# HG changeset patch
# User haftmann
# Date 1408689794 -7200
# Node ID 62826b36ac5e1c0bc5dcb04a8d417618ad39a6d7
# Parent  464c1815fde9623ba343510d4257320066c0188e
generic euclidean algorithm (due to Manuel Eberl)

diff -r 464c1815fde9 -r 62826b36ac5e CONTRIBUTORS
--- a/CONTRIBUTORS	Thu Aug 21 14:41:08 2014 +0200
+++ b/CONTRIBUTORS	Fri Aug 22 08:43:14 2014 +0200
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@
 Contributions to this Isabelle version
 --------------------------------------
 
+* August 2014: Manuel Eberl, TUM
+  Generic euclidean algorithms for gcd et al.
+
 
 Contributions to Isabelle2014
 -----------------------------
diff -r 464c1815fde9 -r 62826b36ac5e src/HOL/Number_Theory/Euclidean_Algorithm.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/src/HOL/Number_Theory/Euclidean_Algorithm.thy	Fri Aug 22 08:43:14 2014 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1819 @@
+(* Author: Manuel Eberl *)
+
+header {* Abstract euclidean algorithm *}
+
+theory Euclidean_Algorithm
+imports Complex_Main
+begin
+
+lemma finite_int_set_iff_bounded_le:
+  "finite (N::int set) = (\<exists>m\<ge>0. \<forall>n\<in>N. abs n \<le> m)"
+proof
+  assume "finite (N::int set)"
+  hence "finite (nat ` abs ` N)" by (intro finite_imageI)
+  hence "\<exists>m. \<forall>n\<in>nat`abs`N. n \<le> m" by (simp add: finite_nat_set_iff_bounded_le)
+  then obtain m :: nat where "\<forall>n\<in>N. nat (abs n) \<le> nat (int m)" by auto
+  then show "\<exists>m\<ge>0. \<forall>n\<in>N. abs n \<le> m" by (intro exI[of _ "int m"]) (auto simp: nat_le_eq_zle)
+next
+  assume "\<exists>m\<ge>0. \<forall>n\<in>N. abs n \<le> m"
+  then obtain m where "m \<ge> 0" and "\<forall>n\<in>N. abs n \<le> m" by blast
+  hence "\<forall>n\<in>N. nat (abs n) \<le> nat m" by (auto simp: nat_le_eq_zle)
+  hence "\<forall>n\<in>nat`abs`N. n \<le> nat m" by (auto simp: nat_le_eq_zle)
+  hence A: "finite ((nat \<circ> abs)`N)" unfolding o_def 
+      by (subst finite_nat_set_iff_bounded_le) blast
+  {
+    assume "\<not>finite N"
+    from pigeonhole_infinite[OF this A] obtain x 
+       where "x \<in> N" and B: "~finite {a\<in>N. nat (abs a) = nat (abs x)}" 
+       unfolding o_def by blast
+    have "{a\<in>N. nat (abs a) = nat (abs x)} \<subseteq> {x, -x}" by auto
+    hence "finite {a\<in>N. nat (abs a) = nat (abs x)}" by (rule finite_subset) simp
+    with B have False by contradiction
+  }
+  then show "finite N" by blast
+qed
+
+context semiring_div
+begin
+
+lemma dvd_setprod [intro]:
+  assumes "finite A" and "x \<in> A"
+  shows "f x dvd setprod f A"
+proof
+  from `finite A` have "setprod f (insert x (A - {x})) = f x * setprod f (A - {x})"
+    by (intro setprod.insert) auto
+  also from `x \<in> A` have "insert x (A - {x}) = A" by blast
+  finally show "setprod f A = f x * setprod f (A - {x})" .
+qed
+
+lemma dvd_mult_cancel_left:
+  assumes "a \<noteq> 0" and "a * b dvd a * c"
+  shows "b dvd c"
+proof-
+  from assms(2) obtain k where "a * c = a * b * k" unfolding dvd_def by blast
+  hence "c * a = b * k * a" by (simp add: ac_simps)
+  hence "c * (a div a) = b * k * (a div a)" by (simp add: div_mult_swap)
+  also from `a \<noteq> 0` have "a div a = 1" by simp
+  finally show ?thesis by simp
+qed
+
+lemma dvd_mult_cancel_right:
+  "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> b * a dvd c * a \<Longrightarrow> b dvd c"
+  by (subst (asm) (1 2) ac_simps, rule dvd_mult_cancel_left)
+
+lemma nonzero_pow_nonzero:
+  "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> a ^ n \<noteq> 0"
+  by (induct n) (simp_all add: no_zero_divisors)
+
+lemma zero_pow_zero: "n \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> 0 ^ n = 0"
+  by (cases n, simp_all)
+
+lemma pow_zero_iff:
+  "n \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> a^n = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a = 0"
+  using nonzero_pow_nonzero zero_pow_zero by auto
+
+end
+
+context semiring_div
+begin 
+
+definition ring_inv :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
+where
+  "ring_inv x = 1 div x"
+
+definition is_unit :: "'a \<Rightarrow> bool"
+where
+  "is_unit x \<longleftrightarrow> x dvd 1"
+
+definition associated :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool" 
+where
+  "associated x y \<longleftrightarrow> x dvd y \<and> y dvd x"
+
+lemma unit_prod [intro]:
+  "is_unit x \<Longrightarrow> is_unit y \<Longrightarrow> is_unit (x * y)"
+  unfolding is_unit_def by (subst mult_1_left [of 1, symmetric], rule mult_dvd_mono) 
+
+lemma unit_ring_inv:
+  "is_unit y \<Longrightarrow> x div y = x * ring_inv y"
+  by (simp add: div_mult_swap ring_inv_def is_unit_def)
+
+lemma unit_ring_inv_ring_inv [simp]:
+  "is_unit x \<Longrightarrow> ring_inv (ring_inv x) = x"
+  unfolding is_unit_def ring_inv_def
+  by (metis div_mult_mult1_if div_mult_self1_is_id dvd_mult_div_cancel mult_1_right)
+
+lemma inv_imp_eq_ring_inv:
+  "a * b = 1 \<Longrightarrow> ring_inv a = b"
+  by (metis dvd_mult_div_cancel dvd_mult_right mult_1_right mult.left_commute one_dvd ring_inv_def)
+
+lemma ring_inv_is_inv1 [simp]:
+  "is_unit a \<Longrightarrow> a * ring_inv a = 1"
+  unfolding is_unit_def ring_inv_def by (simp add: dvd_mult_div_cancel)
+
+lemma ring_inv_is_inv2 [simp]:
+  "is_unit a \<Longrightarrow> ring_inv a * a = 1"
+  by (simp add: ac_simps)
+
+lemma unit_ring_inv_unit [simp, intro]:
+  assumes "is_unit x"
+  shows "is_unit (ring_inv x)"
+proof -
+  from assms have "1 = ring_inv x * x" by simp
+  then show "is_unit (ring_inv x)" unfolding is_unit_def by (rule dvdI)
+qed
+
+lemma mult_unit_dvd_iff:
+  "is_unit y \<Longrightarrow> x * y dvd z \<longleftrightarrow> x dvd z"
+proof
+  assume "is_unit y" "x * y dvd z"
+  then show "x dvd z" by (simp add: dvd_mult_left)
+next
+  assume "is_unit y" "x dvd z"
+  then obtain k where "z = x * k" unfolding dvd_def by blast
+  with `is_unit y` have "z = (x * y) * (ring_inv y * k)" 
+      by (simp add: mult_ac)
+  then show "x * y dvd z" by (rule dvdI)
+qed
+
+lemma div_unit_dvd_iff:
+  "is_unit y \<Longrightarrow> x div y dvd z \<longleftrightarrow> x dvd z"
+  by (subst unit_ring_inv) (assumption, simp add: mult_unit_dvd_iff)
+
+lemma dvd_mult_unit_iff:
+  "is_unit y \<Longrightarrow> x dvd z * y \<longleftrightarrow> x dvd z"
+proof
+  assume "is_unit y" and "x dvd z * y"
+  have "z * y dvd z * (y * ring_inv y)" by (subst mult_assoc [symmetric]) simp
+  also from `is_unit y` have "y * ring_inv y = 1" by simp
+  finally have "z * y dvd z" by simp
+  with `x dvd z * y` show "x dvd z" by (rule dvd_trans)
+next
+  assume "x dvd z"
+  then show "x dvd z * y" by simp
+qed
+
+lemma dvd_div_unit_iff:
+  "is_unit y \<Longrightarrow> x dvd z div y \<longleftrightarrow> x dvd z"
+  by (subst unit_ring_inv) (assumption, simp add: dvd_mult_unit_iff)
+
+lemmas unit_dvd_iff = mult_unit_dvd_iff div_unit_dvd_iff dvd_mult_unit_iff dvd_div_unit_iff
+
+lemma unit_div [intro]:
+  "is_unit x \<Longrightarrow> is_unit y \<Longrightarrow> is_unit (x div y)"
+  by (subst unit_ring_inv) (assumption, rule unit_prod, simp_all)
+
+lemma unit_div_mult_swap:
+  "is_unit z \<Longrightarrow> x * (y div z) = x * y div z"
+  by (simp only: unit_ring_inv [of _ y] unit_ring_inv [of _ "x*y"] ac_simps)
+
+lemma unit_div_commute:
+  "is_unit y \<Longrightarrow> x div y * z = x * z div y"
+  by (simp only: unit_ring_inv [of _ x] unit_ring_inv [of _ "x*z"] ac_simps)
+
+lemma unit_imp_dvd [dest]:
+  "is_unit y \<Longrightarrow> y dvd x"
+  by (rule dvd_trans [of _ 1]) (simp_all add: is_unit_def)
+
+lemma dvd_unit_imp_unit:
+  "is_unit y \<Longrightarrow> x dvd y \<Longrightarrow> is_unit x"
+  by (unfold is_unit_def) (rule dvd_trans)
+
+lemma ring_inv_0 [simp]:
+  "ring_inv 0 = 0"
+  unfolding ring_inv_def by simp
+
+lemma unit_ring_inv'1:
+  assumes "is_unit y"
+  shows "x div (y * z) = x * ring_inv y div z" 
+proof -
+  from assms have "x div (y * z) = x * (ring_inv y * y) div (y * z)"
+    by simp
+  also have "... = y * (x * ring_inv y) div (y * z)"
+    by (simp only: mult_ac)
+  also have "... = x * ring_inv y div z"
+    by (cases "y = 0", simp, rule div_mult_mult1)
+  finally show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+lemma associated_comm:
+  "associated x y \<Longrightarrow> associated y x"
+  by (simp add: associated_def)
+
+lemma associated_0 [simp]:
+  "associated 0 b \<longleftrightarrow> b = 0"
+  "associated a 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a = 0"
+  unfolding associated_def by simp_all
+
+lemma associated_unit:
+  "is_unit x \<Longrightarrow> associated x y \<Longrightarrow> is_unit y"
+  unfolding associated_def by (fast dest: dvd_unit_imp_unit)
+
+lemma is_unit_1 [simp]:
+  "is_unit 1"
+  unfolding is_unit_def by simp
+
+lemma not_is_unit_0 [simp]:
+  "\<not> is_unit 0"
+  unfolding is_unit_def by auto
+
+lemma unit_mult_left_cancel:
+  assumes "is_unit x"
+  shows "(x * y) = (x * z) \<longleftrightarrow> y = z"
+proof -
+  from assms have "x \<noteq> 0" by auto
+  then show ?thesis by (metis div_mult_self1_is_id)
+qed
+
+lemma unit_mult_right_cancel:
+  "is_unit x \<Longrightarrow> (y * x) = (z * x) \<longleftrightarrow> y = z"
+  by (simp add: ac_simps unit_mult_left_cancel)
+
+lemma unit_div_cancel:
+  "is_unit x \<Longrightarrow> (y div x) = (z div x) \<longleftrightarrow> y = z"
+  apply (subst unit_ring_inv[of _ y], assumption)
+  apply (subst unit_ring_inv[of _ z], assumption)
+  apply (rule unit_mult_right_cancel, erule unit_ring_inv_unit)
+  done
+
+lemma unit_eq_div1:
+  "is_unit y \<Longrightarrow> x div y = z \<longleftrightarrow> x = z * y"
+  apply (subst unit_ring_inv, assumption)
+  apply (subst unit_mult_right_cancel[symmetric], assumption)
+  apply (subst mult_assoc, subst ring_inv_is_inv2, assumption, simp)
+  done
+
+lemma unit_eq_div2:
+  "is_unit y \<Longrightarrow> x = z div y \<longleftrightarrow> x * y = z"
+  by (subst (1 2) eq_commute, simp add: unit_eq_div1, subst eq_commute, rule refl)
+
+lemma associated_iff_div_unit:
+  "associated x y \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>z. is_unit z \<and> x = z * y)"
+proof
+  assume "associated x y"
+  show "\<exists>z. is_unit z \<and> x = z * y"
+  proof (cases "x = 0")
+    assume "x = 0"
+    then show "\<exists>z. is_unit z \<and> x = z * y" using `associated x y`
+        by (intro exI[of _ 1], simp add: associated_def)
+  next
+    assume [simp]: "x \<noteq> 0"
+    hence [simp]: "x dvd y" "y dvd x" using `associated x y`
+        unfolding associated_def by simp_all
+    hence "1 = x div y * (y div x)"
+      by (simp add: div_mult_swap dvd_div_mult_self)
+    hence "is_unit (x div y)" unfolding is_unit_def by (rule dvdI)
+    moreover have "x = (x div y) * y" by (simp add: dvd_div_mult_self)
+    ultimately show ?thesis by blast
+  qed
+next
+  assume "\<exists>z. is_unit z \<and> x = z * y"
+  then obtain z where "is_unit z" and "x = z * y" by blast
+  hence "y = x * ring_inv z" by (simp add: algebra_simps)
+  hence "x dvd y" by simp
+  moreover from `x = z * y` have "y dvd x" by simp
+  ultimately show "associated x y" unfolding associated_def by simp
+qed
+
+lemmas unit_simps = mult_unit_dvd_iff div_unit_dvd_iff dvd_mult_unit_iff 
+  dvd_div_unit_iff unit_div_mult_swap unit_div_commute
+  unit_mult_left_cancel unit_mult_right_cancel unit_div_cancel 
+  unit_eq_div1 unit_eq_div2
+
+end
+
+context ring_div
+begin
+
+lemma is_unit_neg [simp]:
+  "is_unit (- x) \<Longrightarrow> is_unit x"
+  unfolding is_unit_def by simp
+
+lemma is_unit_neg_1 [simp]:
+  "is_unit (-1)"
+  unfolding is_unit_def by simp
+
+end
+
+lemma is_unit_nat [simp]:
+  "is_unit (x::nat) \<longleftrightarrow> x = 1"
+  unfolding is_unit_def by simp
+
+lemma is_unit_int:
+  "is_unit (x::int) \<longleftrightarrow> x = 1 \<or> x = -1"
+  unfolding is_unit_def by auto
+
+text {*
+  A Euclidean semiring is a semiring upon which the Euclidean algorithm can be
+  implemented. It must provide:
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item division with remainder
+  \item a size function such that @{term "size (a mod b) < size b"} 
+        for any @{term "b \<noteq> 0"}
+  \item a normalisation factor such that two associated numbers are equal iff 
+        they are the same when divided by their normalisation factors.
+  \end{itemize}
+  The existence of these functions makes it possible to derive gcd and lcm functions 
+  for any Euclidean semiring.
+*} 
+class euclidean_semiring = semiring_div + 
+  fixes euclidean_size :: "'a \<Rightarrow> nat"
+  fixes normalisation_factor :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
+  assumes mod_size_less [simp]: 
+    "b \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> euclidean_size (a mod b) < euclidean_size b"
+  assumes size_mult_mono:
+    "b \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> euclidean_size (a * b) \<ge> euclidean_size a"
+  assumes normalisation_factor_is_unit [intro,simp]: 
+    "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> is_unit (normalisation_factor a)"
+  assumes normalisation_factor_mult: "normalisation_factor (a * b) = 
+    normalisation_factor a * normalisation_factor b"
+  assumes normalisation_factor_unit: "is_unit x \<Longrightarrow> normalisation_factor x = x"
+  assumes normalisation_factor_0 [simp]: "normalisation_factor 0 = 0"
+begin
+
+lemma normalisation_factor_dvd [simp]:
+  "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> normalisation_factor a dvd b"
+  by (rule unit_imp_dvd, simp)
+    
+lemma normalisation_factor_1 [simp]:
+  "normalisation_factor 1 = 1"
+  by (simp add: normalisation_factor_unit)
+
+lemma normalisation_factor_0_iff [simp]:
+  "normalisation_factor x = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x = 0"
+proof
+  assume "normalisation_factor x = 0"
+  hence "\<not> is_unit (normalisation_factor x)"
+    by (metis not_is_unit_0)
+  then show "x = 0" by force
+next
+  assume "x = 0"
+  then show "normalisation_factor x = 0" by simp
+qed
+
+lemma normalisation_factor_pow:
+  "normalisation_factor (x ^ n) = normalisation_factor x ^ n"
+  by (induct n) (simp_all add: normalisation_factor_mult power_Suc2)
+
+lemma normalisation_correct [simp]:
+  "normalisation_factor (x div normalisation_factor x) = (if x = 0 then 0 else 1)"
+proof (cases "x = 0", simp)
+  assume "x \<noteq> 0"
+  let ?nf = "normalisation_factor"
+  from normalisation_factor_is_unit[OF `x \<noteq> 0`] have "?nf x \<noteq> 0"
+    by (metis not_is_unit_0) 
+  have "?nf (x div ?nf x) * ?nf (?nf x) = ?nf (x div ?nf x * ?nf x)" 
+    by (simp add: normalisation_factor_mult)
+  also have "x div ?nf x * ?nf x = x" using `x \<noteq> 0`
+    by (simp add: dvd_div_mult_self)
+  also have "?nf (?nf x) = ?nf x" using `x \<noteq> 0` 
+    normalisation_factor_is_unit normalisation_factor_unit by simp
+  finally show ?thesis using `x \<noteq> 0` and `?nf x \<noteq> 0` 
+    by (metis div_mult_self2_is_id div_self)
+qed
+
+lemma normalisation_0_iff [simp]:
+  "x div normalisation_factor x = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x = 0"
+  by (cases "x = 0", simp, subst unit_eq_div1, blast, simp)
+
+lemma associated_iff_normed_eq:
+  "associated a b \<longleftrightarrow> a div normalisation_factor a = b div normalisation_factor b"
+proof (cases "b = 0", simp, cases "a = 0", metis associated_0(1) normalisation_0_iff, rule iffI)
+  let ?nf = normalisation_factor
+  assume "a \<noteq> 0" "b \<noteq> 0" "a div ?nf a = b div ?nf b"
+  hence "a = b * (?nf a div ?nf b)"
+    apply (subst (asm) unit_eq_div1, blast, subst (asm) unit_div_commute, blast)
+    apply (subst div_mult_swap, simp, simp)
+    done
+  with `a \<noteq> 0` `b \<noteq> 0` have "\<exists>z. is_unit z \<and> a = z * b"
+    by (intro exI[of _ "?nf a div ?nf b"], force simp: mult_ac)
+  with associated_iff_div_unit show "associated a b" by simp
+next
+  let ?nf = normalisation_factor
+  assume "a \<noteq> 0" "b \<noteq> 0" "associated a b"
+  with associated_iff_div_unit obtain z where "is_unit z" and "a = z * b" by blast
+  then show "a div ?nf a = b div ?nf b"
+    apply (simp only: `a = z * b` normalisation_factor_mult normalisation_factor_unit)
+    apply (rule div_mult_mult1, force)
+    done
+  qed
+
+lemma normed_associated_imp_eq:
+  "associated a b \<Longrightarrow> normalisation_factor a \<in> {0, 1} \<Longrightarrow> normalisation_factor b \<in> {0, 1} \<Longrightarrow> a = b"
+  by (simp add: associated_iff_normed_eq, elim disjE, simp_all)
+    
+lemmas normalisation_factor_dvd_iff [simp] =
+  unit_dvd_iff [OF normalisation_factor_is_unit]
+
+lemma euclidean_division:
+  fixes a :: 'a and b :: 'a
+  assumes "b \<noteq> 0"
+  obtains s and t where "a = s * b + t" 
+    and "euclidean_size t < euclidean_size b"
+proof -
+  from div_mod_equality[of a b 0] 
+     have "a = a div b * b + a mod b" by simp
+  with that and assms show ?thesis by force
+qed
+
+lemma dvd_euclidean_size_eq_imp_dvd:
+  assumes "a \<noteq> 0" and b_dvd_a: "b dvd a" and size_eq: "euclidean_size a = euclidean_size b"
+  shows "a dvd b"
+proof (subst dvd_eq_mod_eq_0, rule ccontr)
+  assume "b mod a \<noteq> 0"
+  from b_dvd_a have b_dvd_mod: "b dvd b mod a" by (simp add: dvd_mod_iff)
+  from b_dvd_mod obtain c where "b mod a = b * c" unfolding dvd_def by blast
+    with `b mod a \<noteq> 0` have "c \<noteq> 0" by auto
+  with `b mod a = b * c` have "euclidean_size (b mod a) \<ge> euclidean_size b"
+      using size_mult_mono by force
+  moreover from `a \<noteq> 0` have "euclidean_size (b mod a) < euclidean_size a"
+      using mod_size_less by blast
+  ultimately show False using size_eq by simp
+qed
+
+function gcd_eucl :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
+where
+  "gcd_eucl a b = (if b = 0 then a div normalisation_factor a else gcd_eucl b (a mod b))"
+  by (pat_completeness, simp)
+termination by (relation "measure (euclidean_size \<circ> snd)", simp_all)
+
+declare gcd_eucl.simps [simp del]
+
+lemma gcd_induct: "\<lbrakk>\<And>b. P b 0; \<And>a b. 0 \<noteq> b \<Longrightarrow> P b (a mod b) \<Longrightarrow> P a b\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P a b"
+proof (induct a b rule: gcd_eucl.induct)
+  case ("1" m n)
+    then show ?case by (cases "n = 0") auto
+qed
+
+definition lcm_eucl :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
+where
+  "lcm_eucl a b = a * b div (gcd_eucl a b * normalisation_factor (a * b))"
+
+  (* Somewhat complicated definition of Lcm that has the advantage of working
+     for infinite sets as well *)
+
+definition Lcm_eucl :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a"
+where
+  "Lcm_eucl A = (if \<exists>l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l) then
+     let l = SOME l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l) \<and> euclidean_size l =
+       (LEAST n. \<exists>l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l) \<and> euclidean_size l = n)
+       in l div normalisation_factor l
+      else 0)"
+
+definition Gcd_eucl :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a"
+where
+  "Gcd_eucl A = Lcm_eucl {d. \<forall>a\<in>A. d dvd a}"
+
+end
+
+class euclidean_semiring_gcd = euclidean_semiring + gcd + Gcd +
+  assumes gcd_gcd_eucl: "gcd = gcd_eucl" and lcm_lcm_eucl: "lcm = lcm_eucl"
+  assumes Gcd_Gcd_eucl: "Gcd = Gcd_eucl" and Lcm_Lcm_eucl: "Lcm = Lcm_eucl"
+begin
+
+lemma gcd_red:
+  "gcd x y = gcd y (x mod y)"
+  by (metis gcd_eucl.simps mod_0 mod_by_0 gcd_gcd_eucl)
+
+lemma gcd_non_0:
+  "y \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> gcd x y = gcd y (x mod y)"
+  by (rule gcd_red)
+
+lemma gcd_0_left:
+  "gcd 0 x = x div normalisation_factor x"
+   by (simp only: gcd_gcd_eucl, subst gcd_eucl.simps, subst gcd_eucl.simps, simp add: Let_def)
+
+lemma gcd_0:
+  "gcd x 0 = x div normalisation_factor x"
+  by (simp only: gcd_gcd_eucl, subst gcd_eucl.simps, simp add: Let_def)
+
+lemma gcd_dvd1 [iff]: "gcd x y dvd x"
+  and gcd_dvd2 [iff]: "gcd x y dvd y"
+proof (induct x y rule: gcd_eucl.induct)
+  fix x y :: 'a
+  assume IH1: "y \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> gcd y (x mod y) dvd y"
+  assume IH2: "y \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> gcd y (x mod y) dvd (x mod y)"
+  
+  have "gcd x y dvd x \<and> gcd x y dvd y"
+  proof (cases "y = 0")
+    case True
+      then show ?thesis by (cases "x = 0", simp_all add: gcd_0)
+  next
+    case False
+      with IH1 and IH2 show ?thesis by (simp add: gcd_non_0 dvd_mod_iff)
+  qed
+  then show "gcd x y dvd x" "gcd x y dvd y" by simp_all
+qed
+
+lemma dvd_gcd_D1: "k dvd gcd m n \<Longrightarrow> k dvd m"
+  by (rule dvd_trans, assumption, rule gcd_dvd1)
+
+lemma dvd_gcd_D2: "k dvd gcd m n \<Longrightarrow> k dvd n"
+  by (rule dvd_trans, assumption, rule gcd_dvd2)
+
+lemma gcd_greatest:
+  fixes k x y :: 'a
+  shows "k dvd x \<Longrightarrow> k dvd y \<Longrightarrow> k dvd gcd x y"
+proof (induct x y rule: gcd_eucl.induct)
+  case (1 x y)
+  show ?case
+    proof (cases "y = 0")
+      assume "y = 0"
+      with 1 show ?thesis by (cases "x = 0", simp_all add: gcd_0)
+    next
+      assume "y \<noteq> 0"
+      with 1 show ?thesis by (simp add: gcd_non_0 dvd_mod_iff) 
+    qed
+qed
+
+lemma dvd_gcd_iff:
+  "k dvd gcd x y \<longleftrightarrow> k dvd x \<and> k dvd y"
+  by (blast intro!: gcd_greatest intro: dvd_trans)
+
+lemmas gcd_greatest_iff = dvd_gcd_iff
+
+lemma gcd_zero [simp]:
+  "gcd x y = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x = 0 \<and> y = 0"
+  by (metis dvd_0_left dvd_refl gcd_dvd1 gcd_dvd2 gcd_greatest)+
+
+lemma normalisation_factor_gcd [simp]:
+  "normalisation_factor (gcd x y) = (if x = 0 \<and> y = 0 then 0 else 1)" (is "?f x y = ?g x y")
+proof (induct x y rule: gcd_eucl.induct)
+  fix x y :: 'a
+  assume IH: "y \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> ?f y (x mod y) = ?g y (x mod y)"
+  then show "?f x y = ?g x y" by (cases "y = 0", auto simp: gcd_non_0 gcd_0)
+qed
+
+lemma gcdI:
+  "k dvd x \<Longrightarrow> k dvd y \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>l. l dvd x \<Longrightarrow> l dvd y \<Longrightarrow> l dvd k)
+    \<Longrightarrow> normalisation_factor k = (if k = 0 then 0 else 1) \<Longrightarrow> k = gcd x y"
+  by (intro normed_associated_imp_eq) (auto simp: associated_def intro: gcd_greatest)
+
+sublocale gcd!: abel_semigroup gcd
+proof
+  fix x y z 
+  show "gcd (gcd x y) z = gcd x (gcd y z)"
+  proof (rule gcdI)
+    have "gcd (gcd x y) z dvd gcd x y" "gcd x y dvd x" by simp_all
+    then show "gcd (gcd x y) z dvd x" by (rule dvd_trans)
+    have "gcd (gcd x y) z dvd gcd x y" "gcd x y dvd y" by simp_all
+    hence "gcd (gcd x y) z dvd y" by (rule dvd_trans)
+    moreover have "gcd (gcd x y) z dvd z" by simp
+    ultimately show "gcd (gcd x y) z dvd gcd y z"
+      by (rule gcd_greatest)
+    show "normalisation_factor (gcd (gcd x y) z) =  (if gcd (gcd x y) z = 0 then 0 else 1)"
+      by auto
+    fix l assume "l dvd x" and "l dvd gcd y z"
+    with dvd_trans[OF _ gcd_dvd1] and dvd_trans[OF _ gcd_dvd2]
+      have "l dvd y" and "l dvd z" by blast+
+    with `l dvd x` show "l dvd gcd (gcd x y) z"
+      by (intro gcd_greatest)
+  qed
+next
+  fix x y
+  show "gcd x y = gcd y x"
+    by (rule gcdI) (simp_all add: gcd_greatest)
+qed
+
+lemma gcd_unique: "d dvd a \<and> d dvd b \<and> 
+    normalisation_factor d = (if d = 0 then 0 else 1) \<and>
+    (\<forall>e. e dvd a \<and> e dvd b \<longrightarrow> e dvd d) \<longleftrightarrow> d = gcd a b"
+  by (rule, auto intro: gcdI simp: gcd_greatest)
+
+lemma gcd_dvd_prod: "gcd a b dvd k * b"
+  using mult_dvd_mono [of 1] by auto
+
+lemma gcd_1_left [simp]: "gcd 1 x = 1"
+  by (rule sym, rule gcdI, simp_all)
+
+lemma gcd_1 [simp]: "gcd x 1 = 1"
+  by (rule sym, rule gcdI, simp_all)
+
+lemma gcd_proj2_if_dvd: 
+  "y dvd x \<Longrightarrow> gcd x y = y div normalisation_factor y"
+  by (cases "y = 0", simp_all add: dvd_eq_mod_eq_0 gcd_non_0 gcd_0)
+
+lemma gcd_proj1_if_dvd: 
+  "x dvd y \<Longrightarrow> gcd x y = x div normalisation_factor x"
+  by (subst gcd.commute, simp add: gcd_proj2_if_dvd)
+
+lemma gcd_proj1_iff: "gcd m n = m div normalisation_factor m \<longleftrightarrow> m dvd n"
+proof
+  assume A: "gcd m n = m div normalisation_factor m"
+  show "m dvd n"
+  proof (cases "m = 0")
+    assume [simp]: "m \<noteq> 0"
+    from A have B: "m = gcd m n * normalisation_factor m"
+      by (simp add: unit_eq_div2)
+    show ?thesis by (subst B, simp add: mult_unit_dvd_iff)
+  qed (insert A, simp)
+next
+  assume "m dvd n"
+  then show "gcd m n = m div normalisation_factor m" by (rule gcd_proj1_if_dvd)
+qed
+  
+lemma gcd_proj2_iff: "gcd m n = n div normalisation_factor n \<longleftrightarrow> n dvd m"
+  by (subst gcd.commute, simp add: gcd_proj1_iff)
+
+lemma gcd_mod1 [simp]:
+  "gcd (x mod y) y = gcd x y"
+  by (rule gcdI, metis dvd_mod_iff gcd_dvd1 gcd_dvd2, simp_all add: gcd_greatest dvd_mod_iff)
+
+lemma gcd_mod2 [simp]:
+  "gcd x (y mod x) = gcd x y"
+  by (rule gcdI, simp, metis dvd_mod_iff gcd_dvd1 gcd_dvd2, simp_all add: gcd_greatest dvd_mod_iff)
+         
+lemma normalisation_factor_dvd' [simp]:
+  "normalisation_factor x dvd x"
+  by (cases "x = 0", simp_all)
+
+lemma gcd_mult_distrib': 
+  "k div normalisation_factor k * gcd x y = gcd (k*x) (k*y)"
+proof (induct x y rule: gcd_eucl.induct)
+  case (1 x y)
+  show ?case
+  proof (cases "y = 0")
+    case True
+    then show ?thesis by (simp add: normalisation_factor_mult gcd_0 algebra_simps div_mult_div_if_dvd)
+  next
+    case False
+    hence "k div normalisation_factor k * gcd x y =  gcd (k * y) (k * (x mod y))" 
+      using 1 by (subst gcd_red, simp)
+    also have "... = gcd (k * x) (k * y)"
+      by (simp add: mult_mod_right gcd.commute)
+    finally show ?thesis .
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma gcd_mult_distrib:
+  "k * gcd x y = gcd (k*x) (k*y) * normalisation_factor k"
+proof-
+  let ?nf = "normalisation_factor"
+  from gcd_mult_distrib' 
+    have "gcd (k*x) (k*y) = k div ?nf k * gcd x y" ..
+  also have "... = k * gcd x y div ?nf k"
+    by (metis dvd_div_mult dvd_eq_mod_eq_0 mod_0 normalisation_factor_dvd)
+  finally show ?thesis
+    by (simp add: ac_simps dvd_mult_div_cancel)
+qed
+
+lemma euclidean_size_gcd_le1 [simp]:
+  assumes "a \<noteq> 0"
+  shows "euclidean_size (gcd a b) \<le> euclidean_size a"
+proof -
+   have "gcd a b dvd a" by (rule gcd_dvd1)
+   then obtain c where A: "a = gcd a b * c" unfolding dvd_def by blast
+   with `a \<noteq> 0` show ?thesis by (subst (2) A, intro size_mult_mono) auto
+qed
+
+lemma euclidean_size_gcd_le2 [simp]:
+  "b \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> euclidean_size (gcd a b) \<le> euclidean_size b"
+  by (subst gcd.commute, rule euclidean_size_gcd_le1)
+
+lemma euclidean_size_gcd_less1:
+  assumes "a \<noteq> 0" and "\<not>a dvd b"
+  shows "euclidean_size (gcd a b) < euclidean_size a"
+proof (rule ccontr)
+  assume "\<not>euclidean_size (gcd a b) < euclidean_size a"
+  with `a \<noteq> 0` have "euclidean_size (gcd a b) = euclidean_size a"
+    by (intro le_antisym, simp_all)
+  with assms have "a dvd gcd a b" by (auto intro: dvd_euclidean_size_eq_imp_dvd)
+  hence "a dvd b" using dvd_gcd_D2 by blast
+  with `\<not>a dvd b` show False by contradiction
+qed
+
+lemma euclidean_size_gcd_less2:
+  assumes "b \<noteq> 0" and "\<not>b dvd a"
+  shows "euclidean_size (gcd a b) < euclidean_size b"
+  using assms by (subst gcd.commute, rule euclidean_size_gcd_less1)
+
+lemma gcd_mult_unit1: "is_unit a \<Longrightarrow> gcd (x*a) y = gcd x y"
+  apply (rule gcdI)
+  apply (rule dvd_trans, rule gcd_dvd1, simp add: unit_simps)
+  apply (rule gcd_dvd2)
+  apply (rule gcd_greatest, simp add: unit_simps, assumption)
+  apply (subst normalisation_factor_gcd, simp add: gcd_0)
+  done
+
+lemma gcd_mult_unit2: "is_unit a \<Longrightarrow> gcd x (y*a) = gcd x y"
+  by (subst gcd.commute, subst gcd_mult_unit1, assumption, rule gcd.commute)
+
+lemma gcd_div_unit1: "is_unit a \<Longrightarrow> gcd (x div a) y = gcd x y"
+  by (simp add: unit_ring_inv gcd_mult_unit1)
+
+lemma gcd_div_unit2: "is_unit a \<Longrightarrow> gcd x (y div a) = gcd x y"
+  by (simp add: unit_ring_inv gcd_mult_unit2)
+
+lemma gcd_idem: "gcd x x = x div normalisation_factor x"
+  by (cases "x = 0") (simp add: gcd_0_left, rule sym, rule gcdI, simp_all)
+
+lemma gcd_right_idem: "gcd (gcd p q) q = gcd p q"
+  apply (rule gcdI)
+  apply (simp add: ac_simps)
+  apply (rule gcd_dvd2)
+  apply (rule gcd_greatest, erule (1) gcd_greatest, assumption)
+  apply (simp add: gcd_zero)
+  done
+
+lemma gcd_left_idem: "gcd p (gcd p q) = gcd p q"
+  apply (rule gcdI)
+  apply simp
+  apply (rule dvd_trans, rule gcd_dvd2, rule gcd_dvd2)
+  apply (rule gcd_greatest, assumption, erule gcd_greatest, assumption)
+  apply (simp add: gcd_zero)
+  done
+
+lemma comp_fun_idem_gcd: "comp_fun_idem gcd"
+proof
+  fix a b show "gcd a \<circ> gcd b = gcd b \<circ> gcd a"
+    by (simp add: fun_eq_iff ac_simps)
+next
+  fix a show "gcd a \<circ> gcd a = gcd a"
+    by (simp add: fun_eq_iff gcd_left_idem)
+qed
+
+lemma coprime_dvd_mult:
+  assumes "gcd k n = 1" and "k dvd m * n"
+  shows "k dvd m"
+proof -
+  let ?nf = "normalisation_factor"
+  from assms gcd_mult_distrib [of m k n] 
+    have A: "m = gcd (m * k) (m * n) * ?nf m" by simp
+  from `k dvd m * n` show ?thesis by (subst A, simp_all add: gcd_greatest)
+qed
+
+lemma coprime_dvd_mult_iff:
+  "gcd k n = 1 \<Longrightarrow> (k dvd m * n) = (k dvd m)"
+  by (rule, rule coprime_dvd_mult, simp_all)
+
+lemma gcd_dvd_antisym:
+  "gcd a b dvd gcd c d \<Longrightarrow> gcd c d dvd gcd a b \<Longrightarrow> gcd a b = gcd c d"
+proof (rule gcdI)
+  assume A: "gcd a b dvd gcd c d" and B: "gcd c d dvd gcd a b"
+  have "gcd c d dvd c" by simp
+  with A show "gcd a b dvd c" by (rule dvd_trans)
+  have "gcd c d dvd d" by simp
+  with A show "gcd a b dvd d" by (rule dvd_trans)
+  show "normalisation_factor (gcd a b) = (if gcd a b = 0 then 0 else 1)"
+    by (simp add: gcd_zero)
+  fix l assume "l dvd c" and "l dvd d"
+  hence "l dvd gcd c d" by (rule gcd_greatest)
+  from this and B show "l dvd gcd a b" by (rule dvd_trans)
+qed
+
+lemma gcd_mult_cancel:
+  assumes "gcd k n = 1"
+  shows "gcd (k * m) n = gcd m n"
+proof (rule gcd_dvd_antisym)
+  have "gcd (gcd (k * m) n) k = gcd (gcd k n) (k * m)" by (simp add: ac_simps)
+  also note `gcd k n = 1`
+  finally have "gcd (gcd (k * m) n) k = 1" by simp
+  hence "gcd (k * m) n dvd m" by (rule coprime_dvd_mult, simp add: ac_simps)
+  moreover have "gcd (k * m) n dvd n" by simp
+  ultimately show "gcd (k * m) n dvd gcd m n" by (rule gcd_greatest)
+  have "gcd m n dvd (k * m)" and "gcd m n dvd n" by simp_all
+  then show "gcd m n dvd gcd (k * m) n" by (rule gcd_greatest)
+qed
+
+lemma coprime_crossproduct:
+  assumes [simp]: "gcd a d = 1" "gcd b c = 1"
+  shows "associated (a * c) (b * d) \<longleftrightarrow> associated a b \<and> associated c d" (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
+proof
+  assume ?rhs then show ?lhs unfolding associated_def by (fast intro: mult_dvd_mono)
+next
+  assume ?lhs
+  from `?lhs` have "a dvd b * d" unfolding associated_def by (metis dvd_mult_left) 
+  hence "a dvd b" by (simp add: coprime_dvd_mult_iff)
+  moreover from `?lhs` have "b dvd a * c" unfolding associated_def by (metis dvd_mult_left) 
+  hence "b dvd a" by (simp add: coprime_dvd_mult_iff)
+  moreover from `?lhs` have "c dvd d * b" 
+    unfolding associated_def by (metis dvd_mult_right ac_simps)
+  hence "c dvd d" by (simp add: coprime_dvd_mult_iff gcd.commute)
+  moreover from `?lhs` have "d dvd c * a"
+    unfolding associated_def by (metis dvd_mult_right ac_simps)
+  hence "d dvd c" by (simp add: coprime_dvd_mult_iff gcd.commute)
+  ultimately show ?rhs unfolding associated_def by simp
+qed
+
+lemma gcd_add1 [simp]:
+  "gcd (m + n) n = gcd m n"
+  by (cases "n = 0", simp_all add: gcd_non_0)
+
+lemma gcd_add2 [simp]:
+  "gcd m (m + n) = gcd m n"
+  using gcd_add1 [of n m] by (simp add: ac_simps)
+
+lemma gcd_add_mult: "gcd m (k * m + n) = gcd m n"
+  by (subst gcd.commute, subst gcd_red, simp)
+
+lemma coprimeI: "(\<And>l. \<lbrakk>l dvd x; l dvd y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> l dvd 1) \<Longrightarrow> gcd x y = 1"
+  by (rule sym, rule gcdI, simp_all)
+
+lemma coprime: "gcd a b = 1 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>d. d dvd a \<and> d dvd b \<longleftrightarrow> is_unit d)"
+  by (auto simp: is_unit_def intro: coprimeI gcd_greatest dvd_gcd_D1 dvd_gcd_D2)
+
+lemma div_gcd_coprime:
+  assumes nz: "a \<noteq> 0 \<or> b \<noteq> 0"
+  defines [simp]: "d \<equiv> gcd a b"
+  defines [simp]: "a' \<equiv> a div d" and [simp]: "b' \<equiv> b div d"
+  shows "gcd a' b' = 1"
+proof (rule coprimeI)
+  fix l assume "l dvd a'" "l dvd b'"
+  then obtain s t where "a' = l * s" "b' = l * t" unfolding dvd_def by blast
+  moreover have "a = a' * d" "b = b' * d" by (simp_all add: dvd_div_mult_self)
+  ultimately have "a = (l * d) * s" "b = (l * d) * t"
+    by (metis ac_simps)+
+  hence "l*d dvd a" and "l*d dvd b" by (simp_all only: dvd_triv_left)
+  hence "l*d dvd d" by (simp add: gcd_greatest)
+  then obtain u where "u * l * d = d" unfolding dvd_def
+    by (metis ac_simps mult_assoc)
+  moreover from nz have "d \<noteq> 0" by (simp add: gcd_zero)
+  ultimately have "u * l = 1" 
+    by (metis div_mult_self1_is_id div_self ac_simps)
+  then show "l dvd 1" by force
+qed
+
+lemma coprime_mult: 
+  assumes da: "gcd d a = 1" and db: "gcd d b = 1"
+  shows "gcd d (a * b) = 1"
+  apply (subst gcd.commute)
+  using da apply (subst gcd_mult_cancel)
+  apply (subst gcd.commute, assumption)
+  apply (subst gcd.commute, rule db)
+  done
+
+lemma coprime_lmult:
+  assumes dab: "gcd d (a * b) = 1" 
+  shows "gcd d a = 1"
+proof (rule coprimeI)
+  fix l assume "l dvd d" and "l dvd a"
+  hence "l dvd a * b" by simp
+  with `l dvd d` and dab show "l dvd 1" by (auto intro: gcd_greatest)
+qed
+
+lemma coprime_rmult:
+  assumes dab: "gcd d (a * b) = 1"
+  shows "gcd d b = 1"
+proof (rule coprimeI)
+  fix l assume "l dvd d" and "l dvd b"
+  hence "l dvd a * b" by simp
+  with `l dvd d` and dab show "l dvd 1" by (auto intro: gcd_greatest)
+qed
+
+lemma coprime_mul_eq: "gcd d (a * b) = 1 \<longleftrightarrow> gcd d a = 1 \<and> gcd d b = 1"
+  using coprime_rmult[of d a b] coprime_lmult[of d a b] coprime_mult[of d a b] by blast
+
+lemma gcd_coprime:
+  assumes z: "gcd a b \<noteq> 0" and a: "a = a' * gcd a b" and b: "b = b' * gcd a b"
+  shows "gcd a' b' = 1"
+proof -
+  from z have "a \<noteq> 0 \<or> b \<noteq> 0" by (simp add: gcd_zero)
+  with div_gcd_coprime have "gcd (a div gcd a b) (b div gcd a b) = 1" .
+  also from assms have "a div gcd a b = a'" by (metis div_mult_self2_is_id)+
+  also from assms have "b div gcd a b = b'" by (metis div_mult_self2_is_id)+
+  finally show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+lemma coprime_power:
+  assumes "0 < n"
+  shows "gcd a (b ^ n) = 1 \<longleftrightarrow> gcd a b = 1"
+using assms proof (induct n)
+  case (Suc n) then show ?case
+    by (cases n) (simp_all add: coprime_mul_eq)
+qed simp
+
+lemma gcd_coprime_exists:
+  assumes nz: "gcd a b \<noteq> 0"
+  shows "\<exists>a' b'. a = a' * gcd a b \<and> b = b' * gcd a b \<and> gcd a' b' = 1"
+  apply (rule_tac x = "a div gcd a b" in exI)
+  apply (rule_tac x = "b div gcd a b" in exI)
+  apply (insert nz, auto simp add: dvd_div_mult gcd_0_left  gcd_zero intro: div_gcd_coprime)
+  done
+
+lemma coprime_exp:
+  "gcd d a = 1 \<Longrightarrow> gcd d (a^n) = 1"
+  by (induct n, simp_all add: coprime_mult)
+
+lemma coprime_exp2 [intro]:
+  "gcd a b = 1 \<Longrightarrow> gcd (a^n) (b^m) = 1"
+  apply (rule coprime_exp)
+  apply (subst gcd.commute)
+  apply (rule coprime_exp)
+  apply (subst gcd.commute)
+  apply assumption
+  done
+
+lemma gcd_exp:
+  "gcd (a^n) (b^n) = (gcd a b) ^ n"
+proof (cases "a = 0 \<and> b = 0")
+  assume "a = 0 \<and> b = 0"
+  then show ?thesis by (cases n, simp_all add: gcd_0_left)
+next
+  assume A: "\<not>(a = 0 \<and> b = 0)"
+  hence "1 = gcd ((a div gcd a b)^n) ((b div gcd a b)^n)"
+    using div_gcd_coprime by (subst sym, auto simp: div_gcd_coprime)
+  hence "(gcd a b) ^ n = (gcd a b) ^ n * ..." by simp
+  also note gcd_mult_distrib
+  also have "normalisation_factor ((gcd a b)^n) = 1"
+    by (simp add: normalisation_factor_pow A)
+  also have "(gcd a b)^n * (a div gcd a b)^n = a^n"
+    by (subst ac_simps, subst div_power, simp, rule dvd_div_mult_self, rule dvd_power_same, simp)
+  also have "(gcd a b)^n * (b div gcd a b)^n = b^n"
+    by (subst ac_simps, subst div_power, simp, rule dvd_div_mult_self, rule dvd_power_same, simp)
+  finally show ?thesis by simp
+qed
+
+lemma coprime_common_divisor: 
+  "gcd a b = 1 \<Longrightarrow> x dvd a \<Longrightarrow> x dvd b \<Longrightarrow> is_unit x"
+  apply (subgoal_tac "x dvd gcd a b")
+  apply (simp add: is_unit_def)
+  apply (erule (1) gcd_greatest)
+  done
+
+lemma division_decomp: 
+  assumes dc: "a dvd b * c"
+  shows "\<exists>b' c'. a = b' * c' \<and> b' dvd b \<and> c' dvd c"
+proof (cases "gcd a b = 0")
+  assume "gcd a b = 0"
+  hence "a = 0 \<and> b = 0" by (simp add: gcd_zero)
+  hence "a = 0 * c \<and> 0 dvd b \<and> c dvd c" by simp
+  then show ?thesis by blast
+next
+  let ?d = "gcd a b"
+  assume "?d \<noteq> 0"
+  from gcd_coprime_exists[OF this]
+    obtain a' b' where ab': "a = a' * ?d" "b = b' * ?d" "gcd a' b' = 1"
+    by blast
+  from ab'(1) have "a' dvd a" unfolding dvd_def by blast
+  with dc have "a' dvd b*c" using dvd_trans[of a' a "b*c"] by simp
+  from dc ab'(1,2) have "a'*?d dvd (b'*?d) * c" by simp
+  hence "?d * a' dvd ?d * (b' * c)" by (simp add: mult_ac)
+  with `?d \<noteq> 0` have "a' dvd b' * c" by (rule dvd_mult_cancel_left)
+  with coprime_dvd_mult[OF ab'(3)] 
+    have "a' dvd c" by (subst (asm) ac_simps, blast)
+  with ab'(1) have "a = ?d * a' \<and> ?d dvd b \<and> a' dvd c" by (simp add: mult_ac)
+  then show ?thesis by blast
+qed
+
+lemma pow_divides_pow:
+  assumes ab: "a ^ n dvd b ^ n" and n: "n \<noteq> 0"
+  shows "a dvd b"
+proof (cases "gcd a b = 0")
+  assume "gcd a b = 0"
+  then show ?thesis by (simp add: gcd_zero)
+next
+  let ?d = "gcd a b"
+  assume "?d \<noteq> 0"
+  from n obtain m where m: "n = Suc m" by (cases n, simp_all)
+  from `?d \<noteq> 0` have zn: "?d ^ n \<noteq> 0" by (rule nonzero_pow_nonzero)
+  from gcd_coprime_exists[OF `?d \<noteq> 0`]
+    obtain a' b' where ab': "a = a' * ?d" "b = b' * ?d" "gcd a' b' = 1"
+    by blast
+  from ab have "(a' * ?d) ^ n dvd (b' * ?d) ^ n"
+    by (simp add: ab'(1,2)[symmetric])
+  hence "?d^n * a'^n dvd ?d^n * b'^n"
+    by (simp only: power_mult_distrib ac_simps)
+  with zn have "a'^n dvd b'^n" by (rule dvd_mult_cancel_left)
+  hence "a' dvd b'^n" using dvd_trans[of a' "a'^n" "b'^n"] by (simp add: m)
+  hence "a' dvd b'^m * b'" by (simp add: m ac_simps)
+  with coprime_dvd_mult[OF coprime_exp[OF ab'(3), of m]]
+    have "a' dvd b'" by (subst (asm) ac_simps, blast)
+  hence "a'*?d dvd b'*?d" by (rule mult_dvd_mono, simp)
+  with ab'(1,2) show ?thesis by simp
+qed
+
+lemma pow_divides_eq [simp]:
+  "n \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> a ^ n dvd b ^ n \<longleftrightarrow> a dvd b"
+  by (auto intro: pow_divides_pow dvd_power_same)
+
+lemma divides_mult:
+  assumes mr: "m dvd r" and nr: "n dvd r" and mn: "gcd m n = 1"
+  shows "m * n dvd r"
+proof -
+  from mr nr obtain m' n' where m': "r = m*m'" and n': "r = n*n'"
+    unfolding dvd_def by blast
+  from mr n' have "m dvd n'*n" by (simp add: ac_simps)
+  hence "m dvd n'" using coprime_dvd_mult_iff[OF mn] by simp
+  then obtain k where k: "n' = m*k" unfolding dvd_def by blast
+  with n' have "r = m * n * k" by (simp add: mult_ac)
+  then show ?thesis unfolding dvd_def by blast
+qed
+
+lemma coprime_plus_one [simp]: "gcd (n + 1) n = 1"
+  by (subst add_commute, simp)
+
+lemma setprod_coprime [rule_format]:
+  "(\<forall>i\<in>A. gcd (f i) x = 1) \<longrightarrow> gcd (\<Prod>i\<in>A. f i) x = 1"
+  apply (cases "finite A")
+  apply (induct set: finite)
+  apply (auto simp add: gcd_mult_cancel)
+  done
+
+lemma coprime_divisors: 
+  assumes "d dvd a" "e dvd b" "gcd a b = 1"
+  shows "gcd d e = 1" 
+proof -
+  from assms obtain k l where "a = d * k" "b = e * l"
+    unfolding dvd_def by blast
+  with assms have "gcd (d * k) (e * l) = 1" by simp
+  hence "gcd (d * k) e = 1" by (rule coprime_lmult)
+  also have "gcd (d * k) e = gcd e (d * k)" by (simp add: ac_simps)
+  finally have "gcd e d = 1" by (rule coprime_lmult)
+  then show ?thesis by (simp add: ac_simps)
+qed
+
+lemma invertible_coprime:
+  "x * y mod m = 1 \<Longrightarrow> gcd x m = 1"
+  by (metis coprime_lmult gcd_1 ac_simps gcd_red)
+
+lemma lcm_gcd:
+  "lcm a b = a * b div (gcd a b * normalisation_factor (a*b))"
+  by (simp only: lcm_lcm_eucl gcd_gcd_eucl lcm_eucl_def)
+
+lemma lcm_gcd_prod:
+  "lcm a b * gcd a b = a * b div normalisation_factor (a*b)"
+proof (cases "a * b = 0")
+  let ?nf = normalisation_factor
+  assume "a * b \<noteq> 0"
+  hence "gcd a b \<noteq> 0" by (auto simp add: gcd_zero)
+  from lcm_gcd have "lcm a b * gcd a b = gcd a b * (a * b div (?nf (a*b) * gcd a b))" 
+    by (simp add: mult_ac)
+  also from `a * b \<noteq> 0` have "... = a * b div ?nf (a*b)" 
+    by (simp_all add: unit_ring_inv'1 dvd_mult_div_cancel unit_ring_inv)
+  finally show ?thesis .
+qed (simp add: lcm_gcd)
+
+lemma lcm_dvd1 [iff]:
+  "x dvd lcm x y"
+proof (cases "x*y = 0")
+  assume "x * y \<noteq> 0"
+  hence "gcd x y \<noteq> 0" by (auto simp: gcd_zero)
+  let ?c = "ring_inv (normalisation_factor (x*y))"
+  from `x * y \<noteq> 0` have [simp]: "is_unit (normalisation_factor (x*y))" by simp
+  from lcm_gcd_prod[of x y] have "lcm x y * gcd x y = x * ?c * y"
+    by (simp add: mult_ac unit_ring_inv)
+  hence "lcm x y * gcd x y div gcd x y = x * ?c * y div gcd x y" by simp
+  with `gcd x y \<noteq> 0` have "lcm x y = x * ?c * y div gcd x y"
+    by (subst (asm) div_mult_self2_is_id, simp_all)
+  also have "... = x * (?c * y div gcd x y)"
+    by (metis div_mult_swap gcd_dvd2 mult_assoc)
+  finally show ?thesis by (rule dvdI)
+qed (simp add: lcm_gcd)
+
+lemma lcm_least:
+  "\<lbrakk>a dvd k; b dvd k\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> lcm a b dvd k"
+proof (cases "k = 0")
+  let ?nf = normalisation_factor
+  assume "k \<noteq> 0"
+  hence "is_unit (?nf k)" by simp
+  hence "?nf k \<noteq> 0" by (metis not_is_unit_0)
+  assume A: "a dvd k" "b dvd k"
+  hence "gcd a b \<noteq> 0" using `k \<noteq> 0` by (auto simp add: gcd_zero)
+  from A obtain r s where ar: "k = a * r" and bs: "k = b * s" 
+    unfolding dvd_def by blast
+  with `k \<noteq> 0` have "r * s \<noteq> 0" 
+    by (intro notI) (drule divisors_zero, elim disjE, simp_all)
+  hence "is_unit (?nf (r * s))" by simp
+  let ?c = "?nf k div ?nf (r*s)"
+  from `is_unit (?nf k)` and `is_unit (?nf (r * s))` have "is_unit ?c" by (rule unit_div)
+  hence "?c \<noteq> 0" using not_is_unit_0 by fast 
+  from ar bs have "k * k * gcd s r = ?nf k * k * gcd (k * s) (k * r)"
+    by (subst mult_assoc, subst gcd_mult_distrib[of k s r], simp only: ac_simps mult_assoc)
+  also have "... = ?nf k * k * gcd ((r*s) * a) ((r*s) * b)"
+    by (subst (3) `k = a * r`, subst (3) `k = b * s`, simp add: algebra_simps)
+  also have "... = ?c * r*s * k * gcd a b" using `r * s \<noteq> 0`
+    by (subst gcd_mult_distrib'[symmetric], simp add: algebra_simps unit_simps)
+  finally have "(a*r) * (b*s) * gcd s r = ?c * k * r * s * gcd a b"
+    by (subst ar[symmetric], subst bs[symmetric], simp add: mult_ac)
+  hence "a * b * gcd s r * (r * s) = ?c * k * gcd a b * (r * s)"
+    by (simp add: algebra_simps)
+  hence "?c * k * gcd a b = a * b * gcd s r" using `r * s \<noteq> 0`
+    by (metis div_mult_self2_is_id)
+  also have "... = lcm a b * gcd a b * gcd s r * ?nf (a*b)"
+    by (subst lcm_gcd_prod[of a b], metis gcd_mult_distrib gcd_mult_distrib') 
+  also have "... = lcm a b * gcd s r * ?nf (a*b) * gcd a b"
+    by (simp add: algebra_simps)
+  finally have "k * ?c = lcm a b * gcd s r * ?nf (a*b)" using `gcd a b \<noteq> 0`
+    by (metis mult.commute div_mult_self2_is_id)
+  hence "k = lcm a b * (gcd s r * ?nf (a*b)) div ?c" using `?c \<noteq> 0`
+    by (metis div_mult_self2_is_id mult_assoc) 
+  also have "... = lcm a b * (gcd s r * ?nf (a*b) div ?c)" using `is_unit ?c`
+    by (simp add: unit_simps)
+  finally show ?thesis by (rule dvdI)
+qed simp
+
+lemma lcm_zero:
+  "lcm a b = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a = 0 \<or> b = 0"
+proof -
+  let ?nf = normalisation_factor
+  {
+    assume "a \<noteq> 0" "b \<noteq> 0"
+    hence "a * b div ?nf (a * b) \<noteq> 0" by (simp add: no_zero_divisors)
+    moreover from `a \<noteq> 0` and `b \<noteq> 0` have "gcd a b \<noteq> 0" by (simp add: gcd_zero)
+    ultimately have "lcm a b \<noteq> 0" using lcm_gcd_prod[of a b] by (intro notI, simp)
+  } moreover {
+    assume "a = 0 \<or> b = 0"
+    hence "lcm a b = 0" by (elim disjE, simp_all add: lcm_gcd)
+  }
+  ultimately show ?thesis by blast
+qed
+
+lemmas lcm_0_iff = lcm_zero
+
+lemma gcd_lcm: 
+  assumes "lcm a b \<noteq> 0"
+  shows "gcd a b = a * b div (lcm a b * normalisation_factor (a * b))"
+proof-
+  from assms have "gcd a b \<noteq> 0" by (simp add: gcd_zero lcm_zero)
+  let ?c = "normalisation_factor (a*b)"
+  from `lcm a b \<noteq> 0` have "?c \<noteq> 0" by (intro notI, simp add: lcm_zero no_zero_divisors)
+  hence "is_unit ?c" by simp
+  from lcm_gcd_prod [of a b] have "gcd a b = a * b div ?c div lcm a b"
+    by (subst (2) div_mult_self2_is_id[OF `lcm a b \<noteq> 0`, symmetric], simp add: mult_ac)
+  also from `is_unit ?c` have "... = a * b div (?c * lcm a b)"
+    by (simp only: unit_ring_inv'1 unit_ring_inv)
+  finally show ?thesis by (simp only: ac_simps)
+qed
+
+lemma normalisation_factor_lcm [simp]:
+  "normalisation_factor (lcm a b) = (if a = 0 \<or> b = 0 then 0 else 1)"
+proof (cases "a = 0 \<or> b = 0")
+  case True then show ?thesis
+    by (simp add: lcm_gcd) (metis div_0 ac_simps mult_zero_left normalisation_factor_0)
+next
+  case False
+  let ?nf = normalisation_factor
+  from lcm_gcd_prod[of a b] 
+    have "?nf (lcm a b) * ?nf (gcd a b) = ?nf (a*b) div ?nf (a*b)"
+    by (metis div_by_0 div_self normalisation_correct normalisation_factor_0 normalisation_factor_mult)
+  also have "... = (if a*b = 0 then 0 else 1)"
+    by (cases "a*b = 0", simp, subst div_self, metis dvd_0_left normalisation_factor_dvd, simp)
+  finally show ?thesis using False by (simp add: no_zero_divisors)
+qed
+
+lemma lcm_dvd2 [iff]: "y dvd lcm x y"
+  using lcm_dvd1 [of y x] by (simp add: lcm_gcd ac_simps)
+
+lemma lcmI:
+  "\<lbrakk>x dvd k; y dvd k; \<And>l. x dvd l \<Longrightarrow> y dvd l \<Longrightarrow> k dvd l;
+    normalisation_factor k = (if k = 0 then 0 else 1)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> k = lcm x y"
+  by (intro normed_associated_imp_eq) (auto simp: associated_def intro: lcm_least)
+
+sublocale lcm!: abel_semigroup lcm
+proof
+  fix x y z
+  show "lcm (lcm x y) z = lcm x (lcm y z)"
+  proof (rule lcmI)
+    have "x dvd lcm x y" and "lcm x y dvd lcm (lcm x y) z" by simp_all
+    then show "x dvd lcm (lcm x y) z" by (rule dvd_trans)
+    
+    have "y dvd lcm x y" and "lcm x y dvd lcm (lcm x y) z" by simp_all
+    hence "y dvd lcm (lcm x y) z" by (rule dvd_trans)
+    moreover have "z dvd lcm (lcm x y) z" by simp
+    ultimately show "lcm y z dvd lcm (lcm x y) z" by (rule lcm_least)
+
+    fix l assume "x dvd l" and "lcm y z dvd l"
+    have "y dvd lcm y z" by simp
+    from this and `lcm y z dvd l` have "y dvd l" by (rule dvd_trans)
+    have "z dvd lcm y z" by simp
+    from this and `lcm y z dvd l` have "z dvd l" by (rule dvd_trans)
+    from `x dvd l` and `y dvd l` have "lcm x y dvd l" by (rule lcm_least)
+    from this and `z dvd l` show "lcm (lcm x y) z dvd l" by (rule lcm_least)
+  qed (simp add: lcm_zero)
+next
+  fix x y
+  show "lcm x y = lcm y x"
+    by (simp add: lcm_gcd ac_simps)
+qed
+
+lemma dvd_lcm_D1:
+  "lcm m n dvd k \<Longrightarrow> m dvd k"
+  by (rule dvd_trans, rule lcm_dvd1, assumption)
+
+lemma dvd_lcm_D2:
+  "lcm m n dvd k \<Longrightarrow> n dvd k"
+  by (rule dvd_trans, rule lcm_dvd2, assumption)
+
+lemma gcd_dvd_lcm [simp]:
+  "gcd a b dvd lcm a b"
+  by (metis dvd_trans gcd_dvd2 lcm_dvd2)
+
+lemma lcm_1_iff:
+  "lcm a b = 1 \<longleftrightarrow> is_unit a \<and> is_unit b"
+proof
+  assume "lcm a b = 1"
+  then show "is_unit a \<and> is_unit b" unfolding is_unit_def by auto
+next
+  assume "is_unit a \<and> is_unit b"
+  hence "a dvd 1" and "b dvd 1" unfolding is_unit_def by simp_all
+  hence "is_unit (lcm a b)" unfolding is_unit_def by (rule lcm_least)
+  hence "lcm a b = normalisation_factor (lcm a b)"
+    by (subst normalisation_factor_unit, simp_all)
+  also have "\<dots> = 1" using `is_unit a \<and> is_unit b` by (auto simp add: is_unit_def)
+  finally show "lcm a b = 1" .
+qed
+
+lemma lcm_0_left [simp]:
+  "lcm 0 x = 0"
+  by (rule sym, rule lcmI, simp_all)
+
+lemma lcm_0 [simp]:
+  "lcm x 0 = 0"
+  by (rule sym, rule lcmI, simp_all)
+
+lemma lcm_unique:
+  "a dvd d \<and> b dvd d \<and> 
+  normalisation_factor d = (if d = 0 then 0 else 1) \<and>
+  (\<forall>e. a dvd e \<and> b dvd e \<longrightarrow> d dvd e) \<longleftrightarrow> d = lcm a b"
+  by (rule, auto intro: lcmI simp: lcm_least lcm_zero)
+
+lemma dvd_lcm_I1 [simp]:
+  "k dvd m \<Longrightarrow> k dvd lcm m n"
+  by (metis lcm_dvd1 dvd_trans)
+
+lemma dvd_lcm_I2 [simp]:
+  "k dvd n \<Longrightarrow> k dvd lcm m n"
+  by (metis lcm_dvd2 dvd_trans)
+
+lemma lcm_1_left [simp]:
+  "lcm 1 x = x div normalisation_factor x"
+  by (cases "x = 0") (simp, rule sym, rule lcmI, simp_all)
+
+lemma lcm_1_right [simp]:
+  "lcm x 1 = x div normalisation_factor x"
+  by (simp add: ac_simps)
+
+lemma lcm_coprime:
+  "gcd a b = 1 \<Longrightarrow> lcm a b = a * b div normalisation_factor (a*b)"
+  by (subst lcm_gcd) simp
+
+lemma lcm_proj1_if_dvd: 
+  "y dvd x \<Longrightarrow> lcm x y = x div normalisation_factor x"
+  by (cases "x = 0") (simp, rule sym, rule lcmI, simp_all)
+
+lemma lcm_proj2_if_dvd: 
+  "x dvd y \<Longrightarrow> lcm x y = y div normalisation_factor y"
+  using lcm_proj1_if_dvd [of x y] by (simp add: ac_simps)
+
+lemma lcm_proj1_iff:
+  "lcm m n = m div normalisation_factor m \<longleftrightarrow> n dvd m"
+proof
+  assume A: "lcm m n = m div normalisation_factor m"
+  show "n dvd m"
+  proof (cases "m = 0")
+    assume [simp]: "m \<noteq> 0"
+    from A have B: "m = lcm m n * normalisation_factor m"
+      by (simp add: unit_eq_div2)
+    show ?thesis by (subst B, simp)
+  qed simp
+next
+  assume "n dvd m"
+  then show "lcm m n = m div normalisation_factor m" by (rule lcm_proj1_if_dvd)
+qed
+
+lemma lcm_proj2_iff:
+  "lcm m n = n div normalisation_factor n \<longleftrightarrow> m dvd n"
+  using lcm_proj1_iff [of n m] by (simp add: ac_simps)
+
+lemma euclidean_size_lcm_le1: 
+  assumes "a \<noteq> 0" and "b \<noteq> 0"
+  shows "euclidean_size a \<le> euclidean_size (lcm a b)"
+proof -
+  have "a dvd lcm a b" by (rule lcm_dvd1)
+  then obtain c where A: "lcm a b = a * c" unfolding dvd_def by blast
+  with `a \<noteq> 0` and `b \<noteq> 0` have "c \<noteq> 0" by (auto simp: lcm_zero)
+  then show ?thesis by (subst A, intro size_mult_mono)
+qed
+
+lemma euclidean_size_lcm_le2:
+  "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> b \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> euclidean_size b \<le> euclidean_size (lcm a b)"
+  using euclidean_size_lcm_le1 [of b a] by (simp add: ac_simps)
+
+lemma euclidean_size_lcm_less1:
+  assumes "b \<noteq> 0" and "\<not>b dvd a"
+  shows "euclidean_size a < euclidean_size (lcm a b)"
+proof (rule ccontr)
+  from assms have "a \<noteq> 0" by auto
+  assume "\<not>euclidean_size a < euclidean_size (lcm a b)"
+  with `a \<noteq> 0` and `b \<noteq> 0` have "euclidean_size (lcm a b) = euclidean_size a"
+    by (intro le_antisym, simp, intro euclidean_size_lcm_le1)
+  with assms have "lcm a b dvd a" 
+    by (rule_tac dvd_euclidean_size_eq_imp_dvd) (auto simp: lcm_zero)
+  hence "b dvd a" by (rule dvd_lcm_D2)
+  with `\<not>b dvd a` show False by contradiction
+qed
+
+lemma euclidean_size_lcm_less2:
+  assumes "a \<noteq> 0" and "\<not>a dvd b"
+  shows "euclidean_size b < euclidean_size (lcm a b)"
+  using assms euclidean_size_lcm_less1 [of a b] by (simp add: ac_simps)
+
+lemma lcm_mult_unit1:
+  "is_unit a \<Longrightarrow> lcm (x*a) y = lcm x y"
+  apply (rule lcmI)
+  apply (rule dvd_trans[of _ "x*a"], simp, rule lcm_dvd1)
+  apply (rule lcm_dvd2)
+  apply (rule lcm_least, simp add: unit_simps, assumption)
+  apply (subst normalisation_factor_lcm, simp add: lcm_zero)
+  done
+
+lemma lcm_mult_unit2:
+  "is_unit a \<Longrightarrow> lcm x (y*a) = lcm x y"
+  using lcm_mult_unit1 [of a y x] by (simp add: ac_simps)
+
+lemma lcm_div_unit1:
+  "is_unit a \<Longrightarrow> lcm (x div a) y = lcm x y"
+  by (simp add: unit_ring_inv lcm_mult_unit1)
+
+lemma lcm_div_unit2:
+  "is_unit a \<Longrightarrow> lcm x (y div a) = lcm x y"
+  by (simp add: unit_ring_inv lcm_mult_unit2)
+
+lemma lcm_left_idem:
+  "lcm p (lcm p q) = lcm p q"
+  apply (rule lcmI)
+  apply simp
+  apply (subst lcm.assoc [symmetric], rule lcm_dvd2)
+  apply (rule lcm_least, assumption)
+  apply (erule (1) lcm_least)
+  apply (auto simp: lcm_zero)
+  done
+
+lemma lcm_right_idem:
+  "lcm (lcm p q) q = lcm p q"
+  apply (rule lcmI)
+  apply (subst lcm.assoc, rule lcm_dvd1)
+  apply (rule lcm_dvd2)
+  apply (rule lcm_least, erule (1) lcm_least, assumption)
+  apply (auto simp: lcm_zero)
+  done
+
+lemma comp_fun_idem_lcm: "comp_fun_idem lcm"
+proof
+  fix a b show "lcm a \<circ> lcm b = lcm b \<circ> lcm a"
+    by (simp add: fun_eq_iff ac_simps)
+next
+  fix a show "lcm a \<circ> lcm a = lcm a" unfolding o_def
+    by (intro ext, simp add: lcm_left_idem)
+qed
+
+lemma dvd_Lcm [simp]: "x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x dvd Lcm A"
+  and Lcm_dvd [simp]: "(\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l') \<Longrightarrow> Lcm A dvd l'"
+  and normalisation_factor_Lcm [simp]: 
+          "normalisation_factor (Lcm A) = (if Lcm A = 0 then 0 else 1)"
+proof -
+  have "(\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd Lcm A) \<and> (\<forall>l'. (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l') \<longrightarrow> Lcm A dvd l') \<and>
+    normalisation_factor (Lcm A) = (if Lcm A = 0 then 0 else 1)" (is ?thesis)
+  proof (cases "\<exists>l. l \<noteq>  0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l)")
+    case False
+    hence "Lcm A = 0" by (auto simp: Lcm_Lcm_eucl Lcm_eucl_def)
+    with False show ?thesis by auto
+  next
+    case True
+    then obtain l\<^sub>0 where l\<^sub>0_props: "l\<^sub>0 \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l\<^sub>0)" by blast
+    def n \<equiv> "LEAST n. \<exists>l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l) \<and> euclidean_size l = n"
+    def l \<equiv> "SOME l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l) \<and> euclidean_size l = n"
+    have "\<exists>l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l) \<and> euclidean_size l = n"
+      apply (subst n_def)
+      apply (rule LeastI[of _ "euclidean_size l\<^sub>0"])
+      apply (rule exI[of _ l\<^sub>0])
+      apply (simp add: l\<^sub>0_props)
+      done
+    from someI_ex[OF this] have "l \<noteq> 0" and "\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l" and "euclidean_size l = n" 
+      unfolding l_def by simp_all
+    {
+      fix l' assume "\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l'"
+      with `\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l` have "\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd gcd l l'" by (auto intro: gcd_greatest)
+      moreover from `l \<noteq> 0` have "gcd l l' \<noteq> 0" by (simp add: gcd_zero)
+      ultimately have "\<exists>b. b \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd b) \<and> euclidean_size b = euclidean_size (gcd l l')"
+        by (intro exI[of _ "gcd l l'"], auto)
+      hence "euclidean_size (gcd l l') \<ge> n" by (subst n_def) (rule Least_le)
+      moreover have "euclidean_size (gcd l l') \<le> n"
+      proof -
+        have "gcd l l' dvd l" by simp
+        then obtain a where "l = gcd l l' * a" unfolding dvd_def by blast
+        with `l \<noteq> 0` have "a \<noteq> 0" by auto
+        hence "euclidean_size (gcd l l') \<le> euclidean_size (gcd l l' * a)"
+          by (rule size_mult_mono)
+        also have "gcd l l' * a = l" using `l = gcd l l' * a` ..
+        also note `euclidean_size l = n`
+        finally show "euclidean_size (gcd l l') \<le> n" .
+      qed
+      ultimately have "euclidean_size l = euclidean_size (gcd l l')" 
+        by (intro le_antisym, simp_all add: `euclidean_size l = n`)
+      with `l \<noteq> 0` have "l dvd gcd l l'" by (blast intro: dvd_euclidean_size_eq_imp_dvd)
+      hence "l dvd l'" by (blast dest: dvd_gcd_D2)
+    }
+
+    with `(\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l)` and normalisation_factor_is_unit[OF `l \<noteq> 0`] and `l \<noteq> 0`
+      have "(\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l div normalisation_factor l) \<and> 
+        (\<forall>l'. (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l') \<longrightarrow> l div normalisation_factor l dvd l') \<and>
+        normalisation_factor (l div normalisation_factor l) = 
+        (if l div normalisation_factor l = 0 then 0 else 1)"
+      by (auto simp: unit_simps)
+    also from True have "l div normalisation_factor l = Lcm A"
+      by (simp add: Lcm_Lcm_eucl Lcm_eucl_def Let_def n_def l_def)
+    finally show ?thesis .
+  qed
+  note A = this
+
+  {fix x assume "x \<in> A" then show "x dvd Lcm A" using A by blast}
+  {fix l' assume "\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l'" then show "Lcm A dvd l'" using A by blast}
+  from A show "normalisation_factor (Lcm A) = (if Lcm A = 0 then 0 else 1)" by blast
+qed
+    
+lemma LcmI:
+  "(\<And>x. x\<in>A \<Longrightarrow> x dvd l) \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>l'. (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l') \<Longrightarrow> l dvd l') \<Longrightarrow>
+      normalisation_factor l = (if l = 0 then 0 else 1) \<Longrightarrow> l = Lcm A"
+  by (intro normed_associated_imp_eq)
+    (auto intro: Lcm_dvd dvd_Lcm simp: associated_def)
+
+lemma Lcm_subset:
+  "A \<subseteq> B \<Longrightarrow> Lcm A dvd Lcm B"
+  by (blast intro: Lcm_dvd dvd_Lcm)
+
+lemma Lcm_Un:
+  "Lcm (A \<union> B) = lcm (Lcm A) (Lcm B)"
+  apply (rule lcmI)
+  apply (blast intro: Lcm_subset)
+  apply (blast intro: Lcm_subset)
+  apply (intro Lcm_dvd ballI, elim UnE)
+  apply (rule dvd_trans, erule dvd_Lcm, assumption)
+  apply (rule dvd_trans, erule dvd_Lcm, assumption)
+  apply simp
+  done
+
+lemma Lcm_1_iff:
+  "Lcm A = 1 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>A. is_unit x)"
+proof
+  assume "Lcm A = 1"
+  then show "\<forall>x\<in>A. is_unit x" unfolding is_unit_def by auto
+qed (rule LcmI [symmetric], auto)
+
+lemma Lcm_no_units:
+  "Lcm A = Lcm (A - {x. is_unit x})"
+proof -
+  have "(A - {x. is_unit x}) \<union> {x\<in>A. is_unit x} = A" by blast
+  hence "Lcm A = lcm (Lcm (A - {x. is_unit x})) (Lcm {x\<in>A. is_unit x})"
+    by (simp add: Lcm_Un[symmetric])
+  also have "Lcm {x\<in>A. is_unit x} = 1" by (simp add: Lcm_1_iff)
+  finally show ?thesis by simp
+qed
+
+lemma Lcm_empty [simp]:
+  "Lcm {} = 1"
+  by (simp add: Lcm_1_iff)
+
+lemma Lcm_eq_0 [simp]:
+  "0 \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> Lcm A = 0"
+  by (drule dvd_Lcm) simp
+
+lemma Lcm0_iff':
+  "Lcm A = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> \<not>(\<exists>l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l))"
+proof
+  assume "Lcm A = 0"
+  show "\<not>(\<exists>l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l))"
+  proof
+    assume ex: "\<exists>l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l)"
+    then obtain l\<^sub>0 where l\<^sub>0_props: "l\<^sub>0 \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l\<^sub>0)" by blast
+    def n \<equiv> "LEAST n. \<exists>l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l) \<and> euclidean_size l = n"
+    def l \<equiv> "SOME l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l) \<and> euclidean_size l = n"
+    have "\<exists>l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l) \<and> euclidean_size l = n"
+      apply (subst n_def)
+      apply (rule LeastI[of _ "euclidean_size l\<^sub>0"])
+      apply (rule exI[of _ l\<^sub>0])
+      apply (simp add: l\<^sub>0_props)
+      done
+    from someI_ex[OF this] have "l \<noteq> 0" unfolding l_def by simp_all
+    hence "l div normalisation_factor l \<noteq> 0" by simp
+    also from ex have "l div normalisation_factor l = Lcm A"
+       by (simp only: Lcm_Lcm_eucl Lcm_eucl_def n_def l_def if_True Let_def)
+    finally show False using `Lcm A = 0` by contradiction
+  qed
+qed (simp only: Lcm_Lcm_eucl Lcm_eucl_def if_False)
+
+lemma Lcm0_iff [simp]:
+  "finite A \<Longrightarrow> Lcm A = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> 0 \<in> A"
+proof -
+  assume "finite A"
+  have "0 \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> Lcm A = 0"  by (intro dvd_0_left dvd_Lcm)
+  moreover {
+    assume "0 \<notin> A"
+    hence "\<Prod>A \<noteq> 0" 
+      apply (induct rule: finite_induct[OF `finite A`]) 
+      apply simp
+      apply (subst setprod.insert, assumption, assumption)
+      apply (rule no_zero_divisors)
+      apply blast+
+      done
+    moreover from `finite A` have "\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd \<Prod>A" by (intro ballI dvd_setprod)
+    ultimately have "\<exists>l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l)" by blast
+    with Lcm0_iff' have "Lcm A \<noteq> 0" by simp
+  }
+  ultimately show "Lcm A = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> 0 \<in> A" by blast
+qed
+
+lemma Lcm_no_multiple:
+  "(\<forall>m. m \<noteq> 0 \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>x\<in>A. \<not>x dvd m)) \<Longrightarrow> Lcm A = 0"
+proof -
+  assume "\<forall>m. m \<noteq> 0 \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>x\<in>A. \<not>x dvd m)"
+  hence "\<not>(\<exists>l. l \<noteq> 0 \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l))" by blast
+  then show "Lcm A = 0" by (simp only: Lcm_Lcm_eucl Lcm_eucl_def if_False)
+qed
+
+lemma Lcm_insert [simp]:
+  "Lcm (insert a A) = lcm a (Lcm A)"
+proof (rule lcmI)
+  fix l assume "a dvd l" and "Lcm A dvd l"
+  hence "\<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd l" by (blast intro: dvd_trans dvd_Lcm)
+  with `a dvd l` show "Lcm (insert a A) dvd l" by (force intro: Lcm_dvd)
+qed (auto intro: Lcm_dvd dvd_Lcm)
+ 
+lemma Lcm_finite:
+  assumes "finite A"
+  shows "Lcm A = Finite_Set.fold lcm 1 A"
+  by (induct rule: finite.induct[OF `finite A`])
+    (simp_all add: comp_fun_idem.fold_insert_idem[OF comp_fun_idem_lcm])
+
+lemma Lcm_set [code, code_unfold]:
+  "Lcm (set xs) = fold lcm xs 1"
+  using comp_fun_idem.fold_set_fold[OF comp_fun_idem_lcm] Lcm_finite by (simp add: ac_simps)
+
+lemma Lcm_singleton [simp]:
+  "Lcm {a} = a div normalisation_factor a"
+  by simp
+
+lemma Lcm_2 [simp]:
+  "Lcm {a,b} = lcm a b"
+  by (simp only: Lcm_insert Lcm_empty lcm_1_right)
+    (cases "b = 0", simp, rule lcm_div_unit2, simp)
+
+lemma Lcm_coprime:
+  assumes "finite A" and "A \<noteq> {}" 
+  assumes "\<And>a b. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> a \<noteq> b \<Longrightarrow> gcd a b = 1"
+  shows "Lcm A = \<Prod>A div normalisation_factor (\<Prod>A)"
+using assms proof (induct rule: finite_ne_induct)
+  case (insert a A)
+  have "Lcm (insert a A) = lcm a (Lcm A)" by simp
+  also from insert have "Lcm A = \<Prod>A div normalisation_factor (\<Prod>A)" by blast
+  also have "lcm a \<dots> = lcm a (\<Prod>A)" by (cases "\<Prod>A = 0") (simp_all add: lcm_div_unit2)
+  also from insert have "gcd a (\<Prod>A) = 1" by (subst gcd.commute, intro setprod_coprime) auto
+  with insert have "lcm a (\<Prod>A) = \<Prod>(insert a A) div normalisation_factor (\<Prod>(insert a A))"
+    by (simp add: lcm_coprime)
+  finally show ?case .
+qed simp
+      
+lemma Lcm_coprime':
+  "card A \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>a b. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> a \<noteq> b \<Longrightarrow> gcd a b = 1)
+    \<Longrightarrow> Lcm A = \<Prod>A div normalisation_factor (\<Prod>A)"
+  by (rule Lcm_coprime) (simp_all add: card_eq_0_iff)
+
+lemma Gcd_Lcm:
+  "Gcd A = Lcm {d. \<forall>x\<in>A. d dvd x}"
+  by (simp add: Gcd_Gcd_eucl Lcm_Lcm_eucl Gcd_eucl_def)
+
+lemma Gcd_dvd [simp]: "x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> Gcd A dvd x"
+  and dvd_Gcd [simp]: "(\<forall>x\<in>A. g' dvd x) \<Longrightarrow> g' dvd Gcd A"
+  and normalisation_factor_Gcd [simp]: 
+    "normalisation_factor (Gcd A) = (if Gcd A = 0 then 0 else 1)"
+proof -
+  fix x assume "x \<in> A"
+  hence "Lcm {d. \<forall>x\<in>A. d dvd x} dvd x" by (intro Lcm_dvd) blast
+  then show "Gcd A dvd x" by (simp add: Gcd_Lcm)
+next
+  fix g' assume "\<forall>x\<in>A. g' dvd x"
+  hence "g' dvd Lcm {d. \<forall>x\<in>A. d dvd x}" by (intro dvd_Lcm) blast
+  then show "g' dvd Gcd A" by (simp add: Gcd_Lcm)
+next
+  show "normalisation_factor (Gcd A) = (if Gcd A = 0 then 0 else 1)"
+    by (simp add: Gcd_Lcm normalisation_factor_Lcm)
+qed
+
+lemma GcdI:
+  "(\<And>x. x\<in>A \<Longrightarrow> l dvd x) \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>l'. (\<forall>x\<in>A. l' dvd x) \<Longrightarrow> l' dvd l) \<Longrightarrow>
+    normalisation_factor l = (if l = 0 then 0 else 1) \<Longrightarrow> l = Gcd A"
+  by (intro normed_associated_imp_eq)
+    (auto intro: Gcd_dvd dvd_Gcd simp: associated_def)
+
+lemma Lcm_Gcd:
+  "Lcm A = Gcd {m. \<forall>x\<in>A. x dvd m}"
+  by (rule LcmI[symmetric]) (auto intro: dvd_Gcd Gcd_dvd)
+
+lemma Gcd_0_iff:
+  "Gcd A = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> A \<subseteq> {0}"
+  apply (rule iffI)
+  apply (rule subsetI, drule Gcd_dvd, simp)
+  apply (auto intro: GcdI[symmetric])
+  done
+
+lemma Gcd_empty [simp]:
+  "Gcd {} = 0"
+  by (simp add: Gcd_0_iff)
+
+lemma Gcd_1:
+  "1 \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> Gcd A = 1"
+  by (intro GcdI[symmetric]) (auto intro: Gcd_dvd dvd_Gcd)
+
+lemma Gcd_insert [simp]:
+  "Gcd (insert a A) = gcd a (Gcd A)"
+proof (rule gcdI)
+  fix l assume "l dvd a" and "l dvd Gcd A"
+  hence "\<forall>x\<in>A. l dvd x" by (blast intro: dvd_trans Gcd_dvd)
+  with `l dvd a` show "l dvd Gcd (insert a A)" by (force intro: Gcd_dvd)
+qed (auto intro: Gcd_dvd dvd_Gcd simp: normalisation_factor_Gcd)
+
+lemma Gcd_finite:
+  assumes "finite A"
+  shows "Gcd A = Finite_Set.fold gcd 0 A"
+  by (induct rule: finite.induct[OF `finite A`])
+    (simp_all add: comp_fun_idem.fold_insert_idem[OF comp_fun_idem_gcd])
+
+lemma Gcd_set [code, code_unfold]:
+  "Gcd (set xs) = fold gcd xs 0"
+  using comp_fun_idem.fold_set_fold[OF comp_fun_idem_gcd] Gcd_finite by (simp add: ac_simps)
+
+lemma Gcd_singleton [simp]: "Gcd {a} = a div normalisation_factor a"
+  by (simp add: gcd_0)
+
+lemma Gcd_2 [simp]: "Gcd {a,b} = gcd a b"
+  by (simp only: Gcd_insert Gcd_empty gcd_0) (cases "b = 0", simp, rule gcd_div_unit2, simp)
+
+end
+
+text {*
+  A Euclidean ring is a Euclidean semiring with additive inverses. It provides a 
+  few more lemmas; in particular, Bezout's lemma holds for any Euclidean ring.
+*}
+
+class euclidean_ring = euclidean_semiring + idom
+
+class euclidean_ring_gcd = euclidean_semiring_gcd + idom
+begin
+
+subclass euclidean_ring ..
+
+lemma gcd_neg1 [simp]:
+  "gcd (-x) y = gcd x y"
+  by (rule sym, rule gcdI, simp_all add: gcd_greatest gcd_zero)
+
+lemma gcd_neg2 [simp]:
+  "gcd x (-y) = gcd x y"
+  by (rule sym, rule gcdI, simp_all add: gcd_greatest gcd_zero)
+
+lemma gcd_neg_numeral_1 [simp]:
+  "gcd (- numeral n) x = gcd (numeral n) x"
+  by (fact gcd_neg1)
+
+lemma gcd_neg_numeral_2 [simp]:
+  "gcd x (- numeral n) = gcd x (numeral n)"
+  by (fact gcd_neg2)
+
+lemma gcd_diff1: "gcd (m - n) n = gcd m n"
+  by (subst diff_conv_add_uminus, subst gcd_neg2[symmetric],  subst gcd_add1, simp)
+
+lemma gcd_diff2: "gcd (n - m) n = gcd m n"
+  by (subst gcd_neg1[symmetric], simp only: minus_diff_eq gcd_diff1)
+
+lemma coprime_minus_one [simp]: "gcd (n - 1) n = 1"
+proof -
+  have "gcd (n - 1) n = gcd n (n - 1)" by (fact gcd.commute)
+  also have "\<dots> = gcd ((n - 1) + 1) (n - 1)" by simp
+  also have "\<dots> = 1" by (rule coprime_plus_one)
+  finally show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+lemma lcm_neg1 [simp]: "lcm (-x) y = lcm x y"
+  by (rule sym, rule lcmI, simp_all add: lcm_least lcm_zero)
+
+lemma lcm_neg2 [simp]: "lcm x (-y) = lcm x y"
+  by (rule sym, rule lcmI, simp_all add: lcm_least lcm_zero)
+
+lemma lcm_neg_numeral_1 [simp]: "lcm (- numeral n) x = lcm (numeral n) x"
+  by (fact lcm_neg1)
+
+lemma lcm_neg_numeral_2 [simp]: "lcm x (- numeral n) = lcm x (numeral n)"
+  by (fact lcm_neg2)
+
+function euclid_ext :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<times> 'a \<times> 'a" where
+  "euclid_ext a b = 
+     (if b = 0 then 
+        let x = ring_inv (normalisation_factor a) in (x, 0, a * x)
+      else 
+        case euclid_ext b (a mod b) of
+            (s,t,c) \<Rightarrow> (t, s - t * (a div b), c))"
+  by (pat_completeness, simp)
+  termination by (relation "measure (euclidean_size \<circ> snd)", simp_all)
+
+declare euclid_ext.simps [simp del]
+
+lemma euclid_ext_0: 
+  "euclid_ext a 0 = (ring_inv (normalisation_factor a), 0, a * ring_inv (normalisation_factor a))"
+  by (subst euclid_ext.simps, simp add: Let_def)
+
+lemma euclid_ext_non_0:
+  "b \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> euclid_ext a b = (case euclid_ext b (a mod b) of 
+    (s,t,c) \<Rightarrow> (t, s - t * (a div b), c))"
+  by (subst euclid_ext.simps, simp)
+
+definition euclid_ext' :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<times> 'a"
+where
+  "euclid_ext' a b = (case euclid_ext a b of (s, t, _) \<Rightarrow> (s, t))"
+
+lemma euclid_ext_gcd [simp]:
+  "(case euclid_ext a b of (_,_,t) \<Rightarrow> t) = gcd a b"
+proof (induct a b rule: euclid_ext.induct)
+  case (1 a b)
+  then show ?case
+  proof (cases "b = 0")
+    case True
+      then show ?thesis by (cases "a = 0") 
+        (simp_all add: euclid_ext_0 unit_div mult_ac unit_simps gcd_0)
+    next
+    case False with 1 show ?thesis
+      by (simp add: euclid_ext_non_0 ac_simps split: prod.split prod.split_asm)
+    qed
+qed
+
+lemma euclid_ext_gcd' [simp]:
+  "euclid_ext a b = (r, s, t) \<Longrightarrow> t = gcd a b"
+  by (insert euclid_ext_gcd[of a b], drule (1) subst, simp)
+
+lemma euclid_ext_correct:
+  "case euclid_ext x y of (s,t,c) \<Rightarrow> s*x + t*y = c"
+proof (induct x y rule: euclid_ext.induct)
+  case (1 x y)
+  show ?case
+  proof (cases "y = 0")
+    case True
+    then show ?thesis by (simp add: euclid_ext_0 mult_ac)
+  next
+    case False
+    obtain s t c where stc: "euclid_ext y (x mod y) = (s,t,c)"
+      by (cases "euclid_ext y (x mod y)", blast)
+    from 1 have "c = s * y + t * (x mod y)" by (simp add: stc False)
+    also have "... = t*((x div y)*y + x mod y) + (s - t * (x div y))*y"
+      by (simp add: algebra_simps) 
+    also have "(x div y)*y + x mod y = x" using mod_div_equality .
+    finally show ?thesis
+      by (subst euclid_ext.simps, simp add: False stc)
+    qed
+qed
+
+lemma euclid_ext'_correct:
+  "fst (euclid_ext' a b) * a + snd (euclid_ext' a b) * b = gcd a b"
+proof-
+  obtain s t c where "euclid_ext a b = (s,t,c)"
+    by (cases "euclid_ext a b", blast)
+  with euclid_ext_correct[of a b] euclid_ext_gcd[of a b]
+    show ?thesis unfolding euclid_ext'_def by simp
+qed
+
+lemma bezout: "\<exists>s t. s * x + t * y = gcd x y"
+  using euclid_ext'_correct by blast
+
+lemma euclid_ext'_0 [simp]: "euclid_ext' x 0 = (ring_inv (normalisation_factor x), 0)" 
+  by (simp add: bezw_def euclid_ext'_def euclid_ext_0)
+
+lemma euclid_ext'_non_0: "y \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> euclid_ext' x y = (snd (euclid_ext' y (x mod y)),
+  fst (euclid_ext' y (x mod y)) - snd (euclid_ext' y (x mod y)) * (x div y))"
+  by (cases "euclid_ext y (x mod y)") 
+    (simp add: euclid_ext'_def euclid_ext_non_0)
+  
+end
+
+instantiation nat :: euclidean_semiring
+begin
+
+definition [simp]:
+  "euclidean_size_nat = (id :: nat \<Rightarrow> nat)"
+
+definition [simp]:
+  "normalisation_factor_nat (n::nat) = (if n = 0 then 0 else 1 :: nat)"
+
+instance proof
+qed (simp_all add: is_unit_def)
+
+end
+
+instantiation int :: euclidean_ring
+begin
+
+definition [simp]:
+  "euclidean_size_int = (nat \<circ> abs :: int \<Rightarrow> nat)"
+
+definition [simp]:
+  "normalisation_factor_int = (sgn :: int \<Rightarrow> int)"
+
+instance proof
+  case goal2 then show ?case by (auto simp add: abs_mult nat_mult_distrib)
+next
+  case goal3 then show ?case by (simp add: zsgn_def is_unit_def)
+next
+  case goal5 then show ?case by (auto simp: zsgn_def is_unit_def)
+next
+  case goal6 then show ?case by (auto split: abs_split simp: zsgn_def is_unit_def)
+qed (auto simp: sgn_times split: abs_split)
+
+end
+
+end
+
diff -r 464c1815fde9 -r 62826b36ac5e src/HOL/ROOT
--- a/src/HOL/ROOT	Thu Aug 21 14:41:08 2014 +0200
+++ b/src/HOL/ROOT	Fri Aug 22 08:43:14 2014 +0200
@@ -188,6 +188,7 @@
     Pocklington
     Gauss
     Number_Theory
+    Euclidean_Algorithm
   document_files
     "root.tex"