, the corresponding ML function is
-  invoked, passing the Simplifier context and redex term.  Thus rules
-  may be specifically fashioned for particular situations, resulting
-  in a more powerful mechanism than term rewriting by a fixed set of
-  rules.
-
-  Any successful result needs to be a (possibly conditional) rewrite
-  rule \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ u{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} that is applicable to the current redex.  The
-  rule will be applied just as any ordinary rewrite rule.  It is
-  expected to be already in \emph{internal form}, bypassing the
-  automatic preprocessing of object-level equivalences.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{simproc\_setup}\hypertarget{command.simproc-setup}{\hyperlink{command.simproc-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{simproc{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    simproc & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.simproc-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{simproc{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{identifier}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.simproc}{\mbox{\isa{simproc}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.simproc-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{simproc{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}} defines a named simplification
-  procedure that is invoked by the Simplifier whenever any of the
-  given term patterns match the current redex.  The implementation,
-  which is provided as ML source text, needs to be of type \verb|morphism -> simpset -> cterm -> thm option|, where the \verb|cterm| represents the current redex \isa{r} and the result is
-  supposed to be some proven rewrite rule \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}r\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ r{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (or a
-  generalized version), or \verb|NONE| to indicate failure.  The
-  \verb|simpset| argument holds the full context of the current
-  Simplifier invocation, including the actual Isar proof context.  The
-  \verb|morphism| informs about the difference of the original
-  compilation context wrt.\ the one of the actual application later
-  on.  The optional \hyperlink{keyword.identifier}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{identifier}}}} specifies theorems that
-  represent the logical content of the abstract theory of this
-  simproc.
-
-  Morphisms and identifiers are only relevant for simprocs that are
-  defined within a local target context, e.g.\ in a locale.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}simproc\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ name{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}simproc\ del{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ name{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  add or delete named simprocs to the current Simplifier context.  The
-  default is to add a simproc.  Note that \hyperlink{command.simproc-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{simproc{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}
-  already adds the new simproc to the subsequent context.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Example%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The following simplification procedure for \isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}u{\isaliteral{5C3C436F6C6F6E3E}{\isasymColon}}unit{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}} in HOL performs fine-grained
-  control over rule application, beyond higher-order pattern matching.
-  Declaring \isa{unit{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}eq} as \hyperlink{attribute.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} directly would make
-  the simplifier loop!  Note that a version of this simplification
-  procedure is already active in Isabelle/HOL.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimML
-%
-\endisadelimML
-%
-\isatagML
-\isacommand{simproc{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ unit\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}unit{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B2A}{\isacharverbatimopen}}\isanewline
-\ \ fn\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ fn\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ fn\ ct\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ if\ HOLogic{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}is{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unit\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}of\ ct{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ then\ NONE\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ else\ SOME\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mk{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}meta{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}eq\ %
-\isaantiq
-thm\ unit{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}eq{}%
-\endisaantiq
-{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{2A7D}{\isacharverbatimclose}}%
-\endisatagML
-{\isafoldML}%
-%
-\isadelimML
-%
-\endisadelimML
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Since the Simplifier applies simplification procedures
-  frequently, it is important to make the failure check in ML
-  reasonably fast.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Forward simplification%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{simplified}\hypertarget{attribute.simplified}{\hyperlink{attribute.simplified}{\mbox{\isa{simplified}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.simplified}{\mbox{\isa{simplified}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{opt}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{opt}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}use}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.simplified}{\mbox{\isa{simplified}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} causes a theorem to
-  be simplified, either by exactly the specified rules \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, or the implicit Simplifier context if no arguments are given.
-  The result is fully simplified by default, including assumptions and
-  conclusion; the options \isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm} etc.\ tune the Simplifier in
-  the same way as the for the \isa{simp} method.
-
-  Note that forward simplification restricts the simplifier to its
-  most basic operation of term rewriting; solver and looper tactics
-  \cite{isabelle-ref} are \emph{not} involved here.  The \isa{simplified} attribute should be only rarely required under normal
-  circumstances.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{The Classical Reasoner \label{sec:classical}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Basic concepts%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Although Isabelle is generic, many users will be working in
-  some extension of classical first-order logic.  Isabelle/ZF is built
-  upon theory FOL, while Isabelle/HOL conceptually contains
-  first-order logic as a fragment.  Theorem-proving in predicate logic
-  is undecidable, but many automated strategies have been developed to
-  assist in this task.
-
-  Isabelle's classical reasoner is a generic package that accepts
-  certain information about a logic and delivers a suite of automatic
-  proof tools, based on rules that are classified and declared in the
-  context.  These proof procedures are slow and simplistic compared
-  with high-end automated theorem provers, but they can save
-  considerable time and effort in practice.  They can prove theorems
-  such as Pelletier's \cite{pelletier86} problems 40 and 41 in a few
-  milliseconds (including full proof reconstruction):%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ F\ x\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E676C65667472696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongleftrightarrow}}\ F\ x\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}z{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ F\ z\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E676C65667472696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongleftrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ F\ z\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}z{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ f\ x\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E676C65667472696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongleftrightarrow}}\ f\ x\ z\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ f\ x\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}z{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ f\ x\ z{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The proof tools are generic.  They are not restricted to
-  first-order logic, and have been heavily used in the development of
-  the Isabelle/HOL library and applications.  The tactics can be
-  traced, and their components can be called directly; in this manner,
-  any proof can be viewed interactively.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{The sequent calculus%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isabelle supports natural deduction, which is easy to use for
-  interactive proof.  But natural deduction does not easily lend
-  itself to automation, and has a bias towards intuitionism.  For
-  certain proofs in classical logic, it can not be called natural.
-  The \emph{sequent calculus}, a generalization of natural deduction,
-  is easier to automate.
-
-  A \textbf{sequent} has the form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, where \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are sets of formulae.\footnote{For first-order
-  logic, sequents can equivalently be made from lists or multisets of
-  formulae.} The sequent \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is
-  \textbf{valid} if \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} implies \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Thus \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} represent assumptions, each of which
-  is true, while \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} represent alternative goals.  A
-  sequent is \textbf{basic} if its left and right sides have a common
-  formula, as in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ Q{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}; basic sequents are trivially
-  valid.
-
-  Sequent rules are classified as \textbf{right} or \textbf{left},
-  indicating which side of the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} symbol they operate on.
-  Rules that operate on the right side are analogous to natural
-  deduction's introduction rules, and left rules are analogous to
-  elimination rules.  The sequent calculus analogue of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}I{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  is the rule
-  \[
-  \infer[\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \]
-  Applying the rule backwards, this breaks down some implication on
-  the right side of a sequent; \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} stand for
-  the sets of formulae that are unaffected by the inference.  The
-  analogue of the pair \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}I{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}I{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is the
-  single rule
-  \[
-  \infer[\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ P{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \]
-  This breaks down some disjunction on the right side, replacing it by
-  both disjuncts.  Thus, the sequent calculus is a kind of
-  multiple-conclusion logic.
-
-  To illustrate the use of multiple formulae on the right, let us
-  prove the classical theorem \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ P{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Working
-  backwards, we reduce this formula to a basic sequent:
-  \[
-  \infer[\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ P{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-    {\infer[\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ P{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-      {\infer[\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ Q{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ P{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-        {\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ Q{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ P{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}}}
-  \]
-
-  This example is typical of the sequent calculus: start with the
-  desired theorem and apply rules backwards in a fairly arbitrary
-  manner.  This yields a surprisingly effective proof procedure.
-  Quantifiers add only few complications, since Isabelle handles
-  parameters and schematic variables.  See \cite[Chapter
-  10]{paulson-ml2} for further discussion.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Simulating sequents by natural deduction%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isabelle can represent sequents directly, as in the
-  object-logic LK.  But natural deduction is easier to work with, and
-  most object-logics employ it.  Fortunately, we can simulate the
-  sequent \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by the Isabelle formula
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} where the order of
-  the assumptions and the choice of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are arbitrary.
-  Elim-resolution plays a key role in simulating sequent proofs.
-
-  We can easily handle reasoning on the left.  Elim-resolution with
-  the rules \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}E{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}E{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}E{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} achieves
-  a similar effect as the corresponding sequent rules.  For the other
-  connectives, we use sequent-style elimination rules instead of
-  destruction rules such as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}E{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}E{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  But note that the rule \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}L{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} has no effect under our
-  representation of sequents!
-  \[
-  \infer[\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}L{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ P{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ P{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \]
-
-  What about reasoning on the right?  Introduction rules can only
-  affect the formula in the conclusion, namely \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  The
-  other right-side formulae are represented as negated assumptions,
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  In order to operate on one of these, it
-  must first be exchanged with \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Elim-resolution with the
-  \isa{swap} rule has this effect: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ R\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-
-  To ensure that swaps occur only when necessary, each introduction
-  rule is converted into a swapped form: it is resolved with the
-  second premise of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}swap{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  The swapped form of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}I{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which might be called \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}E{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, is
-  \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ R\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ R\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  Similarly, the swapped form of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}I{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is
-  \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ R\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  Swapped introduction rules are applied using elim-resolution, which
-  deletes the negated formula.  Our representation of sequents also
-  requires the use of ordinary introduction rules.  If we had no
-  regard for readability of intermediate goal states, we could treat
-  the right side more uniformly by representing sequents as \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F74746F6D3E}{\isasymbottom}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Extra rules for the sequent calculus%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-As mentioned, destruction rules such as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}E{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}E{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} must be replaced by sequent-style elimination rules.
-  In addition, we need rules to embody the classical equivalence
-  between \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  The introduction
-  rules \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}I{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are replaced by a rule that simulates
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}: \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  The destruction rule \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}E{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is replaced by \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  Quantifier replication also requires special rules.  In classical
-  logic, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is equivalent to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}};
-  the rules \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}L{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are dual:
-  \[
-  \infer[\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ P\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \qquad
-  \infer[\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}L{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}]{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\ t{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C47616D6D613E}{\isasymGamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C44656C74613E}{\isasymDelta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \]
-  Thus both kinds of quantifier may be replicated.  Theorems requiring
-  multiple uses of a universal formula are easy to invent; consider
-  \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}f\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ P\ a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}f\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup n\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle} for any
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n\ {\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Natural examples of the multiple use of an
-  existential formula are rare; a standard one is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ P\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  Forgoing quantifier replication loses completeness, but gains
-  decidability, since the search space becomes finite.  Many useful
-  theorems can be proved without replication, and the search generally
-  delivers its verdict in a reasonable time.  To adopt this approach,
-  represent the sequent rules \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}L{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}I{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}E{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}I{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  respectively, and put \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}E{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} into elimination form: \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ t\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  Elim-resolution with this rule will delete the universal formula
-  after a single use.  To replicate universal quantifiers, replace the
-  rule by \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ t\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  To replicate existential quantifiers, replace \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}I{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by
-  \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ t{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  All introduction rules mentioned above are also useful in swapped
-  form.
-
-  Replication makes the search space infinite; we must apply the rules
-  with care.  The classical reasoner distinguishes between safe and
-  unsafe rules, applying the latter only when there is no alternative.
-  Depth-first search may well go down a blind alley; best-first search
-  is better behaved in an infinite search space.  However, quantifier
-  replication is too expensive to prove any but the simplest theorems.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Rule declarations%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The proof tools of the Classical Reasoner depend on
-  collections of rules declared in the context, which are classified
-  as introduction, elimination or destruction and as \emph{safe} or
-  \emph{unsafe}.  In general, safe rules can be attempted blindly,
-  while unsafe rules must be used with care.  A safe rule must never
-  reduce a provable goal to an unprovable set of subgoals.
-
-  The rule \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is unsafe because it reduces \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which might turn out as premature choice of an
-  unprovable subgoal.  Any rule is unsafe whose premises contain new
-  unknowns.  The elimination rule \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ t\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is
-  unsafe, since it is applied via elim-resolution, which discards the
-  assumption \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and replaces it by the weaker
-  assumption \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  The rule \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\ t\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is
-  unsafe for similar reasons.  The quantifier duplication rule \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ t\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is unsafe in a different sense:
-  since it keeps the assumption \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, it is prone to
-  looping.  In classical first-order logic, all rules are safe except
-  those mentioned above.
-
-  The safe~/ unsafe distinction is vague, and may be regarded merely
-  as a way of giving some rules priority over others.  One could argue
-  that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}E{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is unsafe, because repeated application of it
-  could generate exponentially many subgoals.  Induction rules are
-  unsafe because inductive proofs are difficult to set up
-  automatically.  Any inference is unsafe that instantiates an unknown
-  in the proof state --- thus matching must be used, rather than
-  unification.  Even proof by assumption is unsafe if it instantiates
-  unknowns shared with other subgoals.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_claset}\hypertarget{command.print-claset}{\hyperlink{command.print-claset}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}claset}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{intro}\hypertarget{attribute.intro}{\hyperlink{attribute.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{elim}\hypertarget{attribute.elim}{\hyperlink{attribute.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{dest}\hypertarget{attribute.dest}{\hyperlink{attribute.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{rule}\hypertarget{attribute.rule}{\hyperlink{attribute.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{iff}\hypertarget{attribute.iff}{\hyperlink{attribute.iff}{\mbox{\isa{iff}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{swapped}\hypertarget{attribute.swapped}{\hyperlink{attribute.swapped}{\mbox{\isa{swapped}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.iff}{\mbox{\isa{iff}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-claset}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}claset}}}} prints the collection of rules
-  declared to the Classical Reasoner, i.e.\ the \verb|claset|
-  within the context.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}, and \hyperlink{attribute.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}}
-  declare introduction, elimination, and destruction rules,
-  respectively.  By default, rules are considered as \emph{unsafe}
-  (i.e.\ not applied blindly without backtracking), while ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' classifies as \emph{safe}.  Rule declarations marked by
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' coincide with those of Isabelle/Pure, cf.\
-  \secref{sec:pure-meth-att} (i.e.\ are only applied in single steps
-  of the \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} method).  The optional natural number
-  specifies an explicit weight argument, which is ignored by the
-  automated reasoning tools, but determines the search order of single
-  rule steps.
-
-  Introduction rules are those that can be applied using ordinary
-  resolution.  Their swapped forms are generated internally, which
-  will be applied using elim-resolution.  Elimination rules are
-  applied using elim-resolution.  Rules are sorted by the number of
-  new subgoals they will yield; rules that generate the fewest
-  subgoals will be tried first.  Otherwise, later declarations take
-  precedence over earlier ones.
-
-  Rules already present in the context with the same classification
-  are ignored.  A warning is printed if the rule has already been
-  added with some other classification, but the rule is added anyway
-  as requested.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}~\isa{del} deletes all occurrences of a
-  rule from the classical context, regardless of its classification as
-  introduction~/ elimination~/ destruction and safe~/ unsafe.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.iff}{\mbox{\isa{iff}}} declares logical equivalences to the
-  Simplifier and the Classical reasoner at the same time.
-  Non-conditional rules result in a safe introduction and elimination
-  pair; conditional ones are considered unsafe.  Rules with negative
-  conclusion are automatically inverted (using \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-elimination
-  internally).
-
-  The ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' version of \hyperlink{attribute.iff}{\mbox{\isa{iff}}} declares rules to
-  the Isabelle/Pure context only, and omits the Simplifier
-  declaration.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.swapped}{\mbox{\isa{swapped}}} turns an introduction rule into an
-  elimination, by resolving with the classical swap principle \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ R\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in the second position.  This is mainly for
-  illustrative purposes: the Classical Reasoner already swaps rules
-  internally as explained above.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Structured methods%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{method}{rule}\hypertarget{method.rule}{\hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{contradiction}\hypertarget{method.contradiction}{\hyperlink{method.contradiction}{\mbox{\isa{contradiction}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} as offered by the Classical Reasoner is a
-  refinement over the Pure one (see \secref{sec:pure-meth-att}).  Both
-  versions work the same, but the classical version observes the
-  classical rule context in addition to that of Isabelle/Pure.
-
-  Common object logics (HOL, ZF, etc.) declare a rich collection of
-  classical rules (even if these would qualify as intuitionistic
-  ones), but only few declarations to the rule context of
-  Isabelle/Pure (\secref{sec:pure-meth-att}).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.contradiction}{\mbox{\isa{contradiction}}} solves some goal by contradiction,
-  deriving any result from both \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{A}.  Chained
-  facts, which are guaranteed to participate, may appear in either
-  order.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Automated methods%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{method}{blast}\hypertarget{method.blast}{\hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{auto}\hypertarget{method.auto}{\hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{force}\hypertarget{method.force}{\hyperlink{method.force}{\mbox{\isa{force}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{fast}\hypertarget{method.fast}{\hyperlink{method.fast}{\mbox{\isa{fast}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{slow}\hypertarget{method.slow}{\hyperlink{method.slow}{\mbox{\isa{slow}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{best}\hypertarget{method.best}{\hyperlink{method.best}{\mbox{\isa{best}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{fastforce}\hypertarget{method.fastforce}{\hyperlink{method.fastforce}{\mbox{\isa{fastforce}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{slowsimp}\hypertarget{method.slowsimp}{\hyperlink{method.slowsimp}{\mbox{\isa{slowsimp}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{bestsimp}\hypertarget{method.bestsimp}{\hyperlink{method.bestsimp}{\mbox{\isa{bestsimp}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{deepen}\hypertarget{method.deepen}{\hyperlink{method.deepen}{\mbox{\isa{deepen}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.clamod}{\mbox{\isa{clamod}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.clasimpmod}{\mbox{\isa{clasimpmod}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.force}{\mbox{\isa{force}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.clasimpmod}{\mbox{\isa{clasimpmod}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.fast}{\mbox{\isa{fast}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.slow}{\mbox{\isa{slow}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.best}{\mbox{\isa{best}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.clamod}{\mbox{\isa{clamod}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.fastforce}{\mbox{\isa{fastforce}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.slowsimp}{\mbox{\isa{slowsimp}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.bestsimp}{\mbox{\isa{bestsimp}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.clasimpmod}{\mbox{\isa{clasimpmod}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.deepen}{\mbox{\isa{deepen}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.clamod}{\mbox{\isa{clamod}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{clamod}\hypertarget{syntax.clamod}{\hyperlink{syntax.clamod}{\mbox{\isa{clamod}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{intro}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{elim}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{dest}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{14}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{clasimpmod}\hypertarget{syntax.clasimpmod}{\hyperlink{syntax.clasimpmod}{\mbox{\isa{clasimpmod}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{simp}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{only}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{cong}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\isa{split}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{6}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{7}
-\rail@term{\isa{iff}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{8}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{8}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{9}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{10}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{intro}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{11}
-\rail@term{\isa{elim}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{12}
-\rail@term{\isa{dest}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{11}
-\rail@nextbar{12}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{13}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}} is a separate classical tableau prover that
-  uses the same classical rule declarations as explained before.
-
-  Proof search is coded directly in ML using special data structures.
-  A successful proof is then reconstructed using regular Isabelle
-  inferences.  It is faster and more powerful than the other classical
-  reasoning tools, but has major limitations too.
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item It does not use the classical wrapper tacticals, such as the
-  integration with the Simplifier of \hyperlink{method.fastforce}{\mbox{\isa{fastforce}}}.
-
-  \item It does not perform higher-order unification, as needed by the
-  rule \isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}f\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ range\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}f} in HOL.  There are often
-  alternatives to such rules, for example \isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}b\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}f\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}b\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ range\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}f}.
-
-  \item Function variables may only be applied to parameters of the
-  subgoal.  (This restriction arises because the prover does not use
-  higher-order unification.)  If other function variables are present
-  then the prover will fail with the message \texttt{Function Var's
-  argument not a bound variable}.
-
-  \item Its proof strategy is more general than \hyperlink{method.fast}{\mbox{\isa{fast}}} but can
-  be slower.  If \hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}} fails or seems to be running forever,
-  try \hyperlink{method.fast}{\mbox{\isa{fast}}} and the other proof tools described below.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  The optional integer argument specifies a bound for the number of
-  unsafe steps used in a proof.  By default, \hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}} starts
-  with a bound of 0 and increases it successively to 20.  In contrast,
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}blast\ lim{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} tries to prove the goal using a search bound
-  of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}lim{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Sometimes a slow proof using \hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}} can
-  be made much faster by supplying the successful search bound to this
-  proof method instead.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}} combines classical reasoning with
-  simplification.  It is intended for situations where there are a lot
-  of mostly trivial subgoals; it proves all the easy ones, leaving the
-  ones it cannot prove.  Occasionally, attempting to prove the hard
-  ones may take a long time.
-
-  The optional depth arguments in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}auto\ m\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} refer to its
-  builtin classical reasoning procedures: \isa{m} (default 4) is for
-  \hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}}, which is tried first, and \isa{n} (default 2) is
-  for a slower but more general alternative that also takes wrappers
-  into account.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.force}{\mbox{\isa{force}}} is intended to prove the first subgoal
-  completely, using many fancy proof tools and performing a rather
-  exhaustive search.  As a result, proof attempts may take rather long
-  or diverge easily.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.fast}{\mbox{\isa{fast}}}, \hyperlink{method.best}{\mbox{\isa{best}}}, \hyperlink{method.slow}{\mbox{\isa{slow}}} attempt to
-  prove the first subgoal using sequent-style reasoning as explained
-  before.  Unlike \hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}}, they construct proofs directly in
-  Isabelle.
-
-  There is a difference in search strategy and back-tracking: \hyperlink{method.fast}{\mbox{\isa{fast}}} uses depth-first search and \hyperlink{method.best}{\mbox{\isa{best}}} uses best-first
-  search (guided by a heuristic function: normally the total size of
-  the proof state).
-
-  Method \hyperlink{method.slow}{\mbox{\isa{slow}}} is like \hyperlink{method.fast}{\mbox{\isa{fast}}}, but conducts a broader
-  search: it may, when backtracking from a failed proof attempt, undo
-  even the step of proving a subgoal by assumption.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.fastforce}{\mbox{\isa{fastforce}}}, \hyperlink{method.slowsimp}{\mbox{\isa{slowsimp}}}, \hyperlink{method.bestsimp}{\mbox{\isa{bestsimp}}}
-  are like \hyperlink{method.fast}{\mbox{\isa{fast}}}, \hyperlink{method.slow}{\mbox{\isa{slow}}}, \hyperlink{method.best}{\mbox{\isa{best}}},
-  respectively, but use the Simplifier as additional wrapper. The name
-  \hyperlink{method.fastforce}{\mbox{\isa{fastforce}}}, reflects the behaviour of this popular method
-  better without requiring an understanding of its implementation.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.deepen}{\mbox{\isa{deepen}}} works by exhaustive search up to a certain
-  depth.  The start depth is 4 (unless specified explicitly), and the
-  depth is increased iteratively up to 10.  Unsafe rules are modified
-  to preserve the formula they act on, so that it be used repeatedly.
-  This method can prove more goals than \hyperlink{method.fast}{\mbox{\isa{fast}}}, but is much
-  slower, for example if the assumptions have many universal
-  quantifiers.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Any of the above methods support additional modifiers of the context
-  of classical (and simplifier) rules, but the ones related to the
-  Simplifier are explicitly prefixed by \isa{simp} here.  The
-  semantics of these ad-hoc rule declarations is analogous to the
-  attributes given before.  Facts provided by forward chaining are
-  inserted into the goal before commencing proof search.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Semi-automated methods%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-These proof methods may help in situations when the
-  fully-automated tools fail.  The result is a simpler subgoal that
-  can be tackled by other means, such as by manual instantiation of
-  quantifiers.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{method}{safe}\hypertarget{method.safe}{\hyperlink{method.safe}{\mbox{\isa{safe}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{clarify}\hypertarget{method.clarify}{\hyperlink{method.clarify}{\mbox{\isa{clarify}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{clarsimp}\hypertarget{method.clarsimp}{\hyperlink{method.clarsimp}{\mbox{\isa{clarsimp}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.safe}{\mbox{\isa{safe}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.clarify}{\mbox{\isa{clarify}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.clamod}{\mbox{\isa{clamod}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.clarsimp}{\mbox{\isa{clarsimp}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.clasimpmod}{\mbox{\isa{clasimpmod}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.safe}{\mbox{\isa{safe}}} repeatedly performs safe steps on all subgoals.
-  It is deterministic, with at most one outcome.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.clarify}{\mbox{\isa{clarify}}} performs a series of safe steps without
-  splitting subgoals; see also \verb|clarify_step_tac|.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.clarsimp}{\mbox{\isa{clarsimp}}} acts like \hyperlink{method.clarify}{\mbox{\isa{clarify}}}, but also does
-  simplification.  Note that if the Simplifier context includes a
-  splitter for the premises, the subgoal may still be split.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Single-step tactics%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{ML}{safe\_step\_tac}\verb|safe_step_tac: Proof.context -> int -> tactic| \\
-    \indexdef{}{ML}{inst\_step\_tac}\verb|inst_step_tac: Proof.context -> int -> tactic| \\
-    \indexdef{}{ML}{step\_tac}\verb|step_tac: Proof.context -> int -> tactic| \\
-    \indexdef{}{ML}{slow\_step\_tac}\verb|slow_step_tac: Proof.context -> int -> tactic| \\
-    \indexdef{}{ML}{clarify\_step\_tac}\verb|clarify_step_tac: Proof.context -> int -> tactic| \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  These are the primitive tactics behind the (semi)automated proof
-  methods of the Classical Reasoner.  By calling them yourself, you
-  can execute these procedures one step at a time.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \verb|safe_step_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}ctxt\ i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} performs a safe step on
-  subgoal \isa{i}.  The safe wrapper tacticals are applied to a
-  tactic that may include proof by assumption or Modus Ponens (taking
-  care not to instantiate unknowns), or substitution.
-
-  \item \verb|inst_step_tac| is like \verb|safe_step_tac|, but allows
-  unknowns to be instantiated.
-
-  \item \verb|step_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}ctxt\ i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is the basic step of the proof
-  procedure.  The unsafe wrapper tacticals are applied to a tactic
-  that tries \verb|safe_tac|, \verb|inst_step_tac|, or applies an unsafe
-  rule from the context.
-
-  \item \verb|slow_step_tac| resembles \verb|step_tac|, but allows
-  backtracking between using safe rules with instantiation (\verb|inst_step_tac|) and using unsafe rules.  The resulting search space
-  is larger.
-
-  \item \verb|clarify_step_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}ctxt\ i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} performs a safe step
-  on subgoal \isa{i}.  No splitting step is applied; for example,
-  the subgoal \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is left as a conjunction.  Proof by
-  assumption, Modus Ponens, etc., may be performed provided they do
-  not instantiate unknowns.  Assumptions of the form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  may be eliminated.  The safe wrapper tactical is applied.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Object-logic setup \label{sec:object-logic}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{judgment}\hypertarget{command.judgment}{\hyperlink{command.judgment}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{judgment}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{atomize}\hypertarget{method.atomize}{\hyperlink{method.atomize}{\mbox{\isa{atomize}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{atomize}\hypertarget{attribute.atomize}{\hyperlink{attribute.atomize}{\mbox{\isa{atomize}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{rule\_format}\hypertarget{attribute.rule-format}{\hyperlink{attribute.rule-format}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}format}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{rulify}\hypertarget{attribute.rulify}{\hyperlink{attribute.rulify}{\mbox{\isa{rulify}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The very starting point for any Isabelle object-logic is a ``truth
-  judgment'' that links object-level statements to the meta-logic
-  (with its minimal language of \isa{prop} that covers universal
-  quantification \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and implication \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).
-
-  Common object-logics are sufficiently expressive to internalize rule
-  statements over \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} within their own
-  language.  This is useful in certain situations where a rule needs
-  to be viewed as an atomic statement from the meta-level perspective,
-  e.g.\ \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} versus \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  From the following language elements, only the \hyperlink{method.atomize}{\mbox{\isa{atomize}}}
-  method and \hyperlink{attribute.rule-format}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}format}}} attribute are occasionally
-  required by end-users, the rest is for those who need to setup their
-  own object-logic.  In the latter case existing formulations of
-  Isabelle/FOL or Isabelle/HOL may be taken as realistic examples.
-
-  Generic tools may refer to the information provided by object-logic
-  declarations internally.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.judgment}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{judgment}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.atomize}{\mbox{\isa{atomize}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{full}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.rule-format}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}format}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{noasm}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.judgment}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{judgment}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mx{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} declares constant
-  \isa{c} as the truth judgment of the current object-logic.  Its
-  type \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}} should specify a coercion of the category of
-  object-level propositions to \isa{prop} of the Pure meta-logic;
-  the mixfix annotation \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mx{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} would typically just link the
-  object language (internally of syntactic category \isa{logic})
-  with that of \isa{prop}.  Only one \hyperlink{command.judgment}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{judgment}}}}
-  declaration may be given in any theory development.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{method.atomize}{\mbox{\isa{atomize}}} (as a method) rewrites any non-atomic
-  premises of a sub-goal, using the meta-level equations declared via
-  \hyperlink{attribute.atomize}{\mbox{\isa{atomize}}} (as an attribute) beforehand.  As a result,
-  heavily nested goals become amenable to fundamental operations such
-  as resolution (cf.\ the \hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} method).  Giving the ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}full{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' option here means to turn the whole subgoal into an
-  object-statement (if possible), including the outermost parameters
-  and assumptions as well.
-
-  A typical collection of \hyperlink{attribute.atomize}{\mbox{\isa{atomize}}} rules for a particular
-  object-logic would provide an internalization for each of the
-  connectives of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  Meta-level conjunction should be covered as well (this is
-  particularly important for locales, see \secref{sec:locale}).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.rule-format}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}format}}} rewrites a theorem by the equalities
-  declared as \hyperlink{attribute.rulify}{\mbox{\isa{rulify}}} rules in the current object-logic.
-  By default, the result is fully normalized, including assumptions
-  and conclusions at any depth.  The \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} option
-  restricts the transformation to the conclusion of a rule.
-
-  In common object-logics (HOL, FOL, ZF), the effect of \hyperlink{attribute.rule-format}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}format}}} is to replace (bounded) universal quantification
-  (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}) and implication (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}) by the corresponding
-  rule statements over \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/HOLCF_Specific.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/HOLCF_Specific.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{HOLCF{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Specific}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ HOLCF{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Specific\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ HOLCF\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Isabelle/HOLCF \label{ch:holcf}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Mixfix syntax for continuous operations%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOLCF}{command}{consts}\hypertarget{command.HOLCF.consts}{\hyperlink{command.HOLCF.consts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{consts}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  HOLCF provides a separate type for continuous functions \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, with an explicit application operator \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ {\isaliteral{5C3C63646F743E}{\isasymcdot}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  Isabelle mixfix syntax normally refers directly to the pure
-  meta-level function type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, with application \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  The HOLCF variant of \hyperlink{command.HOLCF.consts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{consts}}}} modifies that of
-  Pure Isabelle (cf.\ \secref{sec:consts}) such that declarations
-  involving continuous function types are treated specifically.  Any
-  given syntax template is transformed internally, generating
-  translation rules for the abstract and concrete representation of
-  continuous application.  Note that mixing of HOLCF and Pure
-  application is \emph{not} supported!%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Recursive domains%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOLCF}{command}{domain}\hypertarget{command.HOLCF.domain}{\hyperlink{command.HOLCF.domain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{domain}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOLCF.domain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{domain}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.parname}{\mbox{\isa{parname}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{spec}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{spec}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typespec}{\mbox{\isa{typespec}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{cons}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{cons}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\isa{dtrules}}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{distinct}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{inject}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{induction}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  Recursive domains in HOLCF are analogous to datatypes in classical
-  HOL (cf.\ \secref{sec:hol-datatype}).  Mutual recursion is
-  supported, but no nesting nor arbitrary branching.  Domain
-  constructors may be strict (default) or lazy, the latter admits to
-  introduce infinitary objects in the typical LCF manner (e.g.\ lazy
-  lists).  See also \cite{MuellerNvOS99} for a general discussion of
-  HOLCF domains.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/HOL_Specific.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/HOL_Specific.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,3512 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{HOL{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Specific}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ HOL{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Specific\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{7E}{\isachartilde}}{\isaliteral{7E}{\isachartilde}}{\isaliteral{2F}{\isacharslash}}src{\isaliteral{2F}{\isacharslash}}HOL{\isaliteral{2F}{\isacharslash}}Library{\isaliteral{2F}{\isacharslash}}Old{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Recdef{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Isabelle/HOL \label{ch:hol}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Higher-Order Logic%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isabelle/HOL is based on Higher-Order Logic, a polymorphic
-  version of Church's Simple Theory of Types.  HOL can be best
-  understood as a simply-typed version of classical set theory.  The
-  logic was first implemented in Gordon's HOL system
-  \cite{mgordon-hol}.  It extends Church's original logic
-  \cite{church40} by explicit type variables (naive polymorphism) and
-  a sound axiomatization scheme for new types based on subsets of
-  existing types.
-
-  Andrews's book \cite{andrews86} is a full description of the
-  original Church-style higher-order logic, with proofs of correctness
-  and completeness wrt.\ certain set-theoretic interpretations.  The
-  particular extensions of Gordon-style HOL are explained semantically
-  in two chapters of the 1993 HOL book \cite{pitts93}.
-
-  Experience with HOL over decades has demonstrated that higher-order
-  logic is widely applicable in many areas of mathematics and computer
-  science.  In a sense, Higher-Order Logic is simpler than First-Order
-  Logic, because there are fewer restrictions and special cases.  Note
-  that HOL is \emph{weaker} than FOL with axioms for ZF set theory,
-  which is traditionally considered the standard foundation of regular
-  mathematics, but for most applications this does not matter.  If you
-  prefer ML to Lisp, you will probably prefer HOL to ZF.
-
-  \medskip The syntax of HOL follows \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-calculus and
-  functional programming.  Function application is curried.  To apply
-  the function \isa{f} of type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to the
-  arguments \isa{a} and \isa{b} in HOL, you simply write \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ a\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (as in ML or Haskell).  There is no ``apply'' operator; the
-  existing application of the Pure \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-calculus is re-used.
-  Note that in HOL \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} means ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} applied to
-  the pair \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (which is notation for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Pair\ a\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).  The latter typically introduces extra formal efforts that can
-  be avoided by currying functions by default.  Explicit tuples are as
-  infrequent in HOL formalizations as in good ML or Haskell programs.
-
-  \medskip Isabelle/HOL has a distinct feel, compared to other
-  object-logics like Isabelle/ZF.  It identifies object-level types
-  with meta-level types, taking advantage of the default
-  type-inference mechanism of Isabelle/Pure.  HOL fully identifies
-  object-level functions with meta-level functions, with native
-  abstraction and application.
-
-  These identifications allow Isabelle to support HOL particularly
-  nicely, but they also mean that HOL requires some sophistication
-  from the user.  In particular, an understanding of Hindley-Milner
-  type-inference with type-classes, which are both used extensively in
-  the standard libraries and applications.  Beginners can set
-  \hyperlink{attribute.show-types}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}types}}} or even \hyperlink{attribute.show-sorts}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}sorts}}} to get more
-  explicit information about the result of type-inference.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Inductive and coinductive definitions \label{sec:hol-inductive}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{inductive}\hypertarget{command.HOL.inductive}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{inductive\_set}\hypertarget{command.HOL.inductive-set}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive-set}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}set}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{coinductive}\hypertarget{command.HOL.coinductive}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.coinductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{coinductive}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{coinductive\_set}\hypertarget{command.HOL.coinductive-set}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.coinductive-set}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{coinductive{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}set}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{mono}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.mono}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.mono}{\mbox{\isa{mono}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  An \emph{inductive definition} specifies the least predicate or set
-  \isa{R} closed under given rules: applying a rule to elements of
-  \isa{R} yields a result within \isa{R}.  For example, a
-  structural operational semantics is an inductive definition of an
-  evaluation relation.
-
-  Dually, a \emph{coinductive definition} specifies the greatest
-  predicate or set \isa{R} that is consistent with given rules:
-  every element of \isa{R} can be seen as arising by applying a rule
-  to elements of \isa{R}.  An important example is using
-  bisimulation relations to formalise equivalence of processes and
-  infinite data structures.
-
-  Both inductive and coinductive definitions are based on the
-  Knaster-Tarski fixed-point theorem for complete lattices.  The
-  collection of introduction rules given by the user determines a
-  functor on subsets of set-theoretic relations.  The required
-  monotonicity of the recursion scheme is proven as a prerequisite to
-  the fixed-point definition and the resulting consequences.  This
-  works by pushing inclusion through logical connectives and any other
-  operator that might be wrapped around recursive occurrences of the
-  defined relation: there must be a monotonicity theorem of the form
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C653E}{\isasymle}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4D3E}{\isasymM}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C653E}{\isasymle}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4D3E}{\isasymM}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, for each premise \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4D3E}{\isasymM}}\ R\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in an
-  introduction rule.  The default rule declarations of Isabelle/HOL
-  already take care of most common situations.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{10}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive-set}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}set}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.coinductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{coinductive}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.coinductive-set}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{coinductive{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}set}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{5}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{fixes}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{6}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{for}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{fixes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{6}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{clauses}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{8}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{9}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{monos}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{clauses}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.mono}{\mbox{\isa{mono}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive}}}} and \hyperlink{command.HOL.coinductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{coinductive}}}} define (co)inductive predicates from the introduction
-  rules.
-
-  The propositions given as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}clauses{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in the \hyperlink{keyword.where}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}} part are either rules of the usual \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{2F}{\isacharslash}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} format
-  (with arbitrary nesting), or equalities using \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  The
-  latter specifies extra-logical abbreviations in the sense of
-  \indexref{}{command}{abbreviation}\hyperlink{command.abbreviation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{abbreviation}}}}.  Introducing abstract syntax
-  simultaneously with the actual introduction rules is occasionally
-  useful for complex specifications.
-
-  The optional \hyperlink{keyword.for}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{for}}}} part contains a list of parameters of
-  the (co)inductive predicates that remain fixed throughout the
-  definition, in contrast to arguments of the relation that may vary
-  in each occurrence within the given \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}clauses{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  The optional \hyperlink{keyword.monos}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{monos}}}} declaration contains additional
-  \emph{monotonicity theorems}, which are required for each operator
-  applied to a recursive set in the introduction rules.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive-set}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}set}}}} and \hyperlink{command.HOL.coinductive-set}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{coinductive{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}set}}}} are wrappers for to the previous commands for
-  native HOL predicates.  This allows to define (co)inductive sets,
-  where multiple arguments are simulated via tuples.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.mono}{\mbox{\isa{mono}}} declares monotonicity rules in the
-  context.  These rule are involved in the automated monotonicity
-  proof of the above inductive and coinductive definitions.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Derived rules%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-A (co)inductive definition of \isa{R} provides the following
-  main theorems:
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \isa{R{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intros} is the list of introduction rules as proven
-  theorems, for the recursive predicates (or sets).  The rules are
-  also available individually, using the names given them in the
-  theory file;
-
-  \item \isa{R{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}cases} is the case analysis (or elimination) rule;
-
-  \item \isa{R{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}induct} or \isa{R{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}coinduct} is the (co)induction
-  rule;
-
-  \item \isa{R{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}simps} is the equation unrolling the fixpoint of the
-  predicate one step.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  When several predicates \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}R\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ R\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are
-  defined simultaneously, the list of introduction rules is called
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}R\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}R\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intros{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, the case analysis rules are
-  called \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}R\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}cases{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ R\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}cases{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, and the list
-  of mutual induction rules is called \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}R\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}R\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}inducts{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Monotonicity theorems%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The context maintains a default set of theorems that are used
-  in monotonicity proofs.  New rules can be declared via the
-  \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.mono}{\mbox{\isa{mono}}} attribute.  See the main Isabelle/HOL
-  sources for some examples.  The general format of such monotonicity
-  theorems is as follows:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Theorems of the form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C653E}{\isasymle}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4D3E}{\isasymM}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C653E}{\isasymle}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4D3E}{\isasymM}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, for proving
-  monotonicity of inductive definitions whose introduction rules have
-  premises involving terms such as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4D3E}{\isasymM}}\ R\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item Monotonicity theorems for logical operators, which are of the
-  general form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  For example, in
-  the case of the operator \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, the corresponding theorem is
-  \[
-  \infer{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ Q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}
-  \]
-
-  \item De Morgan style equations for reasoning about the ``polarity''
-  of expressions, e.g.
-  \[
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E676C65667472696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongleftrightarrow}}\ P{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \qquad\qquad
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E676C65667472696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongleftrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  \]
-
-  \item Equations for reducing complex operators to more primitive
-  ones whose monotonicity can easily be proved, e.g.
-  \[
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E676C65667472696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongleftrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \qquad\qquad
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Ball\ A\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  \]
-
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Examples%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The finite powerset operator can be defined inductively like this:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{inductive{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}set}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Fin\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ set\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ set\ set{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{for}\ A\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ set{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ empty{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ Fin\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ insert{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ Fin\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ insert\ a\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ Fin\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The accessible part of a relation is defined as follows:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{inductive}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ acc\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{for}\ r\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isakeyword{infix}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C707265633E}{\isasymprec}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isadigit{5}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\isakeyword{where}\ acc{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C707265633E}{\isasymprec}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ acc\ r\ y{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ acc\ r\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Common logical connectives can be easily characterized as
-non-recursive inductive definitions with parameters, but without
-arguments.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{inductive}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ AND\ \isakeyword{for}\ A\ B\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ bool\isanewline
-\isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ AND\ A\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{inductive}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ OR\ \isakeyword{for}\ A\ B\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ bool\isanewline
-\isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ OR\ A\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ OR\ A\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{inductive}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ EXISTS\ \isakeyword{for}\ B\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ EXISTS\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Here the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}cases{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}induct{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} rules produced by
-  the \hyperlink{command.inductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive}}}} package coincide with the expected
-  elimination rules for Natural Deduction.  Already in the original
-  article by Gerhard Gentzen \cite{Gentzen:1935} there is a hint that
-  each connective can be characterized by its introductions, and the
-  elimination can be constructed systematically.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Recursive functions \label{sec:recursion}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{primrec}\hypertarget{command.HOL.primrec}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.primrec}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{primrec}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{fun}\hypertarget{command.HOL.fun}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.fun}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fun}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{function}\hypertarget{command.HOL.function}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{termination}\hypertarget{command.HOL.termination}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.termination}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{termination}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.primrec}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{primrec}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{fixes}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{equations}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.fun}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fun}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{functionopts}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{fixes}}}}[]
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{equations}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{equations}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{functionopts}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{sequential}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{domintros}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.termination}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{termination}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.primrec}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{primrec}}}} defines primitive recursive
-  functions over datatypes (see also \indexref{HOL}{command}{datatype}\hyperlink{command.HOL.datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{datatype}}}} and
-  \indexref{HOL}{command}{rep\_datatype}\hyperlink{command.HOL.rep-datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}datatype}}}}).  The given \isa{equations}
-  specify reduction rules that are produced by instantiating the
-  generic combinator for primitive recursion that is available for
-  each datatype.
-
-  Each equation needs to be of the form:
-
-  \begin{isabelle}%
-{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}C\ y\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ y\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ z\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ z\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ rhs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}%
-\end{isabelle}
-
-  such that \isa{C} is a datatype constructor, \isa{rhs} contains
-  only the free variables on the left-hand side (or from the context),
-  and all recursive occurrences of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rhs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are of
-  the form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ y\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for some \isa{i}.  At most one
-  reduction rule for each constructor can be given.  The order does
-  not matter.  For missing constructors, the function is defined to
-  return a default value, but this equation is made difficult to
-  access for users.
-
-  The reduction rules are declared as \hyperlink{attribute.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} by default,
-  which enables standard proof methods like \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} and
-  \hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}} to normalize expressions of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} applied to
-  datatype constructions, by simulating symbolic computation via
-  rewriting.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}} defines functions by general
-  wellfounded recursion. A detailed description with examples can be
-  found in \cite{isabelle-function}. The function is specified by a
-  set of (possibly conditional) recursive equations with arbitrary
-  pattern matching. The command generates proof obligations for the
-  completeness and the compatibility of patterns.
-
-  The defined function is considered partial, and the resulting
-  simplification rules (named \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}psimps{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}) and induction rule
-  (named \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}pinduct{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}) are guarded by a generated domain
-  predicate \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dom{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}. The \hyperlink{command.HOL.termination}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{termination}}}}
-  command can then be used to establish that the function is total.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.fun}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fun}}}} is a shorthand notation for ``\hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}sequential{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, followed by automated
-  proof attempts regarding pattern matching and termination.  See
-  \cite{isabelle-function} for further details.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.termination}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{termination}}}}~\isa{f} commences a
-  termination proof for the previously defined function \isa{f}.  If
-  this is omitted, the command refers to the most recent function
-  definition.  After the proof is closed, the recursive equations and
-  the induction principle is established.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Recursive definitions introduced by the \hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}}
-  command accommodate reasoning by induction (cf.\ \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}):
-  rule \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}induct{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} refers to a specific induction rule, with
-  parameters named according to the user-specified equations. Cases
-  are numbered starting from 1.  For \hyperlink{command.HOL.primrec}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{primrec}}}}, the
-  induction principle coincides with structural recursion on the
-  datatype where the recursion is carried out.
-
-  The equations provided by these packages may be referred later as
-  theorem list \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}simps{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, where \isa{f} is the (collective)
-  name of the functions defined.  Individual equations may be named
-  explicitly as well.
-
-  The \hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}} command accepts the following
-  options.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \isa{sequential} enables a preprocessor which disambiguates
-  overlapping patterns by making them mutually disjoint.  Earlier
-  equations take precedence over later ones.  This allows to give the
-  specification in a format very similar to functional programming.
-  Note that the resulting simplification and induction rules
-  correspond to the transformed specification, not the one given
-  originally. This usually means that each equation given by the user
-  may result in several theorems.  Also note that this automatic
-  transformation only works for ML-style datatype patterns.
-
-  \item \isa{domintros} enables the automated generation of
-  introduction rules for the domain predicate. While mostly not
-  needed, they can be helpful in some proofs about partial functions.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Example: evaluation of expressions%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Subsequently, we define mutual datatypes for arithmetic and
-  boolean expressions, and use \hyperlink{command.primrec}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{primrec}}}} for evaluation
-  functions that follow the same recursive structure.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{datatype}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ IF\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ bexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Sum\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Diff\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Var\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Num\ nat\isanewline
-\isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ bexp\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ Less\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ And\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ bexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ bexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Neg\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ bexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\medskip Evaluation of arithmetic and boolean expressions%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ evala\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{and}\ evalb\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ bexp\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}evala\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}IF\ b\ a{\isadigit{1}}\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}if\ evalb\ env\ b\ then\ evala\ env\ a{\isadigit{1}}\ else\ evala\ env\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}evala\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Sum\ a{\isadigit{1}}\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ evala\ env\ a{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ evala\ env\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}evala\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Diff\ a{\isadigit{1}}\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ evala\ env\ a{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\ evala\ env\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}evala\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Var\ v{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ env\ v{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}evala\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Num\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}evalb\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Less\ a{\isadigit{1}}\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}evala\ env\ a{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}\ evala\ env\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}evalb\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}And\ b{\isadigit{1}}\ b{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}evalb\ env\ b{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ evalb\ env\ b{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}evalb\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Neg\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ evalb\ env\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Since the value of an expression depends on the value of its
-  variables, the functions \isa{evala} and \isa{evalb} take an
-  additional parameter, an \emph{environment} that maps variables to
-  their values.
-
-  \medskip Substitution on expressions can be defined similarly.  The
-  mapping \isa{f} of type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} given as a
-  parameter is lifted canonically on the types \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ bexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, respectively.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ substa\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\ aexp{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\ aexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{and}\ substb\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\ aexp{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ bexp\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\ bexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}substa\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}IF\ b\ a{\isadigit{1}}\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ IF\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substb\ f\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substa\ f\ a{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substa\ f\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}substa\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Sum\ a{\isadigit{1}}\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Sum\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substa\ f\ a{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substa\ f\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}substa\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Diff\ a{\isadigit{1}}\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Diff\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substa\ f\ a{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substa\ f\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}substa\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Var\ v{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ f\ v{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}substa\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Num\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Num\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}substb\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Less\ a{\isadigit{1}}\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Less\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substa\ f\ a{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substa\ f\ a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}substb\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}And\ b{\isadigit{1}}\ b{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ And\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substb\ f\ b{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substb\ f\ b{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}substb\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Neg\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Neg\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substb\ f\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-In textbooks about semantics one often finds substitution
-  theorems, which express the relationship between substitution and
-  evaluation.  For \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ aexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ bexp{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, we can prove
-  such a theorem by mutual induction, followed by simplification.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}one{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}evala\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substa\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Var\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}v\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ evala\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}v\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ evala\ env\ a{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}evalb\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substb\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Var\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}v\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ evalb\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}v\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ evala\ env\ a{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ a\ \isakeyword{and}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}evala\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substa\ s\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ evala\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ evala\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}s\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}evalb\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}substb\ s\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ evalb\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ evala\ env\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}s\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ a\ \isakeyword{and}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Example: a substitution function for terms%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Functions on datatypes with nested recursion are also defined
-  by mutual primitive recursion.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{datatype}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}term{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Var\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ App\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ term\ list{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-A substitution function on type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ term{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} can be
-  defined as follows, by working simultaneously on \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ term\ list{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ term{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ term\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ term{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\isanewline
-\ \ subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}list\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ term{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ term\ list\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ term\ list{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Var\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ f\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}App\ b\ ts{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ App\ b\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}list\ f\ ts{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}list\ f\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}list\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}t\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ ts{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term\ f\ t\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}list\ f\ ts{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The recursion scheme follows the structure of the unfolded
-  definition of type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ term{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  To prove properties of this
-  substitution function, mutual induction is needed:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term\ f{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ f{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term\ f{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term\ f{\isadigit{2}}\ t{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}list\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term\ f{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ f{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ ts\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}list\ f{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}subst{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}list\ f{\isadigit{2}}\ ts{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ t\ \isakeyword{and}\ ts{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Example: a map function for infinitely branching trees%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Defining functions on infinitely branching datatypes by
-  primitive recursion is just as easy.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{datatype}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ tree\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Atom\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Branch\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ tree{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ map{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tree\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ tree\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\ tree{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isakeyword{where}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}map{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tree\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Atom\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Atom\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}f\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}map{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tree\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Branch\ ts{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Branch\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ map{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tree\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}ts\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Note that all occurrences of functions such as \isa{ts}
-  above must be applied to an argument.  In particular, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}map{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tree\ f\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ ts{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is not allowed here.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Here is a simple composition lemma for \isa{map{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tree}:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}map{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tree\ g\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}map{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tree\ f\ t{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ map{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tree\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}g\ {\isaliteral{5C3C636972633E}{\isasymcirc}}\ f{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ t{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Proof methods related to recursive definitions%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{pat\_completeness}\hypertarget{method.HOL.pat-completeness}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.pat-completeness}{\mbox{\isa{pat{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}completeness}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{relation}\hypertarget{method.HOL.relation}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.relation}{\mbox{\isa{relation}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{lexicographic\_order}\hypertarget{method.HOL.lexicographic-order}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.lexicographic-order}{\mbox{\isa{lexicographic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}order}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{size\_change}\hypertarget{method.HOL.size-change}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.size-change}{\mbox{\isa{size{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}change}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{induction\_schema}\hypertarget{method.HOL.induction-schema}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.induction-schema}{\mbox{\isa{induction{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}schema}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.relation}{\mbox{\isa{relation}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.lexicographic-order}{\mbox{\isa{lexicographic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}order}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.clasimpmod}{\mbox{\isa{clasimpmod}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.size-change}{\mbox{\isa{size{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}change}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{orders}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.clasimpmod}{\mbox{\isa{clasimpmod}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.induction-schema}{\mbox{\isa{induction{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}schema}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\isa{orders}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{max}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{min}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{ms}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.pat-completeness}{\mbox{\isa{pat{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}completeness}}} is a specialized method to
-  solve goals regarding the completeness of pattern matching, as
-  required by the \hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}} package (cf.\
-  \cite{isabelle-function}).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.relation}{\mbox{\isa{relation}}}~\isa{R} introduces a termination
-  proof using the relation \isa{R}.  The resulting proof state will
-  contain goals expressing that \isa{R} is wellfounded, and that the
-  arguments of recursive calls decrease with respect to \isa{R}.
-  Usually, this method is used as the initial proof step of manual
-  termination proofs.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.lexicographic-order}{\mbox{\isa{lexicographic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}order}}} attempts a fully
-  automated termination proof by searching for a lexicographic
-  combination of size measures on the arguments of the function. The
-  method accepts the same arguments as the \hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}} method,
-  which it uses internally to prove local descents.  The \hyperlink{syntax.clasimpmod}{\mbox{\isa{clasimpmod}}} modifiers are accepted (as for \hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}}).
-
-  In case of failure, extensive information is printed, which can help
-  to analyse the situation (cf.\ \cite{isabelle-function}).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.size-change}{\mbox{\isa{size{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}change}}} also works on termination goals,
-  using a variation of the size-change principle, together with a
-  graph decomposition technique (see \cite{krauss_phd} for details).
-  Three kinds of orders are used internally: \isa{max}, \isa{min},
-  and \isa{ms} (multiset), which is only available when the theory
-  \isa{Multiset} is loaded. When no order kinds are given, they are
-  tried in order. The search for a termination proof uses SAT solving
-  internally.
-
-  For local descent proofs, the \hyperlink{syntax.clasimpmod}{\mbox{\isa{clasimpmod}}} modifiers are
-  accepted (as for \hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}}).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.induction-schema}{\mbox{\isa{induction{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}schema}}} derives user-specified
-  induction rules from well-founded induction and completeness of
-  patterns. This factors out some operations that are done internally
-  by the function package and makes them available separately. See
-  \verb|~~/src/HOL/ex/Induction_Schema.thy| for examples.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Functions with explicit partiality%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{partial\_function}\hypertarget{command.HOL.partial-function}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.partial-function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{partial{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}function}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{partial\_function\_mono}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.partial-function-mono}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.partial-function-mono}{\mbox{\isa{partial{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}function{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}mono}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.partial-function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{partial{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}function}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{fixes}}}}[]
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.partial-function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{partial{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}function}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mode{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} defines
-  recursive functions based on fixpoints in complete partial
-  orders. No termination proof is required from the user or
-  constructed internally. Instead, the possibility of non-termination
-  is modelled explicitly in the result type, which contains an
-  explicit bottom element.
-
-  Pattern matching and mutual recursion are currently not supported.
-  Thus, the specification consists of a single function described by a
-  single recursive equation.
-
-  There are no fixed syntactic restrictions on the body of the
-  function, but the induced functional must be provably monotonic
-  wrt.\ the underlying order.  The monotonicitity proof is performed
-  internally, and the definition is rejected when it fails. The proof
-  can be influenced by declaring hints using the
-  \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.partial-function-mono}{\mbox{\isa{partial{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}function{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}mono}}} attribute.
-
-  The mandatory \isa{mode} argument specifies the mode of operation
-  of the command, which directly corresponds to a complete partial
-  order on the result type. By default, the following modes are
-  defined:
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \isa{option} defines functions that map into the \isa{option} type. Here, the value \isa{None} is used to model a
-  non-terminating computation. Monotonicity requires that if \isa{None} is returned by a recursive call, then the overall result must
-  also be \isa{None}. This is best achieved through the use of the
-  monadic operator \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Option{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}bind{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item \isa{tailrec} defines functions with an arbitrary result
-  type and uses the slightly degenerated partial order where \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}undefined{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is the bottom element.  Now, monotonicity requires that
-  if \isa{undefined} is returned by a recursive call, then the
-  overall result must also be \isa{undefined}. In practice, this is
-  only satisfied when each recursive call is a tail call, whose result
-  is directly returned. Thus, this mode of operation allows the
-  definition of arbitrary tail-recursive functions.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Experienced users may define new modes by instantiating the locale
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}partial{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}function{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definitions{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} appropriately.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.partial-function-mono}{\mbox{\isa{partial{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}function{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}mono}}} declares rules for
-  use in the internal monononicity proofs of partial function
-  definitions.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Old-style recursive function definitions (TFL)%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{recdef}\hypertarget{command.HOL.recdef}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{recdef\_tc}\hypertarget{command.HOL.recdef-tc}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef-tc}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tc}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The old TFL commands \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}} and \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef-tc}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tc}}}} for defining recursive are mostly obsolete; \hyperlink{command.HOL.function}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{function}}}} or \hyperlink{command.HOL.fun}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fun}}}} should be used instead.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{permissive}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{4}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\isa{hints}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@nont{\isa{recdeftc}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\isa{tc}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{hints}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{hints}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\isa{recdefmod}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\isa{recdefmod}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cong}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}wf}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.clasimpmod}{\mbox{\isa{clasimpmod}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{tc}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}} defines general well-founded
-  recursive functions (using the TFL package), see also
-  \cite{isabelle-HOL}.  The ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}permissive{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' option tells
-  TFL to recover from failed proof attempts, returning unfinished
-  results.  The \isa{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp}, \isa{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cong}, and \isa{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}wf} hints refer to auxiliary rules to be used in the internal
-  automated proof process of TFL.  Additional \hyperlink{syntax.clasimpmod}{\mbox{\isa{clasimpmod}}}
-  declarations may be given to tune the context of the Simplifier
-  (cf.\ \secref{sec:simplifier}) and Classical reasoner (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:classical}).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef-tc}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tc}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}i{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} recommences the
-  proof for leftover termination condition number \isa{i} (default
-  1) as generated by a \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}} definition of
-  constant \isa{c}.
-
-  Note that in most cases, \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}} is able to finish
-  its internal proofs without manual intervention.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \medskip Hints for \hyperlink{command.HOL.recdef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{recdef}}}} may be also declared
-  globally, using the following attributes.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{recdef\_simp}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.recdef-simp}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.recdef-simp}{\mbox{\isa{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{recdef\_cong}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.recdef-cong}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.recdef-cong}{\mbox{\isa{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cong}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{recdef\_wf}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.recdef-wf}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.recdef-wf}{\mbox{\isa{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}wf}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.recdef-simp}{\mbox{\isa{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.recdef-cong}{\mbox{\isa{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cong}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.recdef-wf}{\mbox{\isa{recdef{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}wf}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Datatypes \label{sec:hol-datatype}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{datatype}\hypertarget{command.HOL.datatype}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{datatype}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{rep\_datatype}\hypertarget{command.HOL.rep-datatype}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.rep-datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}datatype}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{datatype}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{spec}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.rep-datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}datatype}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{spec}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typespec-sorts}{\mbox{\isa{typespec{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}sorts}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{cons}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{cons}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{datatype}}}} defines inductive datatypes in
-  HOL.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.rep-datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}datatype}}}} represents existing types as
-  datatypes.
-
-  For foundational reasons, some basic types such as \isa{nat}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{bool} and \isa{unit} are
-  introduced by more primitive means using \indexref{}{command}{typedef}\hyperlink{command.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}}.  To
-  recover the rich infrastructure of \hyperlink{command.datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{datatype}}}} (e.g.\ rules
-  for \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} and \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} and the primitive recursion
-  combinators), such types may be represented as actual datatypes
-  later.  This is done by specifying the constructors of the desired
-  type, and giving a proof of the induction rule, distinctness and
-  injectivity of constructors.
-
-  For example, see \verb|~~/src/HOL/Sum_Type.thy| for the
-  representation of the primitive sum type as fully-featured datatype.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  The generated rules for \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} and \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} provide
-  case names according to the given constructors, while parameters are
-  named after the types (see also \secref{sec:cases-induct}).
-
-  See \cite{isabelle-HOL} for more details on datatypes, but beware of
-  the old-style theory syntax being used there!  Apart from proper
-  proof methods for case-analysis and induction, there are also
-  emulations of ML tactics \hyperlink{method.HOL.case-tac}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}} and \hyperlink{method.HOL.induct-tac}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}} available, see \secref{sec:hol-induct-tac}; these admit
-  to refer directly to the internal structure of subgoals (including
-  internally bound parameters).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Examples%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-We define a type of finite sequences, with slightly different
-  names than the existing \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} that is already in \isa{Main}:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{datatype}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ seq\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Empty\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Seq\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ seq{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-We can now prove some simple lemma by structural induction:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Seq\ x\ xs\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ xs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ xs\ arbitrary{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Empty%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-This case can be proved using the simplifier: the freeness
-    properties of the datatype are already declared as \hyperlink{attribute.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} rules.%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Seq\ x\ Empty\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ Empty{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ simp\isanewline
-\isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Seq\ y\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-The step case is proved similarly.%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Seq\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Seq\ y\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ Seq\ y\ ys{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{using}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}Seq\ y\ ys\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ ys{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ simp\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Here is a more succinct version of the same proof:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Seq\ x\ xs\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ xs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ xs\ arbitrary{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Records \label{sec:hol-record}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-In principle, records merely generalize the concept of tuples, where
-  components may be addressed by labels instead of just position.  The
-  logical infrastructure of records in Isabelle/HOL is slightly more
-  advanced, though, supporting truly extensible record schemes.  This
-  admits operations that are polymorphic with respect to record
-  extension, yielding ``object-oriented'' effects like (single)
-  inheritance.  See also \cite{NaraschewskiW-TPHOLs98} for more
-  details on object-oriented verification and record subtyping in HOL.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Basic concepts%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isabelle/HOL supports both \emph{fixed} and \emph{schematic} records
-  at the level of terms and types.  The notation is as follows:
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{tabular}{l|l|l}
-    & record terms & record types \\ \hline
-    fixed & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ B{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    schematic & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ m{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ B{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ M{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \end{center}
-
-  \noindent The ASCII representation of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  A fixed record \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} has field \isa{x} of value
-  \isa{a} and field \isa{y} of value \isa{b}.  The corresponding
-  type is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ B{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, assuming that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  A record scheme like \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ m{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} contains fields
-  \isa{x} and \isa{y} as before, but also possibly further fields
-  as indicated by the ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' notation (which is actually part
-  of the syntax).  The improper field ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' of a record
-  scheme is called the \emph{more part}.  Logically it is just a free
-  variable, which is occasionally referred to as ``row variable'' in
-  the literature.  The more part of a record scheme may be
-  instantiated by zero or more further components.  For example, the
-  previous scheme may get instantiated to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ z\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ c{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ m{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, where \isa{m{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}} refers to a different more part.
-  Fixed records are special instances of record schemes, where
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' is properly terminated by the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ unit{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  element.  In fact, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is just an abbreviation
-  for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \medskip Two key observations make extensible records in a simply
-  typed language like HOL work out:
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item the more part is internalized, as a free term or type
-  variable,
-
-  \item field names are externalized, they cannot be accessed within
-  the logic as first-class values.
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  \medskip In Isabelle/HOL record types have to be defined explicitly,
-  fixing their field names and types, and their (optional) parent
-  record.  Afterwards, records may be formed using above syntax, while
-  obeying the canonical order of fields as given by their declaration.
-  The record package provides several standard operations like
-  selectors and updates.  The common setup for various generic proof
-  tools enable succinct reasoning patterns.  See also the Isabelle/HOL
-  tutorial \cite{isabelle-hol-book} for further instructions on using
-  records in practice.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Record specifications%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{record}\hypertarget{command.HOL.record}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.record}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{record}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{4}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.record}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{record}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typespec-sorts}{\mbox{\isa{typespec{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}sorts}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@cr{2}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{constdecl}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{3}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{constdecl}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.record}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{record}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} defines extensible record type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  derived from the optional parent record \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by adding new
-  field components \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} etc.
-
-  The type variables of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} need to be
-  covered by the (distinct) parameters \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Type constructor \isa{t} has to be new, while \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}} needs to specify an instance of an existing record type.  At
-  least one new field \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} has to be specified.
-  Basically, field names need to belong to a unique record.  This is
-  not a real restriction in practice, since fields are qualified by
-  the record name internally.
-
-  The parent record specification \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}} is optional; if omitted
-  \isa{t} becomes a root record.  The hierarchy of all records
-  declared within a theory context forms a forest structure, i.e.\ a
-  set of trees starting with a root record each.  There is no way to
-  merge multiple parent records!
-
-  For convenience, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is made a
-  type abbreviation for the fixed record type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, likewise is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7A6574613E}{\isasymzeta}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}scheme{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} made an abbreviation for
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7A6574613E}{\isasymzeta}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Record operations%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Any record definition of the form presented above produces certain
-  standard operations.  Selectors and updates are provided for any
-  field, including the improper one ``\isa{more}''.  There are also
-  cumulative record constructor functions.  To simplify the
-  presentation below, we assume for now that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is a root record with fields \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \medskip \textbf{Selectors} and \textbf{updates} are available for
-  any field (including ``\isa{more}''):
-
-  \begin{matharray}{lll}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7A6574613E}{\isasymzeta}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}update{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7A6574613E}{\isasymzeta}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7A6574613E}{\isasymzeta}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  There is special syntax for application of updates: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}r{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} abbreviates term \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}update\ a\ r{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Further notation for
-  repeated updates is also available: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}r{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}z\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ c{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} may be written \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}r{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ z\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ c{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Note that
-  because of postfix notation the order of fields shown here is
-  reverse than in the actual term.  Since repeated updates are just
-  function applications, fields may be freely permuted in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ z\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ c{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, as far as logical equality is concerned.
-  Thus commutativity of independent updates can be proven within the
-  logic for any two fields, but not as a general theorem.
-
-  \medskip The \textbf{make} operation provides a cumulative record
-  constructor function:
-
-  \begin{matharray}{lll}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}make{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \medskip We now reconsider the case of non-root records, which are
-  derived of some parent.  In general, the latter may depend on
-  another parent as well, resulting in a list of \emph{ancestor
-  records}.  Appending the lists of fields of all ancestors results in
-  a certain field prefix.  The record package automatically takes care
-  of this by lifting operations over this context of ancestor fields.
-  Assuming that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} has ancestor
-  fields \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72686F3E}{\isasymrho}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72686F3E}{\isasymrho}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  the above record operations will get the following types:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec b\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C72686F3E}{\isasymrho}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7A6574613E}{\isasymzeta}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}update{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec b\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C72686F3E}{\isasymrho}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7A6574613E}{\isasymzeta}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec b\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C72686F3E}{\isasymrho}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7A6574613E}{\isasymzeta}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}make{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72686F3E}{\isasymrho}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72686F3E}{\isasymrho}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec b\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C72686F3E}{\isasymrho}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \noindent Some further operations address the extension aspect of a
-  derived record scheme specifically: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}fields{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} produces a
-  record fragment consisting of exactly the new fields introduced here
-  (the result may serve as a more part elsewhere); \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}extend{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  takes a fixed record and adds a given more part; \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}truncate{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} restricts a record scheme to a fixed record.
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}fields{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}extend{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec b\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C72686F3E}{\isasymrho}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7A6574613E}{\isasymzeta}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec b\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C72686F3E}{\isasymrho}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7A6574613E}{\isasymzeta}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}truncate{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec b\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C72686F3E}{\isasymrho}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7A6574613E}{\isasymzeta}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C706172723E}{\isasymlparr}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec b\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C72686F3E}{\isasymrho}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72706172723E}{\isasymrparr}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \noindent Note that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}make{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}fields{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} coincide
-  for root records.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Derived rules and proof tools%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The record package proves several results internally, declaring
-  these facts to appropriate proof tools.  This enables users to
-  reason about record structures quite conveniently.  Assume that
-  \isa{t} is a record type as specified above.
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item Standard conversions for selectors or updates applied to
-  record constructor terms are made part of the default Simplifier
-  context; thus proofs by reduction of basic operations merely require
-  the \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} method without further arguments.  These rules
-  are available as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}simps{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, too.
-
-  \item Selectors applied to updated records are automatically reduced
-  by an internal simplification procedure, which is also part of the
-  standard Simplifier setup.
-
-  \item Inject equations of a form analogous to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are declared to the Simplifier and Classical
-  Reasoner as \hyperlink{attribute.iff}{\mbox{\isa{iff}}} rules.  These rules are available as
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}iffs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item The introduction rule for record equality analogous to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ r\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x\ r{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ y\ r\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y\ r{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ r\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ r{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is declared to the Simplifier,
-  and as the basic rule context as ``\hyperlink{attribute.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.
-  The rule is called \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}equality{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item Representations of arbitrary record expressions as canonical
-  constructor terms are provided both in \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} and \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} format (cf.\ the generic proof methods of the same name,
-  \secref{sec:cases-induct}).  Several variations are available, for
-  fixed records, record schemes, more parts etc.
-
-  The generic proof methods are sufficiently smart to pick the most
-  sensible rule according to the type of the indicated record
-  expression: users just need to apply something like ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}cases\ r{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' to a certain proof problem.
-
-  \item The derived record operations \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}make{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}fields{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}extend{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}truncate{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are \emph{not}
-  treated automatically, but usually need to be expanded by hand,
-  using the collective fact \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}defs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \end{enumerate}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Examples%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-See \verb|~~/src/HOL/ex/Records.thy|, for example.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Adhoc tuples%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{split\_format}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.split-format}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.split-format}{\mbox{\isa{split{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}format}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.split-format}{\mbox{\isa{split{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}format}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{complete}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.split-format}{\mbox{\isa{split{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}format}}}\ \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}complete{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} causes
-  arguments in function applications to be represented canonically
-  according to their tuple type structure.
-
-  Note that this operation tends to invent funny names for new local
-  parameters introduced.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Typedef axiomatization \label{sec:hol-typedef}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{typedef}\hypertarget{command.HOL.typedef}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  A Gordon/HOL-style type definition is a certain axiom scheme that
-  identifies a new type with a subset of an existing type.  More
-  precisely, the new type is defined by exhibiting an existing type
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}}, a set \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\ set{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, and a theorem that proves
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Thus \isa{A} is a non-empty subset of \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}}, and the new type denotes this subset.  New functions are
-  postulated that establish an isomorphism between the new type and
-  the subset.  In general, the type \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}} may involve type
-  variables \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} which means that the type definition
-  produces a type constructor \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} depending on
-  those type arguments.
-
-  The axiomatization can be considered a ``definition'' in the sense
-  of the particular set-theoretic interpretation of HOL
-  \cite{pitts93}, where the universe of types is required to be
-  downwards-closed wrt.\ arbitrary non-empty subsets.  Thus genuinely
-  new types introduced by \hyperlink{command.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}} stay within the range
-  of HOL models by construction.  Note that \indexref{}{command}{type\_synonym}\hyperlink{command.type-synonym}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}synonym}}}} from Isabelle/Pure merely introduces syntactic
-  abbreviations, without any logical significance.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{alt{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\isa{abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}set}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{alt{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{open}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{open}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typespec-sorts}{\mbox{\isa{typespec{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}sorts}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}set}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{morphisms}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  axiomatizes a type definition in the background theory of the
-  current context, depending on a non-emptiness result of the set
-  \isa{A} that needs to be proven here.  The set \isa{A} may
-  contain type variables \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} as specified on the LHS,
-  but no term variables.
-
-  Even though a local theory specification, the newly introduced type
-  constructor cannot depend on parameters or assumptions of the
-  context: this is structurally impossible in HOL.  In contrast, the
-  non-emptiness proof may use local assumptions in unusual situations,
-  which could result in different interpretations in target contexts:
-  the meaning of the bijection between the representing set \isa{A}
-  and the new type \isa{t} may then change in different application
-  contexts.
-
-  By default, \hyperlink{command.HOL.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}} defines both a type
-  constructor \isa{t} for the new type, and a term constant \isa{t} for the representing set within the old type.  Use the ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}open{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' option to suppress a separate constant definition
-  altogether.  The injection from type to set is called \isa{Rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}t},
-  its inverse \isa{Abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}t}, unless explicit \hyperlink{keyword.HOL.morphisms}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{morphisms}}}} specification provides alternative names.
-
-  The core axiomatization uses the locale predicate \isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition} as defined in Isabelle/HOL.  Various basic
-  consequences of that are instantiated accordingly, re-using the
-  locale facts with names derived from the new type constructor.  Thus
-  the generic \isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}Rep} is turned into the specific
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, for example.
-
-  Theorems \isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}Rep}, \isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}Rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inverse}, and \isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}Abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inverse}
-  provide the most basic characterization as a corresponding
-  injection/surjection pair (in both directions).  The derived rules
-  \isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}Rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inject} and \isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}Abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inject} provide a more convenient version of
-  injectivity, suitable for automated proof tools (e.g.\ in
-  declarations involving \hyperlink{attribute.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} or \hyperlink{attribute.iff}{\mbox{\isa{iff}}}).
-  Furthermore, the rules \isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}Rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}~/ \isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}Rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}induct}, and \isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}Abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}~/
-  \isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}Abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}induct} provide alternative views on
-  surjectivity.  These rules are already declared as set or type rules
-  for the generic \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} and \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} methods,
-  respectively.
-
-  An alternative name for the set definition (and other derived
-  entities) may be specified in parentheses; the default is to use
-  \isa{t} directly.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \begin{warn}
-  If you introduce a new type axiomatically, i.e.\ via \indexref{}{command}{typedecl}\hyperlink{command.typedecl}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedecl}}}} and \indexref{}{command}{axiomatization}\hyperlink{command.axiomatization}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{axiomatization}}}}, the minimum requirement
-  is that it has a non-empty model, to avoid immediate collapse of the
-  HOL logic.  Moreover, one needs to demonstrate that the
-  interpretation of such free-form axiomatizations can coexist with
-  that of the regular \indexdef{}{command}{typedef}\hypertarget{command.typedef}{\hyperlink{command.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}}} scheme, and any extension
-  that other people might have introduced elsewhere (e.g.\ in HOLCF
-  \cite{MuellerNvOS99}).
-  \end{warn}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Examples%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Type definitions permit the introduction of abstract data
-  types in a safe way, namely by providing models based on already
-  existing types.  Given some abstract axiomatic description \isa{P}
-  of a type, this involves two steps:
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item Find an appropriate type \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}} and subset \isa{A} which
-  has the desired properties \isa{P}, and make a type definition
-  based on this representation.
-
-  \item Prove that \isa{P} holds for \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}} by lifting \isa{P}
-  from the representation.
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  You can later forget about the representation and work solely in
-  terms of the abstract properties \isa{P}.
-
-  \medskip The following trivial example pulls a three-element type
-  into existence within the formal logical environment of HOL.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{typedef}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ three\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}True{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ True{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}True{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ False{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}False{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ True{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{definition}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}One\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}three\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}True{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ True{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isacommand{definition}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Two\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}three\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}True{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ False{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isacommand{definition}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Three\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}three\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}False{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ True{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ three{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}distinct{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}One\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ Two{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}One\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ Three{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Two\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ Three{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ One{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def\ Two{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def\ Three{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def\ Abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}three{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inject\ three{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ three{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{fixes}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ three\ \isakeyword{obtains}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ One{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Two{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Three{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}cases\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}auto\ simp{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ One{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def\ Two{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def\ Three{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def\ Abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}three{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}inject\ three{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Note that such trivial constructions are better done with
-  derived specification mechanisms such as \hyperlink{command.datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{datatype}}}}:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{datatype}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ three{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ One{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Two{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Three{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-This avoids re-doing basic definitions and proofs from the
-  primitive \hyperlink{command.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}} above.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Functorial structure of types%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{enriched\_type}\hypertarget{command.HOL.enriched-type}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.enriched-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{enriched{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.enriched-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{enriched{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.enriched-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{enriched{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prefix{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} allows to
-  prove and register properties about the functorial structure of type
-  constructors.  These properties then can be used by other packages
-  to deal with those type constructors in certain type constructions.
-  Characteristic theorems are noted in the current local theory.  By
-  default, they are prefixed with the base name of the type
-  constructor, an explicit prefix can be given alternatively.
-
-  The given term \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is considered as \emph{mapper} for the
-  corresponding type constructor and must conform to the following
-  type pattern:
-
-  \begin{matharray}{lll}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub k\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \noindent where \isa{t} is the type constructor, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are distinct
-  type variables free in the local theory and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  \ldots, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub k{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is a subsequence of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \ldots,
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Transfer package%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{transfer}\hypertarget{method.HOL.transfer}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.transfer}{\mbox{\isa{transfer}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{transfer'}\hypertarget{method.HOL.transfer'}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.transfer'}{\mbox{\isa{transfer{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{transfer\_prover}\hypertarget{method.HOL.transfer-prover}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.transfer-prover}{\mbox{\isa{transfer{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}prover}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{transfer\_rule}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.transfer-rule}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.transfer-rule}{\mbox{\isa{transfer{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rule}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{relator\_eq}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.relator-eq}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.relator-eq}{\mbox{\isa{relator{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}eq}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.transfer}{\mbox{\isa{transfer}}} method replaces the current subgoal
-    with a logically equivalent one that uses different types and
-    constants. The replacement of types and constants is guided by the
-    database of transfer rules. Goals are generalized over all free
-    variables by default; this is necessary for variables whose types
-    change, but can be overridden for specific variables with e.g.
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}transfer\ fixing{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x\ y\ z{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.transfer'}{\mbox{\isa{transfer{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}}}} is a variant of \hyperlink{method.HOL.transfer}{\mbox{\isa{transfer}}} that allows replacing a subgoal with one that is
-    logically stronger (rather than equivalent). For example, a
-    subgoal involving equality on a quotient type could be replaced
-    with a subgoal involving equality (instead of the corresponding
-    equivalence relation) on the underlying raw type.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.transfer-prover}{\mbox{\isa{transfer{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}prover}}} method assists with proving
-    a transfer rule for a new constant, provided the constant is
-    defined in terms of other constants that already have transfer
-    rules. It should be applied after unfolding the constant
-    definitions.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.transfer-rule}{\mbox{\isa{transfer{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rule}}} attribute maintains a
-    collection of transfer rules, which relate constants at two
-    different types. Typical transfer rules may relate different type
-    instances of the same polymorphic constant, or they may relate an
-    operation on a raw type to a corresponding operation on an
-    abstract type (quotient or subtype). For example:
-
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}A\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all{\isadigit{2}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all{\isadigit{2}}\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ map\ map{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}cr{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}int\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ cr{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}int\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ cr{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}int{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}y{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}u{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}v{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}u{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}v{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ plus{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-
-    Lemmas involving predicates on relations can also be registered
-    using the same attribute. For example:
-
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}bi{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unique\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all{\isadigit{2}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ op\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ distinct\ distinct{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6272616B6B3E}{\isasymlbrakk}}bi{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unique\ A{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\ bi{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unique\ B{\isaliteral{5C3C726272616B6B3E}{\isasymrbrakk}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ bi{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unique\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prod{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rel\ A\ B{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.relator-eq}{\mbox{\isa{relator{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}eq}}} attribute collects identity laws
-    for relators of various type constructors, e.g. \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}list{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}op\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}op\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}. The \hyperlink{method.HOL.transfer}{\mbox{\isa{transfer}}} method uses these
-    lemmas to infer transfer rules for non-polymorphic constants on
-    the fly.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Lifting package%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{setup\_lifting}\hypertarget{command.HOL.setup-lifting}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.setup-lifting}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{setup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lifting}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{lift\_definition}\hypertarget{command.HOL.lift-definition}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.lift-definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lift{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{print\_quotmaps}\hypertarget{command.HOL.print-quotmaps}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.print-quotmaps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}quotmaps}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{print\_quotients}\hypertarget{command.HOL.print-quotients}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.print-quotients}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}quotients}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{quot\_map}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.quot-map}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.quot-map}{\mbox{\isa{quot{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}map}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{invariant\_commute}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.invariant-commute}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.invariant-commute}{\mbox{\isa{invariant{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}commute}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.setup-lifting}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{setup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lifting}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}code}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmref}{\mbox{\isa{thmref}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmref}{\mbox{\isa{thmref}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{4}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.lift-definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lift{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{is}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.setup-lifting}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{setup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lifting}}}} Sets up the Lifting package
-    to work with a user-defined type. The user must provide either a
-    quotient theorem \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Quotient\ R\ Abs\ Rep\ T{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or a
-    type_definition theorem \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition\ Rep\ Abs\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  The
-    package configures transfer rules for equality and quantifiers on
-    the type, and sets up the \indexdef{HOL}{command}{lift\_definition}\hypertarget{command.HOL.lift-definition}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.lift-definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lift{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition}}}}}
-    command to work with the type.  In the case of a quotient theorem,
-    an optional theorem \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}reflp\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} can be provided as a second
-    argument.  This allows the package to generate stronger transfer
-    rules.
-
-    \hyperlink{command.HOL.setup-lifting}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{setup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lifting}}}} is called automatically if a
-    quotient type is defined by the command \hyperlink{command.HOL.quotient-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quotient{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}} from the Quotient package.
-
-    If \hyperlink{command.HOL.setup-lifting}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{setup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lifting}}}} is called with a
-    type_definition theorem, the abstract type implicitly defined by
-    the theorem is declared as an abstract type in the code
-    generator. This allows \hyperlink{command.HOL.lift-definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lift{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition}}}} to
-    register (generated) code certificate theorems as abstract code
-    equations in the code generator.  The option \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}code{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-    of the command \hyperlink{command.HOL.setup-lifting}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{setup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lifting}}}} can turn off that
-    behavior and causes that code certificate theorems generated by
-    \hyperlink{command.HOL.lift-definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lift{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition}}}} are not registred as abstract
-    code equations.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.lift-definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lift{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition}}}} \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\ is\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-    Defines a new function \isa{f} with an abstract type \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}}
-    in terms of a corresponding operation \isa{t} on a
-    representation type.  The term \isa{t} doesn't have to be
-    necessarily a constant but it can be any term.
-
-    Users must discharge a respectfulness proof obligation when each
-    constant is defined. For a type copy, i.e. a typedef with \isa{UNIV}, the proof is discharged automatically. The obligation is
-    presented in a user-friendly, readable form. A respectfulness
-    theorem in the standard format \isa{f{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}rsp} and a transfer rule
-    \isa{f{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}tranfer} for the Transfer package are generated by the
-    package.
-
-    Integration with code_abstype: For typedefs (e.g. subtypes
-    corresponding to a datatype invariant, such as dlist), \hyperlink{command.HOL.lift-definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lift{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition}}}} generates a code certificate theorem
-    \isa{f{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}eq} and sets up code generation for each constant.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.print-quotmaps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}quotmaps}}}} prints stored quotient map
-    theorems.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.print-quotients}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}quotients}}}} prints stored quotient
-    theorems.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.quot-map}{\mbox{\isa{quot{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}map}}} registers a quotient map
-    theorem. For examples see \verb|~~/src/HOL/Library/Quotient_List.thy| or other Quotient_*.thy
-    files.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.invariant-commute}{\mbox{\isa{invariant{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}commute}}} registers a theorem which
-    shows a relationship between the constant \isa{Lifting{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}invariant} (used for internal encoding of proper subtypes)
-    and a relator.  Such theorems allows the package to hide \isa{Lifting{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}invariant} from a user in a user-readable form of a
-    respectfulness theorem. For examples see \verb|~~/src/HOL/Library/Quotient_List.thy| or other Quotient_*.thy
-    files.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Quotient types%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{quotient\_type}\hypertarget{command.HOL.quotient-type}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.quotient-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quotient{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{quotient\_definition}\hypertarget{command.HOL.quotient-definition}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.quotient-definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quotient{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{print\_quotmapsQ3}\hypertarget{command.HOL.print-quotmapsQ3}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.print-quotmapsQ3}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}quotmapsQ{\isadigit{3}}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{print\_quotientsQ3}\hypertarget{command.HOL.print-quotientsQ3}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.print-quotientsQ3}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}quotientsQ{\isadigit{3}}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{print\_quotconsts}\hypertarget{command.HOL.print-quotconsts}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.print-quotconsts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}quotconsts}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{lifting}\hypertarget{method.HOL.lifting}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.lifting}{\mbox{\isa{lifting}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{lifting\_setup}\hypertarget{method.HOL.lifting-setup}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.lifting-setup}{\mbox{\isa{lifting{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{descending}\hypertarget{method.HOL.descending}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.descending}{\mbox{\isa{descending}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{descending\_setup}\hypertarget{method.HOL.descending-setup}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.descending-setup}{\mbox{\isa{descending{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{partiality\_descending}\hypertarget{method.HOL.partiality-descending}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.partiality-descending}{\mbox{\isa{partiality{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}descending}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{partiality\_descending\_setup}\hypertarget{method.HOL.partiality-descending-setup}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.partiality-descending-setup}{\mbox{\isa{partiality{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}descending{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{regularize}\hypertarget{method.HOL.regularize}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.regularize}{\mbox{\isa{regularize}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{injection}\hypertarget{method.HOL.injection}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.injection}{\mbox{\isa{injection}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{cleaning}\hypertarget{method.HOL.cleaning}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.cleaning}{\mbox{\isa{cleaning}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{quot\_thm}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.quot-thm}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.quot-thm}{\mbox{\isa{quot{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}thm}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{quot\_lifted}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.quot-lifted}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.quot-lifted}{\mbox{\isa{quot{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lifted}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{quot\_respect}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.quot-respect}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.quot-respect}{\mbox{\isa{quot{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}respect}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{quot\_preserve}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.quot-preserve}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.quot-preserve}{\mbox{\isa{quot{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}preserve}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The quotient package defines a new quotient type given a raw type
-  and a partial equivalence relation.  It also includes automation for
-  transporting definitions and theorems.  It can automatically produce
-  definitions and theorems on the quotient type, given the
-  corresponding constants and facts on the raw type.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.quotient-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quotient{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{spec}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{8}{\isa{spec}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typespec}{\mbox{\isa{typespec}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2F}{\isacharslash}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{partial}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@cr{6}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{7}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{morphisms}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{4}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.quotient-definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quotient{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{constdecl}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{is}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{constdecl}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.lifting}{\mbox{\isa{lifting}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.lifting-setup}{\mbox{\isa{lifting{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.quotient-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quotient{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}} defines quotient types. The
-  injection from a quotient type to a raw type is called \isa{rep{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}t}, its inverse \isa{abs{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}t} unless explicit \hyperlink{keyword.HOL.morphisms}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{morphisms}}}} specification provides alternative names. \hyperlink{command.HOL.quotient-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quotient{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}} requires the user to prove that the relation
-  is an equivalence relation (predicate \isa{equivp}), unless the
-  user specifies explicitely \isa{partial} in which case the
-  obligation is \isa{part{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}equivp}.  A quotient defined with \isa{partial} is weaker in the sense that less things can be proved
-  automatically.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.quotient-definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quotient{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}definition}}}} defines a constant on
-  the quotient type.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.print-quotmapsQ3}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}quotmapsQ{\isadigit{3}}}}}} prints quotient map
-  functions.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.print-quotientsQ3}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}quotientsQ{\isadigit{3}}}}}} prints quotients.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.print-quotconsts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}quotconsts}}}} prints quotient constants.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.lifting}{\mbox{\isa{lifting}}} and \hyperlink{method.HOL.lifting-setup}{\mbox{\isa{lifting{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}
-    methods match the current goal with the given raw theorem to be
-    lifted producing three new subgoals: regularization, injection and
-    cleaning subgoals. \hyperlink{method.HOL.lifting}{\mbox{\isa{lifting}}} tries to apply the
-    heuristics for automatically solving these three subgoals and
-    leaves only the subgoals unsolved by the heuristics to the user as
-    opposed to \hyperlink{method.HOL.lifting-setup}{\mbox{\isa{lifting{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}} which leaves the three
-    subgoals unsolved.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.descending}{\mbox{\isa{descending}}} and \hyperlink{method.HOL.descending-setup}{\mbox{\isa{descending{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}} try to guess a raw statement that would lift
-    to the current subgoal. Such statement is assumed as a new subgoal
-    and \hyperlink{method.HOL.descending}{\mbox{\isa{descending}}} continues in the same way as
-    \hyperlink{method.HOL.lifting}{\mbox{\isa{lifting}}} does. \hyperlink{method.HOL.descending}{\mbox{\isa{descending}}} tries
-    to solve the arising regularization, injection and cleaning
-    subgoals with the analoguous method \hyperlink{method.HOL.descending-setup}{\mbox{\isa{descending{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}} which leaves the four unsolved subgoals.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.partiality-descending}{\mbox{\isa{partiality{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}descending}}} finds the regularized
-    theorem that would lift to the current subgoal, lifts it and
-    leaves as a subgoal. This method can be used with partial
-    equivalence quotients where the non regularized statements would
-    not be true. \hyperlink{method.HOL.partiality-descending-setup}{\mbox{\isa{partiality{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}descending{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}} leaves
-    the injection and cleaning subgoals unchanged.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.regularize}{\mbox{\isa{regularize}}} applies the regularization
-    heuristics to the current subgoal.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.injection}{\mbox{\isa{injection}}} applies the injection heuristics
-    to the current goal using the stored quotient respectfulness
-    theorems.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.cleaning}{\mbox{\isa{cleaning}}} applies the injection cleaning
-    heuristics to the current subgoal using the stored quotient
-    preservation theorems.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.quot-lifted}{\mbox{\isa{quot{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lifted}}} attribute tries to
-    automatically transport the theorem to the quotient type.
-    The attribute uses all the defined quotients types and quotient
-    constants often producing undesired results or theorems that
-    cannot be lifted.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.quot-respect}{\mbox{\isa{quot{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}respect}}} and \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.quot-preserve}{\mbox{\isa{quot{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}preserve}}} attributes declare a theorem as a respectfulness
-    and preservation theorem respectively.  These are stored in the
-    local theory store and used by the \hyperlink{method.HOL.injection}{\mbox{\isa{injection}}}
-    and \hyperlink{method.HOL.cleaning}{\mbox{\isa{cleaning}}} methods respectively.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.quot-thm}{\mbox{\isa{quot{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}thm}}} declares that a certain theorem
-    is a quotient extension theorem. Quotient extension theorems
-    allow for quotienting inside container types. Given a polymorphic
-    type that serves as a container, a map function defined for this
-    container using \hyperlink{command.HOL.enriched-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{enriched{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}} and a relation
-    map defined for for the container type, the quotient extension
-    theorem should be \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Quotient{\isadigit{3}}\ R\ Abs\ Rep\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Quotient{\isadigit{3}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rel{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}map\ R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}map\ Abs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}map\ Rep{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}. Quotient extension theorems
-    are stored in a database and are used all the steps of lifting
-    theorems.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Coercive subtyping%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{coercion}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.coercion}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.coercion}{\mbox{\isa{coercion}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{coercion\_enabled}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.coercion-enabled}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.coercion-enabled}{\mbox{\isa{coercion{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}enabled}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{coercion\_map}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.coercion-map}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.coercion-map}{\mbox{\isa{coercion{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}map}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Coercive subtyping allows the user to omit explicit type
-  conversions, also called \emph{coercions}.  Type inference will add
-  them as necessary when parsing a term. See
-  \cite{traytel-berghofer-nipkow-2011} for details.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.coercion}{\mbox{\isa{coercion}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.coercion-map}{\mbox{\isa{coercion{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}map}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.coercion}{\mbox{\isa{coercion}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} registers a new
-  coercion function \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} where \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are type constructors without arguments.  Coercions are
-  composed by the inference algorithm if needed.  Note that the type
-  inference algorithm is complete only if the registered coercions
-  form a lattice.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.coercion-map}{\mbox{\isa{coercion{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}map}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}map{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} registers a
-  new map function to lift coercions through type constructors. The
-  function \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}map{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} must conform to the following type pattern
-
-  \begin{matharray}{lll}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}map{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ f\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  where \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is a type constructor and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is of type
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub i\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Registering a map function
-  overwrites any existing map function for this particular type
-  constructor.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.coercion-enabled}{\mbox{\isa{coercion{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}enabled}}} enables the coercion
-  inference algorithm.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Arithmetic proof support%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{arith}\hypertarget{method.HOL.arith}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.arith}{\mbox{\isa{arith}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{arith}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.arith}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.arith}{\mbox{\isa{arith}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{arith\_split}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.arith-split}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.arith-split}{\mbox{\isa{arith{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}split}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.arith}{\mbox{\isa{arith}}} decides linear arithmetic problems (on
-  types \isa{nat}, \isa{int}, \isa{real}).  Any current facts
-  are inserted into the goal before running the procedure.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.arith}{\mbox{\isa{arith}}} declares facts that are supplied to
-  the arithmetic provers implicitly.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.arith-split}{\mbox{\isa{arith{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}split}}} attribute declares case split
-  rules to be expanded before \hyperlink{method.HOL.arith}{\mbox{\isa{arith}}} is invoked.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Note that a simpler (but faster) arithmetic prover is already
-  invoked by the Simplifier.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Intuitionistic proof search%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{iprover}\hypertarget{method.HOL.iprover}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.iprover}{\mbox{\isa{iprover}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.iprover}{\mbox{\isa{iprover}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.rulemod}{\mbox{\isa{rulemod}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.iprover}{\mbox{\isa{iprover}}} performs intuitionistic proof search,
-  depending on specifically declared rules from the context, or given
-  as explicit arguments.  Chained facts are inserted into the goal
-  before commencing proof search.
-
-  Rules need to be classified as \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}},
-  \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}, or \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}}; here the
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' indicator refers to ``safe'' rules, which may be
-  applied aggressively (without considering back-tracking later).
-  Rules declared with ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' are ignored in proof search (the
-  single-step \hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} method still observes these).  An
-  explicit weight annotation may be given as well; otherwise the
-  number of rule premises will be taken into account here.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Model Elimination and Resolution%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{meson}\hypertarget{method.HOL.meson}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.meson}{\mbox{\isa{meson}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{metis}\hypertarget{method.HOL.metis}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.metis}{\mbox{\isa{metis}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.meson}{\mbox{\isa{meson}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.metis}{\mbox{\isa{metis}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{partial{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}types}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{full{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}types}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}types}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.meson}{\mbox{\isa{meson}}} implements Loveland's model elimination
-  procedure \cite{loveland-78}.  See \verb|~~/src/HOL/ex/Meson_Test.thy| for examples.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.metis}{\mbox{\isa{metis}}} combines ordered resolution and ordered
-  paramodulation to find first-order (or mildly higher-order) proofs.
-  The first optional argument specifies a type encoding; see the
-  Sledgehammer manual \cite{isabelle-sledgehammer} for details.  The
-  directory \verb|~~/src/HOL/Metis_Examples| contains several small
-  theories developed to a large extent using \hyperlink{method.HOL.metis}{\mbox{\isa{metis}}}.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Coherent Logic%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{coherent}\hypertarget{method.HOL.coherent}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.coherent}{\mbox{\isa{coherent}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.coherent}{\mbox{\isa{coherent}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.coherent}{\mbox{\isa{coherent}}} solves problems of \emph{Coherent
-  Logic} \cite{Bezem-Coquand:2005}, which covers applications in
-  confluence theory, lattice theory and projective geometry.  See
-  \verb|~~/src/HOL/ex/Coherent.thy| for some examples.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Proving propositions%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-In addition to the standard proof methods, a number of diagnosis
-  tools search for proofs and provide an Isar proof snippet on success.
-  These tools are available via the following commands.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{solve\_direct}\hypertarget{command.HOL.solve-direct}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.solve-direct}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{solve{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}direct}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{try}\hypertarget{command.HOL.try}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.try}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{try}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{try0}\hypertarget{command.HOL.try0}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.try0}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{try{\isadigit{0}}}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{sledgehammer}\hypertarget{command.HOL.sledgehammer}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.sledgehammer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sledgehammer}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{sledgehammer\_params}\hypertarget{command.HOL.sledgehammer-params}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.sledgehammer-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sledgehammer{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}params}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.try}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{try}}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.try0}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{try{\isadigit{0}}}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{simp}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{intro}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{elim}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{dest}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.sledgehammer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sledgehammer}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{args}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{facts}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.sledgehammer-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sledgehammer{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}params}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{args}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{args}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{value}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{5}{\isa{facts}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{4}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
- % FIXME check args "value"
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.solve-direct}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{solve{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}direct}}}} checks whether the current
-  subgoals can be solved directly by an existing theorem. Duplicate
-  lemmas can be detected in this way.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.try0}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{try{\isadigit{0}}}}}} attempts to prove a subgoal
-  using a combination of standard proof methods (\hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}},
-  \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}, \hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}}, etc.).  Additional facts supplied
-  via \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}simp{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}intro{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}elim{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}dest{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are passed to the appropriate proof methods.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.try}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{try}}}} attempts to prove or disprove a subgoal
-  using a combination of provers and disprovers (\hyperlink{command.HOL.solve-direct}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{solve{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}direct}}}}, \hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck}}}}, \hyperlink{command.HOL.try0}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{try{\isadigit{0}}}}}}, \hyperlink{command.HOL.sledgehammer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sledgehammer}}}}, \hyperlink{command.HOL.nitpick}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{nitpick}}}}).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.sledgehammer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sledgehammer}}}} attempts to prove a subgoal
-  using external automatic provers (resolution provers and SMT
-  solvers). See the Sledgehammer manual \cite{isabelle-sledgehammer}
-  for details.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.sledgehammer-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sledgehammer{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}params}}}} changes \hyperlink{command.HOL.sledgehammer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sledgehammer}}}} configuration options persistently.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Checking and refuting propositions%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Identifying incorrect propositions usually involves evaluation of
-  particular assignments and systematic counterexample search.  This
-  is supported by the following commands.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{value}\hypertarget{command.HOL.value}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.value}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{value}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{values}\hypertarget{command.HOL.values}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.values}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{values}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{quickcheck}\hypertarget{command.HOL.quickcheck}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{refute}\hypertarget{command.HOL.refute}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.refute}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{refute}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{nitpick}\hypertarget{command.HOL.nitpick}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.nitpick}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{nitpick}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{quickcheck\_params}\hypertarget{command.HOL.quickcheck-params}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}params}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{refute\_params}\hypertarget{command.HOL.refute-params}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.refute-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{refute{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}params}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{nitpick\_params}\hypertarget{command.HOL.nitpick-params}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.nitpick-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{nitpick{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}params}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{quickcheck\_generator}\hypertarget{command.HOL.quickcheck-generator}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck-generator}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}generator}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{find\_unused\_assms}\hypertarget{command.HOL.find-unused-assms}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.find-unused-assms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{find{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unused{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}assms}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.value}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{value}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{modes}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.values}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{values}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{modes}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.refute}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{refute}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.nitpick}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{nitpick}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{args}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}params}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.refute-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{refute{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}params}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.nitpick-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{nitpick{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}params}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{args}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck-generator}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}generator}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@cr{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{operations{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{3}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.find-unused-assms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{find{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unused{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}assms}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{modes}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{args}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{value}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
- % FIXME check "value"
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.value}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{value}}}}~\isa{t} evaluates and prints a
-  term; optionally \isa{modes} can be specified, which are appended
-  to the current print mode; see \secref{sec:print-modes}.
-  Internally, the evaluation is performed by registered evaluators,
-  which are invoked sequentially until a result is returned.
-  Alternatively a specific evaluator can be selected using square
-  brackets; typical evaluators use the current set of code equations
-  to normalize and include \isa{simp} for fully symbolic evaluation
-  using the simplifier, \isa{nbe} for \emph{normalization by
-  evaluation} and \emph{code} for code generation in SML.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.values}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{values}}}}~\isa{t} enumerates a set
-  comprehension by evaluation and prints its values up to the given
-  number of solutions; optionally \isa{modes} can be specified,
-  which are appended to the current print mode; see
-  \secref{sec:print-modes}.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck}}}} tests the current goal for
-  counterexamples using a series of assignments for its free
-  variables; by default the first subgoal is tested, an other can be
-  selected explicitly using an optional goal index.  Assignments can
-  be chosen exhausting the search space upto a given size, or using a
-  fixed number of random assignments in the search space, or exploring
-  the search space symbolically using narrowing.  By default,
-  quickcheck uses exhaustive testing.  A number of configuration
-  options are supported for \hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck}}}}, notably:
-
-    \begin{description}
-
-    \item[\isa{tester}] specifies which testing approach to apply.
-    There are three testers, \isa{exhaustive}, \isa{random}, and
-    \isa{narrowing}.  An unknown configuration option is treated as
-    an argument to tester, making \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}tester\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} optional.  When
-    multiple testers are given, these are applied in parallel.  If no
-    tester is specified, quickcheck uses the testers that are set
-    active, i.e., configurations \hyperlink{attribute.quickcheck-exhaustive-active}{\mbox{\isa{quickcheck{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}exhaustive{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}active}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.quickcheck-random-active}{\mbox{\isa{quickcheck{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}random{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}active}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.quickcheck-narrowing-active}{\mbox{\isa{quickcheck{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}narrowing{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}active}}} are set to true.
-
-    \item[\isa{size}] specifies the maximum size of the search space
-    for assignment values.
-
-    \item[\isa{genuine{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}only}] sets quickcheck only to return genuine
-    counterexample, but not potentially spurious counterexamples due
-    to underspecified functions.
-
-    \item[\isa{abort{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}potential}] sets quickcheck to abort once it
-    found a potentially spurious counterexample and to not continue
-    to search for a further genuine counterexample.
-    For this option to be effective, the \isa{genuine{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}only} option
-    must be set to false.
-
-    \item[\isa{eval}] takes a term or a list of terms and evaluates
-    these terms under the variable assignment found by quickcheck.
-    This option is currently only supported by the default
-    (exhaustive) tester.
-
-    \item[\isa{iterations}] sets how many sets of assignments are
-    generated for each particular size.
-
-    \item[\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}assms}] specifies whether assumptions in
-    structured proofs should be ignored.
-
-    \item[\isa{locale}] specifies how to process conjectures in
-    a locale context, i.e., they can be interpreted or expanded.
-    The option is a whitespace-separated list of the two words
-    \isa{interpret} and \isa{expand}. The list determines the
-    order they are employed. The default setting is to first use
-    interpretations and then test the expanded conjecture.
-    The option is only provided as attribute declaration, but not
-    as parameter to the command.
-
-    \item[\isa{timeout}] sets the time limit in seconds.
-
-    \item[\isa{default{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}] sets the type(s) generally used to
-    instantiate type variables.
-
-    \item[\isa{report}] if set quickcheck reports how many tests
-    fulfilled the preconditions.
-
-    \item[\isa{use{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}subtype}] if set quickcheck automatically lifts
-    conjectures to registered subtypes if possible, and tests the
-    lifted conjecture.
-
-    \item[\isa{quiet}] if set quickcheck does not output anything
-    while testing.
-
-    \item[\isa{verbose}] if set quickcheck informs about the current
-    size and cardinality while testing.
-
-    \item[\isa{expect}] can be used to check if the user's
-    expectation was met (\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}expectation}, \isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}counterexample}, or \isa{counterexample}).
-
-    \end{description}
-
-  These option can be given within square brackets.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}params}}}} changes \hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck}}}} configuration options persistently.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.quickcheck-generator}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{quickcheck{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}generator}}}} creates random and
-  exhaustive value generators for a given type and operations.  It
-  generates values by using the operations as if they were
-  constructors of that type.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.refute}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{refute}}}} tests the current goal for
-  counterexamples using a reduction to SAT. The following
-  configuration options are supported:
-
-    \begin{description}
-
-    \item[\isa{minsize}] specifies the minimum size (cardinality) of
-    the models to search for.
-
-    \item[\isa{maxsize}] specifies the maximum size (cardinality) of
-    the models to search for. Nonpositive values mean \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E66696E6974793E}{\isasyminfinity}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-    \item[\isa{maxvars}] specifies the maximum number of Boolean
-    variables to use when transforming the term into a propositional
-    formula.  Nonpositive values mean \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E66696E6974793E}{\isasyminfinity}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-    \item[\isa{satsolver}] specifies the SAT solver to use.
-
-    \item[\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}assms}] specifies whether assumptions in
-    structured proofs should be ignored.
-
-    \item[\isa{maxtime}] sets the time limit in seconds.
-
-    \item[\isa{expect}] can be used to check if the user's
-    expectation was met (\isa{genuine}, \isa{potential}, \isa{none}, or \isa{unknown}).
-
-    \end{description}
-
-  These option can be given within square brackets.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.refute-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{refute{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}params}}}} changes \hyperlink{command.HOL.refute}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{refute}}}} configuration options persistently.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.nitpick}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{nitpick}}}} tests the current goal for
-  counterexamples using a reduction to first-order relational
-  logic. See the Nitpick manual \cite{isabelle-nitpick} for details.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.nitpick-params}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{nitpick{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}params}}}} changes \hyperlink{command.HOL.nitpick}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{nitpick}}}} configuration options persistently.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.find-unused-assms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{find{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unused{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}assms}}}} finds potentially superfluous
-  assumptions in theorems using quickcheck.
-  It takes the theory name to be checked for superfluous assumptions as
-  optional argument. If not provided, it checks the current theory.
-  Options to the internal quickcheck invocations can be changed with
-  common configuration declarations.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Unstructured case analysis and induction \label{sec:hol-induct-tac}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The following tools of Isabelle/HOL support cases analysis and
-  induction in unstructured tactic scripts; see also
-  \secref{sec:cases-induct} for proper Isar versions of similar ideas.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{case\_tac}\hypertarget{method.HOL.case-tac}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.case-tac}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{induct\_tac}\hypertarget{method.HOL.induct-tac}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.induct-tac}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{method}{ind\_cases}\hypertarget{method.HOL.ind-cases}{\hyperlink{method.HOL.ind-cases}{\mbox{\isa{ind{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{inductive\_cases}\hypertarget{command.HOL.inductive-cases}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.case-tac}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.goal-spec}{\mbox{\isa{goal{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}spec}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{rule}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.induct-tac}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.goal-spec}{\mbox{\isa{goal{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}spec}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.insts}{\mbox{\isa{insts}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{rule}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.HOL.ind-cases}{\mbox{\isa{ind{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{for}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\isa{rule}}
-\rail@term{\isa{rule}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmref}{\mbox{\isa{thmref}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.case-tac}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}} and \hyperlink{method.HOL.induct-tac}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}} admit
-  to reason about inductive types.  Rules are selected according to
-  the declarations by the \hyperlink{attribute.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} and \hyperlink{attribute.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}
-  attributes, cf.\ \secref{sec:cases-induct}.  The \hyperlink{command.HOL.datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{datatype}}}} package already takes care of this.
-
-  These unstructured tactics feature both goal addressing and dynamic
-  instantiation.  Note that named rule cases are \emph{not} provided
-  as would be by the proper \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} and \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} proof
-  methods (see \secref{sec:cases-induct}).  Unlike the \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} method, \hyperlink{method.induct-tac}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}} does not handle structured rule
-  statements, only the compact object-logic conclusion of the subgoal
-  being addressed.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.HOL.ind-cases}{\mbox{\isa{ind{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}} and \hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}} provide an interface to the internal \verb|mk_cases| operation.  Rules are simplified in an unrestricted
-  forward manner.
-
-  While \hyperlink{method.HOL.ind-cases}{\mbox{\isa{ind{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}} is a proof method to apply the
-  result immediately as elimination rules, \hyperlink{command.HOL.inductive-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}} provides case split theorems at the theory level
-  for later use.  The \hyperlink{keyword.for}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{for}}}} argument of the \hyperlink{method.HOL.ind-cases}{\mbox{\isa{ind{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}} method allows to specify a list of variables that should
-  be generalized before applying the resulting rule.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Executable code%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-For validation purposes, it is often useful to \emph{execute}
-  specifications.  In principle, execution could be simulated by
-  Isabelle's inference kernel, i.e. by a combination of resolution and
-  simplification.  Unfortunately, this approach is rather inefficient.
-  A more efficient way of executing specifications is to translate
-  them into a functional programming language such as ML.
-
-  Isabelle provides a generic framework to support code generation
-  from executable specifications.  Isabelle/HOL instantiates these
-  mechanisms in a way that is amenable to end-user applications.  Code
-  can be generated for functional programs (including overloading
-  using type classes) targeting SML \cite{SML}, OCaml \cite{OCaml},
-  Haskell \cite{haskell-revised-report} and Scala
-  \cite{scala-overview-tech-report}.  Conceptually, code generation is
-  split up in three steps: \emph{selection} of code theorems,
-  \emph{translation} into an abstract executable view and
-  \emph{serialization} to a specific \emph{target language}.
-  Inductive specifications can be executed using the predicate
-  compiler which operates within HOL.  See \cite{isabelle-codegen} for
-  an introduction.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{export\_code}\hypertarget{command.HOL.export-code}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.export-code}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{export{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}code}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{code}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.code}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code}{\mbox{\isa{code}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_abort}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-abort}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-abort}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abort}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_datatype}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-datatype}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}datatype}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{print\_codesetup}\hypertarget{command.HOL.print-codesetup}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.print-codesetup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}codesetup}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{code\_unfold}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.code-unfold}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code-unfold}{\mbox{\isa{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unfold}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{code\_post}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.code-post}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code-post}{\mbox{\isa{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}post}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{attribute}{code\_abbrev}\hypertarget{attribute.HOL.code-abbrev}{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code-abbrev}{\mbox{\isa{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abbrev}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{print\_codeproc}\hypertarget{command.HOL.print-codeproc}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.print-codeproc}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}codeproc}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_thms}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-thms}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-thms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}thms}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_deps}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-deps}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-deps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}deps}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_const}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-const}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-const}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}const}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_type}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-type}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_class}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-class}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}class}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_instance}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-instance}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}instance}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_reserved}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-reserved}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-reserved}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}reserved}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_monad}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-monad}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-monad}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}monad}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_include}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-include}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-include}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}include}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_modulename}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-modulename}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-modulename}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}modulename}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_reflect}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-reflect}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-reflect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}reflect}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{code\_pred}\hypertarget{command.HOL.code-pred}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-pred}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}pred}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{11}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.export-code}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{export{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}code}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{constexpr}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{in}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{target}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{module{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{7}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{8}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{file}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{9}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{8}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{args}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{10}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\isa{const}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{constexpr}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\isa{const}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{name{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\isa{typeconstructor}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\isa{class}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\isa{target}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{SML}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{OCaml}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{Haskell}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{Scala}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code}{\mbox{\isa{code}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{abstype}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{abstract}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-abort}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abort}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{const}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}datatype}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{const}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code-unfold}{\mbox{\isa{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unfold}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code-post}{\mbox{\isa{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}post}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code-abbrev}{\mbox{\isa{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abbrev}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-thms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}thms}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{constexpr}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-deps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}deps}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{constexpr}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{7}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-const}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}const}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{const}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{target}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\isa{syntax}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{6}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{7}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{typeconstructor}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{target}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\isa{syntax}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{6}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{9}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}class}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{class}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{target}}[]
-\rail@cr{5}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{6}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{7}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{8}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{7}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}instance}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{typeconstructor}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{class}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{target}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{6}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-reserved}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}reserved}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{target}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-monad}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}monad}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{const}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{const}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{target}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-include}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}include}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{target}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-modulename}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}modulename}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{target}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{11}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-reflect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}reflect}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@cr{2}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{datatypes}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@nextplus{6}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{8}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{9}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{functions}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{10}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{9}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{file}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.code-pred}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}pred}}}}}[]
-\rail@cr{2}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{modes}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{modedecl}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{5}
-\rail@nont{\isa{const}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\isa{syntax}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{infix}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{infixl}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{infixr}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{6}{\isa{modedecl}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\isa{modes}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{const}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{modes}}[]
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{const}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{modes}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\isa{modes}}
-\rail@nont{\isa{mode}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{as}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{const}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.export-code}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{export{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}code}}}} generates code for a given list
-  of constants in the specified target language(s).  If no
-  serialization instruction is given, only abstract code is generated
-  internally.
-
-  Constants may be specified by giving them literally, referring to
-  all executable contants within a certain theory by giving \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, or referring to \emph{all} executable constants currently
-  available by giving \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  By default, for each involved theory one corresponding name space
-  module is generated.  Alternativly, a module name may be specified
-  after the \hyperlink{keyword.module-name}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{module{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name}}}} keyword; then \emph{all} code is
-  placed in this module.
-
-  For \emph{SML}, \emph{OCaml} and \emph{Scala} the file specification
-  refers to a single file; for \emph{Haskell}, it refers to a whole
-  directory, where code is generated in multiple files reflecting the
-  module hierarchy.  Omitting the file specification denotes standard
-  output.
-
-  Serializers take an optional list of arguments in parentheses.  For
-  \emph{SML} and \emph{OCaml}, ``\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}signatures}`` omits
-  explicit module signatures.
-
-  For \emph{Haskell} a module name prefix may be given using the
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}root{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' argument; ``\isa{string{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}classes}'' adds a
-  ``\verb|deriving (Read, Show)|'' clause to each appropriate
-  datatype declaration.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code}{\mbox{\isa{code}}} explicitly selects (or with option
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}del{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' deselects) a code equation for code generation.
-  Usually packages introducing code equations provide a reasonable
-  default setup for selection.  Variants \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}code\ abstype{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}code\ abstract{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} declare abstract datatype certificates or
-  code equations on abstract datatype representations respectively.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-abort}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abort}}}} declares constants which are not
-  required to have a definition by means of code equations; if needed
-  these are implemented by program abort instead.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}datatype}}}} specifies a constructor set
-  for a logical type.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.print-codesetup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}codesetup}}}} gives an overview on
-  selected code equations and code generator datatypes.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code-unfold}{\mbox{\isa{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unfold}}} declares (or with option
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}del{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' removes) theorems which during preprocessing
-  are applied as rewrite rules to any code equation or evaluation
-  input.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code-post}{\mbox{\isa{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}post}}} declares (or with option ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}del{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' removes) theorems which are applied as rewrite rules to any
-  result of an evaluation.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.HOL.code-abbrev}{\mbox{\isa{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abbrev}}} declares equations which are
-  applied as rewrite rules to any result of an evaluation and
-  symmetrically during preprocessing to any code equation or evaluation
-  input.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.print-codeproc}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}codeproc}}}} prints the setup of the code
-  generator preprocessor.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-thms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}thms}}}} prints a list of theorems
-  representing the corresponding program containing all given
-  constants after preprocessing.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-deps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}deps}}}} visualizes dependencies of
-  theorems representing the corresponding program containing all given
-  constants after preprocessing.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-const}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}const}}}} associates a list of constants
-  with target-specific serializations; omitting a serialization
-  deletes an existing serialization.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}} associates a list of type
-  constructors with target-specific serializations; omitting a
-  serialization deletes an existing serialization.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}class}}}} associates a list of classes
-  with target-specific class names; omitting a serialization deletes
-  an existing serialization.  This applies only to \emph{Haskell}.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}instance}}}} declares a list of type
-  constructor / class instance relations as ``already present'' for a
-  given target.  Omitting a ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' deletes an existing
-  ``already present'' declaration.  This applies only to
-  \emph{Haskell}.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-reserved}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}reserved}}}} declares a list of names as
-  reserved for a given target, preventing it to be shadowed by any
-  generated code.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-monad}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}monad}}}} provides an auxiliary mechanism
-  to generate monadic code for Haskell.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-include}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}include}}}} adds arbitrary named content
-  (``include'') to generated code.  A ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' as last argument
-  will remove an already added ``include''.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-modulename}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}modulename}}}} declares aliasings from one
-  module name onto another.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-reflect}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}reflect}}}} without a ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}file{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
-  argument compiles code into the system runtime environment and
-  modifies the code generator setup that future invocations of system
-  runtime code generation referring to one of the ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}datatypes{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' or ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}functions{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' entities use these
-  precompiled entities.  With a ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}file{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' argument, the
-  corresponding code is generated into that specified file without
-  modifying the code generator setup.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.code-pred}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{code{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}pred}}}} creates code equations for a
-    predicate given a set of introduction rules. Optional mode
-    annotations determine which arguments are supposed to be input or
-    output. If alternative introduction rules are declared, one must
-    prove a corresponding elimination rule.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Definition by specification \label{sec:hol-specification}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{specification}\hypertarget{command.HOL.specification}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{specification}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{HOL}{command}{ax\_specification}\hypertarget{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\hyperlink{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}specification}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{specification}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}specification}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{decl}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{decl}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{overloaded}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{specification}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}decls\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} sets up a
-  goal stating the existence of terms with the properties specified to
-  hold for the constants given in \isa{decls}.  After finishing the
-  proof, the theory will be augmented with definitions for the given
-  constants, as well as with theorems stating the properties for these
-  constants.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}specification}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}decls\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} sets up
-  a goal stating the existence of terms with the properties specified
-  to hold for the constants given in \isa{decls}.  After finishing
-  the proof, the theory will be augmented with axioms expressing the
-  properties given in the first place.
-
-  \item \isa{decl} declares a constant to be defined by the
-  specification given.  The definition for the constant \isa{c} is
-  bound to the name \isa{c{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def} unless a theorem name is given in
-  the declaration.  Overloaded constants should be declared as such.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Whether to use \hyperlink{command.HOL.specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{specification}}}} or \hyperlink{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}specification}}}} is to some extent a matter of style.  \hyperlink{command.HOL.specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{specification}}}} introduces no new axioms, and so by
-  construction cannot introduce inconsistencies, whereas \hyperlink{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}specification}}}} does introduce axioms, but only after the
-  user has explicitly proven it to be safe.  A practical issue must be
-  considered, though: After introducing two constants with the same
-  properties using \hyperlink{command.HOL.specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{specification}}}}, one can prove
-  that the two constants are, in fact, equal.  If this might be a
-  problem, one should use \hyperlink{command.HOL.ax-specification}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}specification}}}}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Inner_Syntax.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Inner_Syntax.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,1866 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{Inner{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Syntax}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Inner{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Syntax\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Inner syntax --- the term language \label{ch:inner-syntax}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The inner syntax of Isabelle provides concrete notation for
-  the main entities of the logical framework, notably \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-terms with types and type classes.  Applications may either
-  extend existing syntactic categories by additional notation, or
-  define new sub-languages that are linked to the standard term
-  language via some explicit markers.  For example \verb|FOO|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}foo{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} could embed the syntax corresponding for some
-  user-defined nonterminal \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}foo{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} --- within the bounds of the
-  given lexical syntax of Isabelle/Pure.
-
-  The most basic way to specify concrete syntax for logical entities
-  works via mixfix annotations (\secref{sec:mixfix}), which may be
-  usually given as part of the original declaration or via explicit
-  notation commands later on (\secref{sec:notation}).  This already
-  covers many needs of concrete syntax without having to understand
-  the full complexity of inner syntax layers.
-
-  Further details of the syntax engine involves the classical
-  distinction of lexical language versus context-free grammar (see
-  \secref{sec:pure-syntax}), and various mechanisms for \emph{syntax
-  transformations} (see \secref{sec:syntax-transformations}).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Printing logical entities%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Diagnostic commands \label{sec:print-diag}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{typ}\hypertarget{command.typ}{\hyperlink{command.typ}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typ}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{term}\hypertarget{command.term}{\hyperlink{command.term}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{term}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{prop}\hypertarget{command.prop}{\hyperlink{command.prop}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prop}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{thm}\hypertarget{command.thm}{\hyperlink{command.thm}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thm}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{prf}\hypertarget{command.prf}{\hyperlink{command.prf}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prf}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{full\_prf}\hypertarget{command.full-prf}{\hyperlink{command.full-prf}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{full{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}prf}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{pr}\hypertarget{command.pr}{\hyperlink{command.pr}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{pr}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  These diagnostic commands assist interactive development by printing
-  internal logical entities in a human-readable fashion.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.typ}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typ}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.modes}{\mbox{\isa{modes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.sort}{\mbox{\isa{sort}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.term}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{term}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.modes}{\mbox{\isa{modes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.prop}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prop}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.modes}{\mbox{\isa{modes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.thm}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thm}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.modes}{\mbox{\isa{modes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.prf}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prf}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.full-prf}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{full{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}prf}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.modes}{\mbox{\isa{modes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.pr}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{pr}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.modes}{\mbox{\isa{modes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{modes}\hypertarget{syntax.modes}{\hyperlink{syntax.modes}{\mbox{\isa{modes}}}}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.typ}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typ}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}} reads and prints a type expression
-  according to the current context.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.typ}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typ}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ s{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} uses type-inference to
-  determine the most general way to make \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} conform to sort
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}s{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  For concrete \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} this checks if the type
-  belongs to that sort.  Dummy type parameters ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
-  (underscore) are assigned to fresh type variables with most general
-  sorts, according the the principles of type-inference.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.term}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{term}}}}~\isa{t} and \hyperlink{command.prop}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prop}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}}
-  read, type-check and print terms or propositions according to the
-  current theory or proof context; the inferred type of \isa{t} is
-  output as well.  Note that these commands are also useful in
-  inspecting the current environment of term abbreviations.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.thm}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thm}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} retrieves
-  theorems from the current theory or proof context.  Note that any
-  attributes included in the theorem specifications are applied to a
-  temporary context derived from the current theory or proof; the
-  result is discarded, i.e.\ attributes involved in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} do not have any permanent effect.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.prf}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prf}}}} displays the (compact) proof term of the
-  current proof state (if present), or of the given theorems. Note
-  that this requires proof terms to be switched on for the current
-  object logic (see the ``Proof terms'' section of the Isabelle
-  reference manual for information on how to do this).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.full-prf}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{full{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}prf}}}} is like \hyperlink{command.prf}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prf}}}}, but displays
-  the full proof term, i.e.\ also displays information omitted in the
-  compact proof term, which is denoted by ``\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}'' placeholders
-  there.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.pr}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{pr}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}goals{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints the current proof state
-  (if present), including current facts and goals.  The optional limit
-  arguments affect the number of goals to be displayed, which is
-  initially 10.  Omitting limit value leaves the current setting
-  unchanged.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  All of the diagnostic commands above admit a list of \isa{modes}
-  to be specified, which is appended to the current print mode; see
-  also \secref{sec:print-modes}.  Thus the output behavior may be
-  modified according particular print mode features.  For example,
-  \hyperlink{command.pr}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{pr}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}latex\ xsymbols{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} would print the current
-  proof state with mathematical symbols and special characters
-  represented in {\LaTeX} source, according to the Isabelle style
-  \cite{isabelle-sys}.
-
-  Note that antiquotations (cf.\ \secref{sec:antiq}) provide a more
-  systematic way to include formal items into the printed text
-  document.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Details of printed content%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{tabular}{rcll}
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{show\_types}\hypertarget{attribute.show-types}{\hyperlink{attribute.show-types}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}types}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{false} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{show\_sorts}\hypertarget{attribute.show-sorts}{\hyperlink{attribute.show-sorts}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}sorts}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{false} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{show\_consts}\hypertarget{attribute.show-consts}{\hyperlink{attribute.show-consts}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}consts}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{false} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{show\_abbrevs}\hypertarget{attribute.show-abbrevs}{\hyperlink{attribute.show-abbrevs}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abbrevs}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{true} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{show\_brackets}\hypertarget{attribute.show-brackets}{\hyperlink{attribute.show-brackets}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}brackets}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{false} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{names\_long}\hypertarget{attribute.names-long}{\hyperlink{attribute.names-long}{\mbox{\isa{names{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}long}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{false} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{names\_short}\hypertarget{attribute.names-short}{\hyperlink{attribute.names-short}{\mbox{\isa{names{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}short}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{false} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{names\_unique}\hypertarget{attribute.names-unique}{\hyperlink{attribute.names-unique}{\mbox{\isa{names{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unique}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{true} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{eta\_contract}\hypertarget{attribute.eta-contract}{\hyperlink{attribute.eta-contract}{\mbox{\isa{eta{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}contract}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{true} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{goals\_limit}\hypertarget{attribute.goals-limit}{\hyperlink{attribute.goals-limit}{\mbox{\isa{goals{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}limit}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{{\isadigit{1}}{\isadigit{0}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{show\_main\_goal}\hypertarget{attribute.show-main-goal}{\hyperlink{attribute.show-main-goal}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}main{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}goal}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{false} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{show\_hyps}\hypertarget{attribute.show-hyps}{\hyperlink{attribute.show-hyps}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}hyps}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{false} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{show\_tags}\hypertarget{attribute.show-tags}{\hyperlink{attribute.show-tags}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tags}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{false} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{show\_question\_marks}\hypertarget{attribute.show-question-marks}{\hyperlink{attribute.show-question-marks}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}question{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}marks}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{true} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  These configuration options control the detail of information that
-  is displayed for types, terms, theorems, goals etc.  See also
-  \secref{sec:config}.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.show-types}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}types}}} and \hyperlink{attribute.show-sorts}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}sorts}}} control
-  printing of type constraints for term variables, and sort
-  constraints for type variables.  By default, neither of these are
-  shown in output.  If \hyperlink{attribute.show-sorts}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}sorts}}} is enabled, types are
-  always shown as well.
-
-  Note that displaying types and sorts may explain why a polymorphic
-  inference rule fails to resolve with some goal, or why a rewrite
-  rule does not apply as expected.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.show-consts}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}consts}}} controls printing of types of
-  constants when displaying a goal state.
-
-  Note that the output can be enormous, because polymorphic constants
-  often occur at several different type instances.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.show-abbrevs}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abbrevs}}} controls folding of constant
-  abbreviations.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.show-brackets}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}brackets}}} controls bracketing in pretty
-  printed output.  If enabled, all sub-expressions of the pretty
-  printing tree will be parenthesized, even if this produces malformed
-  term syntax!  This crude way of showing the internal structure of
-  pretty printed entities may occasionally help to diagnose problems
-  with operator priorities, for example.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.names-long}{\mbox{\isa{names{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}long}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.names-short}{\mbox{\isa{names{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}short}}}, and
-  \hyperlink{attribute.names-unique}{\mbox{\isa{names{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}unique}}} control the way of printing fully
-  qualified internal names in external form.  See also
-  \secref{sec:antiq} for the document antiquotation options of the
-  same names.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.eta-contract}{\mbox{\isa{eta{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}contract}}} controls \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6574613E}{\isasymeta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-contracted
-  printing of terms.
-
-  The \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6574613E}{\isasymeta}}}-contraction law asserts \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ f\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ f{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  provided \isa{x} is not free in \isa{f}.  It asserts
-  \emph{extensionality} of functions: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ g{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} if \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ g\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for all \isa{x}.  Higher-order unification frequently puts
-  terms into a fully \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6574613E}{\isasymeta}}}-expanded form.  For example, if \isa{F} has type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} then its expanded form is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}h{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ F\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ h\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  Enabling \hyperlink{attribute.eta-contract}{\mbox{\isa{eta{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}contract}}} makes Isabelle perform \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6574613E}{\isasymeta}}}-contractions before printing, so that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}h{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ F\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ h\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  appears simply as \isa{F}.
-
-  Note that the distinction between a term and its \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6574613E}{\isasymeta}}}-expanded
-  form occasionally matters.  While higher-order resolution and
-  rewriting operate modulo \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6574613E}{\isasymeta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-conversion, some other tools
-  might look at terms more discretely.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.goals-limit}{\mbox{\isa{goals{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}limit}}} controls the maximum number of
-  subgoals to be shown in goal output.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.show-main-goal}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}main{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}goal}}} controls whether the main result
-  to be proven should be displayed.  This information might be
-  relevant for schematic goals, to inspect the current claim that has
-  been synthesized so far.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.show-hyps}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}hyps}}} controls printing of implicit
-  hypotheses of local facts.  Normally, only those hypotheses are
-  displayed that are \emph{not} covered by the assumptions of the
-  current context: this situation indicates a fault in some tool being
-  used.
-
-  By enabling \hyperlink{attribute.show-hyps}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}hyps}}}, output of \emph{all} hypotheses
-  can be enforced, which is occasionally useful for diagnostic
-  purposes.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.show-tags}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tags}}} controls printing of extra annotations
-  within theorems, such as internal position information, or the case
-  names being attached by the attribute \hyperlink{attribute.case-names}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}names}}}.
-
-  Note that the \hyperlink{attribute.tagged}{\mbox{\isa{tagged}}} and \hyperlink{attribute.untagged}{\mbox{\isa{untagged}}}
-  attributes provide low-level access to the collection of tags
-  associated with a theorem.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.show-question-marks}{\mbox{\isa{show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}question{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}marks}}} controls printing of question
-  marks for schematic variables, such as \isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x}.  Only the leading
-  question mark is affected, the remaining text is unchanged
-  (including proper markup for schematic variables that might be
-  relevant for user interfaces).
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Alternative print modes \label{sec:print-modes}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{mldecls}
-    \indexdef{}{ML}{print\_mode\_value}\verb|print_mode_value: unit -> string list| \\
-    \indexdef{}{ML}{Print\_Mode.with\_modes}\verb|Print_Mode.with_modes: string list -> ('a -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b| \\
-  \end{mldecls}
-
-  The \emph{print mode} facility allows to modify various operations
-  for printing.  Commands like \hyperlink{command.typ}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typ}}}}, \hyperlink{command.term}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{term}}}},
-  \hyperlink{command.thm}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thm}}}} (see \secref{sec:print-diag}) take additional print
-  modes as optional argument.  The underlying ML operations are as
-  follows.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \verb|print_mode_value ()| yields the list of currently
-  active print mode names.  This should be understood as symbolic
-  representation of certain individual features for printing (with
-  precedence from left to right).
-
-  \item \verb|Print_Mode.with_modes|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}modes\ f\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} evaluates
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in an execution context where the print mode is
-  prepended by the given \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}modes{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  This provides a thread-safe
-  way to augment print modes.  It is also monotonic in the set of mode
-  names: it retains the default print mode that certain
-  user-interfaces might have installed for their proper functioning!
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \begin{warn}
-  The old global reference \verb|print_mode| should never be used
-  directly in applications.  Its main reason for being publicly
-  accessible is to support historic versions of Proof~General.
-  \end{warn}
-
-  \medskip The pretty printer for inner syntax maintains alternative
-  mixfix productions for any print mode name invented by the user, say
-  in commands like \hyperlink{command.notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{notation}}}} or \hyperlink{command.abbreviation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{abbreviation}}}}.
-  Mode names can be arbitrary, but the following ones have a specific
-  meaning by convention:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item \verb|""| (the empty string): default mode;
-  implicitly active as last element in the list of modes.
-
-  \item \verb|input|: dummy print mode that is never active; may
-  be used to specify notation that is only available for input.
-
-  \item \verb|internal| dummy print mode that is never active;
-  used internally in Isabelle/Pure.
-
-  \item \verb|xsymbols|: enable proper mathematical symbols
-  instead of ASCII art.\footnote{This traditional mode name stems from
-  the ``X-Symbol'' package for old versions Proof~General with XEmacs,
-  although that package has been superseded by Unicode in recent
-  years.}
-
-  \item \verb|HTML|: additional mode that is active in HTML
-  presentation of Isabelle theory sources; allows to provide
-  alternative output notation.
-
-  \item \verb|latex|: additional mode that is active in {\LaTeX}
-  document preparation of Isabelle theory sources; allows to provide
-  alternative output notation.
-
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Printing limits%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{mldecls}
-    \indexdef{}{ML}{Pretty.margin\_default}\verb|Pretty.margin_default: int Unsynchronized.ref| \\
-    \indexdef{}{ML}{print\_depth}\verb|print_depth: int -> unit| \\
-  \end{mldecls}
-
-  These ML functions set limits for pretty printed text.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \verb|Pretty.margin_default| indicates the global default for
-  the right margin of the built-in pretty printer, with initial value
-  76.  Note that user-interfaces typically control margins
-  automatically when resizing windows, or even bypass the formatting
-  engine of Isabelle/ML altogether and do it within the front end via
-  Isabelle/Scala.
-
-  \item \verb|print_depth|~\isa{n} limits the printing depth of the
-  ML toplevel pretty printer; the precise effect depends on the ML
-  compiler and run-time system.  Typically \isa{n} should be less
-  than 10.  Bigger values such as 100--1000 are useful for debugging.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Mixfix annotations \label{sec:mixfix}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Mixfix annotations specify concrete \emph{inner syntax} of
-  Isabelle types and terms.  Locally fixed parameters in toplevel
-  theorem statements, locale and class specifications also admit
-  mixfix annotations in a fairly uniform manner.  A mixfix annotation
-  describes describes the concrete syntax, the translation to abstract
-  syntax, and the pretty printing.  Special case annotations provide a
-  simple means of specifying infix operators and binders.
-
-  Isabelle mixfix syntax is inspired by {\OBJ} \cite{OBJ}.  It allows
-  to specify any context-free priority grammar, which is more general
-  than the fixity declarations of ML and Prolog.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{mixfix}\hypertarget{syntax.mixfix}{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{mfix}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{struct\_mixfix}\hypertarget{syntax.struct-mixfix}{\hyperlink{syntax.struct-mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{struct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}mixfix}}}}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\isa{mfix}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{structure}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{7}{\isa{mfix}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.template}{\mbox{\isa{template}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{prios}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{infix}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{infixl}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{infixr}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.template}{\mbox{\isa{template}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{binder}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.template}{\mbox{\isa{template}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{6}
-\rail@nont{\isa{prios}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\isa{template}}
-\rail@nont{\isa{string}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{prios}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  The string given as \isa{template} may include literal text,
-  spacing, blocks, and arguments (denoted by ``\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}''); the
-  special symbol ``\verb|\<index>|'' (printed as ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E6465783E}{\isasymindex}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'')
-  represents an index argument that specifies an implicit structure
-  reference (see also \secref{sec:locale}).  Infix and binder
-  declarations provide common abbreviations for particular mixfix
-  declarations.  So in practice, mixfix templates mostly degenerate to
-  literal text for concrete syntax, such as ``\verb|++|'' for
-  an infix symbol.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{The general mixfix form%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-In full generality, mixfix declarations work as follows.
-  Suppose a constant \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is annotated by
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mixfix\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ p{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, where \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}mixfix{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is a string
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}d\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ d\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ d\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} consisting of delimiters that surround
-  argument positions as indicated by underscores.
-
-  Altogether this determines a production for a context-free priority
-  grammar, where for each argument \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} the syntactic category
-  is determined by \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (with priority \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}), and the
-  result category is determined from \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (with priority \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).  Priority specifications are optional, with default 0 for
-  arguments and 1000 for the result.\footnote{Omitting priorities is
-  prone to syntactic ambiguities unless the delimiter tokens determine
-  fully bracketed notation, as in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}if\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ then\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ else\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ fi{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.}
-
-  Since \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} may be again a function type, the constant
-  type scheme may have more argument positions than the mixfix
-  pattern.  Printing a nested application \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\ {\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} works by attaching concrete notation only to the
-  innermost part, essentially by printing \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  instead.  If a term has fewer arguments than specified in the mixfix
-  template, the concrete syntax is ignored.
-
-  \medskip A mixfix template may also contain additional directives
-  for pretty printing, notably spaces, blocks, and breaks.  The
-  general template format is a sequence over any of the following
-  entities.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is a delimiter, namely a non-empty sequence of
-  characters other than the following special characters:
-
-  \smallskip
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-    \verb|'| & single quote \\
-    \verb|_| & underscore \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E6465783E}{\isasymindex}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & index symbol \\
-    \verb|(| & open parenthesis \\
-    \verb|)| & close parenthesis \\
-    \verb|/| & slash \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \item \verb|'| escapes the special meaning of these
-  meta-characters, producing a literal version of the following
-  character, unless that is a blank.
-
-  A single quote followed by a blank separates delimiters, without
-  affecting printing, but input tokens may have additional white space
-  here.
-
-  \item \verb|_| is an argument position, which stands for a
-  certain syntactic category in the underlying grammar.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E6465783E}{\isasymindex}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is an indexed argument position; this is the place
-  where implicit structure arguments can be attached.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}s{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is a non-empty sequence of spaces for printing.
-  This and the following specifications do not affect parsing at all.
-
-  \item \verb|(|\isa{n} opens a pretty printing block.  The
-  optional number specifies how much indentation to add when a line
-  break occurs within the block.  If the parenthesis is not followed
-  by digits, the indentation defaults to 0.  A block specified via
-  \verb|(00| is unbreakable.
-
-  \item \verb|)| closes a pretty printing block.
-
-  \item \verb|//| forces a line break.
-
-  \item \verb|/|\isa{s} allows a line break.  Here \isa{s}
-  stands for the string of spaces (zero or more) right after the
-  slash.  These spaces are printed if the break is \emph{not} taken.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  The general idea of pretty printing with blocks and breaks is also
-  described in \cite{paulson-ml2}; it goes back to \cite{Oppen:1980}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Infixes%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Infix operators are specified by convenient short forms that
-  abbreviate general mixfix annotations as follows:
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-
-  \verb|(|\indexdef{}{keyword}{infix}\hypertarget{keyword.infix}{\hyperlink{keyword.infix}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{infix}}}}}~\verb|"|\isa{sy}\verb|"| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|)|
-  & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6D617073746F3E}{\isasymmapsto}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-  \verb|("(_ |\isa{sy}\verb|/ _)" [|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|, |\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|]|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|)| \\
-  \verb|(|\indexdef{}{keyword}{infixl}\hypertarget{keyword.infixl}{\hyperlink{keyword.infixl}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{infixl}}}}}~\verb|"|\isa{sy}\verb|"| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|)|
-  & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6D617073746F3E}{\isasymmapsto}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-  \verb|("(_ |\isa{sy}\verb|/ _)" [|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|, |\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|]|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|)| \\
-  \verb|(|\indexdef{}{keyword}{infixr}\hypertarget{keyword.infixr}{\hyperlink{keyword.infixr}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{infixr}}}}}~\verb|"|\isa{sy}\verb|"| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|)|
-  & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6D617073746F3E}{\isasymmapsto}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-  \verb|("(_ |\isa{sy}\verb|/ _)" [|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|, |\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|]|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|)| \\
-
-  \end{tabular}
-  \end{center}
-
-  The mixfix template \verb|"(_ |\isa{sy}\verb|/ _)"|
-  specifies two argument positions; the delimiter is preceded by a
-  space and followed by a space or line break; the entire phrase is a
-  pretty printing block.
-
-  The alternative notation \verb|op|~\isa{sy} is introduced
-  in addition.  Thus any infix operator may be written in prefix form
-  (as in ML), independently of the number of arguments in the term.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Binders%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-A \emph{binder} is a variable-binding construct such as a
-  quantifier.  The idea to formalize \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}All\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}All\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} already goes back
-  to \cite{church40}.  Isabelle declarations of certain higher-order
-  operators may be annotated with \indexdef{}{keyword}{binder}\hypertarget{keyword.binder}{\hyperlink{keyword.binder}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{binder}}}}} annotations
-  as follows:
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|"|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|"  (|\hyperlink{keyword.binder}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{binder}}}}\verb| "|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}sy{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|" [|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|] |\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|)|
-  \end{center}
-
-  This introduces concrete binder syntax \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}sy\ x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, where
-  \isa{x} is a bound variable of type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, the body \isa{b} has type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and the whole term has type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  The optional integer \isa{p} specifies the syntactic priority of
-  the body; the default is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which is also the priority of
-  the whole construct.
-
-  Internally, the binder syntax is expanded to something like this:
-  \begin{center}
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}binder\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|"|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}idts\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|"  ("(3|\isa{sy}\verb|_./ _)" [0, |\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|] |\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|)|
-  \end{center}
-
-  Here \hyperlink{syntax.inner.idts}{\mbox{\isa{idts}}} is the nonterminal symbol for a list of
-  identifiers with optional type constraints (see also
-  \secref{sec:pure-grammar}).  The mixfix template \verb|"(3|\isa{sy}\verb|_./ _)"| defines argument positions
-  for the bound identifiers and the body, separated by a dot with
-  optional line break; the entire phrase is a pretty printing block of
-  indentation level 3.  Note that there is no extra space after \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}sy{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, so it needs to be included user specification if the binder
-  syntax ends with a token that may be continued by an identifier
-  token at the start of \hyperlink{syntax.inner.idts}{\mbox{\isa{idts}}}.
-
-  Furthermore, a syntax translation to transforms \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}binder\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} into iterated application \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ c\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  This works in both directions, for parsing and printing.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Explicit notation \label{sec:notation}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{type\_notation}\hypertarget{command.type-notation}{\hyperlink{command.type-notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}notation}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{no\_type\_notation}\hypertarget{command.no-type-notation}{\hyperlink{command.no-type-notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}notation}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{notation}\hypertarget{command.notation}{\hyperlink{command.notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{notation}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{no\_notation}\hypertarget{command.no-notation}{\hyperlink{command.no-notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}notation}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{write}\hypertarget{command.write}{\hyperlink{command.write}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{write}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Commands that introduce new logical entities (terms or types)
-  usually allow to provide mixfix annotations on the spot, which is
-  convenient for default notation.  Nonetheless, the syntax may be
-  modified later on by declarations for explicit notation.  This
-  allows to add or delete mixfix annotations for of existing logical
-  entities within the current context.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.type-notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}notation}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.no-type-notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}notation}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mode}{\mbox{\isa{mode}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{4}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{notation}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.no-notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}notation}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mode}{\mbox{\isa{mode}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.struct-mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{struct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{4}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.write}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{write}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mode}{\mbox{\isa{mode}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.struct-mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{struct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.type-notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}notation}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mx{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} associates mixfix
-  syntax with an existing type constructor.  The arity of the
-  constructor is retrieved from the context.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.no-type-notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}notation}}}} is similar to \hyperlink{command.type-notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}notation}}}}, but removes the specified syntax annotation from
-  the present context.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{notation}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mx{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} associates mixfix
-  syntax with an existing constant or fixed variable.  The type
-  declaration of the given entity is retrieved from the context.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.no-notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}notation}}}} is similar to \hyperlink{command.notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{notation}}}},
-  but removes the specified syntax annotation from the present
-  context.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.write}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{write}}}} is similar to \hyperlink{command.notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{notation}}}}, but
-  works within an Isar proof body.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{The Pure syntax \label{sec:pure-syntax}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Lexical matters \label{sec:inner-lex}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The inner lexical syntax vaguely resembles the outer one
-  (\secref{sec:outer-lex}), but some details are different.  There are
-  two main categories of inner syntax tokens:
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item \emph{delimiters} --- the literal tokens occurring in
-  productions of the given priority grammar (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:priority-grammar});
-
-  \item \emph{named tokens} --- various categories of identifiers etc.
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  Delimiters override named tokens and may thus render certain
-  identifiers inaccessible.  Sometimes the logical context admits
-  alternative ways to refer to the same entity, potentially via
-  qualified names.
-
-  \medskip The categories for named tokens are defined once and for
-  all as follows, reusing some categories of the outer token syntax
-  (\secref{sec:outer-lex}).
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{supertabular}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{id}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.id}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.id}{\mbox{\isa{id}}}} & = & \indexref{}{syntax}{ident}\hyperlink{syntax.ident}{\mbox{\isa{ident}}} \\
-    \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{longid}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.longid}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.longid}{\mbox{\isa{longid}}}} & = & \indexref{}{syntax}{longident}\hyperlink{syntax.longident}{\mbox{\isa{longident}}} \\
-    \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{var}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.var}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.var}{\mbox{\isa{var}}}} & = & \indexref{}{syntax}{var}\hyperlink{syntax.var}{\mbox{\isa{var}}} \\
-    \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{tid}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.tid}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.tid}{\mbox{\isa{tid}}}} & = & \indexref{}{syntax}{typefree}\hyperlink{syntax.typefree}{\mbox{\isa{typefree}}} \\
-    \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{tvar}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.tvar}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.tvar}{\mbox{\isa{tvar}}}} & = & \indexref{}{syntax}{typevar}\hyperlink{syntax.typevar}{\mbox{\isa{typevar}}} \\
-    \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{num\_token}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.num-token}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.num-token}{\mbox{\isa{num{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}token}}}} & = & \indexref{}{syntax}{nat}\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|-|\indexref{}{syntax}{nat}\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}} \\
-    \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{float\_token}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.float-token}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.float-token}{\mbox{\isa{float{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}token}}}} & = & \indexref{}{syntax}{nat}\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}\verb|.|\indexref{}{syntax}{nat}\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|-|\indexref{}{syntax}{nat}\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}\verb|.|\indexref{}{syntax}{nat}\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}} \\
-    \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{xnum\_token}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.xnum-token}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.xnum-token}{\mbox{\isa{xnum{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}token}}}} & = & \verb|#|\indexref{}{syntax}{nat}\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|#-|\indexref{}{syntax}{nat}\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}} \\
-
-    \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{str\_token}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.str-token}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.str-token}{\mbox{\isa{str{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}token}}}} & = & \verb|''| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|''| \\
-  \end{supertabular}
-  \end{center}
-
-  The token categories \hyperlink{syntax.inner.num-token}{\mbox{\isa{num{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}token}}}, \hyperlink{syntax.inner.float-token}{\mbox{\isa{float{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}token}}}, \hyperlink{syntax.inner.xnum-token}{\mbox{\isa{xnum{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}token}}}, and \hyperlink{syntax.inner.str-token}{\mbox{\isa{str{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}token}}} are not used in Pure.  Object-logics may implement numerals
-  and string constants by adding appropriate syntax declarations,
-  together with some translation functions (e.g.\ see Isabelle/HOL).
-
-  The derived categories \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{num\_const}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.num-const}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.num-const}{\mbox{\isa{num{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}const}}}}, \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{float\_const}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.float-const}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.float-const}{\mbox{\isa{float{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}const}}}}, and \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{num\_const}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.num-const}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.num-const}{\mbox{\isa{num{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}const}}}} provide
-  robust access to the respective tokens: the syntax tree holds a
-  syntactic constant instead of a free variable.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Priority grammars \label{sec:priority-grammar}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-A context-free grammar consists of a set of \emph{terminal
-  symbols}, a set of \emph{nonterminal symbols} and a set of
-  \emph{productions}.  Productions have the form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C67616D6D613E}{\isasymgamma}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  where \isa{A} is a nonterminal and \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C67616D6D613E}{\isasymgamma}}} is a string of
-  terminals and nonterminals.  One designated nonterminal is called
-  the \emph{root symbol}.  The language defined by the grammar
-  consists of all strings of terminals that can be derived from the
-  root symbol by applying productions as rewrite rules.
-
-  The standard Isabelle parser for inner syntax uses a \emph{priority
-  grammar}.  Each nonterminal is decorated by an integer priority:
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  In a derivation, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} may be rewritten
-  using a production \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C67616D6D613E}{\isasymgamma}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} only if \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C653E}{\isasymle}}\ q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Any
-  priority grammar can be translated into a normal context-free
-  grammar by introducing new nonterminals and productions.
-
-  \medskip Formally, a set of context free productions \isa{G}
-  induces a derivation relation \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub G{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} as follows.  Let \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}} denote strings of terminal or nonterminal symbols.
-  Then \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub G\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C67616D6D613E}{\isasymgamma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} holds if and only if \isa{G}
-  contains some production \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C67616D6D613E}{\isasymgamma}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C653E}{\isasymle}}\ q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \medskip The following grammar for arithmetic expressions
-  demonstrates how binding power and associativity of operators can be
-  enforced by priorities.
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{tabular}{rclr}
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|(| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|)| \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|0| \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|+| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{2}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{3}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|*| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{2}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{3}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|-| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{3}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \end{center}
-  The choice of priorities determines that \verb|-| binds
-  tighter than \verb|*|, which binds tighter than \verb|+|.  Furthermore \verb|+| associates to the left and
-  \verb|*| to the right.
-
-  \medskip For clarity, grammars obey these conventions:
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item All priorities must lie between 0 and 1000.
-
-  \item Priority 0 on the right-hand side and priority 1000 on the
-  left-hand side may be omitted.
-
-  \item The production \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is written as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}p{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, i.e.\ the priority of the left-hand side actually appears in
-  a column on the far right.
-
-  \item Alternatives are separated by \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item Repetition is indicated by dots \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in an informal
-  but obvious way.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  Using these conventions, the example grammar specification above
-  takes the form:
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{tabular}{rclc}
-    \isa{A} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|(| \isa{A} \verb|)| \\
-              & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|0| & \qquad\qquad \\
-              & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{A} \verb|+| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-              & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{3}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|*| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{2}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-              & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|-| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{3}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \end{center}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{The Pure grammar \label{sec:pure-grammar}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The priority grammar of the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Pure{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} theory is defined
-  approximately like this:
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{supertabular}{rclr}
-
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{any}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.any}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.any}{\mbox{\isa{any}}}} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prop\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ logic{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\\\
-
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{prop}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.prop}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}} & = & \verb|(| \isa{prop} \verb|)| \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prop\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{4}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|::| \isa{type} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{3}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|==| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{2}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{3}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{2}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prop\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{3}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|&&&| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prop\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{2}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prop\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{2}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|==>| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prop\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prop\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{2}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prop\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|[|\verb,|,\verb|| \isa{prop} \verb|;| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|;| \isa{prop} \verb||\verb,|,\verb|]| \verb|==>| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prop\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6272616B6B3E}{\isasymlbrakk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \isa{prop} \verb|;| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|;| \isa{prop} \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C726272616B6B3E}{\isasymrbrakk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prop\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|!!| \isa{idts} \verb|.| \isa{prop} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \isa{idts} \verb|.| \isa{prop} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|OFCLASS| \verb|(| \isa{type} \verb|,| \isa{logic} \verb|)| \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|SORT_CONSTRAINT| \verb|(| \isa{type} \verb|)| \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|TERM| \isa{logic} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|PROP| \isa{aprop} \\\\
-
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{aprop}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.aprop}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.aprop}{\mbox{\isa{aprop}}}} & = & \verb|(| \isa{aprop} \verb|)| \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}id\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ longid\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ var\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|_|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|...| \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|CONST| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}id\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|CONST| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}longid{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|XCONST| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}id\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|XCONST| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}longid{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}logic\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ any\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ any\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{9}}{\isadigit{9}}{\isadigit{9}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\\\
-
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{logic}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.logic}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.logic}{\mbox{\isa{logic}}}} & = & \verb|(| \isa{logic} \verb|)| \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}logic\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{4}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|::| \isa{type} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}id\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ longid\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ var\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|_|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|...| \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|CONST| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}id\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|CONST| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}longid{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|XCONST| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}id\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|XCONST| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}longid{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}logic\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ any\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ any\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{9}}{\isadigit{9}}{\isadigit{9}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7374727563743E}{\isasymstruct}}\ index\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|%| \isa{pttrns} \verb|.| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{3}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}} \isa{pttrns} \verb|.| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{3}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|op| \verb|==|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|op| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|op| \verb|&&&| \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|op| \verb|==>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|op| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|TYPE| \verb|(| \isa{type} \verb|)| \\\\
-
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{idt}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.idt}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.idt}{\mbox{\isa{idt}}}} & = & \verb|(| \isa{idt} \verb|)|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ id\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|_| \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{id} \verb|::| \isa{type} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|_| \verb|::| \isa{type} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\\\
-
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{index}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.index}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.index}{\mbox{\isa{index}}}} & = & \verb|\<^bsub>| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}logic\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|\<^esub>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E6465783E}{\isasymindex}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\\\
-
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{idts}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.idts}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.idts}{\mbox{\isa{idts}}}} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}idt\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ idt\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ idts{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\\\
-
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{pttrn}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.pttrn}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.pttrn}{\mbox{\isa{pttrn}}}} & = & \isa{idt} \\\\
-
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{pttrns}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.pttrns}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.pttrns}{\mbox{\isa{pttrns}}}} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}pttrn\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ pttrn\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ pttrns{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\\\
-
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{type}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.type}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}} & = & \verb|(| \isa{type} \verb|)| \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}tid\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ tvar\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|_| \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}tid{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|::| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}sort\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ tvar\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|::| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}sort\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|_| \verb|::| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}sort{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ type\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{0}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|(| \isa{type} \verb|,| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|,| \isa{type} \verb|)| \isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}type\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|=>| \isa{type} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}type\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isadigit{1}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \isa{type} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|[| \isa{type} \verb|,| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|,| \isa{type} \verb|]| \verb|=>| \isa{type} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|[| \isa{type} \verb|,| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|,| \isa{type} \verb|]| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \isa{type} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{type\_name}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.type-name}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.type-name}{\mbox{\isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name}}}} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}id\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ longid{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\\\
-
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{sort}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.sort}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.sort}{\mbox{\isa{sort}}}} & = & \hyperlink{syntax.class-name}{\mbox{\isa{class{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|{}| \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \verb|{| \hyperlink{syntax.class-name}{\mbox{\isa{class{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name}}} \verb|,| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|,| \hyperlink{syntax.class-name}{\mbox{\isa{class{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name}}} \verb|}| \\
-  \indexdef{inner}{syntax}{class\_name}\hypertarget{syntax.inner.class-name}{\hyperlink{syntax.inner.class-name}{\mbox{\isa{class{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name}}}} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}id\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ longid{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{supertabular}
-  \end{center}
-
-  \medskip Here literal terminals are printed \verb|verbatim|;
-  see also \secref{sec:inner-lex} for further token categories of the
-  inner syntax.  The meaning of the nonterminals defined by the above
-  grammar is as follows:
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \indexref{inner}{syntax}{any}\hyperlink{syntax.inner.any}{\mbox{\isa{any}}} denotes any term.
-
-  \item \indexref{inner}{syntax}{prop}\hyperlink{syntax.inner.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}} denotes meta-level propositions,
-  which are terms of type \isa{prop}.  The syntax of such formulae of
-  the meta-logic is carefully distinguished from usual conventions for
-  object-logics.  In particular, plain \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-term notation is
-  \emph{not} recognized as \hyperlink{syntax.inner.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}.
-
-  \item \indexref{inner}{syntax}{aprop}\hyperlink{syntax.inner.aprop}{\mbox{\isa{aprop}}} denotes atomic propositions, which
-  are embedded into regular \hyperlink{syntax.inner.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}} by means of an
-  explicit \verb|PROP| token.
-
-  Terms of type \isa{prop} with non-constant head, e.g.\ a plain
-  variable, are printed in this form.  Constants that yield type \isa{prop} are expected to provide their own concrete syntax; otherwise
-  the printed version will appear like \hyperlink{syntax.inner.logic}{\mbox{\isa{logic}}} and
-  cannot be parsed again as \hyperlink{syntax.inner.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}.
-
-  \item \indexref{inner}{syntax}{logic}\hyperlink{syntax.inner.logic}{\mbox{\isa{logic}}} denotes arbitrary terms of a
-  logical type, excluding type \isa{prop}.  This is the main
-  syntactic category of object-logic entities, covering plain \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}}-term notation (variables, abstraction, application), plus
-  anything defined by the user.
-
-  When specifying notation for logical entities, all logical types
-  (excluding \isa{prop}) are \emph{collapsed} to this single category
-  of \hyperlink{syntax.inner.logic}{\mbox{\isa{logic}}}.
-
-  \item \indexref{inner}{syntax}{index}\hyperlink{syntax.inner.index}{\mbox{\isa{index}}} denotes an optional index term for
-  indexed syntax.  If omitted, it refers to the first \hyperlink{keyword.structure}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{structure}}}} variable in the context.  The special dummy ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C696E6465783E}{\isasymindex}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' serves as pattern variable in mixfix annotations that
-  introduce indexed notation.
-
-  \item \indexref{inner}{syntax}{idt}\hyperlink{syntax.inner.idt}{\mbox{\isa{idt}}} denotes identifiers, possibly
-  constrained by types.
-
-  \item \indexref{inner}{syntax}{idts}\hyperlink{syntax.inner.idts}{\mbox{\isa{idts}}} denotes a sequence of \indexref{inner}{syntax}{idt}\hyperlink{syntax.inner.idt}{\mbox{\isa{idt}}}.  This is the most basic category for variables in
-  iterated binders, such as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item \indexref{inner}{syntax}{pttrn}\hyperlink{syntax.inner.pttrn}{\mbox{\isa{pttrn}}} and \indexref{inner}{syntax}{pttrns}\hyperlink{syntax.inner.pttrns}{\mbox{\isa{pttrns}}}
-  denote patterns for abstraction, cases bindings etc.  In Pure, these
-  categories start as a merely copy of \hyperlink{syntax.inner.idt}{\mbox{\isa{idt}}} and
-  \hyperlink{syntax.inner.idts}{\mbox{\isa{idts}}}, respectively.  Object-logics may add
-  additional productions for binding forms.
-
-  \item \indexref{inner}{syntax}{type}\hyperlink{syntax.inner.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}} denotes types of the meta-logic.
-
-  \item \indexref{inner}{syntax}{sort}\hyperlink{syntax.inner.sort}{\mbox{\isa{sort}}} denotes meta-level sorts.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Here are some further explanations of certain syntax features.
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item In \hyperlink{syntax.inner.idts}{\mbox{\isa{idts}}}, note that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is
-  parsed as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}nat\ y{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, treating \isa{y} like a type
-  constructor applied to \isa{nat}.  To avoid this interpretation,
-  write \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} with explicit parentheses.
-
-  \item Similarly, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is parsed as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}nat\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  The correct form is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} if \isa{y} is last in the
-  sequence of identifiers.
-
-  \item Type constraints for terms bind very weakly.  For example,
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is normally parsed as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}\ y{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, unless \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} has a very low priority, in which case the
-  input is likely to be ambiguous.  The correct form is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item Constraints may be either written with two literal colons
-  ``\verb|::|'' or the double-colon symbol \verb|\<Colon>|,
-  which actually looks exactly the same in some {\LaTeX} styles.
-
-  \item Dummy variables (written as underscore) may occur in different
-  roles.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item A type ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' or ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ sort{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' acts like an
-  anonymous inference parameter, which is filled-in according to the
-  most general type produced by the type-checking phase.
-
-  \item A bound ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' refers to a vacuous abstraction, where
-  the body does not refer to the binding introduced here.  As in the
-  term \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-equivalent to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item A free ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' refers to an implicit outer binding.
-  Higher definitional packages usually allow forms like \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ x\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item A schematic ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' (within a term pattern, see
-  \secref{sec:term-decls}) refers to an anonymous variable that is
-  implicitly abstracted over its context of locally bound variables.
-  For example, this allows pattern matching of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ f\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ g\ x{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} against \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, or even \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by
-  using both bound and schematic dummies.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \item The three literal dots ``\verb|...|'' may be also
-  written as ellipsis symbol \verb|\<dots>|.  In both cases this
-  refers to a special schematic variable, which is bound in the
-  context.  This special term abbreviation works nicely with
-  calculational reasoning (\secref{sec:calculation}).
-
-  \item \verb|CONST| ensures that the given identifier is treated
-  as constant term, and passed through the parse tree in fully
-  internalized form.  This is particularly relevant for translation
-  rules (\secref{sec:syn-trans}), notably on the RHS.
-
-  \item \verb|XCONST| is similar to \verb|CONST|, but
-  retains the constant name as given.  This is only relevant to
-  translation rules (\secref{sec:syn-trans}), notably on the LHS.
-
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Inspecting the syntax%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_syntax}\hypertarget{command.print-syntax}{\hyperlink{command.print-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}} prints the inner syntax of the
-  current context.  The output can be quite large; the most important
-  sections are explained below.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}lexicon{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} lists the delimiters of the inner token
-  language; see \secref{sec:inner-lex}.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prods{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} lists the productions of the underlying
-  priority grammar; see \secref{sec:priority-grammar}.
-
-  The nonterminal \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is rendered in plain text as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}p{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}; delimiters are quoted.  Many productions have an extra
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ name{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  These names later become the heads of parse
-  trees; they also guide the pretty printer.
-
-  Productions without such parse tree names are called \emph{copy
-  productions}.  Their right-hand side must have exactly one
-  nonterminal symbol (or named token).  The parser does not create a
-  new parse tree node for copy productions, but simply returns the
-  parse tree of the right-hand symbol.
-
-  If the right-hand side of a copy production consists of a single
-  nonterminal without any delimiters, then it is called a \emph{chain
-  production}.  Chain productions act as abbreviations: conceptually,
-  they are removed from the grammar by adding new productions.
-  Priority information attached to chain productions is ignored; only
-  the dummy value \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is displayed.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}print\ modes{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} lists the alternative print modes
-  provided by this grammar; see \secref{sec:print-modes}.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}parse{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rules{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rules{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} relate to
-  syntax translations (macros); see \secref{sec:syn-trans}.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}parse{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} list sets of constants that invoke
-  translation functions for abstract syntax trees, which are only
-  required in very special situations; see \secref{sec:tr-funs}.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}parse{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  list the sets of constants that invoke regular translation
-  functions; see \secref{sec:tr-funs}.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Ambiguity of parsed expressions%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{tabular}{rcll}
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{syntax\_ambiguity\_warning}\hypertarget{attribute.syntax-ambiguity-warning}{\hyperlink{attribute.syntax-ambiguity-warning}{\mbox{\isa{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ambiguity{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}warning}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{true} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{syntax\_ambiguity\_limit}\hypertarget{attribute.syntax-ambiguity-limit}{\hyperlink{attribute.syntax-ambiguity-limit}{\mbox{\isa{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ambiguity{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}limit}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{{\isadigit{1}}{\isadigit{0}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-
-  Depending on the grammar and the given input, parsing may be
-  ambiguous.  Isabelle lets the Earley parser enumerate all possible
-  parse trees, and then tries to make the best out of the situation.
-  Terms that cannot be type-checked are filtered out, which often
-  leads to a unique result in the end.  Unlike regular type
-  reconstruction, which is applied to the whole collection of input
-  terms simultaneously, the filtering stage only treats each given
-  term in isolation.  Filtering is also not attempted for individual
-  types or raw ASTs (as required for \hyperlink{command.translations}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{translations}}}}).
-
-  Certain warning or error messages are printed, depending on the
-  situation and the given configuration options.  Parsing ultimately
-  fails, if multiple results remain after the filtering phase.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.syntax-ambiguity-warning}{\mbox{\isa{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ambiguity{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}warning}}} controls output of
-  explicit warning messages about syntax ambiguity.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.syntax-ambiguity-limit}{\mbox{\isa{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ambiguity{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}limit}}} determines the number of
-  resulting parse trees that are shown as part of the printed message
-  in case of an ambiguity.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Syntax transformations \label{sec:syntax-transformations}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The inner syntax engine of Isabelle provides separate
-  mechanisms to transform parse trees either as rewrite systems on
-  first-order ASTs (\secref{sec:syn-trans}), or ML functions on ASTs
-  or syntactic \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-terms (\secref{sec:tr-funs}).  This works
-  both for parsing and printing, as outlined in
-  \figref{fig:parse-print}.
-
-  \begin{figure}[htbp]
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{tabular}{cl}
-  string          & \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F776E3E}{\isasymdown}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}     & lexer + parser \\
-  parse tree      & \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F776E3E}{\isasymdown}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}     & parse AST translation \\
-  AST             & \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F776E3E}{\isasymdown}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}     & AST rewriting (macros) \\
-  AST             & \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F776E3E}{\isasymdown}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}     & parse translation \\
-  --- pre-term ---    & \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F776E3E}{\isasymdown}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}     & print translation \\
-  AST             & \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F776E3E}{\isasymdown}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}     & AST rewriting (macros) \\
-  AST             & \\
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F776E3E}{\isasymdown}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}     & print AST translation \\
-  string          &
-  \end{tabular}
-  \end{center}
-  \caption{Parsing and printing with translations}\label{fig:parse-print}
-  \end{figure}
-
-  These intermediate syntax tree formats eventually lead to a pre-term
-  with all names and binding scopes resolved, but most type
-  information still missing.  Explicit type constraints might be given by
-  the user, or implicit position information by the system --- both
-  need to be passed-through carefully by syntax transformations.
-
-  Pre-terms are further processed by the so-called \emph{check} and
-  \emph{unckeck} phases that are intertwined with type-inference (see
-  also \cite{isabelle-implementation}).  The latter allows to operate
-  on higher-order abstract syntax with proper binding and type
-  information already available.
-
-  As a rule of thumb, anything that manipulates bindings of variables
-  or constants needs to be implemented as syntax transformation (see
-  below).  Anything else is better done via check/uncheck: a prominent
-  example application is the \hyperlink{command.abbreviation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{abbreviation}}}} concept of
-  Isabelle/Pure.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Abstract syntax trees \label{sec:ast}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The ML datatype \verb|Ast.ast| explicitly represents the
-  intermediate AST format that is used for syntax rewriting
-  (\secref{sec:syn-trans}).  It is defined in ML as follows:
-  \begin{ttbox}
-  datatype ast =
-    Constant of string |
-    Variable of string |
-    Appl of ast list
-  \end{ttbox}
-
-  An AST is either an atom (constant or variable) or a list of (at
-  least two) subtrees.  Occasional diagnostic output of ASTs uses
-  notation that resembles S-expression of LISP.  Constant atoms are
-  shown as quoted strings, variable atoms as non-quoted strings and
-  applications as a parenthesized list of subtrees.  For example, the
-  AST
-  \begin{verbatim}
-Ast.Appl
-  [Ast.Constant "_abs", Ast.Variable "x", Ast.Variable "t"]
-\end{verbatim}
-  is pretty-printed as \verb|("_abs" x t)|.  Note that
-  \verb|()| and \verb|(x)| are excluded as ASTs, because
-  they have too few subtrees.
-
-  \medskip AST application is merely a pro-forma mechanism to indicate
-  certain syntactic structures.  Thus \verb|(c a b)| could mean
-  either term application or type application, depending on the
-  syntactic context.
-
-  Nested application like \verb|(("_abs" x t) u)| is also
-  possible, but ASTs are definitely first-order: the syntax constant
-  \verb|"_abs"| does not bind the \verb|x| in any way.
-  Proper bindings are introduced in later stages of the term syntax,
-  where \verb|("_abs" x t)| becomes an \verb|Abs| node and
-  occurrences of \verb|x| in \verb|t| are replaced by bound
-  variables (represented as de-Bruijn indices).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{AST constants versus variables%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Depending on the situation --- input syntax, output syntax,
-  translation patterns --- the distinction of atomic asts as \verb|Ast.Constant| versus \verb|Ast.Variable| serves slightly different
-  purposes.
-
-  Input syntax of a term such as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ a\ b\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} does not yet
-  indicate the scopes of atomic entities \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ b{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}: they
-  could be global constants or local variables, even bound ones
-  depending on the context of the term.  \verb|Ast.Variable| leaves
-  this choice still open: later syntax layers (or translation
-  functions) may capture such a variable to determine its role
-  specifically, to make it a constant, bound variable, free variable
-  etc.  In contrast, syntax translations that introduce already known
-  constants would rather do it via \verb|Ast.Constant| to prevent
-  accidental re-interpretation later on.
-
-  Output syntax turns term constants into \verb|Ast.Constant| and
-  variables (free or schematic) into \verb|Ast.Variable|.  This
-  information is precise when printing fully formal \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-terms.
-
-  In AST translation patterns (\secref{sec:syn-trans}) the system
-  guesses from the current theory context which atoms should be
-  treated as constant versus variable for the matching process.
-  Sometimes this needs to be indicated more explicitly using \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}CONST\ c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} inside the term language.  It is also possible to use
-  \hyperlink{command.syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax}}}} declarations (without mixfix annotation) to
-  enforce that certain unqualified names are always treated as
-  constant within the syntax machinery.
-
-  \medskip For ASTs that represent the language of types or sorts, the
-  situation is much simpler, since the concrete syntax already
-  distinguishes type variables from type constants (constructors).  So
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ foo{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} corresponds to an AST application of some
-  constant for \isa{foo} and variable arguments for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Note that the postfix application is merely a feature
-  of the concrete syntax, while in the AST the constructor occurs in
-  head position.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Authentic syntax names%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Naming constant entities within ASTs is another delicate
-  issue.  Unqualified names are looked up in the name space tables in
-  the last stage of parsing, after all translations have been applied.
-  Since syntax transformations do not know about this later name
-  resolution yet, there can be surprises in boundary cases.
-
-  \emph{Authentic syntax names} for \verb|Ast.Constant| avoid this
-  problem: the fully-qualified constant name with a special prefix for
-  its formal category (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}class{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}type{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}const{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}fixed{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}) represents the information faithfully
-  within the untyped AST format.  Accidental overlap with free or
-  bound variables is excluded as well.  Authentic syntax names work
-  implicitly in the following situations:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Input of term constants (or fixed variables) that are
-  introduced by concrete syntax via \hyperlink{command.notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{notation}}}}: the
-  correspondence of a particular grammar production to some known term
-  entity is preserved.
-
-  \item Input of type constants (constructors) and type classes ---
-  thanks to explicit syntactic distinction independently on the
-  context.
-
-  \item Output of term constants, type constants, type classes ---
-  this information is already available from the internal term to be
-  printed.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  In other words, syntax transformations that operate on input terms
-  written as prefix applications are difficult to make robust.
-  Luckily, this case rarely occurs in practice, because syntax forms
-  to be translated usually correspond to some bits of concrete
-  notation.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Raw syntax and translations \label{sec:syn-trans}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{tabular}{rcll}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{nonterminal}\hypertarget{command.nonterminal}{\hyperlink{command.nonterminal}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{nonterminal}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{syntax}\hypertarget{command.syntax}{\hyperlink{command.syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{no\_syntax}\hypertarget{command.no-syntax}{\hyperlink{command.no-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{translations}\hypertarget{command.translations}{\hyperlink{command.translations}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{translations}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{no\_translations}\hypertarget{command.no-translations}{\hyperlink{command.no-translations}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translations}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{syntax\_ast\_trace}\hypertarget{attribute.syntax-ast-trace}{\hyperlink{attribute.syntax-ast-trace}{\mbox{\isa{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trace}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{false} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{syntax\_ast\_stats}\hypertarget{attribute.syntax-ast-stats}{\hyperlink{attribute.syntax-ast-stats}{\mbox{\isa{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}stats}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} & default \isa{false} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-
-  Unlike mixfix notation for existing formal entities
-  (\secref{sec:notation}), raw syntax declarations provide full access
-  to the priority grammar of the inner syntax, without any sanity
-  checks.  This includes additional syntactic categories (via
-  \hyperlink{command.nonterminal}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{nonterminal}}}}) and free-form grammar productions (via
-  \hyperlink{command.syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax}}}}).  Additional syntax translations (or macros, via
-  \hyperlink{command.translations}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{translations}}}}) are required to turn resulting parse trees
-  into proper representations of formal entities again.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.nonterminal}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{nonterminal}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.no-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mode}{\mbox{\isa{mode}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{constdecl}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{7}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.translations}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{translations}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.no-translations}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translations}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{transpat}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746C656674686172706F6F6E733E}{\isasymrightleftharpoons}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7269676874686172706F6F6E75703E}{\isasymrightharpoonup}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6C656674686172706F6F6E646F776E3E}{\isasymleftharpoondown}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\isa{transpat}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{6}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{constdecl}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{mode}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{output}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{output}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{transpat}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.nonterminal}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{nonterminal}}}}~\isa{c} declares a type
-  constructor \isa{c} (without arguments) to act as purely syntactic
-  type: a nonterminal symbol of the inner syntax.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mode{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mx{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} augments the
-  priority grammar and the pretty printer table for the given print
-  mode (default \verb|""|). An optional keyword \indexref{}{keyword}{output}\hyperlink{keyword.output}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{output}}}} means that only the pretty printer table is affected.
-
-  Following \secref{sec:mixfix}, the mixfix annotation \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}mx\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ template\ ps\ q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} together with type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  specify a grammar production.  The \isa{template} contains
-  delimiter tokens that surround \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} argument positions
-  (\verb|_|).  The latter correspond to nonterminal symbols
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} derived from the argument types \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} as
-  follows:
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prop{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} if \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ prop{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}logic{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} if \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6B617070613E}{\isasymkappa}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for logical type
-  constructor \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6B617070613E}{\isasymkappa}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ prop{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-
-  \item \isa{any} if \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for type variables
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6B617070613E}{\isasymkappa}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} if \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6B617070613E}{\isasymkappa}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for nonterminal \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6B617070613E}{\isasymkappa}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  (syntactic type constructor)
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  Each \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is decorated by priority \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} from the
-  given list \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}ps{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}; misssing priorities default to 0.
-
-  The resulting nonterminal of the production is determined similarly
-  from type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, with priority \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and default 1000.
-
-  \medskip Parsing via this production produces parse trees \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for the argument slots.  The resulting parse tree is
-  composed as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, by using the syntax constant \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of the syntax declaration.
-
-  Such syntactic constants are invented on the spot, without formal
-  check wrt.\ existing declarations.  It is conventional to use plain
-  identifiers prefixed by a single underscore (e.g.\ \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}foobar{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).  Names should be chosen with care, to avoid clashes
-  with other syntax declarations.
-
-  \medskip The special case of copy production is specified by \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|""| (empty string).  It means that the
-  resulting parse tree \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is copied directly, without any
-  further decoration.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.no-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mode{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ decls{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} removes grammar
-  declarations (and translations) resulting from \isa{decls}, which
-  are interpreted in the same manner as for \hyperlink{command.syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax}}}} above.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.translations}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{translations}}}}~\isa{rules} specifies syntactic
-  translation rules (i.e.\ macros) as first-order rewrite rules on
-  ASTs (\secref{sec:ast}).  The theory context maintains two
-  independent lists translation rules: parse rules (\verb|=>|
-  or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7269676874686172706F6F6E75703E}{\isasymrightharpoonup}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}) and print rules (\verb|<=| or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C656674686172706F6F6E646F776E3E}{\isasymleftharpoondown}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).
-  For convenience, both can be specified simultaneously as parse~/
-  print rules (\verb|==| or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746C656674686172706F6F6E733E}{\isasymrightleftharpoons}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).
-
-  Translation patterns may be prefixed by the syntactic category to be
-  used for parsing; the default is \isa{logic} which means that
-  regular term syntax is used.  Both sides of the syntax translation
-  rule undergo parsing and parse AST translations
-  \secref{sec:tr-funs}, in order to perform some fundamental
-  normalization like \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ b\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C65616473746F3E}{\isasymleadsto}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, but other AST
-  translation rules are \emph{not} applied recursively here.
-
-  When processing AST patterns, the inner syntax lexer runs in a
-  different mode that allows identifiers to start with underscore.
-  This accommodates the usual naming convention for auxiliary syntax
-  constants --- those that do not have a logical counter part --- by
-  allowing to specify arbitrary AST applications within the term
-  syntax, independently of the corresponding concrete syntax.
-
-  Atomic ASTs are distinguished as \verb|Ast.Constant| versus \verb|Ast.Variable| as follows: a qualified name or syntax constant
-  declared via \hyperlink{command.syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax}}}}, or parse tree head of concrete
-  notation becomes \verb|Ast.Constant|, anything else \verb|Ast.Variable|.  Note that \isa{CONST} and \isa{XCONST} within
-  the term language (\secref{sec:pure-grammar}) allow to enforce
-  treatment as constants.
-
-  AST rewrite rules \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}lhs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ rhs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} need to obey the following
-  side-conditions:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Rules must be left linear: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}lhs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} must not contain
-  repeated variables.\footnote{The deeper reason for this is that AST
-  equality is not well-defined: different occurrences of the ``same''
-  AST could be decorated differently by accidental type-constraints or
-  source position information, for example.}
-
-  \item Every variable in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rhs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} must also occur in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}lhs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.no-translations}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translations}}}}~\isa{rules} removes syntactic
-  translation rules, which are interpreted in the same manner as for
-  \hyperlink{command.translations}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{translations}}}} above.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.syntax-ast-trace}{\mbox{\isa{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trace}}} and \hyperlink{attribute.syntax-ast-stats}{\mbox{\isa{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}stats}}} control diagnostic output in the AST normalization
-  process, when translation rules are applied to concrete input or
-  output.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Raw syntax and translations provides a slightly more low-level
-  access to the grammar and the form of resulting parse trees.  It is
-  often possible to avoid this untyped macro mechanism, and use
-  type-safe \hyperlink{command.abbreviation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{abbreviation}}}} or \hyperlink{command.notation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{notation}}}} instead.
-  Some important situations where \hyperlink{command.syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax}}}} and \hyperlink{command.translations}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{translations}}}} are really need are as follows:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Iterated replacement via recursive \hyperlink{command.translations}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{translations}}}}.
-  For example, consider list enumeration \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ b{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ c{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ d{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} as
-  defined in theory \isa{List} in Isabelle/HOL.
-
-  \item Change of binding status of variables: anything beyond the
-  built-in \hyperlink{keyword.binder}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{binder}}}} mixfix annotation requires explicit
-  syntax translations.  For example, consider list filter
-  comprehension \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6566746172726F773E}{\isasymleftarrow}}\ xs\ {\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} as defined in theory \isa{List} in Isabelle/HOL.
-
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Applying translation rules%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-As a term is being parsed or printed, an AST is generated as
-  an intermediate form according to \figref{fig:parse-print}.  The AST
-  is normalized by applying translation rules in the manner of a
-  first-order term rewriting system.  We first examine how a single
-  rule is applied.
-
-  Let \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} be the abstract syntax tree to be normalized and
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}lhs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ rhs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} some translation rule.  A subtree \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}u{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is called \emph{redex} if it is an instance of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}lhs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}; in this case the pattern \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}lhs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is said to match the
-  object \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}u{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  A redex matched by \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}lhs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} may be
-  replaced by the corresponding instance of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rhs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, thus
-  \emph{rewriting} the AST \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Matching requires some notion
-  of \emph{place-holders} in rule patterns: \verb|Ast.Variable| serves
-  this purpose.
-
-  More precisely, the matching of the object \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}u{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} against the
-  pattern \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}lhs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is performed as follows:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Objects of the form \verb|Ast.Variable|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or \verb|Ast.Constant|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are matched by pattern \verb|Ast.Constant|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Thus all atomic ASTs in the object are
-  treated as (potential) constants, and a successful match makes them
-  actual constants even before name space resolution (see also
-  \secref{sec:ast}).
-
-  \item Object \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}u{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is matched by pattern \verb|Ast.Variable|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, binding \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}u{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item Object \verb|Ast.Appl|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}us{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is matched by \verb|Ast.Appl|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}ts{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} if \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}us{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}ts{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} have the
-  same length and each corresponding subtree matches.
-
-  \item In every other case, matching fails.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  A successful match yields a substitution that is applied to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rhs{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, generating the instance that replaces \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}u{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  Normalizing an AST involves repeatedly applying translation rules
-  until none are applicable.  This works yoyo-like: top-down,
-  bottom-up, top-down, etc.  At each subtree position, rules are
-  chosen in order of appearance in the theory definitions.
-
-  The configuration options \hyperlink{attribute.syntax-ast-trace}{\mbox{\isa{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trace}}} and
-  \hyperlink{attribute.syntax-ast-stats}{\mbox{\isa{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}stats}}} might help to understand this process
-  and diagnose problems.
-
-  \begin{warn}
-  If syntax translation rules work incorrectly, the output of
-  \indexref{}{command}{print\_syntax}\hyperlink{command.print-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}} with its \emph{rules} sections reveals the
-  actual internal forms of AST pattern, without potentially confusing
-  concrete syntax.  Recall that AST constants appear as quoted strings
-  and variables without quotes.
-  \end{warn}
-
-  \begin{warn}
-  If \indexref{}{attribute}{eta\_contract}\hyperlink{attribute.eta-contract}{\mbox{\isa{eta{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}contract}}} is set to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}true{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, terms
-  will be \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6574613E}{\isasymeta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-contracted \emph{before} the AST rewriter sees
-  them.  Thus some abstraction nodes needed for print rules to match
-  may vanish.  For example, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Ball\ A\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} would contract
-  to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Ball\ A\ P{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and the standard print rule would fail to
-  apply.  This problem can be avoided by hand-written ML translation
-  functions (see also \secref{sec:tr-funs}), which is in fact the same
-  mechanism used in built-in \hyperlink{keyword.binder}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{binder}}}} declarations.
-  \end{warn}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Syntax translation functions \label{sec:tr-funs}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{parse\_ast\_translation}\hypertarget{command.parse-ast-translation}{\hyperlink{command.parse-ast-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{parse{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{parse\_translation}\hypertarget{command.parse-translation}{\hyperlink{command.parse-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{parse{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_translation}\hypertarget{command.print-translation}{\hyperlink{command.print-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{typed\_print\_translation}\hypertarget{command.typed-print-translation}{\hyperlink{command.typed-print-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typed{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_ast\_translation}\hypertarget{command.print-ast-translation}{\hyperlink{command.print-ast-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{ML antiquotation}{class\_syntax}\hypertarget{ML antiquotation.class-syntax}{\hyperlink{ML antiquotation.class-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{class{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}} & : & \isa{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{ML antiquotation}{type\_syntax}\hypertarget{ML antiquotation.type-syntax}{\hyperlink{ML antiquotation.type-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}} & : & \isa{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{ML antiquotation}{const\_syntax}\hypertarget{ML antiquotation.const-syntax}{\hyperlink{ML antiquotation.const-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{const{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}} & : & \isa{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}antiquotation} \\
-    \indexdef{}{ML antiquotation}{syntax\_const}\hypertarget{ML antiquotation.syntax-const}{\hyperlink{ML antiquotation.syntax-const}{\mbox{\isa{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}const}}}} & : & \isa{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}antiquotation} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Syntax translation functions written in ML admit almost arbitrary
-  manipulations of inner syntax, at the expense of some complexity and
-  obscurity in the implementation.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.parse-ast-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{parse{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.parse-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{parse{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.print-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.typed-print-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typed{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.print-ast-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{advanced}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{ML antiquotation.class-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{class{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{ML antiquotation.type-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{ML antiquotation.const-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{const{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{ML antiquotation.syntax-const}{\mbox{\isa{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}const}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\isa{name}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.parse-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{parse{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}} etc. declare syntax translation
-  functions to the theory.  Any of these commands have a single
-  \hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}} argument that refers to an ML expression of
-  appropriate type, which are as follows by default:
-
-  \medskip
-  {\footnotesize
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-  \hyperlink{command.parse-ast-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{parse{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}} & : \verb|(string * (Ast.ast list -> Ast.ast)) list| \\
-  \hyperlink{command.parse-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{parse{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}} & : \verb|(string * (term list -> term)) list| \\
-  \hyperlink{command.print-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}} & : \verb|(string * (term list -> term)) list| \\
-  \hyperlink{command.typed-print-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typed{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}} & : \verb|(string * (typ -> term list -> term)) list| \\
-  \hyperlink{command.print-ast-translation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation}}}} & : \verb|(string * (Ast.ast list -> Ast.ast)) list| \\
-  \end{tabular}}
-  \medskip
-
-  The argument list consists of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ tr{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} pairs, where \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is the syntax name of the formal entity involved, and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}tr{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} a function that translates a syntax form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ args{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} into
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}tr\ args{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  The ML naming convention for parse translations
-  is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tr{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and for print translations \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tr{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  The \indexref{}{command}{print\_syntax}\hyperlink{command.print-syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax}}}} command displays the sets of names
-  associated with the translation functions of a theory under \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}parse{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}ast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}translation{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} etc.
-
-  If the \verb|(|\hyperlink{keyword.advanced}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{advanced}}}}\verb|)| option is
-  given, the corresponding translation functions depend on the current
-  theory or proof context as additional argument.  This allows to
-  implement advanced syntax mechanisms, as translations functions may
-  refer to specific theory declarations or auxiliary proof data.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}class{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax\ c{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax\ c{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}const{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax\ c{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} inline the authentic syntax name of the
-  given formal entities into the ML source.  This is the
-  fully-qualified logical name prefixed by a special marker to
-  indicate its kind: thus different logical name spaces are properly
-  distinguished within parse trees.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}const{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}syntax\ c{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} inlines the name \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of
-  the given syntax constant, having checked that it has been declared
-  via some \hyperlink{command.syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax}}}} commands within the theory context.  Note
-  that the usual naming convention makes syntax constants start with
-  underscore, to reduce the chance of accidental clashes with other
-  names occurring in parse trees (unqualified constants etc.).
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{The translation strategy%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The different kinds of translation functions are invoked during
-  the transformations between parse trees, ASTs and syntactic terms
-  (cf.\ \figref{fig:parse-print}).  Whenever a combination of the form
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is encountered, and a translation function
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of appropriate kind is declared for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, the
-  result is produced by evaluation of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in ML.
-
-  For AST translations, the arguments \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are ASTs.  A
-  combination has the form \verb|Ast.Constant|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or \verb|Ast.Appl|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|Ast.Constant|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  For term translations, the arguments are terms and a combination has
-  the form \verb|Const|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or \verb|Const|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{24}{\isachardollar}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{24}{\isachardollar}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{24}{\isachardollar}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Terms allow more sophisticated transformations
-  than ASTs do, typically involving abstractions and bound
-  variables. \emph{Typed} print translations may even peek at the type
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of the constant they are invoked on, although that information
-  may be inaccurate.
-
-  Regardless of whether they act on ASTs or terms, translation
-  functions called during the parsing process differ from those for
-  printing in their overall behaviour:
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item [Parse translations] are applied bottom-up.  The arguments are
-  already in translated form.  The translations must not fail;
-  exceptions trigger an error message.  There may be at most one
-  function associated with any syntactic name.
-
-  \item [Print translations] are applied top-down.  They are supplied
-  with arguments that are partly still in internal form.  The result
-  again undergoes translation; therefore a print translation should
-  not introduce as head the very constant that invoked it.  The
-  function may raise exception \verb|Match| to indicate failure; in
-  this event it has no effect.  Multiple functions associated with
-  some syntactic name are tried in the order of declaration in the
-  theory.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Only constant atoms --- constructor \verb|Ast.Constant| for ASTs and
-  \verb|Const| for terms --- can invoke translation functions.  This
-  means that parse translations can only be associated with parse tree
-  heads of concrete syntax, or syntactic constants introduced via
-  other translations.  For plain identifiers within the term language,
-  the status of constant versus variable is not yet know during
-  parsing.  This is in contrast to print translations, where constants
-  are explicitly known from the given term in its fully internal form.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/ML_Tactic.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/ML_Tactic.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,223 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Tactic}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Tactic\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{ML tactic expressions%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isar Proof methods closely resemble traditional tactics, when used
-  in unstructured sequences of \hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}} commands.
-  Isabelle/Isar provides emulations for all major ML tactics of
-  classic Isabelle --- mostly for the sake of easy porting of existing
-  developments, as actual Isar proof texts would demand much less
-  diversity of proof methods.
-
-  Unlike tactic expressions in ML, Isar proof methods provide proper
-  concrete syntax for additional arguments, options, modifiers etc.
-  Thus a typical method text is usually more concise than the
-  corresponding ML tactic.  Furthermore, the Isar versions of classic
-  Isabelle tactics often cover several variant forms by a single
-  method with separate options to tune the behavior.  For example,
-  method \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} replaces all of \verb|simp_tac|~/ \verb|asm_simp_tac|~/ \verb|full_simp_tac|~/ \verb|asm_full_simp_tac|, there
-  is also concrete syntax for augmenting the Simplifier context (the
-  current ``simpset'') in a convenient way.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Resolution tactics%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Classic Isabelle provides several variant forms of tactics for
-  single-step rule applications (based on higher-order resolution).
-  The space of resolution tactics has the following main dimensions.
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item The ``mode'' of resolution: intro, elim, destruct, or forward
-  (e.g.\ \verb|resolve_tac|, \verb|eresolve_tac|, \verb|dresolve_tac|,
-  \verb|forward_tac|).
-
-  \item Optional explicit instantiation (e.g.\ \verb|resolve_tac| vs.\
-  \verb|res_inst_tac|).
-
-  \item Abbreviations for singleton arguments (e.g.\ \verb|resolve_tac|
-  vs.\ \verb|rtac|).
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  Basically, the set of Isar tactic emulations \hyperlink{method.rule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}},
-  \hyperlink{method.erule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{erule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}, \hyperlink{method.drule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{drule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}, \hyperlink{method.frule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{frule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}} (see
-  \secref{sec:tactics}) would be sufficient to cover the four modes,
-  either with or without instantiation, and either with single or
-  multiple arguments.  Although it is more convenient in most cases to
-  use the plain \indexref{Pure}{method}{rule}\hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} method, or any of its
-  ``improper'' variants \hyperlink{method.erule}{\mbox{\isa{erule}}}, \hyperlink{method.drule}{\mbox{\isa{drule}}}, \hyperlink{method.frule}{\mbox{\isa{frule}}}.  Note that explicit goal addressing is only supported by the
-  actual \hyperlink{method.rule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}} version.
-
-  With this in mind, plain resolution tactics correspond to Isar
-  methods as follows.
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-    \verb|rtac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rule\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|resolve_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rule\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|res_inst_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}ctxt\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ a\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & &
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C494E3E}{\isasymIN}}\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[0.5ex]
-    \verb|rtac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}i{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|resolve_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}i{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|res_inst_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}ctxt\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ a\ i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & &
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}i{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C494E3E}{\isasymIN}}\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  Note that explicit goal addressing may be usually avoided by
-  changing the order of subgoals with \hyperlink{command.defer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defer}}}} or \hyperlink{command.prefer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prefer}}}} (see \secref{sec:tactic-commands}).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Simplifier tactics%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The main Simplifier tactics \verb|simp_tac| and variants (cf.\
-  \cite{isabelle-ref}) are all covered by the \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} and
-  \hyperlink{method.simp-all}{\mbox{\isa{simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all}}} methods (see \secref{sec:simplifier}).  Note that
-  there is no individual goal addressing available, simplification
-  acts either on the first goal (\hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}) or all goals
-  (\hyperlink{method.simp-all}{\mbox{\isa{simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all}}}).
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-    \verb|asm_full_simp_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}simpset{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} \\
-    \verb|ALLGOALS|~(\verb|asm_full_simp_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}simpset{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}) & & \hyperlink{method.simp-all}{\mbox{\isa{simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all}}} \\[0.5ex]
-    \verb|simp_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}simpset{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|asm_simp_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}simpset{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|full_simp_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}simpset{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}use{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|asm_lr_simp_tac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}simpset{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}asm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lr{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Classical Reasoner tactics%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The Classical Reasoner provides a rather large number of
-  variations of automated tactics, such as \verb|blast_tac|, \verb|fast_tac|, \verb|clarify_tac| etc.  The corresponding Isar methods
-  usually share the same base name, such as \hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}}, \hyperlink{method.fast}{\mbox{\isa{fast}}}, \hyperlink{method.clarify}{\mbox{\isa{clarify}}} etc.\ (see \secref{sec:classical}).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Miscellaneous tactics%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-There are a few additional tactics defined in various theories of
-  Isabelle/HOL, some of these also in Isabelle/FOL or Isabelle/ZF.
-  The most common ones of these may be ported to Isar as follows.
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-    \verb|stac|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}subst\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|hyp_subst_tac|~\isa{{\isadigit{1}}} & & \isa{hypsubst} \\
-    \verb|strip_tac|~\isa{{\isadigit{1}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C617070726F783E}{\isasymapprox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}intro\ strip{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|split_all_tac|~\isa{{\isadigit{1}}} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}simp\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}asm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ only{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ split{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tupled{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-      & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C617070726F783E}{\isasymapprox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}simp\ only{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ split{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tupled{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-      & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6C6573733E}{\isasymlless}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}clarify{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Tacticals%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Classic Isabelle provides a huge amount of tacticals for combination
-  and modification of existing tactics.  This has been greatly reduced
-  in Isar, providing the bare minimum of combinators only: ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' (sequential composition), ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' (alternative
-  choices), ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' (try), ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' (repeat at least
-  once).  These are usually sufficient in practice; if all fails,
-  arbitrary ML tactic code may be invoked via the \hyperlink{method.tactic}{\mbox{\isa{tactic}}}
-  method (see \secref{sec:tactics}).
-
-  \medskip Common ML tacticals may be expressed directly in Isar as
-  follows:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{lll}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}tac\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\verb|THEN|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}tac\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}meth\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ meth\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}tac\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\verb|ORELSE|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}tac\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}meth\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ meth\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|TRY|~\isa{tac} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}meth{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|REPEAT1|~\isa{tac} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}meth{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|REPEAT|~\isa{tac} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}meth{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|EVERY|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}tac\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}meth\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \verb|FIRST|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}tac\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}meth\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  \medskip \verb|CHANGED| (see \cite{isabelle-implementation}) is
-  usually not required in Isar, since most basic proof methods already
-  fail unless there is an actual change in the goal state.
-  Nevertheless, ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''  (try) may be used to accept
-  \emph{unchanged} results as well.
-
-  \medskip \verb|ALLGOALS|, \verb|SOMEGOAL| etc.\ (see
-  \cite{isabelle-implementation}) are not available in Isar, since
-  there is no direct goal addressing.  Nevertheless, some basic
-  methods address all goals internally, notably \hyperlink{method.simp-all}{\mbox{\isa{simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all}}}
-  (see \secref{sec:simplifier}).  Also note that \verb|ALLGOALS| can be
-  often replaced by ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' (repeat at least once), although
-  this usually has a different operational behavior: subgoals are
-  solved in a different order.
-
-  \medskip Iterated resolution, such as
-  \verb|REPEAT (FIRSTGOAL (resolve_tac ...))|, is usually better
-  expressed using the \hyperlink{method.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}} and \hyperlink{method.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}} methods of
-  Isar (see \secref{sec:classical}).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Misc.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Misc.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,283 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{Misc}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Misc\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Other commands%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Inspecting the context%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_commands}\hypertarget{command.print-commands}{\hyperlink{command.print-commands}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}commands}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_theory}\hypertarget{command.print-theory}{\hyperlink{command.print-theory}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_methods}\hypertarget{command.print-methods}{\hyperlink{command.print-methods}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}methods}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_attributes}\hypertarget{command.print-attributes}{\hyperlink{command.print-attributes}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}attributes}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_theorems}\hypertarget{command.print-theorems}{\hyperlink{command.print-theorems}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theorems}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{find\_theorems}\hypertarget{command.find-theorems}{\hyperlink{command.find-theorems}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{find{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theorems}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{find\_consts}\hypertarget{command.find-consts}{\hyperlink{command.find-consts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{find{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}consts}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{thm\_deps}\hypertarget{command.thm-deps}{\hyperlink{command.thm-deps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}deps}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{unused\_thms}\hypertarget{command.unused-thms}{\hyperlink{command.unused-thms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unused{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}thms}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_facts}\hypertarget{command.print-facts}{\hyperlink{command.print-facts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}facts}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_binds}\hypertarget{command.print-binds}{\hyperlink{command.print-binds}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}binds}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.print-theory}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.print-theorems}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theorems}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.find-theorems}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{find{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theorems}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{with{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dups}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{4}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@cnont{\isa{thmcriterion}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{7}{\isa{thmcriterion}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{name}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{intro}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{elim}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{dest}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{solves}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\isa{simp}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{6}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.find-consts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{find{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}consts}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\isa{constcriterion}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{constcriterion}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{name}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{strict}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.thm-deps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}deps}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.unused-thms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unused{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}thms}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  These commands print certain parts of the theory and proof context.
-  Note that there are some further ones available, such as for the set
-  of rules declared for simplifications.
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-commands}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}commands}}}} prints Isabelle's outer theory
-  syntax, including keywords and command.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-theory}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory}}}} prints the main logical content of
-  the theory context; the ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' option indicates extra
-  verbosity.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-methods}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}methods}}}} prints all proof methods
-  available in the current theory context.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-attributes}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}attributes}}}} prints all attributes
-  available in the current theory context.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-theorems}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theorems}}}} prints theorems resulting from the
-  last command; the ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' option indicates extra verbosity.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.find-theorems}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{find{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theorems}}}}~\isa{criteria} retrieves facts
-  from the theory or proof context matching all of given search
-  criteria.  The criterion \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} selects all theorems
-  whose fully qualified name matches pattern \isa{p}, which may
-  contain ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' wildcards.  The criteria \isa{intro},
-  \isa{elim}, and \isa{dest} select theorems that match the
-  current goal as introduction, elimination or destruction rules,
-  respectively.  The criterion \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}solves{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} returns all rules
-  that would directly solve the current goal.  The criterion
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}simp{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} selects all rewrite rules whose left-hand side
-  matches the given term.  The criterion term \isa{t} selects all
-  theorems that contain the pattern \isa{t} -- as usual, patterns
-  may contain occurrences of the dummy ``\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}'', schematic
-  variables, and type constraints.
-  
-  Criteria can be preceded by ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' to select theorems that
-  do \emph{not} match. Note that giving the empty list of criteria
-  yields \emph{all} currently known facts.  An optional limit for the
-  number of printed facts may be given; the default is 40.  By
-  default, duplicates are removed from the search result. Use
-  \isa{with{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dups} to display duplicates.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.find-consts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{find{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}consts}}}}~\isa{criteria} prints all constants
-  whose type meets all of the given criteria. The criterion \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}strict{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ ty{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is met by any type that matches the type pattern
-  \isa{ty}.  Patterns may contain both the dummy type ``\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}''
-  and sort constraints. The criterion \isa{ty} is similar, but it
-  also matches against subtypes. The criterion \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ p{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  the prefix ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' function as described for \hyperlink{command.find-theorems}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{find{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theorems}}}}.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.thm-deps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thm{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}deps}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  visualizes dependencies of facts, using Isabelle's graph browser
-  tool (see also \cite{isabelle-sys}).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.unused-thms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unused{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}thms}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ A\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub m\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\ B\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ B\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  displays all unused theorems in theories \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}B\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ B\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  or their parents, but not in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ A\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or their parents.
-  If \isa{n} is \isa{{\isadigit{0}}}, the end of the range of theories
-  defaults to the current theory. If no range is specified,
-  only the unused theorems in the current theory are displayed.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-facts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}facts}}}} prints all local facts of the
-  current context, both named and unnamed ones.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-binds}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}binds}}}} prints all term abbreviations
-  present in the context.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{System commands%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{cd}\hypertarget{command.cd}{\hyperlink{command.cd}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{cd}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{pwd}\hypertarget{command.pwd}{\hyperlink{command.pwd}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{pwd}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{use\_thy}\hypertarget{command.use-thy}{\hyperlink{command.use-thy}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{use{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}thy}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.cd}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{cd}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.use-thy}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{use{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}thy}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.cd}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{cd}}}}~\isa{path} changes the current directory
-  of the Isabelle process.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.pwd}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{pwd}}}} prints the current working directory.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.use-thy}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{use{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}thy}}}}~\isa{A} preload theory \isa{A}.
-  These system commands are scarcely used when working interactively,
-  since loading of theories is done automatically as required.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  %FIXME proper place (!?)
-  Isabelle file specification may contain path variables (e.g.\
-  \verb|$ISABELLE_HOME|) that are expanded accordingly.  Note
-  that \verb|~| abbreviates \verb|$USER_HOME|, and
-  \verb|~~| abbreviates \verb|$ISABELLE_HOME|.  The
-  general syntax for path specifications follows POSIX conventions.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Outer_Syntax.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Outer_Syntax.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,737 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{Outer{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Syntax}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Outer{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Syntax\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Outer syntax --- the theory language \label{ch:outer-syntax}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The rather generic framework of Isabelle/Isar syntax emerges from
-  three main syntactic categories: \emph{commands} of the top-level
-  Isar engine (covering theory and proof elements), \emph{methods} for
-  general goal refinements (analogous to traditional ``tactics''), and
-  \emph{attributes} for operations on facts (within a certain
-  context).  Subsequently we give a reference of basic syntactic
-  entities underlying Isabelle/Isar syntax in a bottom-up manner.
-  Concrete theory and proof language elements will be introduced later
-  on.
-
-  \medskip In order to get started with writing well-formed
-  Isabelle/Isar documents, the most important aspect to be noted is
-  the difference of \emph{inner} versus \emph{outer} syntax.  Inner
-  syntax is that of Isabelle types and terms of the logic, while outer
-  syntax is that of Isabelle/Isar theory sources (specifications and
-  proofs).  As a general rule, inner syntax entities may occur only as
-  \emph{atomic entities} within outer syntax.  For example, the string
-  \verb|"x + y"| and identifier \verb|z| are legal term
-  specifications within a theory, while \verb|x + y| without
-  quotes is not.
-
-  Printed theory documents usually omit quotes to gain readability
-  (this is a matter of {\LaTeX} macro setup, say via \verb|\isabellestyle|, see also \cite{isabelle-sys}).  Experienced
-  users of Isabelle/Isar may easily reconstruct the lost technical
-  information, while mere readers need not care about quotes at all.
-
-  \medskip Isabelle/Isar input may contain any number of input
-  termination characters ``\verb|;|'' (semicolon) to separate
-  commands explicitly.  This is particularly useful in interactive
-  shell sessions to make clear where the current command is intended
-  to end.  Otherwise, the interpreter loop will continue to issue a
-  secondary prompt ``\verb|#|'' until an end-of-command is
-  clearly recognized from the input syntax, e.g.\ encounter of the
-  next command keyword.
-
-  More advanced interfaces such as Proof~General \cite{proofgeneral}
-  do not require explicit semicolons, the amount of input text is
-  determined automatically by inspecting the present content of the
-  Emacs text buffer.  In the printed presentation of Isabelle/Isar
-  documents semicolons are omitted altogether for readability.
-
-  \begin{warn}
-    Proof~General requires certain syntax classification tables in
-    order to achieve properly synchronized interaction with the
-    Isabelle/Isar process.  These tables need to be consistent with
-    the Isabelle version and particular logic image to be used in a
-    running session (common object-logics may well change the outer
-    syntax).  The standard setup should work correctly with any of the
-    ``official'' logic images derived from Isabelle/HOL (including
-    HOLCF etc.).  Users of alternative logics may need to tell
-    Proof~General explicitly, e.g.\ by giving an option \verb|-k ZF|
-    (in conjunction with \verb|-l ZF|, to specify the default
-    logic image).  Note that option \verb|-L| does both
-    of this at the same time.
-  \end{warn}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Lexical matters \label{sec:outer-lex}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The outer lexical syntax consists of three main categories of
-  syntax tokens:
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item \emph{major keywords} --- the command names that are available
-  in the present logic session;
-
-  \item \emph{minor keywords} --- additional literal tokens required
-  by the syntax of commands;
-
-  \item \emph{named tokens} --- various categories of identifiers etc.
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  Major keywords and minor keywords are guaranteed to be disjoint.
-  This helps user-interfaces to determine the overall structure of a
-  theory text, without knowing the full details of command syntax.
-  Internally, there is some additional information about the kind of
-  major keywords, which approximates the command type (theory command,
-  proof command etc.).
-
-  Keywords override named tokens.  For example, the presence of a
-  command called \verb|term| inhibits the identifier \verb|term|, but the string \verb|"term"| can be used instead.
-  By convention, the outer syntax always allows quoted strings in
-  addition to identifiers, wherever a named entity is expected.
-
-  When tokenizing a given input sequence, the lexer repeatedly takes
-  the longest prefix of the input that forms a valid token.  Spaces,
-  tabs, newlines and formfeeds between tokens serve as explicit
-  separators.
-
-  \medskip The categories for named tokens are defined once and for
-  all as follows.
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{supertabular}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{syntax}{ident}\hypertarget{syntax.ident}{\hyperlink{syntax.ident}{\mbox{\isa{ident}}}} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}letter\ quasiletter\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{syntax}{longident}\hypertarget{syntax.longident}{\hyperlink{syntax.longident}{\mbox{\isa{longident}}}} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}ident{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|.|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}ident{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{syntax}{symident}\hypertarget{syntax.symident}{\hyperlink{syntax.symident}{\mbox{\isa{symident}}}} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}sym\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\|\verb|<|\isa{ident}\verb|>| \\
-    \indexdef{}{syntax}{nat}\hypertarget{syntax.nat}{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}digit\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{syntax}{float}\hypertarget{syntax.float}{\hyperlink{syntax.float}{\mbox{\isa{float}}}} & = & \indexref{}{syntax}{nat}\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}\verb|.|\indexref{}{syntax}{nat}\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|-|\indexref{}{syntax}{nat}\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}\verb|.|\indexref{}{syntax}{nat}\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{syntax}{var}\hypertarget{syntax.var}{\hyperlink{syntax.var}{\mbox{\isa{var}}}} & = & \verb|?|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}ident\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|?|\isa{ident}\verb|.|\isa{nat} \\
-    \indexdef{}{syntax}{typefree}\hypertarget{syntax.typefree}{\hyperlink{syntax.typefree}{\mbox{\isa{typefree}}}} & = & \verb|'|\isa{ident} \\
-    \indexdef{}{syntax}{typevar}\hypertarget{syntax.typevar}{\hyperlink{syntax.typevar}{\mbox{\isa{typevar}}}} & = & \verb|?|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}typefree\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|?|\isa{typefree}\verb|.|\isa{nat} \\
-    \indexdef{}{syntax}{string}\hypertarget{syntax.string}{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}} & = & \verb|"| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|"| \\
-    \indexdef{}{syntax}{altstring}\hypertarget{syntax.altstring}{\hyperlink{syntax.altstring}{\mbox{\isa{altstring}}}} & = & \verb|`| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|`| \\
-    \indexdef{}{syntax}{verbatim}\hypertarget{syntax.verbatim}{\hyperlink{syntax.verbatim}{\mbox{\isa{verbatim}}}} & = & \verb|{*| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \verb|*|\verb|}| \\[1ex]
-
-    \isa{letter} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}latin\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\|\verb|<|\isa{latin}\verb|>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\|\verb|<|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}latin\ latin{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ greek\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-          &   & \verb|\<^isub>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<^isup>| \\
-    \isa{quasiletter} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}letter\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ digit\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|_|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|'| \\
-    \isa{latin} & = & \verb|a|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|z|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|A|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|Z| \\
-    \isa{digit} & = & \verb|0|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|9| \\
-    \isa{sym} & = & \verb|!|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|#|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|$|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|%|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|&|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|*|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|+|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|-|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|/|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & & \verb|<|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|=|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|?|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|@|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|^|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|_|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb||\verb,|,\verb||\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|~| \\
-    \isa{greek} & = & \verb|\<alpha>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<beta>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<gamma>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<delta>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-          &   & \verb|\<epsilon>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<zeta>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<eta>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<theta>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-          &   & \verb|\<iota>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<kappa>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<mu>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<nu>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-          &   & \verb|\<xi>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<pi>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<rho>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<sigma>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<tau>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-          &   & \verb|\<upsilon>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<phi>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<chi>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<psi>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-          &   & \verb|\<omega>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<Gamma>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<Delta>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<Theta>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-          &   & \verb|\<Lambda>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<Xi>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<Pi>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<Sigma>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-          &   & \verb|\<Upsilon>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<Phi>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<Psi>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\<Omega>| \\
-  \end{supertabular}
-  \end{center}
-
-  A \indexref{}{syntax}{var}\hyperlink{syntax.var}{\mbox{\isa{var}}} or \indexref{}{syntax}{typevar}\hyperlink{syntax.typevar}{\mbox{\isa{typevar}}} describes an unknown,
-  which is internally a pair of base name and index (ML type \verb|indexname|).  These components are either separated by a dot as in
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isadigit{7}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or run together as in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  The latter form is possible if the base name does not end
-  with digits.  If the index is 0, it may be dropped altogether:
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} all refer to the
-  same unknown, with basename \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and index 0.
-
-  The syntax of \indexref{}{syntax}{string}\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}} admits any characters, including
-  newlines; ``\verb|"|'' (double-quote) and ``\verb|\|'' (backslash) need to be escaped by a backslash; arbitrary
-  character codes may be specified as ``\verb|\|\isa{ddd}'',
-  with three decimal digits.  Alternative strings according to
-  \indexref{}{syntax}{altstring}\hyperlink{syntax.altstring}{\mbox{\isa{altstring}}} are analogous, using single back-quotes
-  instead.
-
-  The body of \indexref{}{syntax}{verbatim}\hyperlink{syntax.verbatim}{\mbox{\isa{verbatim}}} may consist of any text not
-  containing ``\verb|*|\verb|}|''; this allows
-  convenient inclusion of quotes without further escapes.  There is no
-  way to escape ``\verb|*|\verb|}|''.  If the quoted
-  text is {\LaTeX} source, one may usually add some blank or comment
-  to avoid the critical character sequence.
-
-  Source comments take the form \verb|(*|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\verb|*)| and may be nested, although the user-interface
-  might prevent this.  Note that this form indicates source comments
-  only, which are stripped after lexical analysis of the input.  The
-  Isar syntax also provides proper \emph{document comments} that are
-  considered as part of the text (see \secref{sec:comments}).
-
-  Common mathematical symbols such as \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}} are represented in
-  Isabelle as \verb|\<forall>|.  There are infinitely many Isabelle
-  symbols like this, although proper presentation is left to front-end
-  tools such as {\LaTeX}, Proof~General, or Isabelle/jEdit.  A list of
-  predefined Isabelle symbols that work well with these tools is given
-  in \appref{app:symbols}.  Note that \verb|\<lambda>| does not belong
-  to the \isa{letter} category, since it is already used differently
-  in the Pure term language.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Common syntax entities%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-We now introduce several basic syntactic entities, such as names,
-  terms, and theorem specifications, which are factored out of the
-  actual Isar language elements to be described later.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Names%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Entity \hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}} usually refers to any name of types,
-  constants, theorems etc.\ that are to be \emph{declared} or
-  \emph{defined} (so qualified identifiers are excluded here).  Quoted
-  strings provide an escape for non-identifier names or those ruled
-  out by outer syntax keywords (e.g.\ quoted \verb|"let"|).
-  Already existing objects are usually referenced by \hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{4}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{name}\hypertarget{syntax.name}{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.ident}{\mbox{\isa{ident}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.symident}{\mbox{\isa{symident}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{parname}\hypertarget{syntax.parname}{\hyperlink{syntax.parname}{\mbox{\isa{parname}}}}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{nameref}\hypertarget{syntax.nameref}{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.longident}{\mbox{\isa{longident}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Numbers%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The outer lexical syntax (\secref{sec:outer-lex}) admits
-  natural numbers and floating point numbers.  These are combined as
-  \hyperlink{syntax.int}{\mbox{\isa{int}}} and \hyperlink{syntax.real}{\mbox{\isa{real}}} as follows.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{int}\hypertarget{syntax.int}{\hyperlink{syntax.int}{\mbox{\isa{int}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{real}\hypertarget{syntax.real}{\hyperlink{syntax.real}{\mbox{\isa{real}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.float}{\mbox{\isa{float}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.int}{\mbox{\isa{int}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  Note that there is an overlap with the category \hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}},
-  which also includes \hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Comments \label{sec:comments}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Large chunks of plain \hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}} are usually given
-  \hyperlink{syntax.verbatim}{\mbox{\isa{verbatim}}}, i.e.\ enclosed in \verb|{|\verb|*|~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\verb|*|\verb|}|.  For convenience,
-  any of the smaller text units conforming to \hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}} are
-  admitted as well.  A marginal \hyperlink{syntax.comment}{\mbox{\isa{comment}}} is of the form
-  \verb|--|~\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}.  Any number of these may occur
-  within Isabelle/Isar commands.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{text}\hypertarget{syntax.text}{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.verbatim}{\mbox{\isa{verbatim}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{comment}\hypertarget{syntax.comment}{\hyperlink{syntax.comment}{\mbox{\isa{comment}}}}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Type classes, sorts and arities%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Classes are specified by plain names.  Sorts have a very simple
-  inner syntax, which is either a single class name \isa{c} or a
-  list \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} referring to the
-  intersection of these classes.  The syntax of type arities is given
-  directly at the outer level.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{classdecl}\hypertarget{syntax.classdecl}{\hyperlink{syntax.classdecl}{\mbox{\isa{classdecl}}}}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{sort}\hypertarget{syntax.sort}{\hyperlink{syntax.sort}{\mbox{\isa{sort}}}}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{arity}\hypertarget{syntax.arity}{\hyperlink{syntax.arity}{\mbox{\isa{arity}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.sort}{\mbox{\isa{sort}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.sort}{\mbox{\isa{sort}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Types and terms \label{sec:types-terms}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The actual inner Isabelle syntax, that of types and terms of the
-  logic, is far too sophisticated in order to be modelled explicitly
-  at the outer theory level.  Basically, any such entity has to be
-  quoted to turn it into a single token (the parsing and type-checking
-  is performed internally later).  For convenience, a slightly more
-  liberal convention is adopted: quotes may be omitted for any type or
-  term that is already atomic at the outer level.  For example, one
-  may just write \verb|x| instead of quoted \verb|"x"|.
-  Note that symbolic identifiers (e.g.\ \verb|++| or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are available as well, provided these have not been superseded
-  by commands or other keywords already (such as \verb|=| or
-  \verb|+|).
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{type}\hypertarget{syntax.type}{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typefree}{\mbox{\isa{typefree}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typevar}{\mbox{\isa{typevar}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{term}\hypertarget{syntax.term}{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.var}{\mbox{\isa{var}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{prop}\hypertarget{syntax.prop}{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  Positional instantiations are indicated by giving a sequence of
-  terms, or the placeholder ``\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}'' (underscore), which means to
-  skip a position.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{inst}\hypertarget{syntax.inst}{\hyperlink{syntax.inst}{\mbox{\isa{inst}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{insts}\hypertarget{syntax.insts}{\hyperlink{syntax.insts}{\mbox{\isa{insts}}}}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.inst}{\mbox{\isa{inst}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  Type declarations and definitions usually refer to \hyperlink{syntax.typespec}{\mbox{\isa{typespec}}} on the left-hand side.  This models basic type constructor
-  application at the outer syntax level.  Note that only plain postfix
-  notation is available here, but no infixes.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{4}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{typespec}\hypertarget{syntax.typespec}{\hyperlink{syntax.typespec}{\mbox{\isa{typespec}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typefree}{\mbox{\isa{typefree}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typefree}{\mbox{\isa{typefree}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{3}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{6}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{typespec\_sorts}\hypertarget{syntax.typespec-sorts}{\hyperlink{syntax.typespec-sorts}{\mbox{\isa{typespec{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}sorts}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typefree}{\mbox{\isa{typefree}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.sort}{\mbox{\isa{sort}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typefree}{\mbox{\isa{typefree}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.sort}{\mbox{\isa{sort}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Term patterns and declarations \label{sec:term-decls}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Wherever explicit propositions (or term fragments) occur in a
-  proof text, casual binding of schematic term variables may be given
-  specified via patterns of the form ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C49533E}{\isasymIS}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.
-  This works both for \hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}} and \hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{term\_pat}\hypertarget{syntax.term-pat}{\hyperlink{syntax.term-pat}{\mbox{\isa{term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}pat}}}}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{is}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{prop\_pat}\hypertarget{syntax.prop-pat}{\hyperlink{syntax.prop-pat}{\mbox{\isa{prop{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}pat}}}}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{is}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \medskip Declarations of local variables \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  logical propositions \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} represent different views on
-  the same principle of introducing a local scope.  In practice, one
-  may usually omit the typing of \hyperlink{syntax.vars}{\mbox{\isa{vars}}} (due to
-  type-inference), and the naming of propositions (due to implicit
-  references of current facts).  In any case, Isar proof elements
-  usually admit to introduce multiple such items simultaneously.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{vars}\hypertarget{syntax.vars}{\hyperlink{syntax.vars}{\mbox{\isa{vars}}}}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{props}\hypertarget{syntax.props}{\hyperlink{syntax.props}{\mbox{\isa{props}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop-pat}{\mbox{\isa{prop{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}pat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  The treatment of multiple declarations corresponds to the
-  complementary focus of \hyperlink{syntax.vars}{\mbox{\isa{vars}}} versus \hyperlink{syntax.props}{\mbox{\isa{props}}}.  In
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' the typing refers to all variables, while
-  in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} the naming refers to all propositions
-  collectively.  Isar language elements that refer to \hyperlink{syntax.vars}{\mbox{\isa{vars}}}
-  or \hyperlink{syntax.props}{\mbox{\isa{props}}} typically admit separate typings or namings via
-  another level of iteration, with explicit \indexref{}{keyword}{and}\hyperlink{keyword.and}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}}
-  separators; e.g.\ see \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}} and \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}} in
-  \secref{sec:proof-context}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Attributes and theorems \label{sec:syn-att}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Attributes have their own ``semi-inner'' syntax, in the sense
-  that input conforming to \hyperlink{syntax.args}{\mbox{\isa{args}}} below is parsed by the
-  attribute a second time.  The attribute argument specifications may
-  be any sequence of atomic entities (identifiers, strings etc.), or
-  properly bracketed argument lists.  Below \hyperlink{syntax.atom}{\mbox{\isa{atom}}} refers to
-  any atomic entity, including any \hyperlink{syntax.keyword}{\mbox{\isa{keyword}}} conforming to
-  \hyperlink{syntax.symident}{\mbox{\isa{symident}}}.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{7}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{atom}\hypertarget{syntax.atom}{\hyperlink{syntax.atom}{\mbox{\isa{atom}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typefree}{\mbox{\isa{typefree}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typevar}{\mbox{\isa{typevar}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.var}{\mbox{\isa{var}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.float}{\mbox{\isa{float}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{6}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.keyword}{\mbox{\isa{keyword}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{arg}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.atom}{\mbox{\isa{atom}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.args}{\mbox{\isa{args}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.args}{\mbox{\isa{args}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{args}\hypertarget{syntax.args}{\hyperlink{syntax.args}{\mbox{\isa{args}}}}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\isa{arg}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{attributes}\hypertarget{syntax.attributes}{\hyperlink{syntax.attributes}{\mbox{\isa{attributes}}}}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.args}{\mbox{\isa{args}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  Theorem specifications come in several flavors: \hyperlink{syntax.axmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{axmdecl}}}
-  and \hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}} usually refer to axioms, assumptions or
-  results of goal statements, while \hyperlink{syntax.thmdef}{\mbox{\isa{thmdef}}} collects lists of
-  existing theorems.  Existing theorems are given by \hyperlink{syntax.thmref}{\mbox{\isa{thmref}}}
-  and \hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}, the former requires an actual singleton
-  result.
-
-  There are three forms of theorem references:
-  \begin{enumerate}
-  
-  \item named facts \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-
-  \item selections from named facts \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}i{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}j\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\ k{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-
-  \item literal fact propositions using \indexref{}{syntax}{altstring}\hyperlink{syntax.altstring}{\mbox{\isa{altstring}}} syntax
-  \verb|`|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|`| (see also method
-  \indexref{}{method}{fact}\hyperlink{method.fact}{\mbox{\isa{fact}}}).
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  Any kind of theorem specification may include lists of attributes
-  both on the left and right hand sides; attributes are applied to any
-  immediately preceding fact.  If names are omitted, the theorems are
-  not stored within the theorem database of the theory or proof
-  context, but any given attributes are applied nonetheless.
-
-  An extra pair of brackets around attributes (like ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}simproc\ a{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'') abbreviates a theorem reference involving an
-  internal dummy fact, which will be ignored later on.  So only the
-  effect of the attribute on the background context will persist.
-  This form of in-place declarations is particularly useful with
-  commands like \hyperlink{command.declare}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{declare}}}} and \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{axmdecl}\hypertarget{syntax.axmdecl}{\hyperlink{syntax.axmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{axmdecl}}}}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.attributes}{\mbox{\isa{attributes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{thmdecl}\hypertarget{syntax.thmdecl}{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}}
-\rail@nont{\isa{thmbind}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{thmdef}\hypertarget{syntax.thmdef}{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdef}{\mbox{\isa{thmdef}}}}}
-\rail@nont{\isa{thmbind}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{thmref}\hypertarget{syntax.thmref}{\hyperlink{syntax.thmref}{\mbox{\isa{thmref}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{selection}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.altstring}{\mbox{\isa{altstring}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.attributes}{\mbox{\isa{attributes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.attributes}{\mbox{\isa{attributes}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{thmrefs}\hypertarget{syntax.thmrefs}{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmref}{\mbox{\isa{thmref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{thmbind}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.attributes}{\mbox{\isa{attributes}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.attributes}{\mbox{\isa{attributes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\isa{selection}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{3}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Preface.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Preface.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{Preface}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Preface\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Preface%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The \emph{Isabelle} system essentially provides a generic
-  infrastructure for building deductive systems (programmed in
-  Standard ML), with a special focus on interactive theorem proving in
-  higher-order logics.  Many years ago, even end-users would refer to
-  certain ML functions (goal commands, tactics, tacticals etc.) to
-  pursue their everyday theorem proving tasks.
-  
-  In contrast \emph{Isar} provides an interpreted language environment
-  of its own, which has been specifically tailored for the needs of
-  theory and proof development.  Compared to raw ML, the Isabelle/Isar
-  top-level provides a more robust and comfortable development
-  platform, with proper support for theory development graphs, managed
-  transactions with unlimited undo etc.  The Isabelle/Isar version of
-  the \emph{Proof~General} user interface
-  \cite{proofgeneral,Aspinall:TACAS:2000} provides a decent front-end
-  for interactive theory and proof development in this advanced
-  theorem proving environment, even though it is somewhat biased
-  towards old-style proof scripts.
-
-  \medskip Apart from the technical advances over bare-bones ML
-  programming, the main purpose of the Isar language is to provide a
-  conceptually different view on machine-checked proofs
-  \cite{Wenzel:1999:TPHOL,Wenzel-PhD}.  \emph{Isar} stands for
-  \emph{Intelligible semi-automated reasoning}.  Drawing from both the
-  traditions of informal mathematical proof texts and high-level
-  programming languages, Isar offers a versatile environment for
-  structured formal proof documents.  Thus properly written Isar
-  proofs become accessible to a broader audience than unstructured
-  tactic scripts (which typically only provide operational information
-  for the machine).  Writing human-readable proof texts certainly
-  requires some additional efforts by the writer to achieve a good
-  presentation, both of formal and informal parts of the text.  On the
-  other hand, human-readable formal texts gain some value in their own
-  right, independently of the mechanic proof-checking process.
-
-  Despite its grand design of structured proof texts, Isar is able to
-  assimilate the old tactical style as an ``improper'' sub-language.
-  This provides an easy upgrade path for existing tactic scripts, as
-  well as some means for interactive experimentation and debugging of
-  structured proofs.  Isabelle/Isar supports a broad range of proof
-  styles, both readable and unreadable ones.
-
-  \medskip The generic Isabelle/Isar framework (see
-  \chref{ch:isar-framework}) works reasonably well for any Isabelle
-  object-logic that conforms to the natural deduction view of the
-  Isabelle/Pure framework.  Specific language elements introduced by
-  Isabelle/HOL are described in \chref{ch:hol}.  Although the main
-  language elements are already provided by the Isabelle/Pure
-  framework, examples given in the generic parts will usually refer to
-  Isabelle/HOL.
-
-  \medskip Isar commands may be either \emph{proper} document
-  constructors, or \emph{improper commands}.  Some proof methods and
-  attributes introduced later are classified as improper as well.
-  Improper Isar language elements, which are marked by ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' in the subsequent chapters; they are often helpful
-  when developing proof documents, but their use is discouraged for
-  the final human-readable outcome.  Typical examples are diagnostic
-  commands that print terms or theorems according to the current
-  context; other commands emulate old-style tactical theorem proving.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Proof.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Proof.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,2107 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{Proof}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Proof\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Proofs \label{ch:proofs}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Proof commands perform transitions of Isar/VM machine
-  configurations, which are block-structured, consisting of a stack of
-  nodes with three main components: logical proof context, current
-  facts, and open goals.  Isar/VM transitions are typed according to
-  the following three different modes of operation:
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} means that a new goal has just been
-  stated that is now to be \emph{proven}; the next command may refine
-  it by some proof method, and enter a sub-proof to establish the
-  actual result.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is like a nested theory mode: the
-  context may be augmented by \emph{stating} additional assumptions,
-  intermediate results etc.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is intermediate between \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}: existing facts (i.e.\
-  the contents of the special ``\indexref{}{fact}{this}\hyperlink{fact.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}'' register) have been
-  just picked up in order to be used when refining the goal claimed
-  next.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  The proof mode indicator may be understood as an instruction to the
-  writer, telling what kind of operation may be performed next.  The
-  corresponding typings of proof commands restricts the shape of
-  well-formed proof texts to particular command sequences.  So dynamic
-  arrangements of commands eventually turn out as static texts of a
-  certain structure.
-
-  \Appref{ap:refcard} gives a simplified grammar of the (extensible)
-  language emerging that way from the different types of proof
-  commands.  The main ideas of the overall Isar framework are
-  explained in \chref{ch:isar-framework}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Proof structure%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Formal notepad%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{notepad}\hypertarget{command.notepad}{\hyperlink{command.notepad}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{notepad}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.notepad}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{notepad}}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{begin}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{end}}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.notepad}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{notepad}}}}~\hyperlink{keyword.begin}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{begin}}}} opens a proof state
-  without any goal statement.  This allows to experiment with Isar,
-  without producing any persistent result.
-
-  The notepad can be closed by \hyperlink{command.end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{end}}}} or discontinued by
-  \hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}}.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Blocks%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{next}\hypertarget{command.next}{\hyperlink{command.next}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{next}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{\{}\hypertarget{command.braceleft}{\hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{\}}\hypertarget{command.braceright}{\hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  While Isar is inherently block-structured, opening and closing
-  blocks is mostly handled rather casually, with little explicit
-  user-intervention.  Any local goal statement automatically opens
-  \emph{two} internal blocks, which are closed again when concluding
-  the sub-proof (by \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}} etc.).  Sections of different
-  context within a sub-proof may be switched via \hyperlink{command.next}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{next}}}},
-  which is just a single block-close followed by block-open again.
-  The effect of \hyperlink{command.next}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{next}}}} is to reset the local proof context;
-  there is no goal focus involved here!
-
-  For slightly more advanced applications, there are explicit block
-  parentheses as well.  These typically achieve a stronger forward
-  style of reasoning.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.next}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{next}}}} switches to a fresh block within a
-  sub-proof, resetting the local context to the initial one.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}}}} and \hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}}}} explicitly open and close
-  blocks.  Any current facts pass through ``\hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}}}}''
-  unchanged, while ``\hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}}}}'' causes any result to be
-  \emph{exported} into the enclosing context.  Thus fixed variables
-  are generalized, assumptions discharged, and local definitions
-  unfolded (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}).  There is no difference
-  of \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}} and \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}} in this mode of
-  forward reasoning --- in contrast to plain backward reasoning with
-  the result exported at \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} time.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Omitting proofs%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{oops}\hypertarget{command.oops}{\hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The \hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}} command discontinues the current proof
-  attempt, while considering the partial proof text as properly
-  processed.  This is conceptually quite different from ``faking''
-  actual proofs via \indexref{}{command}{sorry}\hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}} (see
-  \secref{sec:proof-steps}): \hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}} does not observe the
-  proof structure at all, but goes back right to the theory level.
-  Furthermore, \hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}} does not produce any result theorem
-  --- there is no intended claim to be able to complete the proof
-  in any way.
-
-  A typical application of \hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}} is to explain Isar proofs
-  \emph{within} the system itself, in conjunction with the document
-  preparation tools of Isabelle described in \chref{ch:document-prep}.
-  Thus partial or even wrong proof attempts can be discussed in a
-  logically sound manner.  Note that the Isabelle {\LaTeX} macros can
-  be easily adapted to print something like ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' instead of
-  the keyword ``\hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}}''.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Statements%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Context elements \label{sec:proof-context}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{fix}\hypertarget{command.fix}{\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{assume}\hypertarget{command.assume}{\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{presume}\hypertarget{command.presume}{\hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{def}\hypertarget{command.def}{\hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The logical proof context consists of fixed variables and
-  assumptions.  The former closely correspond to Skolem constants, or
-  meta-level universal quantification as provided by the Isabelle/Pure
-  logical framework.  Introducing some \emph{arbitrary, but fixed}
-  variable via ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x}'' results in a local value
-  that may be used in the subsequent proof as any other variable or
-  constant.  Furthermore, any result \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} exported from
-  the context will be universally closed wrt.\ \isa{x} at the
-  outermost level: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (this is expressed in normal
-  form using Isabelle's meta-variables).
-
-  Similarly, introducing some assumption \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6368693E}{\isasymchi}}} has two effects.
-  On the one hand, a local theorem is created that may be used as a
-  fact in subsequent proof steps.  On the other hand, any result
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6368693E}{\isasymchi}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} exported from the context becomes conditional wrt.\
-  the assumption: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6368693E}{\isasymchi}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Thus, solving an enclosing goal
-  using such a result would basically introduce a new subgoal stemming
-  from the assumption.  How this situation is handled depends on the
-  version of assumption command used: while \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}
-  insists on solving the subgoal by unification with some premise of
-  the goal, \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}} leaves the subgoal unchanged in order
-  to be proved later by the user.
-
-  Local definitions, introduced by ``\hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', are achieved by combining ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x}'' with
-  another version of assumption that causes any hypothetical equation
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to be eliminated by the reflexivity rule.  Thus,
-  exporting some result \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} yields \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}t{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.vars}{\mbox{\isa{vars}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.props}{\mbox{\isa{props}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{def}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{5}{\isa{def}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term-pat}{\mbox{\isa{term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}pat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x} introduces a local variable \isa{x} that is \emph{arbitrary, but fixed.}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} introduce a local fact \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by
-  assumption.  Subsequent results applied to an enclosing goal (e.g.\
-  by \indexref{}{command}{show}\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}) are handled as follows: \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}} expects to be able to unify with existing premises in the
-  goal, while \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}} leaves \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}} as new subgoals.
-  
-  Several lists of assumptions may be given (separated by
-  \indexref{}{keyword}{and}\hyperlink{keyword.and}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}}; the resulting list of current facts consists
-  of all of these concatenated.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} introduces a local
-  (non-polymorphic) definition.  In results exported from the context,
-  \isa{x} is replaced by \isa{t}.  Basically, ``\hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', with the resulting
-  hypothetical equation solved by reflexivity.
-  
-  The default name for the definitional equation is \isa{x{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def}.
-  Several simultaneous definitions may be given at the same time.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  The special name \indexref{}{fact}{prems}\hyperlink{fact.prems}{\mbox{\isa{prems}}} refers to all assumptions of the
-  current context as a list of theorems.  This feature should be used
-  with great care!  It is better avoided in final proof texts.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Term abbreviations \label{sec:term-abbrev}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{let}\hypertarget{command.let}{\hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{keyword}{is}\hypertarget{keyword.is}{\hyperlink{keyword.is}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{is}}}}} & : & syntax \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Abbreviations may be either bound by explicit \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} statements, or by annotating assumptions or
-  goal statements with a list of patterns ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C49533E}{\isasymIS}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.  In both cases, higher-order matching is invoked to
-  bind extra-logical term variables, which may be either named
-  schematic variables of the form \isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x}, or nameless dummies
-  ``\hyperlink{variable.underscore}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}}}'' (underscore). Note that in the \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}
-  form the patterns occur on the left-hand side, while the \hyperlink{keyword.is}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{is}}}} patterns are in postfix position.
-
-  Polymorphism of term bindings is handled in Hindley-Milner style,
-  similar to ML.  Type variables referring to local assumptions or
-  open goal statements are \emph{fixed}, while those of finished
-  results or bound by \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}} may occur in \emph{arbitrary}
-  instances later.  Even though actual polymorphism should be rarely
-  used in practice, this mechanism is essential to achieve proper
-  incremental type-inference, as the user proceeds to build up the
-  Isar proof text from left to right.
-
-  \medskip Term abbreviations are quite different from local
-  definitions as introduced via \hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}} (see
-  \secref{sec:proof-context}).  The latter are visible within the
-  logic as actual equations, while abbreviations disappear during the
-  input process just after type checking.  Also note that \hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}} does not support polymorphism.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  The syntax of \hyperlink{keyword.is}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{is}}}} patterns follows \hyperlink{syntax.term-pat}{\mbox{\isa{term{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}pat}}} or
-  \hyperlink{syntax.prop-pat}{\mbox{\isa{prop{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}pat}}} (see \secref{sec:term-decls}).
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} binds any
-  text variables in patterns \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by simultaneous
-  higher-order matching against terms \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C49533E}{\isasymIS}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} resembles \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}, but
-  matches \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} against the preceding statement.  Also
-  note that \hyperlink{keyword.is}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{is}}}} is not a separate command, but part of
-  others (such as \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}, \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}} etc.).
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Some \emph{implicit} term abbreviations\index{term abbreviations}
-  for goals and facts are available as well.  For any open goal,
-  \indexref{}{variable}{thesis}\hyperlink{variable.thesis}{\mbox{\isa{thesis}}} refers to its object-level statement,
-  abstracted over any meta-level parameters (if present).  Likewise,
-  \indexref{}{variable}{this}\hyperlink{variable.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}} is bound for fact statements resulting from
-  assumptions or finished goals.  In case \hyperlink{variable.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}} refers to
-  an object-logic statement that is an application \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, then
-  \isa{t} is bound to the special text variable ``\hyperlink{variable.dots}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}}}}''
-  (three dots).  The canonical application of this convenience are
-  calculational proofs (see \secref{sec:calculation}).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Facts and forward chaining \label{sec:proof-facts}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{note}\hypertarget{command.note}{\hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{then}\hypertarget{command.then}{\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{from}\hypertarget{command.from}{\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{with}\hypertarget{command.with}{\hyperlink{command.with}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{with}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{using}\hypertarget{command.using}{\hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{unfolding}\hypertarget{command.unfolding}{\hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  New facts are established either by assumption or proof of local
-  statements.  Any fact will usually be involved in further proofs,
-  either as explicit arguments of proof methods, or when forward
-  chaining towards the next goal via \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}} (and variants);
-  \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}} and \hyperlink{command.with}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{with}}}} are composite forms
-  involving \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}.  The \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}} elements
-  augments the collection of used facts \emph{after} a goal has been
-  stated.  Note that the special theorem name \indexref{}{fact}{this}\hyperlink{fact.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}} refers
-  to the most recently established facts, but only \emph{before}
-  issuing a follow-up claim.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdef}{\mbox{\isa{thmdef}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.with}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{with}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} recalls existing facts
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, binding the result as \isa{a}.  Note that
-  attributes may be involved as well, both on the left and right hand
-  sides.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}} indicates forward chaining by the current
-  facts in order to establish the goal to be claimed next.  The
-  initial proof method invoked to refine that will be offered the
-  facts to do ``anything appropriate'' (see also
-  \secref{sec:proof-steps}).  For example, method \hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}
-  (see \secref{sec:pure-meth-att}) would typically do an elimination
-  rather than an introduction.  Automatic methods usually insert the
-  facts into the goal state before operation.  This provides a simple
-  scheme to control relevance of facts in automated proof search.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{b} abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{b}~\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}''; thus \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}} is
-  equivalent to ``\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{this}''.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.with}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{with}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''; thus the forward chaining
-  is from earlier facts together with the current ones.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} augments the facts being
-  currently indicated for use by a subsequent refinement step (such as
-  \indexref{}{command}{apply}\hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}} or \indexref{}{command}{proof}\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}).
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is structurally
-  similar to \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}, but unfolds definitional equations
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} throughout the goal state and facts.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Forward chaining with an empty list of theorems is the same as not
-  chaining at all.  Thus ``\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{nothing}'' has no
-  effect apart from entering \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prove{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} mode, since
-  \indexref{}{fact}{nothing}\hyperlink{fact.nothing}{\mbox{\isa{nothing}}} is bound to the empty list of theorems.
-
-  Basic proof methods (such as \indexref{Pure}{method}{rule}\hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}) expect multiple
-  facts to be given in their proper order, corresponding to a prefix
-  of the premises of the rule involved.  Note that positions may be
-  easily skipped using something like \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, for example.  This involves the trivial rule
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}PROP\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7073693E}{\isasympsi}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ PROP\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7073693E}{\isasympsi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which is bound in Isabelle/Pure as
-  ``\indexref{}{fact}{\_}\hyperlink{fact.underscore}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}}}'' (underscore).
-
-  Automated methods (such as \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} or \hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}}) just
-  insert any given facts before their usual operation.  Depending on
-  the kind of procedure involved, the order of facts is less
-  significant here.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Goals \label{sec:goals}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{lemma}\hypertarget{command.lemma}{\hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{theorem}\hypertarget{command.theorem}{\hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{corollary}\hypertarget{command.corollary}{\hyperlink{command.corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{corollary}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{schematic\_lemma}\hypertarget{command.schematic-lemma}{\hyperlink{command.schematic-lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lemma}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{schematic\_theorem}\hypertarget{command.schematic-theorem}{\hyperlink{command.schematic-theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theorem}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{schematic\_corollary}\hypertarget{command.schematic-corollary}{\hyperlink{command.schematic-corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}corollary}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{have}\hypertarget{command.have}{\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{show}\hypertarget{command.show}{\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{hence}\hypertarget{command.hence}{\hyperlink{command.hence}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hence}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{thus}\hypertarget{command.thus}{\hyperlink{command.thus}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thus}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_statement}\hypertarget{command.print-statement}{\hyperlink{command.print-statement}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}statement}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  From a theory context, proof mode is entered by an initial goal
-  command such as \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}}, \hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}, or
-  \hyperlink{command.corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{corollary}}}}.  Within a proof, new claims may be
-  introduced locally as well; four variants are available here to
-  indicate whether forward chaining of facts should be performed
-  initially (via \indexref{}{command}{then}\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}), and whether the final result
-  is meant to solve some pending goal.
-
-  Goals may consist of multiple statements, resulting in a list of
-  facts eventually.  A pending multi-goal is internally represented as
-  a meta-level conjunction (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{26}{\isacharampersand}}{\isaliteral{26}{\isacharampersand}}{\isaliteral{26}{\isacharampersand}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}), which is usually
-  split into the corresponding number of sub-goals prior to an initial
-  method application, via \indexref{}{command}{proof}\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}
-  (\secref{sec:proof-steps}) or \indexref{}{command}{apply}\hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}
-  (\secref{sec:tactic-commands}).  The \indexref{}{method}{induct}\hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} method
-  covered in \secref{sec:cases-induct} acts on multiple claims
-  simultaneously.
-
-  Claims at the theory level may be either in short or long form.  A
-  short goal merely consists of several simultaneous propositions
-  (often just one).  A long goal includes an explicit context
-  specification for the subsequent conclusion, involving local
-  parameters and assumptions.  Here the role of each part of the
-  statement is explicitly marked by separate keywords (see also
-  \secref{sec:locale}); the local assumptions being introduced here
-  are available as \indexref{}{fact}{assms}\hyperlink{fact.assms}{\mbox{\isa{assms}}} in the proof.  Moreover, there
-  are two kinds of conclusions: \indexdef{}{element}{shows}\hypertarget{element.shows}{\hyperlink{element.shows}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{shows}}}}} states several
-  simultaneous propositions (essentially a big conjunction), while
-  \indexdef{}{element}{obtains}\hypertarget{element.obtains}{\hyperlink{element.obtains}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{obtains}}}}} claims several simultaneous simultaneous
-  contexts of (essentially a big disjunction of eliminated parameters
-  and assumptions, cf.\ \secref{sec:obtain}).
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{corollary}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.schematic-lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lemma}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.schematic-theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theorem}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.schematic-corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}corollary}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\isa{goal}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{longgoal}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.hence}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hence}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.thus}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thus}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\isa{goal}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.print-statement}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}statement}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.modes}{\mbox{\isa{modes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{goal}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.props}{\mbox{\isa{props}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{longgoal}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\indexref{}{syntax}{includes}\hyperlink{syntax.includes}{\mbox{\isa{includes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.context-elem}{\mbox{\isa{context{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}elem}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@nont{\isa{conclusion}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\isa{conclusion}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{shows}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{goal}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{obtains}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.parname}{\mbox{\isa{parname}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\isa{case}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{3}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{case}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.vars}{\mbox{\isa{vars}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.props}{\mbox{\isa{props}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} enters proof mode with
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}} as main goal, eventually resulting in some fact \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to be put back into the target context.  An additional \hyperlink{syntax.context}{\mbox{\isa{context}}} specification may build up an initial proof context for the
-  subsequent claim; this includes local definitions and syntax as
-  well, see also \hyperlink{syntax.includes}{\mbox{\isa{includes}}} in \secref{sec:bundle} and
-  \hyperlink{syntax.context-elem}{\mbox{\isa{context{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}elem}}} in \secref{sec:locale}.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \hyperlink{command.corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{corollary}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are essentially the same as \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, but the facts are internally marked as
-  being of a different kind.  This discrimination acts like a formal
-  comment.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.schematic-lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lemma}}}}, \hyperlink{command.schematic-theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theorem}}}},
-  \hyperlink{command.schematic-corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}corollary}}}} are similar to \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}},
-  \hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}, \hyperlink{command.corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{corollary}}}}, respectively but allow
-  the statement to contain unbound schematic variables.
-
-  Under normal circumstances, an Isar proof text needs to specify
-  claims explicitly.  Schematic goals are more like goals in Prolog,
-  where certain results are synthesized in the course of reasoning.
-  With schematic statements, the inherent compositionality of Isar
-  proofs is lost, which also impacts performance, because proof
-  checking is forced into sequential mode.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} claims a local goal,
-  eventually resulting in a fact within the current logical context.
-  This operation is completely independent of any pending sub-goals of
-  an enclosing goal statements, so \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}} may be freely
-  used for experimental exploration of potential results within a
-  proof body.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is like \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} plus a second stage to refine some pending
-  sub-goal for each one of the finished result, after having been
-  exported into the corresponding context (at the head of the
-  sub-proof of this \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} command).
-  
-  To accommodate interactive debugging, resulting rules are printed
-  before being applied internally.  Even more, interactive execution
-  of \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} predicts potential failure and displays the
-  resulting error as a warning beforehand.  Watch out for the
-  following message:
-
-  %FIXME proper antiquitation
-  \begin{ttbox}
-  Problem! Local statement will fail to solve any pending goal
-  \end{ttbox}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.hence}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hence}}}} abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}~\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}'', i.e.\ claims a local goal to be proven by forward
-  chaining the current facts.  Note that \hyperlink{command.hence}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hence}}}} is also
-  equivalent to ``\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{this}~\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}''.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.thus}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thus}}}} abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}~\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}''.  Note that \hyperlink{command.thus}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thus}}}} is also equivalent to
-  ``\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{this}~\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}''.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-statement}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}statement}}}}~\isa{a} prints facts from the
-  current theory or proof context in long statement form, according to
-  the syntax for \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}} given above.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Any goal statement causes some term abbreviations (such as
-  \indexref{}{variable}{?thesis}\hyperlink{variable.?thesis}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis}}}) to be bound automatically, see also
-  \secref{sec:term-abbrev}.
-
-  The optional case names of \indexref{}{element}{obtains}\hyperlink{element.obtains}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{obtains}}}} have a twofold
-  meaning: (1) during the of this claim they refer to the the local
-  context introductions, (2) the resulting rule is annotated
-  accordingly to support symbolic case splits when used with the
-  \indexref{}{method}{cases}\hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} method (cf.\ \secref{sec:cases-induct}).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Refinement steps%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Proof method expressions \label{sec:proof-meth}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Proof methods are either basic ones, or expressions composed
-  of methods via ``\verb|,|'' (sequential composition),
-  ``\verb||\verb,|,\verb||'' (alternative choices), ``\verb|?|''
-  (try), ``\verb|+|'' (repeat at least once), ``\verb|[|\isa{n}\verb|]|'' (restriction to first \isa{n}
-  sub-goals, with default \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).  In practice, proof
-  methods are usually just a comma separated list of \hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}~\hyperlink{syntax.args}{\mbox{\isa{args}}} specifications.  Note that parentheses may
-  be dropped for single method specifications (with no arguments).
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{5}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{method}\hypertarget{syntax.method}{\hyperlink{syntax.method}{\mbox{\isa{method}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{methods}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\isa{methods}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.args}{\mbox{\isa{args}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.method}{\mbox{\isa{method}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  Proper Isar proof methods do \emph{not} admit arbitrary goal
-  addressing, but refer either to the first sub-goal or all sub-goals
-  uniformly.  The goal restriction operator ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}n{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
-  evaluates a method expression within a sandbox consisting of the
-  first \isa{n} sub-goals (which need to exist).  For example, the
-  method ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' simplifies the first three
-  sub-goals, while ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ foo{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' simplifies all
-  new goals that emerge from applying rule \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}foo{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to the
-  originally first one.
-
-  Improper methods, notably tactic emulations, offer a separate
-  low-level goal addressing scheme as explicit argument to the
-  individual tactic being involved.  Here ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' refers to
-  all goals, and ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}n{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' to all goals starting from \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{4}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{goal\_spec}\hypertarget{syntax.goal-spec}{\hyperlink{syntax.goal-spec}{\mbox{\isa{goal{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}spec}}}}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Initial and terminal proof steps \label{sec:proof-steps}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{proof}\hypertarget{command.proof}{\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{qed}\hypertarget{command.qed}{\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{by}\hypertarget{command.by}{\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{..}\hypertarget{command.ddot}{\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{.}\hypertarget{command.dot}{\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{sorry}\hypertarget{command.sorry}{\hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Arbitrary goal refinement via tactics is considered harmful.
-  Structured proof composition in Isar admits proof methods to be
-  invoked in two places only.
-
-  \begin{enumerate}
-
-  \item An \emph{initial} refinement step \indexref{}{command}{proof}\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} reduces a newly stated goal to a number
-  of sub-goals that are to be solved later.  Facts are passed to
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for forward chaining, if so indicated by \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} mode.
-  
-  \item A \emph{terminal} conclusion step \indexref{}{command}{qed}\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is intended to solve remaining goals.  No facts are
-  passed to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \end{enumerate}
-
-  The only other (proper) way to affect pending goals in a proof body
-  is by \indexref{}{command}{show}\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}, which involves an explicit statement of
-  what is to be solved eventually.  Thus we avoid the fundamental
-  problem of unstructured tactic scripts that consist of numerous
-  consecutive goal transformations, with invisible effects.
-
-  \medskip As a general rule of thumb for good proof style, initial
-  proof methods should either solve the goal completely, or constitute
-  some well-understood reduction to new sub-goals.  Arbitrary
-  automatic proof tools that are prone leave a large number of badly
-  structured sub-goals are no help in continuing the proof document in
-  an intelligible manner.
-
-  Unless given explicitly by the user, the default initial method is
-  \indexref{Pure}{method}{rule}\hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} (or its classical variant \indexref{}{method}{rule}\hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}), which applies a single standard elimination or introduction
-  rule according to the topmost symbol involved.  There is no separate
-  default terminal method.  Any remaining goals are always solved by
-  assumption in the very last step.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{method}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{method}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{method}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{method}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} refines the goal by proof
-  method \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}; facts for forward chaining are passed if so
-  indicated by \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} mode.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} refines any remaining goals by
-  proof method \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and concludes the sub-proof by assumption.
-  If the goal had been \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}show{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}thus{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}), some
-  pending sub-goal is solved as well by the rule resulting from the
-  result \emph{exported} into the enclosing goal context.  Thus \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}qed{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} may fail for two reasons: either \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} fails, or the
-  resulting rule does not fit to any pending goal\footnote{This
-  includes any additional ``strong'' assumptions as introduced by
-  \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}.} of the enclosing context.  Debugging such a
-  situation might involve temporarily changing \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} into
-  \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}, or weakening the local context by replacing
-  occurrences of \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}} by \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}}.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is a \emph{terminal
-  proof}\index{proof!terminal}; it abbreviates \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, but with
-  backtracking across both methods.  Debugging an unsuccessful
-  \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} command can be done by expanding its
-  definition; in many cases \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (or even
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}apply{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}) is already sufficient to see the
-  problem.
-
-  \item ``\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' is a \emph{default
-  proof}\index{proof!default}; it abbreviates \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rule{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item ``\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' is a \emph{trivial
-  proof}\index{proof!trivial}; it abbreviates \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}} is a \emph{fake proof}\index{proof!fake}
-  pretending to solve the pending claim without further ado.  This
-  only works in interactive development, or if the \verb|quick_and_dirty| flag is enabled (in ML).  Facts emerging from fake
-  proofs are not the real thing.  Internally, each theorem container
-  is tainted by an oracle invocation, which is indicated as ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' in the printed result.
-  
-  The most important application of \hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}} is to support
-  experimentation and top-down proof development.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Fundamental methods and attributes \label{sec:pure-meth-att}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The following proof methods and attributes refer to basic logical
-  operations of Isar.  Further methods and attributes are provided by
-  several generic and object-logic specific tools and packages (see
-  \chref{ch:gen-tools} and \chref{ch:hol}).
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{method}{-}\hypertarget{method.-}{\hyperlink{method.-}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{fact}\hypertarget{method.fact}{\hyperlink{method.fact}{\mbox{\isa{fact}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{assumption}\hypertarget{method.assumption}{\hyperlink{method.assumption}{\mbox{\isa{assumption}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{this}\hypertarget{method.this}{\hyperlink{method.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{Pure}{method}{rule}\hypertarget{method.Pure.rule}{\hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{Pure}{attribute}{intro}\hypertarget{attribute.Pure.intro}{\hyperlink{attribute.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{Pure}{attribute}{elim}\hypertarget{attribute.Pure.elim}{\hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{Pure}{attribute}{dest}\hypertarget{attribute.Pure.dest}{\hyperlink{attribute.Pure.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{Pure}{attribute}{rule}\hypertarget{attribute.Pure.rule}{\hyperlink{attribute.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\[0.5ex]
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{OF}\hypertarget{attribute.OF}{\hyperlink{attribute.OF}{\mbox{\isa{OF}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{of}\hypertarget{attribute.of}{\hyperlink{attribute.of}{\mbox{\isa{of}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{where}\hypertarget{attribute.where}{\hyperlink{attribute.where}{\mbox{\isa{where}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.fact}{\mbox{\isa{fact}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\isa{rulemod}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{intro}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{elim}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{dest}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.OF}{\mbox{\isa{OF}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.of}{\mbox{\isa{of}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.insts}{\mbox{\isa{insts}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{concl}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.insts}{\mbox{\isa{insts}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.where}{\mbox{\isa{where}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.var}{\mbox{\isa{var}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typefree}{\mbox{\isa{typefree}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typevar}{\mbox{\isa{typevar}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item ``\hyperlink{method.-}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}}'' (minus) does nothing but insert the forward
-  chaining facts as premises into the goal.  Note that command
-  \indexref{}{command}{proof}\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}} without any method actually performs a single
-  reduction step using the \indexref{Pure}{method}{rule}\hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} method; thus a plain
-  \emph{do-nothing} proof step would be ``\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' rather than \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}} alone.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{method.fact}{\mbox{\isa{fact}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} composes some fact from
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (or implicitly from the current proof context)
-  modulo unification of schematic type and term variables.  The rule
-  structure is not taken into account, i.e.\ meta-level implication is
-  considered atomic.  This is the same principle underlying literal
-  facts (cf.\ \secref{sec:syn-att}): ``\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{fact}'' is equivalent to ``\hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\verb|`|\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}}\verb|`|'' provided that
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is an instance of some known \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in the
-  proof context.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{method.assumption}{\mbox{\isa{assumption}}} solves some goal by a single assumption
-  step.  All given facts are guaranteed to participate in the
-  refinement; this means there may be only 0 or 1 in the first place.
-  Recall that \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}} (\secref{sec:proof-steps}) already
-  concludes any remaining sub-goals by assumption, so structured
-  proofs usually need not quote the \hyperlink{method.assumption}{\mbox{\isa{assumption}}} method at
-  all.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{method.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}} applies all of the current facts directly as
-  rules.  Recall that ``\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' (dot) abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{this}''.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} applies some rule given as
-  argument in backward manner; facts are used to reduce the rule
-  before applying it to the goal.  Thus \hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} without facts
-  is plain introduction, while with facts it becomes elimination.
-  
-  When no arguments are given, the \hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} method tries to pick
-  appropriate rules automatically, as declared in the current context
-  using the \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}},
-  \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}} attributes (see below).  This is the
-  default behavior of \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}} and ``\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' 
-  (double-dot) steps (see \secref{sec:proof-steps}).
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}, and
-  \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}} declare introduction, elimination, and
-  destruct rules, to be used with method \hyperlink{method.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}, and similar
-  tools.  Note that the latter will ignore rules declared with
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', while ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''  are used most aggressively.
-  
-  The classical reasoner (see \secref{sec:classical}) introduces its
-  own variants of these attributes; use qualified names to access the
-  present versions of Isabelle/Pure, i.e.\ \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{Pure{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intro}}}.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}~\isa{del} undeclares introduction,
-  elimination, or destruct rules.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.OF}{\mbox{\isa{OF}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} applies some theorem to all
-  of the given rules \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in canonical right-to-left
-  order, which means that premises stemming from the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  emerge in parallel in the result, without interfering with each
-  other.  In many practical situations, the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} do not have
-  premises themselves, so \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rule\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}OF\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} can be actually
-  read as functional application (modulo unification).
-
-  Argument positions may be effectively skipped by using ``\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}''
-  (underscore), which refers to the propositional identity rule in the
-  Pure theory.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.of}{\mbox{\isa{of}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} performs positional
-  instantiation of term variables.  The terms \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are
-  substituted for any schematic variables occurring in a theorem from
-  left to right; ``\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}'' (underscore) indicates to skip a
-  position.  Arguments following a ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}concl{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' specification
-  refer to positions of the conclusion of a rule.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.where}{\mbox{\isa{where}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  performs named instantiation of schematic type and term variables
-  occurring in a theorem.  Schematic variables have to be specified on
-  the left-hand side (e.g.\ \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).  The question mark may
-  be omitted if the variable name is a plain identifier without index.
-  As type instantiations are inferred from term instantiations,
-  explicit type instantiations are seldom necessary.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Emulating tactic scripts \label{sec:tactic-commands}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The Isar provides separate commands to accommodate tactic-style
-  proof scripts within the same system.  While being outside the
-  orthodox Isar proof language, these might come in handy for
-  interactive exploration and debugging, or even actual tactical proof
-  within new-style theories (to benefit from document preparation, for
-  example).  See also \secref{sec:tactics} for actual tactics, that
-  have been encapsulated as proof methods.  Proper proof methods may
-  be used in scripts, too.
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{apply}\hypertarget{command.apply}{\hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{apply\_end}\hypertarget{command.apply-end}{\hyperlink{command.apply-end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}end}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{done}\hypertarget{command.done}{\hyperlink{command.done}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{done}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{defer}\hypertarget{command.defer}{\hyperlink{command.defer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defer}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{prefer}\hypertarget{command.prefer}{\hyperlink{command.prefer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prefer}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{back}\hypertarget{command.back}{\hyperlink{command.back}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{back}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.apply-end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}end}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.method}{\mbox{\isa{method}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.defer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defer}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.prefer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prefer}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}~\isa{m} applies proof method \isa{m} in
-  initial position, but unlike \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}} it retains ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' mode.  Thus consecutive method applications may be
-  given just as in tactic scripts.
-  
-  Facts are passed to \isa{m} as indicated by the goal's
-  forward-chain mode, and are \emph{consumed} afterwards.  Thus any
-  further \hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}} command would always work in a purely
-  backward manner.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.apply-end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}end}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} applies proof method \isa{m} as if in terminal position.  Basically, this simulates a
-  multi-step tactic script for \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}, but may be given
-  anywhere within the proof body.
-  
-  No facts are passed to \isa{m} here.  Furthermore, the static
-  context is that of the enclosing goal (as for actual \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}).  Thus the proof method may not refer to any assumptions
-  introduced in the current body, for example.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.done}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{done}}}} completes a proof script, provided that the
-  current goal state is solved completely.  Note that actual
-  structured proof commands (e.g.\ ``\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' or \hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}}) may be used to conclude proof scripts as well.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.defer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defer}}}}~\isa{n} and \hyperlink{command.prefer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prefer}}}}~\isa{n}
-  shuffle the list of pending goals: \hyperlink{command.defer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defer}}}} puts off
-  sub-goal \isa{n} to the end of the list (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by
-  default), while \hyperlink{command.prefer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prefer}}}} brings sub-goal \isa{n} to the
-  front.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.back}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{back}}}} does back-tracking over the result sequence
-  of the latest proof command.  Basically, any proof command may
-  return multiple results.
-  
-  \end{description}
-
-  Any proper Isar proof method may be used with tactic script commands
-  such as \hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}.  A few additional emulations of actual
-  tactics are provided as well; these would be never used in actual
-  structured proofs, of course.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Defining proof methods%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{method\_setup}\hypertarget{command.method-setup}{\hyperlink{command.method-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{method{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.method-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{method{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.method-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{method{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ text\ description{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  defines a proof method in the current theory.  The given \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}text{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} has to be an ML expression of type
-  \verb|(Proof.context -> Proof.method) context_parser|, cf.\
-  basic parsers defined in structure \verb|Args| and \verb|Attrib|.  There are also combinators like \verb|METHOD| and \verb|SIMPLE_METHOD| to turn certain tactic forms into official proof
-  methods; the primed versions refer to tactics with explicit goal
-  addressing.
-
-  Here are some example method definitions:
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimML
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimML
-%
-\isatagML
-\isacommand{method{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ my{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}method{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B2A}{\isacharverbatimopen}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ Scan{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}succeed\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}K\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}SIMPLE{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}METHOD{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ i{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ int\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{2A7D}{\isacharverbatimclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}my\ first\ method\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}without\ any\ arguments{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{method{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ my{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}method{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B2A}{\isacharverbatimopen}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ Scan{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}succeed\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ ctxt{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Proof{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}context\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ SIMPLE{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}METHOD{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ i{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ int\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{2A7D}{\isacharverbatimclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}my\ second\ method\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}with\ context{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{method{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ my{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}method{\isadigit{3}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B2A}{\isacharverbatimopen}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ Attrib{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}thms\ {\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ thms{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ thm\ list\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ fn\ ctxt{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Proof{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}context\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ SIMPLE{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}METHOD{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ i{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ int\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{2A7D}{\isacharverbatimclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}my\ third\ method\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}with\ theorem\ arguments\ and\ context{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagML
-{\isafoldML}%
-%
-\isadelimML
-%
-\endisadelimML
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Generalized elimination \label{sec:obtain}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{obtain}\hypertarget{command.obtain}{\hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{guess}\hypertarget{command.guess}{\hyperlink{command.guess}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{guess}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Generalized elimination means that additional elements with certain
-  properties may be introduced in the current context, by virtue of a
-  locally proven ``soundness statement''.  Technically speaking, the
-  \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}} language element is like a declaration of
-  \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}} and \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}} (see also see
-  \secref{sec:proof-context}), together with a soundness proof of its
-  additional claim.  According to the nature of existential reasoning,
-  assumptions get eliminated from any result exported from the context
-  later, provided that the corresponding parameters do \emph{not}
-  occur in the conclusion.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.parname}{\mbox{\isa{parname}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.vars}{\mbox{\isa{vars}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.props}{\mbox{\isa{props}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.guess}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{guess}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.vars}{\mbox{\isa{vars}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  The derived Isar command \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}} is defined as follows
-  (where \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} shall refer to (optional)
-  facts indicated for forward chaining).
-  \begin{matharray}{l}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616E676C653E}{\isasymlangle}}using\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{5C3C72616E676C653E}{\isasymrangle}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~~\hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616E676C653E}{\isasymlangle}}proof{\isaliteral{5C3C72616E676C653E}{\isasymrangle}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[1ex]
-    \quad \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}thesis{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \quad \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\hyperlink{method.succeed}{\mbox{\isa{succeed}}} \\
-    \qquad \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{thesis} \\
-    \qquad \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}that\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}Pure{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intro{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \qquad \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}~\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{thesis} \\
-    \quad\qquad \hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}} \\
-    \quad\qquad \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k\ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616E676C653E}{\isasymlangle}}proof{\isaliteral{5C3C72616E676C653E}{\isasymrangle}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \quad \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}} \\
-    \quad \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Typically, the soundness proof is relatively straight-forward, often
-  just by canonical automated tools such as ``\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{simp}'' or ``\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{blast}''.  Accordingly, the
-  ``\isa{that}'' reduction above is declared as simplification and
-  introduction rule.
-
-  In a sense, \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}} represents at the level of Isar
-  proofs what would be meta-logical existential quantifiers and
-  conjunctions.  This concept has a broad range of useful
-  applications, ranging from plain elimination (or introduction) of
-  object-level existential and conjunctions, to elimination over
-  results of symbolic evaluation of recursive definitions, for
-  example.  Also note that \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}} without parameters acts
-  much like \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}, where the result is treated as a
-  genuine assumption.
-
-  An alternative name to be used instead of ``\isa{that}'' above may
-  be given in parentheses.
-
-  \medskip The improper variant \hyperlink{command.guess}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{guess}}}} is similar to
-  \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}, but derives the obtained statement from the
-  course of reasoning!  The proof starts with a fixed goal \isa{thesis}.  The subsequent proof may refine this to anything of the
-  form like \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, but must not introduce new subgoals.  The
-  final goal state is then used as reduction rule for the obtain
-  scheme described above.  Obtained parameters \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are marked as internal by default, which prevents the
-  proof context from being polluted by ad-hoc variables.  The variable
-  names and type constraints given as arguments for \hyperlink{command.guess}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{guess}}}}
-  specify a prefix of obtained parameters explicitly in the text.
-
-  It is important to note that the facts introduced by \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}} and \hyperlink{command.guess}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{guess}}}} may not be polymorphic: any
-  type-variables occurring here are fixed in the present context!%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Calculational reasoning \label{sec:calculation}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{also}\hypertarget{command.also}{\hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{finally}\hypertarget{command.finally}{\hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{moreover}\hypertarget{command.moreover}{\hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{ultimately}\hypertarget{command.ultimately}{\hyperlink{command.ultimately}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ultimately}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_trans\_rules}\hypertarget{command.print-trans-rules}{\hyperlink{command.print-trans-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trans{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rules}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.trans}{\mbox{\isa{trans}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.sym}{\mbox{\isa{sym}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.symmetric}{\mbox{\isa{symmetric}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Calculational proof is forward reasoning with implicit application
-  of transitivity rules (such those of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C653E}{\isasymle}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).  Isabelle/Isar maintains an auxiliary fact register
-  \indexref{}{fact}{calculation}\hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} for accumulating results obtained by
-  transitivity composed with the current result.  Command \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}} updates \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} involving \hyperlink{fact.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}, while
-  \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}} exhibits the final \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} by
-  forward chaining towards the next goal statement.  Both commands
-  require valid current facts, i.e.\ may occur only after commands
-  that produce theorems such as \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}, \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}, or some finished proof of \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}, \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} etc.  The \hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}} and \hyperlink{command.ultimately}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ultimately}}}}
-  commands are similar to \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}} and \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}},
-  but only collect further results in \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} without
-  applying any rules yet.
-
-  Also note that the implicit term abbreviation ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' has
-  its canonical application with calculational proofs.  It refers to
-  the argument of the preceding statement. (The argument of a curried
-  infix expression happens to be its right-hand side.)
-
-  Isabelle/Isar calculations are implicitly subject to block structure
-  in the sense that new threads of calculational reasoning are
-  commenced for any new block (as opened by a local goal, for
-  example).  This means that, apart from being able to nest
-  calculations, there is no separate \emph{begin-calculation} command
-  required.
-
-  \medskip The Isar calculation proof commands may be defined as
-  follows:\footnote{We suppress internal bookkeeping such as proper
-  handling of block-structure.}
-
-  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}calculation\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}calculation\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ trans\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}OF\ calculation\ this{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[0.5ex]
-    \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}~\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{calculation} \\[0.5ex]
-    \hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}calculation\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ calculation\ this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.ultimately}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ultimately}}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}}~\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{calculation} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.trans}{\mbox{\isa{trans}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{add}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} maintains the auxiliary
-  \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} register as follows.  The first occurrence of
-  \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}} in some calculational thread initializes \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} by \hyperlink{fact.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}. Any subsequent \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}} on
-  the same level of block-structure updates \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} by
-  some transitivity rule applied to \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} and \hyperlink{fact.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}} (in that order).  Transitivity rules are picked from the
-  current context, unless alternative rules are given as explicit
-  arguments.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} maintaining \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} in the same way as \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}, and concludes the
-  current calculational thread.  The final result is exhibited as fact
-  for forward chaining towards the next goal. Basically, \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}} just abbreviates \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}~\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}}.  Typical idioms for concluding
-  calculational proofs are ``\hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}~\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis}~\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' and ``\hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}~\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}}~\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}''.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}} and \hyperlink{command.ultimately}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ultimately}}}} are
-  analogous to \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}} and \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}, but collect
-  results only, without applying rules.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-trans-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trans{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rules}}}} prints the list of transitivity
-  rules (for calculational commands \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}} and \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}) and symmetry rules (for the \hyperlink{attribute.symmetric}{\mbox{\isa{symmetric}}}
-  operation and single step elimination patters) of the current
-  context.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.trans}{\mbox{\isa{trans}}} declares theorems as transitivity rules.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.sym}{\mbox{\isa{sym}}} declares symmetry rules, as well as
-  \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{Pure{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}elim}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} rules.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.symmetric}{\mbox{\isa{symmetric}}} resolves a theorem with some rule
-  declared as \hyperlink{attribute.sym}{\mbox{\isa{sym}}} in the current context.  For example,
-  ``\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}symmetric{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' produces a
-  swapped fact derived from that assumption.
-
-  In structured proof texts it is often more appropriate to use an
-  explicit single-step elimination proof, such as ``\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}~\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}''.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Proof by cases and induction \label{sec:cases-induct}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Rule contexts%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{case}\hypertarget{command.case}{\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_cases}\hypertarget{command.print-cases}{\hyperlink{command.print-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{case\_names}\hypertarget{attribute.case-names}{\hyperlink{attribute.case-names}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}names}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{case\_conclusion}\hypertarget{attribute.case-conclusion}{\hyperlink{attribute.case-conclusion}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}conclusion}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{params}\hypertarget{attribute.params}{\hyperlink{attribute.params}{\mbox{\isa{params}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{consumes}\hypertarget{attribute.consumes}{\hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The puristic way to build up Isar proof contexts is by explicit
-  language elements like \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}, \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}},
-  \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}} (see \secref{sec:proof-context}).  This is adequate
-  for plain natural deduction, but easily becomes unwieldy in concrete
-  verification tasks, which typically involve big induction rules with
-  several cases.
-
-  The \hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}} command provides a shorthand to refer to a
-  local context symbolically: certain proof methods provide an
-  environment of named ``cases'' of the form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}; the effect of ``\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{c}'' is then equivalent to ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.  Term bindings may be covered as well, notably
-  \hyperlink{variable.?case}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}case}}} for the main conclusion.
-
-  By default, the ``terminology'' \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of
-  a case value is marked as hidden, i.e.\ there is no way to refer to
-  such parameters in the subsequent proof text.  After all, original
-  rule parameters stem from somewhere outside of the current proof
-  text.  By using the explicit form ``\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c\ y\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ y\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' instead, the proof author is able to
-  chose local names that fit nicely into the current context.
-
-  \medskip It is important to note that proper use of \hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}} does not provide means to peek at the current goal state,
-  which is not directly observable in Isar!  Nonetheless, goal
-  refinement commands do provide named cases \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}goal\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  for each subgoal \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}i\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of the resulting goal state.
-  Using this extra feature requires great care, because some bits of
-  the internal tactical machinery intrude the proof text.  In
-  particular, parameter names stemming from the left-over of automated
-  reasoning tools are usually quite unpredictable.
-
-  Under normal circumstances, the text of cases emerge from standard
-  elimination or induction rules, which in turn are derived from
-  previous theory specifications in a canonical way (say from
-  \hyperlink{command.inductive}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{inductive}}}} definitions).
-
-  \medskip Proper cases are only available if both the proof method
-  and the rules involved support this.  By using appropriate
-  attributes, case names, conclusions, and parameters may be also
-  declared by hand.  Thus variant versions of rules that have been
-  derived manually become ready to use in advanced case analysis
-  later.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{4}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\isa{caseref}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{caseref}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{3}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{caseref}}
-\rail@nont{\isa{nameref}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{attributes}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.case-names}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}names}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{3}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{4}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.case-conclusion}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}conclusion}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.params}{\mbox{\isa{params}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nat}{\mbox{\isa{nat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} invokes a named local
-  context \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, as provided by an
-  appropriate proof method (such as \indexref{}{method}{cases}\hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} and
-  \indexref{}{method}{induct}\hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}).  The command ``\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}} prints all local contexts of the
-  current state, using Isar proof language notation.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.case-names}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}names}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} declares names for
-  the local contexts of premises of a theorem; \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  refers to the \emph{prefix} of the list of premises. Each of the
-  cases \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} can be of the form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}h\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ h\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} where
-  the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}h\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ h\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are the names of the hypotheses in case \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  from left to right.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.case-conclusion}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}conclusion}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ d\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ d\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} declares
-  names for the conclusions of a named premise \isa{c}; here \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}d\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ d\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} refers to the prefix of arguments of a logical formula
-  built by nesting a binary connective (e.g.\ \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).
-  
-  Note that proof methods such as \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} and \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} already provide a default name for the conclusion as a
-  whole.  The need to name subformulas only arises with cases that
-  split into several sub-cases, as in common co-induction rules.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.params}{\mbox{\isa{params}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} renames
-  the innermost parameters of premises \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of some
-  theorem.  An empty list of names may be given to skip positions,
-  leaving the present parameters unchanged.
-  
-  Note that the default usage of case rules does \emph{not} directly
-  expose parameters to the proof context.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}~\isa{n} declares the number of ``major
-  premises'' of a rule, i.e.\ the number of facts to be consumed when
-  it is applied by an appropriate proof method.  The default value of
-  \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}} is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which is appropriate for
-  the usual kind of cases and induction rules for inductive sets (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:hol-inductive}).  Rules without any \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}} declaration given are treated as if \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}~\isa{{\isadigit{0}}} had been specified.
-  
-  Note that explicit \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}} declarations are only
-  rarely needed; this is already taken care of automatically by the
-  higher-level \hyperlink{attribute.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}, and
-  \hyperlink{attribute.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} declarations.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Proof methods%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{method}{cases}\hypertarget{method.cases}{\hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{induct}\hypertarget{method.induct}{\hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{induction}\hypertarget{method.induction}{\hyperlink{method.induction}{\mbox{\isa{induction}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{coinduct}\hypertarget{method.coinduct}{\hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}, \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}, \hyperlink{method.induction}{\mbox{\isa{induction}}},
-  and \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}}
-  methods provide a uniform interface to common proof techniques over
-  datatypes, inductive predicates (or sets), recursive functions etc.
-  The corresponding rules may be specified and instantiated in a
-  casual manner.  Furthermore, these methods provide named local
-  contexts that may be invoked via the \hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}} proof command
-  within the subsequent proof text.  This accommodates compact proof
-  texts even when reasoning about large specifications.
-
-  The \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} method also provides some additional
-  infrastructure in order to be applicable to structure statements
-  (either using explicit meta-level connectives, or including facts
-  and parameters separately).  This avoids cumbersome encoding of
-  ``strengthened'' inductive statements within the object-logic.
-
-  Method \hyperlink{method.induction}{\mbox{\isa{induction}}} differs from \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} only in
-  the names of the facts in the local context invoked by the \hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}
-  command.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.insts}{\mbox{\isa{insts}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\isa{rule}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.induction}{\mbox{\isa{induction}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{definsts}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{4}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@nont{\isa{arbitrary}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@nont{\isa{taking}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@nont{\isa{rule}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.insts}{\mbox{\isa{insts}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{taking}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{rule}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{5}{\isa{rule}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{type}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{pred}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{set}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{rule}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmref}{\mbox{\isa{thmref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{4}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\isa{definst}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.inst}{\mbox{\isa{inst}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{definsts}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\isa{definst}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{arbitrary}}
-\rail@term{\isa{arbitrary}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\isa{taking}}
-\rail@term{\isa{taking}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.insts}{\mbox{\isa{insts}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}insts\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} applies method \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} with an appropriate case distinction theorem, instantiated to
-  the subjects \isa{insts}.  Symbolic case names are bound according
-  to the rule's local contexts.
-
-  The rule is determined as follows, according to the facts and
-  arguments passed to the \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} method:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{llll}
-    facts           &                 & arguments   & rule \\\hline
-                    & \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} &             & classical case split \\
-                    & \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} & \isa{t}   & datatype exhaustion (type of \isa{t}) \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ A\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & inductive predicate/set elimination (of \isa{A}) \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}     & \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ rule{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & explicit rule \isa{R} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-
-  Several instantiations may be given, referring to the \emph{suffix}
-  of premises of the case rule; within each premise, the \emph{prefix}
-  of variables is instantiated.  In most situations, only a single
-  term needs to be specified; this refers to the first variable of the
-  last premise (it is usually the same for all cases).  The \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} option can be used to disable pre-simplification of
-  cases (see the description of \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} below for details).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}insts\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  \hyperlink{method.induction}{\mbox{\isa{induction}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}insts\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are analogous to the
-  \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} method, but refer to induction rules, which are
-  determined as follows:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{llll}
-    facts           &                  & arguments            & rule \\\hline
-                    & \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}        & datatype induction (type of \isa{x}) \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}          & predicate/set induction (of \isa{A}) \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}     & \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ rule{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & explicit rule \isa{R} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \medskip
-  
-  Several instantiations may be given, each referring to some part of
-  a mutual inductive definition or datatype --- only related partial
-  induction rules may be used together, though.  Any of the lists of
-  terms \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} refers to the \emph{suffix} of variables
-  present in the induction rule.  This enables the writer to specify
-  only induction variables, or both predicates and variables, for
-  example.
-
-  Instantiations may be definitional: equations \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  introduce local definitions, which are inserted into the claim and
-  discharged after applying the induction rule.  Equalities reappear
-  in the inductive cases, but have been transformed according to the
-  induction principle being involved here.  In order to achieve
-  practically useful induction hypotheses, some variables occurring in
-  \isa{t} need to be fixed (see below).  Instantiations of the form
-  \isa{t}, where \isa{t} is not a variable, are taken as a
-  shorthand for \mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}, where \isa{x} is a fresh
-  variable. If this is not intended, \isa{t} has to be enclosed in
-  parentheses.  By default, the equalities generated by definitional
-  instantiations are pre-simplified using a specific set of rules,
-  usually consisting of distinctness and injectivity theorems for
-  datatypes. This pre-simplification may cause some of the parameters
-  of an inductive case to disappear, or may even completely delete
-  some of the inductive cases, if one of the equalities occurring in
-  their premises can be simplified to \isa{False}.  The \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} option can be used to disable pre-simplification.
-  Additional rules to be used in pre-simplification can be declared
-  using the \indexdef{}{attribute}{induct\_simp}\hypertarget{attribute.induct-simp}{\hyperlink{attribute.induct-simp}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp}}}} attribute.
-
-  The optional ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}arbitrary{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
-  specification generalizes variables \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of the original goal before applying induction.  One can
-  separate variables by ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}and{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' to generalize them in other
-  goals then the first. Thus induction hypotheses may become
-  sufficiently general to get the proof through.  Together with
-  definitional instantiations, one may effectively perform induction
-  over expressions of a certain structure.
-  
-  The optional ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}taking{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
-  specification provides additional instantiations of a prefix of
-  pending variables in the rule.  Such schematic induction rules
-  rarely occur in practice, though.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}inst\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is analogous to the
-  \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} method, but refers to coinduction rules, which are
-  determined as follows:
-
-  \medskip
-  \begin{tabular}{llll}
-    goal          &                    & arguments & rule \\\hline
-                  & \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} & \isa{x} & type coinduction (type of \isa{x}) \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & predicate/set coinduction (of \isa{A}) \\
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}   & \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ rule{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & explicit rule \isa{R} \\
-  \end{tabular}
-  
-  Coinduction is the dual of induction.  Induction essentially
-  eliminates \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} towards a generic result \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
-  while coinduction introduces \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} starting with \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, for a suitable ``bisimulation'' \isa{B}.  The cases of a
-  coinduct rule are typically named after the predicates or sets being
-  covered, while the conclusions consist of several alternatives being
-  named after the individual destructor patterns.
-  
-  The given instantiation refers to the \emph{suffix} of variables
-  occurring in the rule's major premise, or conclusion if unavailable.
-  An additional ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}taking{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
-  specification may be required in order to specify the bisimulation
-  to be used in the coinduction step.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Above methods produce named local contexts, as determined by the
-  instantiated rule as given in the text.  Beyond that, the \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} and \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} methods guess further instantiations
-  from the goal specification itself.  Any persisting unresolved
-  schematic variables of the resulting rule will render the the
-  corresponding case invalid.  The term binding \hyperlink{variable.?case}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}case}}} for
-  the conclusion will be provided with each case, provided that term
-  is fully specified.
-
-  The \hyperlink{command.print-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}} command prints all named cases present
-  in the current proof state.
-
-  \medskip Despite the additional infrastructure, both \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}
-  and \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} merely apply a certain rule, after
-  instantiation, while conforming due to the usual way of monotonic
-  natural deduction: the context of a structured statement \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  reappears unchanged after the case split.
-
-  The \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} method is fundamentally different in this
-  respect: the meta-level structure is passed through the
-  ``recursive'' course involved in the induction.  Thus the original
-  statement is basically replaced by separate copies, corresponding to
-  the induction hypotheses and conclusion; the original goal context
-  is no longer available.  Thus local assumptions, fixed parameters
-  and definitions effectively participate in the inductive rephrasing
-  of the original statement.
-
-  In \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} proofs, local assumptions introduced by cases are split
-  into two different kinds: \isa{hyps} stemming from the rule and
-  \isa{prems} from the goal statement.  This is reflected in the
-  extracted cases accordingly, so invoking ``\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{c}'' will provide separate facts \isa{c{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}hyps} and \isa{c{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}prems},
-  as well as fact \isa{c} to hold the all-inclusive list.
-
-  In \hyperlink{method.induction}{\mbox{\isa{induction}}} proofs, local assumptions introduced by cases are
-  split into three different kinds: \isa{IH}, the induction hypotheses,
-  \isa{hyps}, the remaining hypotheses stemming from the rule, and
-  \isa{prems}, the assumptions from the goal statement. The names are
-  \isa{c{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}IH}, \isa{c{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}hyps} and \isa{c{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}prems}, as above.
-
-
-  \medskip Facts presented to either method are consumed according to
-  the number of ``major premises'' of the rule involved, which is
-  usually 0 for plain cases and induction rules of datatypes etc.\ and
-  1 for rules of inductive predicates or sets and the like.  The
-  remaining facts are inserted into the goal verbatim before the
-  actual \isa{cases}, \isa{induct}, or \isa{coinduct} rule is
-  applied.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Declaring rules%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_induct\_rules}\hypertarget{command.print-induct-rules}{\hyperlink{command.print-induct-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rules}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{cases}\hypertarget{attribute.cases}{\hyperlink{attribute.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{induct}\hypertarget{attribute.induct}{\hyperlink{attribute.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{coinduct}\hypertarget{attribute.coinduct}{\hyperlink{attribute.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{spec}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{spec}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{attribute.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{spec}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\isa{spec}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{type}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{pred}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{set}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{del}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-induct-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rules}}}} prints cases and induct rules
-  for predicates (or sets) and types of the current context.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{attribute.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}, and \hyperlink{attribute.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} (as attributes) declare rules for reasoning about
-  (co)inductive predicates (or sets) and types, using the
-  corresponding methods of the same name.  Certain definitional
-  packages of object-logics usually declare emerging cases and
-  induction rules as expected, so users rarely need to intervene.
-
-  Rules may be deleted via the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}del{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} specification, which
-  covers all of the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}type{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}/\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}pred{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}/\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}set{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  sub-categories simultaneously.  For example, \hyperlink{attribute.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}~\isa{del} removes any \hyperlink{attribute.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} rules declared for
-  some type, predicate, or set.
-  
-  Manual rule declarations usually refer to the \hyperlink{attribute.case-names}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}names}}} and \hyperlink{attribute.params}{\mbox{\isa{params}}} attributes to adjust names of
-  cases and parameters of a rule; the \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}
-  declaration is taken care of automatically: \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}~\isa{{\isadigit{0}}} is specified for ``type'' rules and \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}~\isa{{\isadigit{1}}} for ``predicate'' / ``set'' rules.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Quick_Reference.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Quick_Reference.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,290 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{Quick{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Reference}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Quick{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}Reference\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Isabelle/Isar quick reference \label{ap:refcard}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Proof commands%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Primitives and basic syntax%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
-    \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x} & augment context by \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F783E}{\isasymbox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & augment context by \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626F783E}{\isasymbox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}} & indicate forward chaining of facts \\
-    \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & prove local result \\
-    \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & prove local result, refining some goal \\
-    \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}~\isa{a} & indicate use of additional facts \\
-    \hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}}~\isa{a} & unfold definitional equations \\
-    \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\dots~\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & indicate proof structure and refinements \\
-    \hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}}}} & indicate explicit blocks \\
-    \hyperlink{command.next}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{next}}}} & switch blocks \\
-    \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & reconsider facts \\
-    \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & abbreviate terms by higher-order matching \\
-    \hyperlink{command.write}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{write}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mx{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & declare local mixfix syntax \\
-  \end{tabular}
-
-  \medskip
-
-  \begin{tabular}{rcl}
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & = & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prfx\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}method\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}\ stmt\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}method\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prfx\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.done}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{done}}}} \\
-    \isa{prfx} & = & \hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}~\isa{method} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}facts{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}facts{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \isa{stmt} & = & \hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}stmt\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.next}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{next}}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ facts{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}term\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ term{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.write}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{write}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mixfix{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}var\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ props{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\isa{goal} \\
-    \isa{goal} & = & \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ props\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ props\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Abbreviations and synonyms%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{tabular}{rcl}
-    \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{rule} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{this} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.hence}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hence}}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}~\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.thus}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thus}}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}~\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{a} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{a}~\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.with}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{with}}}}~\isa{a} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{this} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{this}~\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.hence}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hence}}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{this}~\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{command.thus}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thus}}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Derived elements%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{tabular}{rcl}
-    \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C617070726F783E}{\isasymapprox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}calculation\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C617070726F783E}{\isasymapprox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}calculation\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ trans\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}OF\ calculation\ this{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C617070726F783E}{\isasymapprox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}~\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{calculation} \\[0.5ex]
-    \hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C617070726F783E}{\isasymapprox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}calculation\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ calculation\ this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.ultimately}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ultimately}}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C617070726F783E}{\isasymapprox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}}~\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{calculation} \\[0.5ex]
-    \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C617070726F783E}{\isasymapprox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C617070726F783E}{\isasymapprox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C617070726F783E}{\isasymapprox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{c} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C617070726F783E}{\isasymapprox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C617070726F783E}{\isasymapprox}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} &
-      \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{cheating} \\
-  \end{tabular}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Diagnostic commands%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
-    \hyperlink{command.pr}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{pr}}}} & print current state \\
-    \hyperlink{command.thm}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thm}}}}~\isa{a} & print fact \\
-    \hyperlink{command.prop}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prop}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}} & print proposition \\
-    \hyperlink{command.term}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{term}}}}~\isa{t} & print term \\
-    \hyperlink{command.typ}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typ}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}} & print type \\
-  \end{tabular}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Proof methods%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
-    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Single steps (forward-chaining facts)}} \\[0.5ex]
-    \hyperlink{method.assumption}{\mbox{\isa{assumption}}} & apply some assumption \\
-    \hyperlink{method.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}} & apply current facts \\
-    \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}~\isa{a} & apply some rule  \\
-    \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} & apply standard rule (default for \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}) \\
-    \hyperlink{method.contradiction}{\mbox{\isa{contradiction}}} & apply \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} elimination rule (any order) \\
-    \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}~\isa{t} & case analysis (provides cases) \\
-    \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}~\isa{x} & proof by induction (provides cases) \\[2ex]
-
-    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Repeated steps (inserting facts)}} \\[0.5ex]
-    \hyperlink{method.-}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}} & no rules \\
-    \hyperlink{method.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}~\isa{a} & introduction rules \\
-    \hyperlink{method.intro-classes}{\mbox{\isa{intro{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}classes}}} & class introduction rules \\
-    \hyperlink{method.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}~\isa{a} & elimination rules \\
-    \hyperlink{method.unfold}{\mbox{\isa{unfold}}}~\isa{a} & definitional rewrite rules \\[2ex]
-
-    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Automated proof tools (inserting facts)}} \\[0.5ex]
-    \hyperlink{method.iprover}{\mbox{\isa{iprover}}} & intuitionistic proof search \\
-    \hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}}, \hyperlink{method.fast}{\mbox{\isa{fast}}} & Classical Reasoner \\
-    \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}, \hyperlink{method.simp-all}{\mbox{\isa{simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all}}} & Simplifier (+ Splitter) \\
-    \hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}}, \hyperlink{method.force}{\mbox{\isa{force}}} & Simplifier + Classical Reasoner \\
-    \hyperlink{method.arith}{\mbox{\isa{arith}}} & Arithmetic procedures \\
-  \end{tabular}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Attributes%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
-    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Rules}} \\[0.5ex]
-    \hyperlink{attribute.OF}{\mbox{\isa{OF}}}~\isa{a} & rule resolved with facts (skipping ``\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}'') \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.of}{\mbox{\isa{of}}}~\isa{t} & rule instantiated with terms (skipping ``\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}'') \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.where}{\mbox{\isa{where}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & rule instantiated with terms, by variable name \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.symmetric}{\mbox{\isa{symmetric}}} & resolution with symmetry rule \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.THEN}{\mbox{\isa{THEN}}}~\isa{b} & resolution with another rule \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.rule-format}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}format}}} & result put into standard rule format \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.elim-format}{\mbox{\isa{elim{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}format}}} & destruct rule turned into elimination rule format \\[1ex]
-
-    \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Declarations}} \\[0.5ex]
-    \hyperlink{attribute.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} & Simplifier rule \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}} & Pure or Classical Reasoner rule \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.iff}{\mbox{\isa{iff}}} & Simplifier + Classical Reasoner rule \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.split}{\mbox{\isa{split}}} & case split rule \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.trans}{\mbox{\isa{trans}}} & transitivity rule \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.sym}{\mbox{\isa{sym}}} & symmetry rule \\
-  \end{tabular}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Rule declarations and methods%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{tabular}{l|lllll}
-      & \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} & \hyperlink{method.iprover}{\mbox{\isa{iprover}}} & \hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}} & \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} & \hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}} \\
-      &                &                   & \hyperlink{method.fast}{\mbox{\isa{fast}}} & \hyperlink{method.simp-all}{\mbox{\isa{simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all}}} & \hyperlink{method.force}{\mbox{\isa{force}}} \\
-    \hline
-    \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{Pure{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}elim}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{Pure{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intro}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-      & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{Pure{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}elim}}} \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{Pure{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intro}}}
-      & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \hyperlink{attribute.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-      & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}    &                    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}          &                     & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}} \hyperlink{attribute.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}
-      & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}    &                    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}          &                     & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.iff}{\mbox{\isa{iff}}}
-      & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}    &                    & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}          & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}         & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.iff}{\mbox{\isa{iff}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-      & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \hyperlink{attribute.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-      & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}}
-      &                &                    &                      & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}         & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.cong}{\mbox{\isa{cong}}}
-      &                &                    &                      & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}         & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{attribute.split}{\mbox{\isa{split}}}
-      &                &                    &                      & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}         & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{tabular}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Emulating tactic scripts%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Commands%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
-    \hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}~\isa{m} & apply proof method at initial position \\
-    \hyperlink{command.apply-end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}end}}}}~\isa{m} & apply proof method near terminal position \\
-    \hyperlink{command.done}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{done}}}} & complete proof \\
-    \hyperlink{command.defer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defer}}}}~\isa{n} & move subgoal to end \\
-    \hyperlink{command.prefer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prefer}}}}~\isa{n} & move subgoal to beginning \\
-    \hyperlink{command.back}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{back}}}} & backtrack last command \\
-  \end{tabular}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Methods%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
-    \hyperlink{method.rule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{insts} & resolution (with instantiation) \\
-    \hyperlink{method.erule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{erule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{insts} & elim-resolution (with instantiation) \\
-    \hyperlink{method.drule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{drule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{insts} & destruct-resolution (with instantiation) \\
-    \hyperlink{method.frule-tac}{\mbox{\isa{frule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{insts} & forward-resolution (with instantiation) \\
-    \hyperlink{method.cut-tac}{\mbox{\isa{cut{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{insts} & insert facts (with instantiation) \\
-    \hyperlink{method.thin-tac}{\mbox{\isa{thin{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}} & delete assumptions \\
-    \hyperlink{method.subgoal-tac}{\mbox{\isa{subgoal{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}} & new claims \\
-    \hyperlink{method.rename-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rename{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{x} & rename innermost goal parameters \\
-    \hyperlink{method.rotate-tac}{\mbox{\isa{rotate{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{n} & rotate assumptions of goal \\
-    \hyperlink{method.tactic}{\mbox{\isa{tactic}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}text{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & arbitrary ML tactic \\
-    \hyperlink{method.case-tac}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{t} & exhaustion (datatypes) \\
-    \hyperlink{method.induct-tac}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac}}}~\isa{x} & induction (datatypes) \\
-    \hyperlink{method.ind-cases}{\mbox{\isa{ind{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}~\isa{t} & exhaustion + simplification (inductive predicates) \\
-  \end{tabular}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Spec.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Spec.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,2019 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{Spec}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Spec\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Specifications%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The Isabelle/Isar theory format integrates specifications and
-  proofs, supporting interactive development with unlimited undo
-  operation.  There is an integrated document preparation system (see
-  \chref{ch:document-prep}), for typesetting formal developments
-  together with informal text.  The resulting hyper-linked PDF
-  documents can be used both for WWW presentation and printed copies.
-
-  The Isar proof language (see \chref{ch:proofs}) is embedded into the
-  theory language as a proper sub-language.  Proof mode is entered by
-  stating some \hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}} or \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}} at the theory
-  level, and left again with the final conclusion (e.g.\ via \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}).  Some theory specification mechanisms also require a proof,
-  such as \hyperlink{command.typedef}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedef}}}} in HOL, which demands non-emptiness of
-  the representing sets.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Defining theories \label{sec:begin-thy}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{theory}\hypertarget{command.theory}{\hyperlink{command.theory}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theory}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}toplevel\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{global}{command}{end}\hypertarget{command.global.end}{\hyperlink{command.global.end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{end}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ toplevel{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Isabelle/Isar theories are defined via theory files, which may
-  contain both specifications and proofs; occasionally definitional
-  mechanisms also require some explicit proof.  The theory body may be
-  sub-structured by means of \emph{local theory targets}, such as
-  \hyperlink{command.locale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{locale}}}} and \hyperlink{command.class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{class}}}}.
-
-  The first proper command of a theory is \hyperlink{command.theory}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theory}}}}, which
-  indicates imports of previous theories and optional dependencies on
-  other source files (usually in ML).  Just preceding the initial
-  \hyperlink{command.theory}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theory}}}} command there may be an optional \hyperlink{command.header}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{header}}}} declaration, which is only relevant to document
-  preparation: see also the other section markup commands in
-  \secref{sec:markup}.
-
-  A theory is concluded by a final \hyperlink{command.global.end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{end}}}} command,
-  one that does not belong to a local theory target.  No further
-  commands may follow such a global \hyperlink{command.global.end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{end}}}},
-  although some user-interfaces might pretend that trailing input is
-  admissible.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{4}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.theory}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theory}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{imports}}[]
-\rail@cr{2}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@nont{\isa{keywords}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@nont{\isa{uses}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{begin}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{imports}}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{imports}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{keywords}}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{keywords}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.string}{\mbox{\isa{string}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.tags}{\mbox{\isa{tags}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{uses}}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{uses}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.parname}{\mbox{\isa{parname}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.theory}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theory}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C494D504F5254533E}{\isasymIMPORTS}}\ B\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ B\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C424547494E3E}{\isasymBEGIN}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  starts a new theory \isa{A} based on the merge of existing
-  theories \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}B\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ B\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Due to the possibility to import more
-  than one ancestor, the resulting theory structure of an Isabelle
-  session forms a directed acyclic graph (DAG).  Isabelle takes care
-  that sources contributing to the development graph are always
-  up-to-date: changed files are automatically rechecked whenever a
-  theory header specification is processed.
-
-  The optional \indexdef{}{keyword}{keywords}\hypertarget{keyword.keywords}{\hyperlink{keyword.keywords}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{keywords}}}}} specification declares outer
-  syntax (\chref{ch:outer-syntax}) that is introduced in this theory
-  later on (rare in end-user applications).  Both minor keywords and
-  major keywords of the Isar command language need to be specified, in
-  order to make parsing of proof documents work properly.  Command
-  keywords need to be classified according to their structural role in
-  the formal text.  Examples may be seen in Isabelle/HOL sources
-  itself, such as \hyperlink{keyword.keywords}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{keywords}}}}~\verb|"typedef"|
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ thy{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}goal{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} or \hyperlink{keyword.keywords}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{keywords}}}}~\verb|"datatype"| \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ thy{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}decl{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for theory-level declarations
-  with and without proof, respectively.  Additional \hyperlink{syntax.tags}{\mbox{\isa{tags}}}
-  provide defaults for document preparation (\secref{sec:tags}).
-  
-  The optional \indexdef{}{keyword}{uses}\hypertarget{keyword.uses}{\hyperlink{keyword.uses}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{uses}}}}} specification declares additional
-  dependencies on external files (notably ML sources).  Files will be
-  loaded immediately (as ML), unless the name is parenthesized.  The
-  latter case records a dependency that needs to be resolved later in
-  the text, usually via explicit \indexref{}{command}{use}\hyperlink{command.use}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{use}}}} for ML files;
-  other file formats require specific load commands defined by the
-  corresponding tools or packages.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.global.end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{end}}}} concludes the current theory
-  definition.  Note that some other commands, e.g.\ local theory
-  targets \hyperlink{command.locale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{locale}}}} or \hyperlink{command.class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{class}}}} may involve a
-  \hyperlink{keyword.begin}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{begin}}}} that needs to be matched by \hyperlink{command.local.end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{end}}}}, according to the usual rules for nested blocks.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Local theory targets \label{sec:target}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{context}\hypertarget{command.context}{\hyperlink{command.context}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{context}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{local}{command}{end}\hypertarget{command.local.end}{\hyperlink{command.local.end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{end}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  A local theory target is a context managed separately within the
-  enclosing theory.  Contexts may introduce parameters (fixed
-  variables) and assumptions (hypotheses).  Definitions and theorems
-  depending on the context may be added incrementally later on.
-
-  \emph{Named contexts} refer to locales (cf.\ \secref{sec:locale}) or
-  type classes (cf.\ \secref{sec:class}); the name ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
-  signifies the global theory context.
-
-  \emph{Unnamed contexts} may introduce additional parameters and
-  assumptions, and results produced in the context are generalized
-  accordingly.  Such auxiliary contexts may be nested within other
-  targets, like \hyperlink{command.locale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{locale}}}}, \hyperlink{command.class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{class}}}}, \hyperlink{command.instantiation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instantiation}}}}, \hyperlink{command.overloading}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{overloading}}}}.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.context}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{context}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{begin}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.context}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{context}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\indexref{}{syntax}{includes}\hyperlink{syntax.includes}{\mbox{\isa{includes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cnont{\hyperlink{syntax.context-elem}{\mbox{\isa{context{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}elem}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{begin}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{target}\hypertarget{syntax.target}{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{in}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.context}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{context}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{5C3C424547494E3E}{\isasymBEGIN}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} opens a named
-  context, by recommencing an existing locale or class \isa{c}.
-  Note that locale and class definitions allow to include the
-  \hyperlink{keyword.begin}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{begin}}}} keyword as well, in order to continue the local
-  theory immediately after the initial specification.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.context}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{context}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}bundles\ elements\ {\isaliteral{5C3C424547494E3E}{\isasymBEGIN}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} opens
-  an unnamed context, by extending the enclosing global or local
-  theory target by the given declaration bundles (\secref{sec:bundle})
-  and context elements (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C46495845533E}{\isasymFIXES}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C415353554D45533E}{\isasymASSUMES}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  etc.).  This means any results stemming from definitions and proofs
-  in the extended context will be exported into the enclosing target
-  by lifting over extra parameters and premises.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.local.end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{end}}}} concludes the current local theory,
-  according to the nesting of contexts.  Note that a global \hyperlink{command.global.end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{end}}}} has a different meaning: it concludes the theory
-  itself (\secref{sec:begin-thy}).
-  
-  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\indexdef{}{keyword}{in}\hypertarget{keyword.in}{\hyperlink{keyword.in}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{in}}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} given after any
-  local theory command specifies an immediate target, e.g.\
-  ``\hyperlink{command.definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{definition}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C494E3E}{\isasymIN}}\ c{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' or ``\hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C494E3E}{\isasymIN}}\ c{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.  This works both in a local or
-  global theory context; the current target context will be suspended
-  for this command only.  Note that ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C494E3E}{\isasymIN}}\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' will
-  always produce a global result independently of the current target
-  context.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  The exact meaning of results produced within a local theory context
-  depends on the underlying target infrastructure (locale, type class
-  etc.).  The general idea is as follows, considering a context named
-  \isa{c} with parameter \isa{x} and assumption \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  
-  Definitions are exported by introducing a global version with
-  additional arguments; a syntactic abbreviation links the long form
-  with the abstract version of the target context.  For example,
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} becomes \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}a\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} at the theory
-  level (for arbitrary \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}), together with a local
-  abbreviation \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ c{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}a\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in the target context (for the
-  fixed parameter \isa{x}).
-
-  Theorems are exported by discharging the assumptions and
-  generalizing the parameters of the context.  For example, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ B{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} becomes \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, again for arbitrary
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \medskip The Isabelle/HOL library contains numerous applications of
-  locales and classes, e.g.\ see \verb|~~/src/HOL/Algebra|.  An
-  example for an unnamed auxiliary contexts is given in \verb|~~/src/HOL/Isar_Examples/Group_Context.thy|.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Bundled declarations \label{sec:bundle}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{bundle}\hypertarget{command.bundle}{\hyperlink{command.bundle}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{bundle}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_bundles}\hypertarget{command.print-bundles}{\hyperlink{command.print-bundles}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}bundles}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{include}\hypertarget{command.include}{\hyperlink{command.include}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{include}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{including}\hypertarget{command.including}{\hyperlink{command.including}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{including}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{keyword}{includes}\hypertarget{keyword.includes}{\hyperlink{keyword.includes}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{includes}}}}} & : & syntax \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  The outer syntax of fact expressions (\secref{sec:syn-att}) involves
-  theorems and attributes, which are evaluated in the context and
-  applied to it.  Attributes may declare theorems to the context, as
-  in \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}this{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rule\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}intro{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ that{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rule\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}elim{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for example.
-  Configuration options (\secref{sec:config}) are special declaration
-  attributes that operate on the context without a theorem, as in
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}show{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}types\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ false{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for example.
-
-  Expressions of this form may be defined as \emph{bundled
-  declarations} in the context, and included in other situations later
-  on.  Including declaration bundles augments a local context casually
-  without logical dependencies, which is in contrast to locales and
-  locale interpretation (\secref{sec:locale}).
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.bundle}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{bundle}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{for}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.vars}{\mbox{\isa{vars}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.include}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{include}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.including}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{including}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{includes}\hypertarget{syntax.includes}{\hyperlink{syntax.includes}{\mbox{\isa{includes}}}}}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{includes}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.bundle}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{bundle}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ decls{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} defines a bundle of
-  declarations in the current context.  The RHS is similar to the one
-  of the \hyperlink{command.declare}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{declare}}}} command.  Bundles defined in local theory
-  targets are subject to transformations via morphisms, when moved
-  into different application contexts; this works analogously to any
-  other local theory specification.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-bundles}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}bundles}}}} prints the named bundles that are
-  available in the current context.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.include}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{include}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} includes the declarations
-  from the given bundles into the current proof body context.  This is
-  analogous to \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}} (\secref{sec:proof-facts}) with the
-  expanded bundles.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.including}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{including}}}} is similar to \hyperlink{command.include}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{include}}}}, but
-  works in proof refinement (backward mode).  This is analogous to
-  \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}} (\secref{sec:proof-facts}) with the expanded
-  bundles.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{keyword.includes}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{includes}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is similar to
-  \hyperlink{command.include}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{include}}}}, but works in situations where a specification
-  context is constructed, notably for \hyperlink{command.context}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{context}}}} and long
-  statements of \hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}} etc.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  Here is an artificial example of bundling various configuration
-  options:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{bundle}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ trace\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trace{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ blast{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trace{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ linarith{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trace{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ metis{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trace{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ smt{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trace{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{including}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ trace%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ metis%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Basic specification elements%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{axiomatization}\hypertarget{command.axiomatization}{\hyperlink{command.axiomatization}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{axiomatization}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & (axiomatic!) \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{definition}\hypertarget{command.definition}{\hyperlink{command.definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{definition}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{attribute}{defn}\hypertarget{attribute.defn}{\hyperlink{attribute.defn}{\mbox{\isa{defn}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{abbreviation}\hypertarget{command.abbreviation}{\hyperlink{command.abbreviation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{abbreviation}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_abbrevs}\hypertarget{command.print-abbrevs}{\hyperlink{command.print-abbrevs}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abbrevs}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  These specification mechanisms provide a slightly more abstract view
-  than the underlying primitives of \hyperlink{command.consts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{consts}}}}, \hyperlink{command.defs}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defs}}}} (see \secref{sec:consts}), and \hyperlink{command.axioms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{axioms}}}} (see
-  \secref{sec:axms-thms}).  In particular, type-inference is commonly
-  available, and result names need not be given.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.axiomatization}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{axiomatization}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{fixes}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{specs}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{definition}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\isa{decl}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.abbreviation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{abbreviation}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mode}{\mbox{\isa{mode}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\isa{decl}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{4}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{fixes}\hypertarget{syntax.fixes}{\hyperlink{syntax.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{fixes}}}}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.vars}{\mbox{\isa{vars}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{3}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{specs}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.props}{\mbox{\isa{props}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{decl}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.axiomatization}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{axiomatization}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  introduces several constants simultaneously and states axiomatic
-  properties for these.  The constants are marked as being specified
-  once and for all, which prevents additional specifications being
-  issued later on.
-  
-  Note that axiomatic specifications are only appropriate when
-  declaring a new logical system; axiomatic specifications are
-  restricted to global theory contexts.  Normal applications should
-  only use definitional mechanisms!
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{definition}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ eq{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} produces an
-  internal definition \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} according to the specification
-  given as \isa{eq}, which is then turned into a proven fact.  The
-  given proposition may deviate from internal meta-level equality
-  according to the rewrite rules declared as \hyperlink{attribute.defn}{\mbox{\isa{defn}}} by the
-  object-logic.  This usually covers object-level equality \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and equivalence \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C65667472696768746172726F773E}{\isasymleftrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  End-users normally need not
-  change the \hyperlink{attribute.defn}{\mbox{\isa{defn}}} setup.
-  
-  Definitions may be presented with explicit arguments on the LHS, as
-  well as additional conditions, e.g.\ \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ x\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} instead of
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ g\ x\ y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ u{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} instead of an
-  unrestricted \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}g\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ u{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.abbreviation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{abbreviation}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ eq{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} introduces a
-  syntactic constant which is associated with a certain term according
-  to the meta-level equality \isa{eq}.
-  
-  Abbreviations participate in the usual type-inference process, but
-  are expanded before the logic ever sees them.  Pretty printing of
-  terms involves higher-order rewriting with rules stemming from
-  reverted abbreviations.  This needs some care to avoid overlapping
-  or looping syntactic replacements!
-  
-  The optional \isa{mode} specification restricts output to a
-  particular print mode; using ``\isa{input}'' here achieves the
-  effect of one-way abbreviations.  The mode may also include an
-  ``\hyperlink{keyword.output}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{output}}}}'' qualifier that affects the concrete syntax
-  declared for abbreviations, cf.\ \hyperlink{command.syntax}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax}}}} in
-  \secref{sec:syn-trans}.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-abbrevs}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}abbrevs}}}} prints all constant abbreviations
-  of the current context.
-  
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Generic declarations%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{declaration}\hypertarget{command.declaration}{\hyperlink{command.declaration}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{declaration}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{syntax\_declaration}\hypertarget{command.syntax-declaration}{\hyperlink{command.syntax-declaration}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}declaration}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{declare}\hypertarget{command.declare}{\hyperlink{command.declare}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{declare}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Arbitrary operations on the background context may be wrapped-up as
-  generic declaration elements.  Since the underlying concept of local
-  theories may be subject to later re-interpretation, there is an
-  additional dependency on a morphism that tells the difference of the
-  original declaration context wrt.\ the application context
-  encountered later on.  A fact declaration is an important special
-  case: it consists of a theorem which is applied to the context by
-  means of an attribute.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.declaration}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{declaration}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.syntax-declaration}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}declaration}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{pervasive}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.declare}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{declare}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.declaration}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{declaration}}}}~\isa{d} adds the declaration
-  function \isa{d} of ML type \verb|declaration|, to the current
-  local theory under construction.  In later application contexts, the
-  function is transformed according to the morphisms being involved in
-  the interpretation hierarchy.
-
-  If the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}pervasive{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} option is given, the corresponding
-  declaration is applied to all possible contexts involved, including
-  the global background theory.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.syntax-declaration}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{syntax{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}declaration}}}} is similar to \hyperlink{command.declaration}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{declaration}}}}, but is meant to affect only ``syntactic'' tools by
-  convention (such as notation and type-checking information).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.declare}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{declare}}}}~\isa{thms} declares theorems to the
-  current local theory context.  No theorem binding is involved here,
-  unlike \hyperlink{command.theorems}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorems}}}} or \hyperlink{command.lemmas}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemmas}}}} (cf.\
-  \secref{sec:axms-thms}), so \hyperlink{command.declare}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{declare}}}} only has the effect
-  of applying attributes as included in the theorem specification.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Locales \label{sec:locale}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Locales are parametric named local contexts, consisting of a list of
-  declaration elements that are modeled after the Isar proof context
-  commands (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Locale expressions \label{sec:locale-expr}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-A \emph{locale expression} denotes a structured context composed of
-  instances of existing locales.  The context consists of a list of
-  instances of declaration elements from the locales.  Two locale
-  instances are equal if they are of the same locale and the
-  parameters are instantiated with equivalent terms.  Declaration
-  elements from equal instances are never repeated, thus avoiding
-  duplicate declarations.  More precisely, declarations from instances
-  that are subsumed by earlier instances are omitted.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{locale\_expr}\hypertarget{syntax.locale-expr}{\hyperlink{syntax.locale-expr}{\mbox{\isa{locale{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}expr}}}}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{instance}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{for}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{fixes}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{instance}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{qualifier}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\isa{pos{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}insts}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{named{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}insts}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{qualifier}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{pos{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}insts}}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{named{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}insts}}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  A locale instance consists of a reference to a locale and either
-  positional or named parameter instantiations.  Identical
-  instantiations (that is, those that instante a parameter by itself)
-  may be omitted.  The notation `\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}' enables to omit the
-  instantiation for a parameter inside a positional instantiation.
-
-  Terms in instantiations are from the context the locale expressions
-  is declared in.  Local names may be added to this context with the
-  optional \hyperlink{keyword.for}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{for}}}} clause.  This is useful for shadowing names
-  bound in outer contexts, and for declaring syntax.  In addition,
-  syntax declarations from one instance are effective when parsing
-  subsequent instances of the same expression.
-
-  Instances have an optional qualifier which applies to names in
-  declarations.  Names include local definitions and theorem names.
-  If present, the qualifier itself is either optional
-  (``\texttt{?}''), which means that it may be omitted on input of the
-  qualified name, or mandatory (``\texttt{!}'').  If neither
-  ``\texttt{?}'' nor ``\texttt{!}'' are present, the command's default
-  is used.  For \hyperlink{command.interpretation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpretation}}}} and \hyperlink{command.interpret}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpret}}}}
-  the default is ``mandatory'', for \hyperlink{command.locale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{locale}}}} and \hyperlink{command.sublocale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sublocale}}}} the default is ``optional''.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Locale declarations%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{locale}\hypertarget{command.locale}{\hyperlink{command.locale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{locale}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_locale}\hypertarget{command.print-locale}{\hyperlink{command.print-locale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locale}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_locales}\hypertarget{command.print-locales}{\hyperlink{command.print-locales}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locales}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{intro\_locales}\hypertarget{method.intro-locales}{\hyperlink{method.intro-locales}{\mbox{\isa{intro{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locales}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{unfold\_locales}\hypertarget{method.unfold-locales}{\hyperlink{method.unfold-locales}{\mbox{\isa{unfold{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locales}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \indexisarelem{fixes}\indexisarelem{constrains}\indexisarelem{assumes}
-  \indexisarelem{defines}\indexisarelem{notes}
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.locale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{locale}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.locale}{\mbox{\isa{locale}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{begin}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.print-locale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locale}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{5}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{locale}\hypertarget{syntax.locale}{\hyperlink{syntax.locale}{\mbox{\isa{locale}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.context-elem}{\mbox{\isa{context{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}elem}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.locale-expr}{\mbox{\isa{locale{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}expr}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.context-elem}{\mbox{\isa{context{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}elem}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{4}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{12}{\indexdef{}{syntax}{context\_elem}\hypertarget{syntax.context-elem}{\hyperlink{syntax.context-elem}{\mbox{\isa{context{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}elem}}}}}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{fixes}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{fixes}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{constrains}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{3}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{assumes}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.props}{\mbox{\isa{props}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@nextbar{6}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{defines}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{7}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{7}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop-pat}{\mbox{\isa{prop{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}pat}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{8}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@nextbar{9}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{notes}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{10}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdef}{\mbox{\isa{thmdef}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{11}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.locale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{locale}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}loc\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ import\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ body{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} defines a
-  new locale \isa{loc} as a context consisting of a certain view of
-  existing locales (\isa{import}) plus some additional elements
-  (\isa{body}).  Both \isa{import} and \isa{body} are optional;
-  the degenerate form \hyperlink{command.locale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{locale}}}}~\isa{loc} defines an empty
-  locale, which may still be useful to collect declarations of facts
-  later on.  Type-inference on locale expressions automatically takes
-  care of the most general typing that the combined context elements
-  may acquire.
-
-  The \isa{import} consists of a structured locale expression; see
-  \secref{sec:proof-context} above.  Its for clause defines the local
-  parameters of the \isa{import}.  In addition, locale parameters
-  whose instantance is omitted automatically extend the (possibly
-  empty) for clause: they are inserted at its beginning.  This means
-  that these parameters may be referred to from within the expression
-  and also in the subsequent context elements and provides a
-  notational convenience for the inheritance of parameters in locale
-  declarations.
-
-  The \isa{body} consists of context elements.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{element.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{fixes}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mx{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} declares a local
-  parameter of type \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}} and mixfix annotation \isa{mx} (both
-  are optional).  The special syntax declaration ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C5354525543545552453E}{\isasymSTRUCTURE}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' means that \isa{x} may be referenced
-  implicitly in this context.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{element.constrains}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{constrains}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} introduces a type
-  constraint \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}} on the local parameter \isa{x}.  This
-  element is deprecated.  The type constraint should be introduced in
-  the for clause or the relevant \hyperlink{element.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{fixes}}}} element.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{element.assumes}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{assumes}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  introduces local premises, similar to \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}} within a
-  proof (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{element.defines}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{defines}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} defines a previously
-  declared parameter.  This is similar to \hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}} within a
-  proof (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}), but \hyperlink{element.defines}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{defines}}}}
-  takes an equational proposition instead of variable-term pair.  The
-  left-hand side of the equation may have additional arguments, e.g.\
-  ``\hyperlink{element.defines}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{defines}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{element.notes}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{notes}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  reconsiders facts within a local context.  Most notably, this may
-  include arbitrary declarations in any attribute specifications
-  included here, e.g.\ a local \hyperlink{attribute.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} rule.
-
-  The initial \isa{import} specification of a locale expression
-  maintains a dynamic relation to the locales being referenced
-  (benefiting from any later fact declarations in the obvious manner).
-
-  \end{description}
-  
-  Note that ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C49533E}{\isasymIS}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' patterns given
-  in the syntax of \hyperlink{element.assumes}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{assumes}}}} and \hyperlink{element.defines}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{defines}}}} above
-  are illegal in locale definitions.  In the long goal format of
-  \secref{sec:goals}, term bindings may be included as expected,
-  though.
-  
-  \medskip Locale specifications are ``closed up'' by
-  turning the given text into a predicate definition \isa{loc{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}axioms} and deriving the original assumptions as local lemmas
-  (modulo local definitions).  The predicate statement covers only the
-  newly specified assumptions, omitting the content of included locale
-  expressions.  The full cumulative view is only provided on export,
-  involving another predicate \isa{loc} that refers to the complete
-  specification text.
-  
-  In any case, the predicate arguments are those locale parameters
-  that actually occur in the respective piece of text.  Also note that
-  these predicates operate at the meta-level in theory, but the locale
-  packages attempts to internalize statements according to the
-  object-logic setup (e.g.\ replacing \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}} by \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}}, and
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in HOL; see also
-  \secref{sec:object-logic}).  Separate introduction rules \isa{loc{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}axioms{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intro} and \isa{loc{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intro} are provided as well.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-locale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locale}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}locale{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints the
-  contents of the named locale.  The command omits \hyperlink{element.notes}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{notes}}}}
-  elements by default.  Use \hyperlink{command.print-locale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locale}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to
-  have them included.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-locales}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locales}}}} prints the names of all locales
-  of the current theory.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.intro-locales}{\mbox{\isa{intro{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locales}}} and \hyperlink{method.unfold-locales}{\mbox{\isa{unfold{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locales}}}
-  repeatedly expand all introduction rules of locale predicates of the
-  theory.  While \hyperlink{method.intro-locales}{\mbox{\isa{intro{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locales}}} only applies the \isa{loc{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intro} introduction rules and therefore does not decend to
-  assumptions, \hyperlink{method.unfold-locales}{\mbox{\isa{unfold{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locales}}} is more aggressive and applies
-  \isa{loc{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}axioms{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intro} as well.  Both methods are aware of locale
-  specifications entailed by the context, both from target statements,
-  and from interpretations (see below).  New goals that are entailed
-  by the current context are discharged automatically.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Locale interpretation%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{interpretation}\hypertarget{command.interpretation}{\hyperlink{command.interpretation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpretation}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{interpret}\hypertarget{command.interpret}{\hyperlink{command.interpret}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpret}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{sublocale}\hypertarget{command.sublocale}{\hyperlink{command.sublocale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sublocale}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_dependencies}\hypertarget{command.print-dependencies}{\hyperlink{command.print-dependencies}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dependencies}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_interps}\hypertarget{command.print-interps}{\hyperlink{command.print-interps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}interps}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Locale expressions may be instantiated, and the instantiated facts
-  added to the current context.  This requires a proof of the
-  instantiated specification and is called \emph{locale
-  interpretation}.  Interpretation is possible in locales (command
-  \hyperlink{command.sublocale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sublocale}}}}), theories (command \hyperlink{command.interpretation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpretation}}}}) and also within proof bodies (command \hyperlink{command.interpret}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpret}}}}).
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.interpretation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpretation}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.locale-expr}{\mbox{\isa{locale{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}expr}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{equations}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.interpret}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpret}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.locale-expr}{\mbox{\isa{locale{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}expr}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{equations}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.sublocale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sublocale}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.locale-expr}{\mbox{\isa{locale{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}expr}}}}[]
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\isa{equations}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.print-dependencies}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dependencies}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.locale-expr}{\mbox{\isa{locale{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}expr}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.print-interps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}interps}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{\isa{equations}}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{thmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.interpretation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpretation}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}expr\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ eqns{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  interprets \isa{expr} in the theory.  The command generates proof
-  obligations for the instantiated specifications (assumes and defines
-  elements).  Once these are discharged by the user, instantiated
-  facts are added to the theory in a post-processing phase.
-
-  Free variables in the interpreted expression are allowed.  They are
-  turned into schematic variables in the generated declarations.  In
-  order to use a free variable whose name is already bound in the
-  context --- for example, because a constant of that name exists ---
-  it may be added to the \hyperlink{keyword.for}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{for}}}} clause.
-
-  Additional equations, which are unfolded during
-  post-processing, may be given after the keyword \hyperlink{keyword.where}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}}.
-  This is useful for interpreting concepts introduced through
-  definitions.  The equations must be proved.
-
-  The command is aware of interpretations already active in the
-  theory, but does not simplify the goal automatically.  In order to
-  simplify the proof obligations use methods \hyperlink{method.intro-locales}{\mbox{\isa{intro{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locales}}}
-  or \hyperlink{method.unfold-locales}{\mbox{\isa{unfold{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}locales}}}.  Post-processing is not applied to
-  facts of interpretations that are already active.  This avoids
-  duplication of interpreted facts, in particular.  Note that, in the
-  case of a locale with import, parts of the interpretation may
-  already be active.  The command will only process facts for new
-  parts.
-
-  Adding facts to locales has the effect of adding interpreted facts
-  to the theory for all interpretations as well.  That is,
-  interpretations dynamically participate in any facts added to
-  locales.  Note that if a theory inherits additional facts for a
-  locale through one parent and an interpretation of that locale
-  through another parent, the additional facts will not be
-  interpreted.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.interpret}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpret}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}expr\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ eqns{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} interprets
-  \isa{expr} in the proof context and is otherwise similar to
-  interpretation in theories.  Note that rewrite rules given to
-  \hyperlink{command.interpret}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpret}}}} after the \hyperlink{keyword.where}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}} keyword should be
-  explicitly universally quantified.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.sublocale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sublocale}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name\ {\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}\ expr\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ eqns{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  interprets \isa{expr} in the locale \isa{name}.  A proof that
-  the specification of \isa{name} implies the specification of
-  \isa{expr} is required.  As in the localized version of the
-  theorem command, the proof is in the context of \isa{name}.  After
-  the proof obligation has been discharged, the facts of \isa{expr}
-  become part of locale \isa{name} as \emph{derived} context
-  elements and are available when the context \isa{name} is
-  subsequently entered.  Note that, like import, this is dynamic:
-  facts added to a locale part of \isa{expr} after interpretation
-  become also available in \isa{name}.
-
-  Only specification fragments of \isa{expr} that are not already
-  part of \isa{name} (be it imported, derived or a derived fragment
-  of the import) are considered in this process.  This enables
-  circular interpretations provided that no infinite chains are
-  generated in the locale hierarchy.
-
-  If interpretations of \isa{name} exist in the current theory, the
-  command adds interpretations for \isa{expr} as well, with the same
-  qualifier, although only for fragments of \isa{expr} that are not
-  interpreted in the theory already.
-
-  Equations given after \hyperlink{keyword.where}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{where}}}} amend the morphism through
-  which \isa{expr} is interpreted.  This enables to map definitions
-  from the interpreted locales to entities of \isa{name}.  This
-  feature is experimental.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-dependencies}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dependencies}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}expr{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is useful for
-  understanding the effect of an interpretation of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}expr{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  It
-  lists all locale instances for which interpretations would be added
-  to the current context.  Variant \hyperlink{command.print-dependencies}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}dependencies}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} prints all locale instances that
-  would be considered for interpretation, and would be interpreted in
-  an empty context (that is, without interpretations).
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-interps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}interps}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}locale{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} lists all
-  interpretations of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}locale{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in the current theory or proof
-  context, including those due to a combination of a \hyperlink{command.interpretation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpretation}}}} or \hyperlink{command.interpret}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{interpret}}}} and one or several
-  \hyperlink{command.sublocale}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sublocale}}}} declarations.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  \begin{warn}
-    Since attributes are applied to interpreted theorems,
-    interpretation may modify the context of common proof tools, e.g.\
-    the Simplifier or Classical Reasoner.  As the behavior of such
-    tools is \emph{not} stable under interpretation morphisms, manual
-    declarations might have to be added to the target context of the
-    interpretation to revert such declarations.
-  \end{warn}
-
-  \begin{warn}
-    An interpretation in a theory or proof context may subsume previous
-    interpretations.  This happens if the same specification fragment
-    is interpreted twice and the instantiation of the second
-    interpretation is more general than the interpretation of the
-    first.  The locale package does not attempt to remove subsumed
-    interpretations.
-  \end{warn}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Classes \label{sec:class}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{class}\hypertarget{command.class}{\hyperlink{command.class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{class}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{instantiation}\hypertarget{command.instantiation}{\hyperlink{command.instantiation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instantiation}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{instance}\hypertarget{command.instance}{\hyperlink{command.instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instance}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \hyperlink{command.instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instance}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{subclass}\hypertarget{command.subclass}{\hyperlink{command.subclass}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subclass}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_classes}\hypertarget{command.print-classes}{\hyperlink{command.print-classes}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}classes}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{class\_deps}\hypertarget{command.class-deps}{\hyperlink{command.class-deps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{class{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}deps}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{method}{intro\_classes}\hypertarget{method.intro-classes}{\hyperlink{method.intro-classes}{\mbox{\isa{intro{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}classes}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  A class is a particular locale with \emph{exactly one} type variable
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}}.  Beyond the underlying locale, a corresponding type class
-  is established which is interpreted logically as axiomatic type
-  class \cite{Wenzel:1997:TPHOL} whose logical content are the
-  assumptions of the locale.  Thus, classes provide the full
-  generality of locales combined with the commodity of type classes
-  (notably type-inference).  See \cite{isabelle-classes} for a short
-  tutorial.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{class}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\isa{class{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}spec}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{begin}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{5}{\isa{class{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}spec}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.context-elem}{\mbox{\isa{context{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}elem}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.context-elem}{\mbox{\isa{context{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}elem}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{4}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.instantiation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instantiation}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.arity}{\mbox{\isa{arity}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{begin}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{5}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instance}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.arity}{\mbox{\isa{arity}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.subclass}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subclass}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{class}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ superclasses\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ body{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} defines
-  a new class \isa{c}, inheriting from \isa{superclasses}.  This
-  introduces a locale \isa{c} with import of all locales \isa{superclasses}.
-
-  Any \hyperlink{element.fixes}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{fixes}}}} in \isa{body} are lifted to the global
-  theory level (\emph{class operations} \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ f\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of class \isa{c}), mapping the local type parameter
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}} to a schematic type variable \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  Likewise, \hyperlink{element.assumes}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{assumes}}}} in \isa{body} are also lifted,
-  mapping each local parameter \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to its
-  corresponding global constant \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ c{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  The
-  corresponding introduction rule is provided as \isa{c{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}class{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}axioms{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intro}.  This rule should be rarely needed directly
-  --- the \hyperlink{method.intro-classes}{\mbox{\isa{intro{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}classes}}} method takes care of the details of
-  class membership proofs.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.instantiation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instantiation}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}s\ {\isaliteral{5C3C424547494E3E}{\isasymBEGIN}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} opens a theory target (cf.\ \secref{sec:target}) which
-  allows to specify class operations \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ f\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} corresponding
-  to sort \isa{s} at the particular type instance \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  A plain \hyperlink{command.instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instance}}}} command in the
-  target body poses a goal stating these type arities.  The target is
-  concluded by an \indexref{local}{command}{end}\hyperlink{command.local.end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{end}}}} command.
-
-  Note that a list of simultaneous type constructors may be given;
-  this corresponds nicely to mutually recursive type definitions, e.g.\
-  in Isabelle/HOL.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instance}}}} in an instantiation target body sets
-  up a goal stating the type arities claimed at the opening \hyperlink{command.instantiation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instantiation}}}}.  The proof would usually proceed by \hyperlink{method.intro-classes}{\mbox{\isa{intro{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}classes}}}, and then establish the characteristic theorems of
-  the type classes involved.  After finishing the proof, the
-  background theory will be augmented by the proven type arities.
-
-  On the theory level, \hyperlink{command.instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instance}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}s{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} provides a convenient way to instantiate a type class with no
-  need to specify operations: one can continue with the
-  instantiation proof immediately.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.subclass}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subclass}}}}~\isa{c} in a class context for class
-  \isa{d} sets up a goal stating that class \isa{c} is logically
-  contained in class \isa{d}.  After finishing the proof, class
-  \isa{d} is proven to be subclass \isa{c} and the locale \isa{c} is interpreted into \isa{d} simultaneously.
-
-  A weakend form of this is available through a further variant of
-  \hyperlink{command.instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instance}}}}:  \hyperlink{command.instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instance}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} opens
-  a proof that class \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} implies \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E697375623E}{}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} without reference
-  to the underlying locales;  this is useful if the properties to prove
-  the logical connection are not sufficent on the locale level but on
-  the theory level.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.print-classes}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}classes}}}} prints all classes in the current
-  theory.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.class-deps}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{class{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}deps}}}} visualizes all classes and their
-  subclass relations as a Hasse diagram.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{method.intro-classes}{\mbox{\isa{intro{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}classes}}} repeatedly expands all class
-  introduction rules of this theory.  Note that this method usually
-  needs not be named explicitly, as it is already included in the
-  default proof step (e.g.\ of \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}).  In particular,
-  instantiation of trivial (syntactic) classes may be performed by a
-  single ``\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' proof step.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{The class target%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-%FIXME check
-
-  A named context may refer to a locale (cf.\ \secref{sec:target}).
-  If this locale is also a class \isa{c}, apart from the common
-  locale target behaviour the following happens.
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Local constant declarations \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}g{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} referring to the
-  local type parameter \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}} and local parameters \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  are accompanied by theory-level constants \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}g{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ c{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  referring to theory-level class operations \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ c{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item Local theorem bindings are lifted as are assumptions.
-
-  \item Local syntax refers to local operations \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}g{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and
-  global operations \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}g{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ c{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} uniformly.  Type inference
-  resolves ambiguities.  In rare cases, manual type annotations are
-  needed.
-  
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Co-regularity of type classes and arities%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The class relation together with the collection of
-  type-constructor arities must obey the principle of
-  \emph{co-regularity} as defined below.
-
-  \medskip For the subsequent formulation of co-regularity we assume
-  that the class relation is closed by transitivity and reflexivity.
-  Moreover the collection of arities \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec s{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is
-  completed such that \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec s{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}\ c{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  implies \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec s{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}c{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for all such declarations.
-
-  Treating sorts as finite sets of classes (meaning the intersection),
-  the class relation \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is extended to sorts as
-  follows:
-  \[
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}\ s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  \]
-
-  This relation on sorts is further extended to tuples of sorts (of
-  the same length) in the component-wise way.
-
-  \smallskip Co-regularity of the class relation together with the
-  arities relation means:
-  \[
-    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ t\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}\ \isaliteral{5C3C5E7665633E}{}\isactrlvec s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  \]
-  \noindent for all such arities.  In other words, whenever the result
-  classes of some type-constructor arities are related, then the
-  argument sorts need to be related in the same way.
-
-  \medskip Co-regularity is a very fundamental property of the
-  order-sorted algebra of types.  For example, it entails principle
-  types and most general unifiers, e.g.\ see \cite{nipkow-prehofer}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Unrestricted overloading%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{overloading}\hypertarget{command.overloading}{\hyperlink{command.overloading}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{overloading}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Isabelle/Pure's definitional schemes support certain forms of
-  overloading (see \secref{sec:consts}).  Overloading means that a
-  constant being declared as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ decl{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} may be
-  defined separately on type instances
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t\ decl{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  for each type constructor \isa{t}.  At most occassions
-  overloading will be used in a Haskell-like fashion together with
-  type classes by means of \hyperlink{command.instantiation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instantiation}}}} (see
-  \secref{sec:class}).  Sometimes low-level overloading is desirable.
-  The \hyperlink{command.overloading}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{overloading}}}} target provides a convenient view for
-  end-users.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.overloading}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{overloading}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\isa{spec}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{begin}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{spec}}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.term}{\mbox{\isa{term}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{unchecked}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.overloading}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{overloading}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C424547494E3E}{\isasymBEGIN}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  opens a theory target (cf.\ \secref{sec:target}) which allows to
-  specify constants with overloaded definitions.  These are identified
-  by an explicitly given mapping from variable names \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to
-  constants \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} at particular type instances.  The
-  definitions themselves are established using common specification
-  tools, using the names \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} as reference to the
-  corresponding constants.  The target is concluded by \hyperlink{command.local.end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{end}}}}.
-
-  A \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}unchecked{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} option disables global dependency checks for
-  the corresponding definition, which is occasionally useful for
-  exotic overloading (see \secref{sec:consts} for a precise description).
-  It is at the discretion of the user to avoid
-  malformed theory specifications!
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Incorporating ML code \label{sec:ML}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{ML\_file}\hypertarget{command.ML-file}{\hyperlink{command.ML-file}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}file}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{ML}\hypertarget{command.ML}{\hyperlink{command.ML}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{ML\_prf}\hypertarget{command.ML-prf}{\hyperlink{command.ML-prf}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}prf}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{ML\_val}\hypertarget{command.ML-val}{\hyperlink{command.ML-val}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}val}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{ML\_command}\hypertarget{command.ML-command}{\hyperlink{command.ML-command}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}command}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}any\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{setup}\hypertarget{command.setup}{\hyperlink{command.setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{setup}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{local\_setup}\hypertarget{command.local-setup}{\hyperlink{command.local-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{attribute\_setup}\hypertarget{command.attribute-setup}{\hyperlink{command.attribute-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{attribute{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.ML-file}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}file}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.ML}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.ML-prf}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}prf}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.ML-val}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}val}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.ML-command}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}command}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{setup}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{5}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.local-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.attribute-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{attribute{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.ML-file}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}file}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} reads and evaluates the
-  given ML file.  The current theory context is passed down to the ML
-  toplevel and may be modified, using \verb|Context.>>| or derived ML
-  commands.  Top-level ML bindings are stored within the (global or
-  local) theory context.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.ML}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}text{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is similar to \hyperlink{command.ML-file}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}file}}}}, but evaluates directly the given \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}text{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  Top-level ML bindings are stored within the (global or local) theory
-  context.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.ML-prf}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}prf}}}} is analogous to \hyperlink{command.ML}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML}}}} but works
-  within a proof context.  Top-level ML bindings are stored within the
-  proof context in a purely sequential fashion, disregarding the
-  nested proof structure.  ML bindings introduced by \hyperlink{command.ML-prf}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}prf}}}} are discarded at the end of the proof.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.ML-val}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}val}}}} and \hyperlink{command.ML-command}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}command}}}} are diagnostic
-  versions of \hyperlink{command.ML}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML}}}}, which means that the context may not be
-  updated.  \hyperlink{command.ML-val}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}val}}}} echos the bindings produced at the ML
-  toplevel, but \hyperlink{command.ML-command}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ML{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}command}}}} is silent.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{setup}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}text{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} changes the current theory
-  context by applying \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}text{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which refers to an ML expression
-  of type \verb|theory -> theory|.  This enables to initialize
-  any object-logic specific tools and packages written in ML, for
-  example.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.local-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}} is similar to \hyperlink{command.setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{setup}}}} for
-  a local theory context, and an ML expression of type \verb|local_theory -> local_theory|.  This allows to
-  invoke local theory specification packages without going through
-  concrete outer syntax, for example.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.attribute-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{attribute{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ text\ description{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  defines an attribute in the current theory.  The given \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}text{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} has to be an ML expression of type
-  \verb|attribute context_parser|, cf.\ basic parsers defined in
-  structure \verb|Args| and \verb|Attrib|.
-
-  In principle, attributes can operate both on a given theorem and the
-  implicit context, although in practice only one is modified and the
-  other serves as parameter.  Here are examples for these two cases:
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimML
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimML
-%
-\isatagML
-\isacommand{attribute{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ my{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rule\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B2A}{\isacharverbatimopen}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ Attrib{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}thms\ {\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ ths\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ Thm{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}rule{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}attribute\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ context{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Context{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}generic\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ fn\ th{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ thm\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ let\ val\ th{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ th\ OF\ ths\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ in\ th{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ end{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{2A7D}{\isacharverbatimclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{attribute{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ my{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}declaration\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B2A}{\isacharverbatimopen}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ Attrib{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}thms\ {\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ ths\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ Thm{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}declaration{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}attribute\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ th{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ thm\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ fn\ context{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Context{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}generic\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ let\ val\ context{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ context\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ in\ context{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ end{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{2A7D}{\isacharverbatimclose}}%
-\endisatagML
-{\isafoldML}%
-%
-\isadelimML
-%
-\endisadelimML
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Primitive specification elements%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Type classes and sorts \label{sec:classes}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{classes}\hypertarget{command.classes}{\hyperlink{command.classes}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{classes}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{classrel}\hypertarget{command.classrel}{\hyperlink{command.classrel}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{classrel}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & (axiomatic!) \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{default\_sort}\hypertarget{command.default-sort}{\hyperlink{command.default-sort}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{default{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}sort}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.classes}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{classes}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.classdecl}{\mbox{\isa{classdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.classrel}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{classrel}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.default-sort}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{default{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}sort}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.sort}{\mbox{\isa{sort}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.classes}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{classes}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} declares class
-  \isa{c} to be a subclass of existing classes \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  Isabelle implicitly maintains the transitive closure of the class
-  hierarchy.  Cyclic class structures are not permitted.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.classrel}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{classrel}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C73756273657465713E}{\isasymsubseteq}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} states subclass
-  relations between existing classes \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-  This is done axiomatically!  The \indexref{}{command}{subclass}\hyperlink{command.subclass}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{subclass}}}} and
-  \indexref{}{command}{instance}\hyperlink{command.instance}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instance}}}} commands (see \secref{sec:class}) provide
-  a way to introduce proven class relations.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.default-sort}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{default{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}sort}}}}~\isa{s} makes sort \isa{s} the
-  new default sort for any type variable that is given explicitly in
-  the text, but lacks a sort constraint (wrt.\ the current context).
-  Type variables generated by type inference are not affected.
-
-  Usually the default sort is only changed when defining a new
-  object-logic.  For example, the default sort in Isabelle/HOL is
-  \isa{type}, the class of all HOL types.
-
-  When merging theories, the default sorts of the parents are
-  logically intersected, i.e.\ the representations as lists of classes
-  are joined.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Types and type abbreviations \label{sec:types-pure}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{type\_synonym}\hypertarget{command.type-synonym}{\hyperlink{command.type-synonym}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}synonym}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{typedecl}\hypertarget{command.typedecl}{\hyperlink{command.typedecl}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedecl}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{arities}\hypertarget{command.arities}{\hyperlink{command.arities}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{arities}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & (axiomatic!) \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.type-synonym}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}synonym}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typespec}{\mbox{\isa{typespec}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.typedecl}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedecl}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.typespec}{\mbox{\isa{typespec}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.arities}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{arities}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.arity}{\mbox{\isa{arity}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.type-synonym}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{type{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}synonym}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  introduces a \emph{type synonym} \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for the
-  existing type \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7461753E}{\isasymtau}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Unlike actual type definitions, as are
-  available in Isabelle/HOL for example, type synonyms are merely
-  syntactic abbreviations without any logical significance.
-  Internally, type synonyms are fully expanded.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.typedecl}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{typedecl}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} declares a new
-  type constructor \isa{t}.  If the object-logic defines a base sort
-  \isa{s}, then the constructor is declared to operate on that, via
-  the axiomatic specification \hyperlink{command.arities}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{arities}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}s{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ s{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}s{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.arities}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{arities}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ s\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}s{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} augments
-  Isabelle's order-sorted signature of types by new type constructor
-  arities.  This is done axiomatically!  The \indexref{}{command}{instantiation}\hyperlink{command.instantiation}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{instantiation}}}}
-  target (see \secref{sec:class}) provides a way to introduce
-  proven type arities.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Constants and definitions \label{sec:consts}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{consts}\hypertarget{command.consts}{\hyperlink{command.consts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{consts}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{defs}\hypertarget{command.defs}{\hyperlink{command.defs}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defs}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Definitions essentially express abbreviations within the logic.  The
-  simplest form of a definition is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, where \isa{c} is a newly declared constant.  Isabelle also allows derived forms
-  where the arguments of \isa{c} appear on the left, abbreviating a
-  prefix of \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}}-abstractions, e.g.\ \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} may be
-  written more conveniently as \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ x\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Moreover,
-  definitions may be weakened by adding arbitrary pre-conditions:
-  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ c\ x\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  \medskip The built-in well-formedness conditions for definitional
-  specifications are:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Arguments (on the left-hand side) must be distinct variables.
-
-  \item All variables on the right-hand side must also appear on the
-  left-hand side.
-
-  \item All type variables on the right-hand side must also appear on
-  the left-hand side; this prohibits \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ length\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ list{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for example.
-
-  \item The definition must not be recursive.  Most object-logics
-  provide definitional principles that can be used to express
-  recursion safely.
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  The right-hand side of overloaded definitions may mention overloaded constants
-  recursively at type instances corresponding to the immediate
-  argument types \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Incomplete
-  specification patterns impose global constraints on all occurrences,
-  e.g.\ \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}d\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} on the left-hand side means that all
-  corresponding occurrences on some right-hand side need to be an
-  instance of this, general \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}d\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} will be disallowed.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{3}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.consts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{consts}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.type}{\mbox{\isa{type}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.mixfix}{\mbox{\isa{mixfix}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nextplus{2}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.defs}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defs}}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\isa{opt}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.axmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{axmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{2}{\isa{opt}}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{unchecked}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{overloaded}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.consts}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{consts}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} declares constant \isa{c} to have any instance of type scheme \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7369676D613E}{\isasymsigma}}}.  The optional
-  mixfix annotations may attach concrete syntax to the constants
-  declared.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.defs}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defs}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ eqn{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} introduces \isa{eqn}
-  as a definitional axiom for some existing constant.
-  
-  The \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}unchecked{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} option disables global dependency checks
-  for this definition, which is occasionally useful for exotic
-  overloading.  It is at the discretion of the user to avoid malformed
-  theory specifications!
-  
-  The \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}overloaded{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} option declares definitions to be
-  potentially overloaded.  Unless this option is given, a warning
-  message would be issued for any definitional equation with a more
-  special type than that of the corresponding constant declaration.
-  
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Axioms and theorems \label{sec:axms-thms}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{axioms}\hypertarget{command.axioms}{\hyperlink{command.axioms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{axioms}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & (axiomatic!) \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{lemmas}\hypertarget{command.lemmas}{\hyperlink{command.lemmas}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemmas}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{theorems}\hypertarget{command.theorems}{\hyperlink{command.theorems}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorems}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{2}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.axioms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{axioms}}}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.axmdecl}{\mbox{\isa{axmdecl}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.prop}{\mbox{\isa{prop}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\rail@begin{6}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.lemmas}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemmas}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.theorems}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorems}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.target}{\mbox{\isa{target}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@cr{3}
-\rail@plus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmdef}{\mbox{\isa{thmdef}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.thmrefs}{\mbox{\isa{thmrefs}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{4}
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{for}}}[]
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.vars}{\mbox{\isa{vars}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{5}
-\rail@cterm{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}[]
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.axioms}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{axioms}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} introduces arbitrary
-  statements as axioms of the meta-logic.  In fact, axioms are
-  ``axiomatic theorems'', and may be referred later just as any other
-  theorem.
-  
-  Axioms are usually only introduced when declaring new logical
-  systems.  Everyday work is typically done the hard way, with proper
-  definitions and proven theorems.
-  
-  \item \hyperlink{command.lemmas}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemmas}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\indexdef{}{keyword}{for}\hypertarget{keyword.for}{\hyperlink{keyword.for}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{for}}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} evaluates given facts (with attributes) in
-  the current context, which may be augmented by local variables.
-  Results are standardized before being stored, i.e.\ schematic
-  variables are renamed to enforce index \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} uniformly.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.theorems}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorems}}}} is the same as \hyperlink{command.lemmas}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemmas}}}}, but
-  marks the result as a different kind of facts.
-
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Oracles%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcll}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{oracle}\hypertarget{command.oracle}{\hyperlink{command.oracle}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oracle}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & (axiomatic!) \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  Oracles allow Isabelle to take advantage of external reasoners such
-  as arithmetic decision procedures, model checkers, fast tautology
-  checkers or computer algebra systems.  Invoked as an oracle, an
-  external reasoner can create arbitrary Isabelle theorems.
-
-  It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the external
-  reasoner is as trustworthy as the application requires.  Another
-  typical source of errors is the linkup between Isabelle and the
-  external tool, not just its concrete implementation, but also the
-  required translation between two different logical environments.
-
-  Isabelle merely guarantees well-formedness of the propositions being
-  asserted, and records within the internal derivation object how
-  presumed theorems depend on unproven suppositions.
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{1}{}
-\rail@term{\hyperlink{command.oracle}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oracle}}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.name}{\mbox{\isa{name}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}}[]
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.text}{\mbox{\isa{text}}}}[]
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.oracle}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oracle}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ text{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} turns the given ML
-  expression \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}text{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of type \verb|'a -> cterm| into an
-  ML function of type \verb|'a -> thm|, which is bound to the
-  global identifier \verb|name|.  This acts like an infinitary
-  specification of axioms!  Invoking the oracle only works within the
-  scope of the resulting theory.
-
-  \end{description}
-
-  See \verb|~~/src/HOL/ex/Iff_Oracle.thy| for a worked example of
-  defining a new primitive rule as oracle, and turning it into a proof
-  method.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Name spaces%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{matharray}{rcl}
-    \indexdef{}{command}{hide\_class}\hypertarget{command.hide-class}{\hyperlink{command.hide-class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}class}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{hide\_type}\hypertarget{command.hide-type}{\hyperlink{command.hide-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{hide\_const}\hypertarget{command.hide-const}{\hyperlink{command.hide-const}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}const}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-    \indexdef{}{command}{hide\_fact}\hypertarget{command.hide-fact}{\hyperlink{command.hide-fact}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}fact}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
-  \end{matharray}
-
-  \begin{railoutput}
-\rail@begin{4}{}
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{command.hide-class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}class}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{command.hide-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{2}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{command.hide-const}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}const}}}}}[]
-\rail@nextbar{3}
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{command.hide-fact}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}fact}}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@bar
-\rail@nextbar{1}
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{\isakeyword{open}}}[]
-\rail@term{\isa{{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}}[]
-\rail@endbar
-\rail@plus
-\rail@nont{\hyperlink{syntax.nameref}{\mbox{\isa{nameref}}}}[]
-\rail@nextplus{1}
-\rail@endplus
-\rail@end
-\end{railoutput}
-
-
-  Isabelle organizes any kind of name declarations (of types,
-  constants, theorems etc.) by separate hierarchically structured name
-  spaces.  Normally the user does not have to control the behavior of
-  name spaces by hand, yet the following commands provide some way to
-  do so.
-
-  \begin{description}
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.hide-class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}class}}}}~\isa{names} fully removes class
-  declarations from a given name space; with the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}open{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
-  option, only the base name is hidden.
-
-  Note that hiding name space accesses has no impact on logical
-  declarations --- they remain valid internally.  Entities that are no
-  longer accessible to the user are printed with the special qualifier
-  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' prefixed to the full internal name.
-
-  \item \hyperlink{command.hide-type}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}type}}}}, \hyperlink{command.hide-const}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}const}}}}, and \hyperlink{command.hide-fact}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}fact}}}} are similar to \hyperlink{command.hide-class}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hide{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}class}}}}, but hide types,
-  constants, and facts, respectively.
-  
-  \end{description}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\isanewline
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Symbols.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Symbols.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{Symbols}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Symbols\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Predefined Isabelle symbols \label{app:symbols}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isabelle supports an infinite number of non-ASCII symbols, which are
-  represented in source text as \verb|\|\verb|<|\isa{name}\verb|>| (where \isa{name} may be any identifier).  It
-  is left to front-end tools how to present these symbols to the user.
-  The collection of predefined standard symbols given below is
-  available by default for Isabelle document output, due to
-  appropriate definitions of \verb|\|\verb|isasym|\isa{name} for each \verb|\|\verb|<|\isa{name}\verb|>| in the \verb|isabellesym.sty| file.  Most of these symbols
-  are displayed properly in Proof~General and Isabelle/jEdit.
-
-  Moreover, any single symbol (or ASCII character) may be prefixed by
-  \verb|\|\verb|<^sup>|, for superscript and \verb|\|\verb|<^sub>|, for subscript, such as \verb|A\|\verb|<^sup>\<star>|, for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{5C3C737461723E}{\isasymstar}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} the alternative
-  versions \verb|\|\verb|<^isub>| and \verb|\|\verb|<^isup>| are considered as quasi letters and may
-  be used within identifiers.  Sub- and superscripts that span a
-  region of text are marked up with \verb|\|\verb|<^bsub>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\|\verb|<^esub>|, and
-  \verb|\|\verb|<^bsup>|\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}\verb|\|\verb|<^esup>| respectively.  Furthermore, all ASCII
-  characters and most other symbols may be printed in bold by
-  prefixing \verb|\|\verb|<^bold>| such as \verb|\|\verb|<^bold>\|\verb|<alpha>| for \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E626F6C643E}{}\isactrlbold {\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Note that \verb|\|\verb|<^bold>|, may
-  \emph{not} be combined with sub- or superscripts for single symbols.
-
-  Further details of Isabelle document preparation are covered in
-  \chref{ch:document-prep}.
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{isabellebody}
-  \input{syms}  
-  \end{isabellebody}
-  \end{center}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-\end{isabellebody}%
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "root"
-%%% End:
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Synopsis.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Synopsis.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,2718 +0,0 @@
-%
-\begin{isabellebody}%
-\def\isabellecontext{Synopsis}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isatagtheory
-\isacommand{theory}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Synopsis\isanewline
-\isakeyword{imports}\ Base\ Main\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\endisatagtheory
-{\isafoldtheory}%
-%
-\isadelimtheory
-%
-\endisadelimtheory
-%
-\isamarkupchapter{Synopsis%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Notepad%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-An Isar proof body serves as mathematical notepad to compose logical
-  content, consisting of types, terms, facts.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Types and terms%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Locally fixed entities:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ \ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{local constant, without any type information yet%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{variant with explicit type-constraint for subsequent use%
-}
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a\ b\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{type assignment at first occurrence in concrete term%
-}
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Definitions (non-polymorphic):%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{def}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}t{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Abbreviations (polymorphic):%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{let}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}f\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{term}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}f\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}f{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Notation:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{write}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Facts%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-A fact is a simultaneous list of theorems.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Producing facts%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Via assumption (``lambda''):%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Via proof (``let''):%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ b{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Via abbreviation (``let''):%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ c\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a\ b%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Referencing facts%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Via explicit name:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Via implicit name:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ this%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Via literal proposition (unification with results from the proof text):%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}B\ a{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}B\ b{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Manipulating facts%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Instantiation:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}of\ b{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}\isakeyword{where}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Backchaining:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}OF\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}THEN\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Symmetric results:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ this\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}symmetric{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ this\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}symmetric{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Adhoc-simplification (take care!):%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{40}{\isacharat}}\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ this\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}simplified{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Projections%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isar facts consist of multiple theorems.  There is notation to project
-  interval ranges.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ stuff{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A\ B\ C\ D\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ stuff{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ stuff{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ stuff{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Naming conventions%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{itemize}
-
-  \item Lower-case identifiers are usually preferred.
-
-  \item Facts can be named after the main term within the proposition.
-
-  \item Facts should \emph{not} be named after the command that
-  introduced them (\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}, \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}).  This is
-  misleading and hard to maintain.
-
-  \item Natural numbers can be used as ``meaningless'' names (more
-  appropriate than \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} etc.)
-
-  \item Symbolic identifiers are supported (e.g. \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).
-
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Block structure%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The formal notepad is block structured.  The fact produced by the last
-  entry of a block is exported into the outer context.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ b{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a\ b\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ this\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}B{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Explicit blocks as well as implicit blocks of nested goal
-  statements (e.g.\ \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}) automatically introduce one extra
-  pair of parentheses in reserve.  The \hyperlink{command.next}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{next}}}} command allows
-  to ``jump'' between these sub-blocks.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ b{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ B\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ c{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ C\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ d{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ D\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Alternative version with explicit parentheses everywhere:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ b{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ B\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ c{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ C\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ d{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ D\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Calculational reasoning \label{sec:calculations-synopsis}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-For example, see \verb|~~/src/HOL/Isar_Examples/Group.thy|.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Special names in Isar proofs%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{itemize}
-
-  \item term \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} --- the main conclusion of the
-  innermost pending claim
-
-  \item term \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} --- the argument of the last explicitly
-    stated result (for infix application this is the right-hand side)
-
-  \item fact \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} --- the last result produced in the text
-
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{term}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ \ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{term}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{static!%
-}
-\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\ \ \isacommand{term}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ this\isanewline
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Calculational reasoning maintains the special fact called
-  ``\isa{calculation}'' in the background.  Certain language
-  elements combine primary \isa{this} with secondary \isa{calculation}.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Transitive chains%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The Idea is to combine \isa{this} and \isa{calculation}
-  via typical \isa{trans} rules (see also \hyperlink{command.print-trans-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trans{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rules}}}}):%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ trans\isanewline
-\isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ less{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trans\isanewline
-\isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ less{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}le{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trans\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Plain bottom-up calculation:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}b\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}c\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{finally}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Variant using the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} abbreviation:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{finally}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Top-down version with explicit claim at the head:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{finally}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Mixed inequalities (require suitable base type):%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a\ b\ c\ d\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}b\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C653E}{\isasymle}}\ c{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}c\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{finally}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}\ d{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Notes%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-\begin{itemize}
-
-  \item The notion of \isa{trans} rule is very general due to the
-  flexibility of Isabelle/Pure rule composition.
-
-  \item User applications may declare their own rules, with some care
-  about the operational details of higher-order unification.
-
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Degenerate calculations and bigstep reasoning%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The Idea is to append \isa{this} to \isa{calculation},
-  without rule composition.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-A vacuous proof:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{moreover}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{moreover}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{ultimately}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isakeyword{and}\ B\ \isakeyword{and}\ C\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Slightly more content (trivial bigstep reasoning):%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{moreover}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{moreover}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{ultimately}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast\isanewline
-\isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-More ambitious bigstep reasoning involving structured results:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{moreover}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ R\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{moreover}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ R\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{moreover}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ R\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{ultimately}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ R\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{``big-bang integration'' of proof blocks (occasionally fragile)%
-}
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Induction%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Induction as Natural Deduction%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-In principle, induction is just a special case of Natural
-  Deduction (see also \secref{sec:natural-deduction-synopsis}).  For
-  example:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ nat{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}induct\isanewline
-\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}statement}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ nat{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}induct\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ nat{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}induct{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{fragile rule application!%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-In practice, much more proof infrastructure is required.
-
-  The proof method \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} provides:
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item implicit rule selection and robust instantiation
-
-  \item context elements via symbolic case names
-
-  \item support for rule-structured induction statements, with local
-    parameters, premises, etc.
-
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isadigit{0}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}case\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Suc{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}hyps\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}case\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Example%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The subsequent example combines the following proof patterns:
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item outermost induction (over the datatype structure of natural
-  numbers), to decompose the proof problem in top-down manner
-
-  \item calculational reasoning (\secref{sec:calculations-synopsis})
-  to compose the result in each case
-
-  \item solving local claims within the calculation by simplification
-
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{fixes}\ n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{shows}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C53756D3E}{\isasymSum}}i{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}n{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ i{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}n\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ div\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isadigit{0}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C53756D3E}{\isasymSum}}i{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ i{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ simp\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ div\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ simp\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{finally}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}case\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C53756D3E}{\isasymSum}}i{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ i{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C53756D3E}{\isasymSum}}i{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}n{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ i{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}n\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ simp\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}n\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ div\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}n\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Suc{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}hyps{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}n\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}n\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}n\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ div\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ simp\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{also}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ div\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ simp\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{finally}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}case\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-This demonstrates how induction proofs can be done without
-  having to consider the raw Natural Deduction structure.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Induction with local parameters and premises%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Idea: Pure rule statements are passed through the induction
-  rule.  This achieves convenient proof patterns, thanks to some
-  internal trickery in the \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} method.
-
-  Important: Using compact HOL formulae with \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}{\isaliteral{2F}{\isacharslash}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is a
-  well-known anti-pattern! It would produce useless formal noise.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ P\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Q\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isadigit{0}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}P\ n{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isadigit{0}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ n{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ Q\ x\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isadigit{0}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Q\ x\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ Q\ x\ n{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Q\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Local quantification admits arbitrary instances:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}Q\ a\ n{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}Q\ b\ n{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Implicit induction context%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} method can isolate local parameters and
-  premises directly from the given statement.  This is convenient in
-  practical applications, but requires some understanding of what is
-  going on internally (as explained above).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ n\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Q\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ x\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Q\ x\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ n\ arbitrary{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isadigit{0}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ x\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Q\ x\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ A\ x\ n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q\ x\ n{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{arbitrary instances can be produced here%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Q\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Advanced induction with term definitions%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Induction over subexpressions of a certain shape are delicate
-  to formalize.  The Isar \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} method provides
-  infrastructure for this.
-
-  Idea: sub-expressions of the problem are turned into a defined
-  induction variable; often accompanied with fixing of auxiliary
-  parameters in the original expression.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ arbitrary{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isadigit{0}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ prem\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isakeyword{and}\ defn\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}{\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a\ x{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ hyp\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isakeyword{and}\ prem\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isakeyword{and}\ defn\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}Suc\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a\ x{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Natural Deduction \label{sec:natural-deduction-synopsis}%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Rule statements%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isabelle/Pure ``theorems'' are always natural deduction rules,
-  which sometimes happen to consist of a conclusion only.
-
-  The framework connectives \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} indicate the
-  rule structure declaratively.  For example:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ conjI\isanewline
-\isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ impI\isanewline
-\isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ nat{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}induct%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The object-logic is embedded into the Pure framework via an implicit
-  derivability judgment \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}Trueprop\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ bool\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ prop{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
-
-  Thus any HOL formulae appears atomic to the Pure framework, while
-  the rule structure outlines the corresponding proof pattern.
-
-  This can be made explicit as follows:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{write}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Trueprop\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Tr{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ conjI\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ impI\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ nat{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}induct\isanewline
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isar provides first-class notation for rule statements as follows.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}statement}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ conjI\isanewline
-\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}statement}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ impI\isanewline
-\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}statement}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ nat{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}induct%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Examples%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Introductions and eliminations of some standard connectives of
-  the object-logic can be written as rule statements as follows.  (The
-  proof ``\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\hyperlink{method.blast}{\mbox{\isa{blast}}}'' serves as sanity check.)%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ False{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ P{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ Q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}P\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Q\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E7465723E}{\isasyminter}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E7465723E}{\isasyminter}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C756E696F6E3E}{\isasymunion}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C756E696F6E3E}{\isasymunion}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C756E696F6E3E}{\isasymunion}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
-\isadelimproof
-\ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Isar context elements%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-We derive some results out of the blue, using Isar context
-  elements and some explicit blocks.  This illustrates their meaning
-  wrt.\ Pure connectives, without goal states getting in the way.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ fact\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ fact\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{def}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ fact\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{obtain}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ \isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ fact%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Pure rule composition%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The Pure framework provides means for:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-    \item backward-chaining of rules by \hyperlink{inference.resolution}{\mbox{\isa{resolution}}}
-
-    \item closing of branches by \hyperlink{inference.assumption}{\mbox{\isa{assumption}}}
-
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  Both principles involve higher-order unification of \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616D6264613E}{\isasymlambda}}}-terms
-  modulo \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616C7068613E}{\isasymalpha}}{\isaliteral{5C3C626574613E}{\isasymbeta}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6574613E}{\isasymeta}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}-equivalence (cf.\ Huet and Miller).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ A\ \isakeyword{and}\ b{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ B%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\ \ \isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ conjI\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ conjI\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}of\ A\ B{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{instantiation%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ conjI\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}of\ A\ B{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ OF\ a\ b{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{instantiation and composition%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ conjI\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}OF\ a\ b{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{composition via unification (trivial)%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ conjI\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}OF\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}B{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ conjI\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}OF\ disjI{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\isanewline
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Note: Low-level rule composition is tedious and leads to
-  unreadable~/ unmaintainable expressions in the text.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Structured backward reasoning%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Idea: Canonical proof decomposition via \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~/
-  \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~/ \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}, where the body produces a
-  natural deduction rule to refine some goal.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ B\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ A\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ A\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ %
-\isamarkupcmt{implicit block structure made explicit%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ A\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ x{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{side exit for the resulting rule%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Structured rule application%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Idea: Previous facts and new claims are composed with a rule from
-  the context (or background library).%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ r{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{simple rule (Horn clause)%
-}
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{prefix of facts via outer sub-proof%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ r{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{remaining rule premises via inner sub-proof%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ r{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isakeyword{and}\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ r{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isakeyword{and}\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ r{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ r{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isadigit{2}}\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{nested rule%
-}
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ r{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B{\isadigit{1}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B{\isadigit{2}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-The compound rule premise \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ B{\isadigit{2}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is better
-    addressed via \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~/ \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~/ \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}
-    in the nested proof body.%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Example: predicate logic%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Using the above principles, standard introduction and elimination proofs
-  of predicate logic connectives of HOL work as follows.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isakeyword{and}\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ False\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ True\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ False\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Less awkward version using \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}:%
-\end{isamarkuptxt}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{obtain}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a\ \isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}P\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Further variations to illustrate Isar sub-proofs involving
-  \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{two strictly isolated subproofs%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{one simultaneous sub-proof%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isakeyword{and}\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{two subproofs in the same context%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{swapped order%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{sequential subproofs%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ \isacommand{using}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}A{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Example: set-theoretic operators%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-There is nothing special about logical connectives (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6578697374733E}{\isasymexists}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} etc.).  Operators from
-  set-theory or lattice-theory work analogously.  It is only a matter
-  of rule declarations in the library; rules can be also specified
-  explicitly.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E7465723E}{\isasyminter}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C756E696F6E3E}{\isasymunion}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C756E696F6E3E}{\isasymunion}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A\ {\isaliteral{5C3C756E696F6E3E}{\isasymunion}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ B{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C496E7465723E}{\isasymInter}}A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C496E7465723E}{\isasymInter}}A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C556E696F6E3E}{\isasymUnion}}A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C556E696F6E3E}{\isasymUnion}}A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{obtain}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ a\ \isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C696E3E}{\isasymin}}\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsection{Generalized elimination and cases%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{General elimination rules%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-The general format of elimination rules is illustrated by the
-  following typical representatives:%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ exE\ \ \ \ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{local parameter%
-}
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ conjE\ \ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{local premises%
-}
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{thm}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ disjE\ \ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{split into cases%
-}
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Combining these characteristics leads to the following general scheme
-  for elimination rules with cases:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item prefix of assumptions (or ``major premises'')
-
-  \item one or more cases that enable to establish the main conclusion
-    in an augmented context
-
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ r{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}A{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ A{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ assumptions\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ case\ {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\ y{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B{\isadigit{2}}\ x\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ C{\isadigit{2}}\ x\ y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ R{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ case\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \ \ R\ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ main\ conclusion\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ A{\isadigit{1}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ A{\isadigit{2}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{then}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ R\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ r{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ y\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ y\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{assume}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B{\isadigit{2}}\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C{\isadigit{2}}\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Here \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is used to refer to the unchanged goal
-  statement.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Rules with cases%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Applying an elimination rule to some goal, leaves that unchanged
-  but allows to augment the context in the sub-proof of each case.
-
-  Isar provides some infrastructure to support this:
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-
-  \item native language elements to state eliminations
-
-  \item symbolic case names
-
-  \item method \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} to recover this structure in a
-  sub-proof
-
-  \end{itemize}%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}statement}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ exE\isanewline
-\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}statement}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ conjE\isanewline
-\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}statement}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ disjE\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ A{\isadigit{1}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ A{\isadigit{2}}\ \ %
-\isamarkupcmt{assumptions%
-}
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{obtains}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}case{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ x\ y\ \isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C{\isadigit{1}}\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}case{\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ x\ y\ \isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B{\isadigit{2}}\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{and}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}C{\isadigit{2}}\ x\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Example%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ tertium{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}non{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}datur{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
-\ \ \isakeyword{obtains}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}T{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ A\isanewline
-\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}F{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ A{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ blast%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}cases\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ rule{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ tertium{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}non{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}datur{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ T\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ F\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F7465713E}{\isasymnoteq}}\ y{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsubsection{Example%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-Isabelle/HOL specification mechanisms (datatype, inductive, etc.)
-  provide suitable derived cases rules.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{datatype}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ foo\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Foo\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Bar\ foo\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ foo\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{have}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ C\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}cases\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ Foo\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Foo{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{next}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{case}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Bar\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
-\ \ \ \ \isacommand{from}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Bar\ a{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}\ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\endisatagproof
-{\isafoldproof}%
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\isanewline
-%
-\endisadelimproof
-\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
-%
-\isamarkupsubsection{Obtaining local contexts%
-}
-\isamarkuptrue%
-%
-\begin{isamarkuptext}%
-A single ``case'' branch may be inlined into Isar proof text
-  via \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}.  This proves \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ B\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} on the spot, and augments the context afterwards.%
-\end{isamarkuptext}%
-\isamarkuptrue%
-\isacommand{notepad}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
-%
-\isadelimproof
-\ \ %
-\endisadelimproof
-%
-\isatagproof
-\isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ B\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{obtain}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ x\ \isakeyword{where}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isacommand{sorry}\isamarkupfalse%
-\isanewline
-\ \ \isacommand{note}\isamarkupfalse%
-\ {\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteopen}}B\ x{\isaliteral{60}{\isacharbackquoteclose}}%
-\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
-Conclusions from this context may not mention \isa{x} again!%
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diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/isar-vm.eps
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/isar-vm.eps	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,2694 +0,0 @@
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+         sodipodi:role="line"
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+       xml:space="preserve"
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+       xml:space="preserve"
+       style="font-size:10px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;text-align:start;line-height:100%;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;font-family:Bitstream Vera Sans;-inkscape-font-specification:Bitstream Vera Sans"
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+       sodipodi:linespacing="100%"
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+         sodipodi:role="line"
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+    <text
+       xml:space="preserve"
+       style="font-size:10px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;text-align:start;line-height:100%;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;font-family:Bitstream Vera Sans;-inkscape-font-specification:Bitstream Vera Sans"
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+       sodipodi:linespacing="100%"><tspan
+         sodipodi:role="line"
+         id="tspan19321"
+         x="468.98859"
+         y="280.47543">qed</tspan></text>
+    <text
+       xml:space="preserve"
+       style="font-size:10px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;text-align:start;line-height:100%;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;font-family:Bitstream Vera Sans;-inkscape-font-specification:Bitstream Vera Sans"
+       x="549.06946"
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+       sodipodi:linespacing="100%"><tspan
+         sodipodi:role="line"
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+         x="549.06946"
+         y="239.58423">qed</tspan></text>
+    <text
+       xml:space="preserve"
+       style="font-size:10px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;text-align:start;line-height:100%;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;font-family:Bitstream Vera Sans;-inkscape-font-specification:Bitstream Vera Sans"
+       x="549.39172"
+       y="191.26213"
+       id="text19327"
+       sodipodi:linespacing="100%"><tspan
+         sodipodi:role="line"
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+         x="549.39172"
+         y="191.26213">fix</tspan><tspan
+         sodipodi:role="line"
+         x="549.39172"
+         y="201.26213"
+         id="tspan19331">assume</tspan></text>
+    <text
+       xml:space="preserve"
+       style="font-size:10px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;text-align:start;line-height:100%;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;font-family:Bitstream Vera Sans;-inkscape-font-specification:Bitstream Vera Sans"
+       x="548.71301"
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+       sodipodi:linespacing="100%"><tspan
+         sodipodi:role="line"
+         id="tspan19335"
+         x="548.71301"
+         y="146.97079">{ }</tspan><tspan
+         sodipodi:role="line"
+         x="548.71301"
+         y="156.97079"
+         id="tspan19337">next</tspan></text>
+    <text
+       xml:space="preserve"
+       style="font-size:10px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;text-align:start;line-height:100%;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;font-family:Bitstream Vera Sans;-inkscape-font-specification:Bitstream Vera Sans"
+       x="477.84686"
+       y="98.264297"
+       id="text19339"
+       sodipodi:linespacing="100%"><tspan
+         sodipodi:role="line"
+         x="477.84686"
+         y="98.264297"
+         id="tspan19343">note</tspan><tspan
+         sodipodi:role="line"
+         x="477.84686"
+         y="108.2643"
+         id="tspan19358">let</tspan></text>
+    <text
+       xml:space="preserve"
+       style="font-size:10px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;text-align:start;line-height:100%;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;font-family:Bitstream Vera Sans;-inkscape-font-specification:Bitstream Vera Sans"
+       x="43.791733"
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+       id="text19345"
+       sodipodi:linespacing="100%"><tspan
+         sodipodi:role="line"
+         id="tspan19347"
+         x="43.791733"
+         y="190.29289">using</tspan><tspan
+         sodipodi:role="line"
+         x="43.791733"
+         y="200.29289"
+         id="tspan19349">unfolding</tspan></text>
+    <text
+       xml:space="preserve"
+       style="font-size:10px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;text-align:start;line-height:100%;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;font-family:Bitstream Vera Sans;-inkscape-font-specification:Bitstream Vera Sans"
+       x="378.65891"
+       y="230.52518"
+       id="text19360"
+       sodipodi:linespacing="100%"><tspan
+         sodipodi:role="line"
+         id="tspan19362"
+         x="378.65891"
+         y="230.52518">then</tspan></text>
+    <text
+       xml:space="preserve"
+       style="font-size:10px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;text-align:start;line-height:150%;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;font-family:Bitstream Vera Sans;-inkscape-font-specification:Bitstream Vera Sans"
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+         sodipodi:role="line"
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+         sodipodi:role="line"
+         x="233.98795"
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+         id="tspan19370">show</tspan></text>
+    <text
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+       style="font-size:10px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;text-align:start;line-height:150%;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;font-family:Bitstream Vera Sans;-inkscape-font-specification:Bitstream Vera Sans"
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+         sodipodi:role="line"
+         x="305.89636"
+         y="203.76213"
+         id="tspan19378">show</tspan></text>
+    <text
+       xml:space="preserve"
+       style="font-size:10px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;text-align:start;line-height:100%;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;font-family:Bitstream Vera Sans;-inkscape-font-specification:Bitstream Vera Sans"
+       x="303.82324"
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+       sodipodi:linespacing="100%"><tspan
+         sodipodi:role="line"
+         id="tspan19382"
+         x="303.82324"
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+</svg>
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/document/root.tex
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/document/root.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+\documentclass[12pt,a4paper,fleqn]{report}
+\usepackage{amssymb}
+\usepackage{eurosym}
+\usepackage[english]{babel}
+\usepackage[only,bigsqcap]{stmaryrd}
+\usepackage{textcomp}
+\usepackage{latexsym}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\let\intorig=\int  %iman.sty redefines \int
+\usepackage{iman,extra,isar,proof}
+\usepackage[nohyphen,strings]{underscore}
+\usepackage{isabelle}
+\usepackage{isabellesym}
+\usepackage{railsetup}
+\usepackage{ttbox}
+\usepackage{supertabular}
+\usepackage{style}
+\usepackage{pdfsetup}
+
+\hyphenation{Isabelle}
+\hyphenation{Isar}
+
+\isadroptag{theory}
+\title{\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{isabelle_isar} \\[4ex] The Isabelle/Isar Reference Manual}
+\author{\emph{Makarius Wenzel} \\[3ex]
+  With Contributions by
+  Clemens Ballarin,
+  Stefan Berghofer, \\
+  Jasmin Blanchette,
+  Timothy Bourke,
+  Lukas Bulwahn, \\
+  Lucas Dixon,
+  Florian Haftmann,
+  Brian Huffman, \\
+  Gerwin Klein,
+  Alexander Krauss,
+  Ond\v{r}ej Kun\v{c}ar, \\
+  Tobias Nipkow,
+  Lars Noschinski,
+  David von Oheimb, \\
+  Larry Paulson,
+  Sebastian Skalberg
+}
+
+\makeindex
+
+\chardef\charbackquote=`\`
+\newcommand{\backquote}{\mbox{\tt\charbackquote}}
+
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle 
+
+\pagenumbering{roman}
+{\def\isamarkupchapter#1{\chapter*{#1}}\input{Preface.tex}}
+\tableofcontents
+\clearfirst
+
+\part{Basic Concepts}
+\input{Synopsis.tex}
+\input{Framework.tex}
+\input{First_Order_Logic.tex}
+\part{General Language Elements}
+\input{Outer_Syntax.tex}
+\input{Document_Preparation.tex}
+\input{Spec.tex}
+\input{Proof.tex}
+\input{Inner_Syntax.tex}
+\input{Misc.tex}
+\input{Generic.tex}
+\part{Object-Logic}
+\input{HOL_Specific.tex}
+
+\part{Appendix}
+\appendix
+\input{Quick_Reference.tex}
+\let\int\intorig
+\input{Symbols.tex}
+\input{ML_Tactic.tex}
+
+\begingroup
+  \tocentry{\bibname}
+  \bibliographystyle{abbrv} \small\raggedright\frenchspacing
+  \bibliography{manual}
+\endgroup
+
+\tocentry{\indexname}
+\printindex
+
+\end{document}
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/document/showsymbols
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/document/showsymbols	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env perl
+
+print "\\begin{supertabular}{ll\@{\\qquad}ll}\n";
+
+$eol = "&";
+
+while (<ARGV>) {
+    if (m/^\\newcommand\{\\isasym([A-Za-z]+)\}/) {
+       print "\\verb,\\<$1>, & {\\isasym$1} $eol\n";
+#       print "\\verb,\\<$1>, & \\isactrlbold{\\isasym$1}~{\\isasym$1} $eol\n";
+#       print "\\verb,\\<$1>, & B\\isactrlsup{\\isasym$1} $eol\n";
+#       print "\\verb,\\<$1>, & B\\isactrlsub{\\isasym$1} $eol\n";
+        if ("$eol" eq "&") {
+            $eol = "\\\\";
+        } else {
+            $eol = "&";
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+if ("$eol" eq "\\\\") {
+    print "$eol\n";
+}
+
+print "\\end{supertabular}\n";
+
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/document/style.sty
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/document/style.sty	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+%% toc
+\newcommand{\tocentry}[1]{\cleardoublepage\phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{#1}
+\@mkboth{\MakeUppercase{#1}}{\MakeUppercase{#1}}}
+
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} \setcounter{tocdepth}{2}
+
+%% references
+\newcommand{\secref}[1]{\S\ref{#1}}
+\newcommand{\chref}[1]{chapter~\ref{#1}}
+\newcommand{\Chref}[1]{Chapter~\ref{#1}}
+\newcommand{\appref}[1]{appendix~\ref{#1}}
+\newcommand{\Appref}[1]{Appendix~\ref{#1}}
+\newcommand{\figref}[1]{figure~\ref{#1}}
+\newcommand{\Figref}[1]{Figure~\ref{#1}}
+
+%% Isar
+\newcommand{\isasymBBAR}{{\,\newdimen{\tmpheight}\settoheight\tmpheight{\isacharbar}\rule{1pt}{\tmpheight}\,}}
+\isafoldtag{noproof}\def\isafoldnoproof{~\isafold{proof}}
+\newcommand{\isadigitreset}{\def\isadigit##1{##1}}
+\renewcommand{\isacommand}[1]{\isakeyword{\isadigitreset#1}}
+
+%% ML
+\newenvironment{mldecls}{\par\noindent\begingroup\def\isanewline{\\}\begin{tabular}{ll}}{\end{tabular}\medskip\endgroup}
+
+\renewcommand{\isatagML}{\begingroup\isabellestyle{default}\isastyle\isadigitreset}
+\renewcommand{\endisatagML}{\endgroup}
+
+%% math
+\newcommand{\isasymstrut}{\isamath{\mathstrut}}
+\newcommand{\isasymvartheta}{\isamath{\,\theta}}
+\newcommand{\isactrlvec}[1]{\emph{$\overline{#1}$}}
+\renewcommand{\isadigit}[1]{\isamath{#1}}
+\newcommand{\text}[1]{\mbox{#1}}
+
+%% global style options
+\pagestyle{headings}
+\sloppy
+
+\parindent 0pt\parskip 0.5ex
+
+\isabellestyle{literal}
+
+\newcommand{\isasymdash}{\isatext{\mbox{-}}}
+
+\railtermfont{\isabellestyle{tt}}
+\railnontermfont{\isabellestyle{literal}}
+\railnamefont{\isabellestyle{literal}}
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/isar-ref.tex
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/isar-ref.tex	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-\documentclass[12pt,a4paper,fleqn]{report}
-\usepackage{amssymb}
-\usepackage{eurosym}
-\usepackage[english]{babel}
-\usepackage[only,bigsqcap]{stmaryrd}
-\usepackage{textcomp}
-\usepackage{latexsym}
-\usepackage{graphicx}
-\let\intorig=\int  %iman.sty redefines \int
-\usepackage{../iman,../extra,../isar,../proof}
-\usepackage[nohyphen,strings]{../underscore}
-\usepackage{../../lib/texinputs/isabelle}
-\usepackage{../../lib/texinputs/isabellesym}
-\usepackage{../../lib/texinputs/railsetup}
-\usepackage{../ttbox}
-\usepackage{supertabular}
-\usepackage{style}
-\usepackage{../pdfsetup}
-
-\hyphenation{Isabelle}
-\hyphenation{Isar}
-
-\isadroptag{theory}
-\title{\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{isabelle_isar} \\[4ex] The Isabelle/Isar Reference Manual}
-\author{\emph{Makarius Wenzel} \\[3ex]
-  With Contributions by
-  Clemens Ballarin,
-  Stefan Berghofer, \\
-  Jasmin Blanchette,
-  Timothy Bourke,
-  Lukas Bulwahn, \\
-  Lucas Dixon,
-  Florian Haftmann,
-  Brian Huffman, \\
-  Gerwin Klein,
-  Alexander Krauss,
-  Ond\v{r}ej Kun\v{c}ar, \\
-  Tobias Nipkow,
-  Lars Noschinski,
-  David von Oheimb, \\
-  Larry Paulson,
-  Sebastian Skalberg
-}
-
-\makeindex
-
-\chardef\charbackquote=`\`
-\newcommand{\backquote}{\mbox{\tt\charbackquote}}
-
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\maketitle 
-
-\pagenumbering{roman}
-{\def\isamarkupchapter#1{\chapter*{#1}}\input{Thy/document/Preface.tex}}
-\tableofcontents
-\clearfirst
-
-\part{Basic Concepts}
-\input{Thy/document/Synopsis.tex}
-\input{Thy/document/Framework.tex}
-\input{Thy/document/First_Order_Logic.tex}
-\part{General Language Elements}
-\input{Thy/document/Outer_Syntax.tex}
-\input{Thy/document/Document_Preparation.tex}
-\input{Thy/document/Spec.tex}
-\input{Thy/document/Proof.tex}
-\input{Thy/document/Inner_Syntax.tex}
-\input{Thy/document/Misc.tex}
-\input{Thy/document/Generic.tex}
-\part{Object-Logic}
-\input{Thy/document/HOL_Specific.tex}
-
-\part{Appendix}
-\appendix
-\input{Thy/document/Quick_Reference.tex}
-\let\int\intorig
-\input{Thy/document/Symbols.tex}
-\input{Thy/document/ML_Tactic.tex}
-
-\begingroup
-  \tocentry{\bibname}
-  \bibliographystyle{abbrv} \small\raggedright\frenchspacing
-  \bibliography{../manual}
-\endgroup
-
-\tocentry{\indexname}
-\printindex
-
-\end{document}
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/showsymbols
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/showsymbols	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env perl
-
-print "\\begin{supertabular}{ll\@{\\qquad}ll}\n";
-
-$eol = "&";
-
-while (<ARGV>) {
-    if (m/^\\newcommand\{\\isasym([A-Za-z]+)\}/) {
-       print "\\verb,\\<$1>, & {\\isasym$1} $eol\n";
-#       print "\\verb,\\<$1>, & \\isactrlbold{\\isasym$1}~{\\isasym$1} $eol\n";
-#       print "\\verb,\\<$1>, & B\\isactrlsup{\\isasym$1} $eol\n";
-#       print "\\verb,\\<$1>, & B\\isactrlsub{\\isasym$1} $eol\n";
-        if ("$eol" eq "&") {
-            $eol = "\\\\";
-        } else {
-            $eol = "&";
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-if ("$eol" eq "\\\\") {
-    print "$eol\n";
-}
-
-print "\\end{supertabular}\n";
-
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/IsarRef/style.sty
--- a/doc-src/IsarRef/style.sty	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-%% toc
-\newcommand{\tocentry}[1]{\cleardoublepage\phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{#1}
-\@mkboth{\MakeUppercase{#1}}{\MakeUppercase{#1}}}
-
-\setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} \setcounter{tocdepth}{2}
-
-%% references
-\newcommand{\secref}[1]{\S\ref{#1}}
-\newcommand{\chref}[1]{chapter~\ref{#1}}
-\newcommand{\Chref}[1]{Chapter~\ref{#1}}
-\newcommand{\appref}[1]{appendix~\ref{#1}}
-\newcommand{\Appref}[1]{Appendix~\ref{#1}}
-\newcommand{\figref}[1]{figure~\ref{#1}}
-\newcommand{\Figref}[1]{Figure~\ref{#1}}
-
-%% Isar
-\newcommand{\isasymBBAR}{{\,\newdimen{\tmpheight}\settoheight\tmpheight{\isacharbar}\rule{1pt}{\tmpheight}\,}}
-\isafoldtag{noproof}\def\isafoldnoproof{~\isafold{proof}}
-\newcommand{\isadigitreset}{\def\isadigit##1{##1}}
-\renewcommand{\isacommand}[1]{\isakeyword{\isadigitreset#1}}
-
-%% ML
-\newenvironment{mldecls}{\par\noindent\begingroup\def\isanewline{\\}\begin{tabular}{ll}}{\end{tabular}\medskip\endgroup}
-
-\renewcommand{\isatagML}{\begingroup\isabellestyle{default}\isastyle\isadigitreset}
-\renewcommand{\endisatagML}{\endgroup}
-
-%% math
-\newcommand{\isasymstrut}{\isamath{\mathstrut}}
-\newcommand{\isasymvartheta}{\isamath{\,\theta}}
-\newcommand{\isactrlvec}[1]{\emph{$\overline{#1}$}}
-\renewcommand{\isadigit}[1]{\isamath{#1}}
-\newcommand{\text}[1]{\mbox{#1}}
-
-%% global style options
-\pagestyle{headings}
-\sloppy
-
-\parindent 0pt\parskip 0.5ex
-
-\isabellestyle{literal}
-
-\newcommand{\isasymdash}{\isatext{\mbox{-}}}
-
-\railtermfont{\isabellestyle{tt}}
-\railnontermfont{\isabellestyle{literal}}
-\railnamefont{\isabellestyle{literal}}
diff -r c04001b3a753 -r 12afbf6eb7f9 doc-src/ROOT
--- a/doc-src/ROOT	Tue Aug 28 12:31:53 2012 +0200
+++ b/doc-src/ROOT	Tue Aug 28 12:45:49 2012 +0200
@@ -82,10 +82,8 @@
     "document/build"
     "document/root.tex"
 
-session IsarRef (doc) in "IsarRef/Thy" = HOL +
-  options [browser_info = false, document = false,
-    document_dump = document, document_dump_mode = "tex",
-    quick_and_dirty, thy_output_source]
+session IsarRef (doc) in "IsarRef" = HOL +
+  options [document_variants = "isar-ref", quick_and_dirty, thy_output_source]
   theories
     Preface
     Synopsis
@@ -102,6 +100,21 @@
     Quick_Reference
     Symbols
     ML_Tactic
+  files
+    "../pdfsetup.sty"
+    "../iman.sty"
+    "../extra.sty"
+    "../ttbox.sty"
+    "../proof.sty"
+    "../isar.sty"
+    "../manual.bib"
+    "document/build"
+    "document/isar-vm.eps"
+    "document/isar-vm.pdf"
+    "document/isar-vm.svg"
+    "document/root.tex"
+    "document/showsymbols"
+    "document/style.sty"
 
 session LaTeXsugar (doc) in "LaTeXsugar" = HOL +
   options [document_variants = "sugar"]