# HG changeset patch
# User wenzelm
# Date 1491077759 -7200
# Node ID 673a7b3379ec2e581b9cff89af156822b6d4ba1b
# Parent  2fdd4431b30ecec508ee398a6a952fd9cfd363aa
misc tuning and modernization;

diff -r 2fdd4431b30e -r 673a7b3379ec src/HOL/Library/Polynomial.thy
--- a/src/HOL/Library/Polynomial.thy	Sat Apr 01 22:03:24 2017 +0200
+++ b/src/HOL/Library/Polynomial.thy	Sat Apr 01 22:15:59 2017 +0200
@@ -8,50 +8,51 @@
 section \<open>Polynomials as type over a ring structure\<close>
 
 theory Polynomial
-imports Main "~~/src/HOL/Deriv" "~~/src/HOL/Library/More_List"
-  "~~/src/HOL/Library/Infinite_Set"
+  imports
+    "~~/src/HOL/Deriv"
+    "~~/src/HOL/Library/More_List"
+    "~~/src/HOL/Library/Infinite_Set"
 begin
 
 subsection \<open>Auxiliary: operations for lists (later) representing coefficients\<close>
 
 definition cCons :: "'a::zero \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"  (infixr "##" 65)
-where
-  "x ## xs = (if xs = [] \<and> x = 0 then [] else x # xs)"
-
-lemma cCons_0_Nil_eq [simp]:
-  "0 ## [] = []"
+  where "x ## xs = (if xs = [] \<and> x = 0 then [] else x # xs)"
+
+lemma cCons_0_Nil_eq [simp]: "0 ## [] = []"
   by (simp add: cCons_def)
 
-lemma cCons_Cons_eq [simp]:
-  "x ## y # ys = x # y # ys"
+lemma cCons_Cons_eq [simp]: "x ## y # ys = x # y # ys"
   by (simp add: cCons_def)
 
-lemma cCons_append_Cons_eq [simp]:
-  "x ## xs @ y # ys = x # xs @ y # ys"
+lemma cCons_append_Cons_eq [simp]: "x ## xs @ y # ys = x # xs @ y # ys"
   by (simp add: cCons_def)
 
-lemma cCons_not_0_eq [simp]:
-  "x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> x ## xs = x # xs"
+lemma cCons_not_0_eq [simp]: "x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> x ## xs = x # xs"
   by (simp add: cCons_def)
 
 lemma strip_while_not_0_Cons_eq [simp]:
   "strip_while (\<lambda>x. x = 0) (x # xs) = x ## strip_while (\<lambda>x. x = 0) xs"
 proof (cases "x = 0")
-  case False then show ?thesis by simp
+  case False
+  then show ?thesis by simp
 next
-  case True show ?thesis
+  case True
+  show ?thesis
   proof (induct xs rule: rev_induct)
-    case Nil with True show ?case by simp
+    case Nil
+    with True show ?case by simp
   next
-    case (snoc y ys) then show ?case
+    case (snoc y ys)
+    then show ?case
       by (cases "y = 0") (simp_all add: append_Cons [symmetric] del: append_Cons)
   qed
 qed
 
-lemma tl_cCons [simp]:
-  "tl (x ## xs) = xs"
+lemma tl_cCons [simp]: "tl (x ## xs) = xs"
   by (simp add: cCons_def)
 
+
 subsection \<open>Definition of type \<open>poly\<close>\<close>
 
 typedef (overloaded) 'a poly = "{f :: nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::zero. \<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity> n. f n = 0}"
@@ -73,8 +74,7 @@
 subsection \<open>Degree of a polynomial\<close>
 
 definition degree :: "'a::zero poly \<Rightarrow> nat"
-where
-  "degree p = (LEAST n. \<forall>i>n. coeff p i = 0)"
+  where "degree p = (LEAST n. \<forall>i>n. coeff p i = 0)"
 
 lemma coeff_eq_0:
   assumes "degree p < n"
@@ -109,12 +109,10 @@
 
 end
 
-lemma coeff_0 [simp]:
-  "coeff 0 n = 0"
+lemma coeff_0 [simp]: "coeff 0 n = 0"
   by transfer rule
 
-lemma degree_0 [simp]:
-  "degree 0 = 0"
+lemma degree_0 [simp]: "degree 0 = 0"
   by (rule order_antisym [OF degree_le le0]) simp
 
 lemma leading_coeff_neq_0:
@@ -122,48 +120,52 @@
   shows "coeff p (degree p) \<noteq> 0"
 proof (cases "degree p")
   case 0
-  from \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> have "\<exists>n. coeff p n \<noteq> 0"
-    by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
-  then obtain n where "coeff p n \<noteq> 0" ..
-  hence "n \<le> degree p" by (rule le_degree)
-  with \<open>coeff p n \<noteq> 0\<close> and \<open>degree p = 0\<close>
-  show "coeff p (degree p) \<noteq> 0" by simp
+  from \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> obtain n where "coeff p n \<noteq> 0"
+    by (auto simp add: poly_eq_iff)
+  then have "n \<le> degree p"
+    by (rule le_degree)
+  with \<open>coeff p n \<noteq> 0\<close> and \<open>degree p = 0\<close> show "coeff p (degree p) \<noteq> 0"
+    by simp
 next
   case (Suc n)
-  from \<open>degree p = Suc n\<close> have "n < degree p" by simp
-  hence "\<exists>i>n. coeff p i \<noteq> 0" by (rule less_degree_imp)
-  then obtain i where "n < i" and "coeff p i \<noteq> 0" by fast
-  from \<open>degree p = Suc n\<close> and \<open>n < i\<close> have "degree p \<le> i" by simp
-  also from \<open>coeff p i \<noteq> 0\<close> have "i \<le> degree p" by (rule le_degree)
+  from \<open>degree p = Suc n\<close> have "n < degree p"
+    by simp
+  then have "\<exists>i>n. coeff p i \<noteq> 0"
+    by (rule less_degree_imp)
+  then obtain i where "n < i" and "coeff p i \<noteq> 0"
+    by blast
+  from \<open>degree p = Suc n\<close> and \<open>n < i\<close> have "degree p \<le> i"
+    by simp
+  also from \<open>coeff p i \<noteq> 0\<close> have "i \<le> degree p"
+    by (rule le_degree)
   finally have "degree p = i" .
   with \<open>coeff p i \<noteq> 0\<close> show "coeff p (degree p) \<noteq> 0" by simp
 qed
 
-lemma leading_coeff_0_iff [simp]:
-  "coeff p (degree p) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
-  by (cases "p = 0", simp, simp add: leading_coeff_neq_0)
+lemma leading_coeff_0_iff [simp]: "coeff p (degree p) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
+  by (cases "p = 0") (simp_all add: leading_coeff_neq_0)
 
 lemma eq_zero_or_degree_less:
   assumes "degree p \<le> n" and "coeff p n = 0"
   shows "p = 0 \<or> degree p < n"
 proof (cases n)
   case 0
-  with \<open>degree p \<le> n\<close> and \<open>coeff p n = 0\<close>
-  have "coeff p (degree p) = 0" by simp
+  with \<open>degree p \<le> n\<close> and \<open>coeff p n = 0\<close> have "coeff p (degree p) = 0"
+    by simp
   then have "p = 0" by simp
   then show ?thesis ..
 next
   case (Suc m)
-  have "\<forall>i>n. coeff p i = 0"
-    using \<open>degree p \<le> n\<close> by (simp add: coeff_eq_0)
-  then have "\<forall>i\<ge>n. coeff p i = 0"
-    using \<open>coeff p n = 0\<close> by (simp add: le_less)
-  then have "\<forall>i>m. coeff p i = 0"
-    using \<open>n = Suc m\<close> by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le)
+  from \<open>degree p \<le> n\<close> have "\<forall>i>n. coeff p i = 0"
+    by (simp add: coeff_eq_0)
+  with \<open>coeff p n = 0\<close> have "\<forall>i\<ge>n. coeff p i = 0"
+    by (simp add: le_less)
+  with \<open>n = Suc m\<close> have "\<forall>i>m. coeff p i = 0"
+    by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le)
   then have "degree p \<le> m"
     by (rule degree_le)
-  then have "degree p < n"
-    using \<open>n = Suc m\<close> by (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le)
+  with \<open>n = Suc m\<close> have "degree p < n"
+    by (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le)
   then show ?thesis ..
 qed
 
@@ -179,32 +181,26 @@
 
 lemmas coeff_pCons = pCons.rep_eq
 
-lemma coeff_pCons_0 [simp]:
-  "coeff (pCons a p) 0 = a"
+lemma coeff_pCons_0 [simp]: "coeff (pCons a p) 0 = a"
   by transfer simp
 
-lemma coeff_pCons_Suc [simp]:
-  "coeff (pCons a p) (Suc n) = coeff p n"
+lemma coeff_pCons_Suc [simp]: "coeff (pCons a p) (Suc n) = coeff p n"
   by (simp add: coeff_pCons)
 
-lemma degree_pCons_le:
-  "degree (pCons a p) \<le> Suc (degree p)"
+lemma degree_pCons_le: "degree (pCons a p) \<le> Suc (degree p)"
   by (rule degree_le) (simp add: coeff_eq_0 coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
 
-lemma degree_pCons_eq:
-  "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree (pCons a p) = Suc (degree p)"
+lemma degree_pCons_eq: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree (pCons a p) = Suc (degree p)"
   apply (rule order_antisym [OF degree_pCons_le])
   apply (rule le_degree, simp)
   done
 
-lemma degree_pCons_0:
-  "degree (pCons a 0) = 0"
+lemma degree_pCons_0: "degree (pCons a 0) = 0"
   apply (rule order_antisym [OF _ le0])
   apply (rule degree_le, simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
   done
 
-lemma degree_pCons_eq_if [simp]:
-  "degree (pCons a p) = (if p = 0 then 0 else Suc (degree p))"
+lemma degree_pCons_eq_if [simp]: "degree (pCons a p) = (if p = 0 then 0 else Suc (degree p))"
   apply (cases "p = 0", simp_all)
   apply (rule order_antisym [OF _ le0])
   apply (rule degree_le, simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
@@ -212,25 +208,25 @@
   apply (rule le_degree, simp)
   done
 
-lemma pCons_0_0 [simp]:
-  "pCons 0 0 = 0"
+lemma pCons_0_0 [simp]: "pCons 0 0 = 0"
   by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
 
-lemma pCons_eq_iff [simp]:
-  "pCons a p = pCons b q \<longleftrightarrow> a = b \<and> p = q"
+lemma pCons_eq_iff [simp]: "pCons a p = pCons b q \<longleftrightarrow> a = b \<and> p = q"
 proof safe
   assume "pCons a p = pCons b q"
-  then have "coeff (pCons a p) 0 = coeff (pCons b q) 0" by simp
-  then show "a = b" by simp
+  then have "coeff (pCons a p) 0 = coeff (pCons b q) 0"
+    by simp
+  then show "a = b"
+    by simp
 next
   assume "pCons a p = pCons b q"
-  then have "\<forall>n. coeff (pCons a p) (Suc n) =
-                 coeff (pCons b q) (Suc n)" by simp
-  then show "p = q" by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
+  then have "coeff (pCons a p) (Suc n) = coeff (pCons b q) (Suc n)" for n
+    by simp
+  then show "p = q"
+    by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
 qed
 
-lemma pCons_eq_0_iff [simp]:
-  "pCons a p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a = 0 \<and> p = 0"
+lemma pCons_eq_0_iff [simp]: "pCons a p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a = 0 \<and> p = 0"
   using pCons_eq_iff [of a p 0 0] by simp
 
 lemma pCons_cases [cases type: poly]:
@@ -238,8 +234,8 @@
 proof
   show "p = pCons (coeff p 0) (Abs_poly (\<lambda>n. coeff p (Suc n)))"
     by transfer
-       (simp_all add: MOST_inj[where f=Suc and P="\<lambda>n. p n = 0" for p] fun_eq_iff Abs_poly_inverse
-                 split: nat.split)
+      (simp_all add: MOST_inj[where f=Suc and P="\<lambda>n. p n = 0" for p] fun_eq_iff Abs_poly_inverse
+        split: nat.split)
 qed
 
 lemma pCons_induct [case_names 0 pCons, induct type: poly]:
@@ -257,8 +253,8 @@
     case False
     then have "degree (pCons a q) = Suc (degree q)"
       by (rule degree_pCons_eq)
-    then have "degree q < degree p"
-      using \<open>p = pCons a q\<close> by simp
+    with \<open>p = pCons a q\<close> have "degree q < degree p"
+      by simp
     then show "P q"
       by (rule less.hyps)
   qed
@@ -270,8 +266,8 @@
     case False
     with zero show ?thesis by simp
   qed
-  then show ?case
-    using \<open>p = pCons a q\<close> by simp
+  with \<open>p = pCons a q\<close> show ?case
+    by simp
 qed
 
 lemma degree_eq_zeroE:
@@ -279,10 +275,13 @@
   assumes "degree p = 0"
   obtains a where "p = pCons a 0"
 proof -
-  obtain a q where p: "p = pCons a q" by (cases p)
-  with assms have "q = 0" by (cases "q = 0") simp_all
-  with p have "p = pCons a 0" by simp
-  with that show thesis .
+  obtain a q where p: "p = pCons a q"
+    by (cases p)
+  with assms have "q = 0"
+    by (cases "q = 0") simp_all
+  with p have "p = pCons a 0"
+    by simp
+  then show thesis ..
 qed
 
 
@@ -293,139 +292,112 @@
 
 subsection \<open>List-style syntax for polynomials\<close>
 
-syntax
-  "_poly" :: "args \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"  ("[:(_):]")
-
+syntax "_poly" :: "args \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"  ("[:(_):]")
 translations
-  "[:x, xs:]" == "CONST pCons x [:xs:]"
-  "[:x:]" == "CONST pCons x 0"
-  "[:x:]" <= "CONST pCons x (_constrain 0 t)"
+  "[:x, xs:]" \<rightleftharpoons> "CONST pCons x [:xs:]"
+  "[:x:]" \<rightleftharpoons> "CONST pCons x 0"
+  "[:x:]" \<leftharpoondown> "CONST pCons x (_constrain 0 t)"
 
 
 subsection \<open>Representation of polynomials by lists of coefficients\<close>
 
 primrec Poly :: "'a::zero list \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
-where
-  [code_post]: "Poly [] = 0"
-| [code_post]: "Poly (a # as) = pCons a (Poly as)"
-
-lemma Poly_replicate_0 [simp]:
-  "Poly (replicate n 0) = 0"
+  where
+    [code_post]: "Poly [] = 0"
+  | [code_post]: "Poly (a # as) = pCons a (Poly as)"
+
+lemma Poly_replicate_0 [simp]: "Poly (replicate n 0) = 0"
   by (induct n) simp_all
 
-lemma Poly_eq_0:
-  "Poly as = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>n. as = replicate n 0)"
+lemma Poly_eq_0: "Poly as = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>n. as = replicate n 0)"
   by (induct as) (auto simp add: Cons_replicate_eq)
 
-lemma Poly_append_replicate_zero [simp]:
-  "Poly (as @ replicate n 0) = Poly as"
+lemma Poly_append_replicate_zero [simp]: "Poly (as @ replicate n 0) = Poly as"
   by (induct as) simp_all
 
-lemma Poly_snoc_zero [simp]:
-  "Poly (as @ [0]) = Poly as"
+lemma Poly_snoc_zero [simp]: "Poly (as @ [0]) = Poly as"
   using Poly_append_replicate_zero [of as 1] by simp
 
-lemma Poly_cCons_eq_pCons_Poly [simp]:
-  "Poly (a ## p) = pCons a (Poly p)"
+lemma Poly_cCons_eq_pCons_Poly [simp]: "Poly (a ## p) = pCons a (Poly p)"
   by (simp add: cCons_def)
 
-lemma Poly_on_rev_starting_with_0 [simp]:
-  assumes "hd as = 0"
-  shows "Poly (rev (tl as)) = Poly (rev as)"
-  using assms by (cases as) simp_all
+lemma Poly_on_rev_starting_with_0 [simp]: "hd as = 0 \<Longrightarrow> Poly (rev (tl as)) = Poly (rev as)"
+  by (cases as) simp_all
 
 lemma degree_Poly: "degree (Poly xs) \<le> length xs"
-  by (induction xs) simp_all
-
-lemma coeff_Poly_eq [simp]:
-  "coeff (Poly xs) = nth_default 0 xs"
+  by (induct xs) simp_all
+
+lemma coeff_Poly_eq [simp]: "coeff (Poly xs) = nth_default 0 xs"
   by (induct xs) (simp_all add: fun_eq_iff coeff_pCons split: nat.splits)
 
 definition coeffs :: "'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a::zero list"
-where
-  "coeffs p = (if p = 0 then [] else map (\<lambda>i. coeff p i) [0 ..< Suc (degree p)])"
-
-lemma coeffs_eq_Nil [simp]:
-  "coeffs p = [] \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
+  where "coeffs p = (if p = 0 then [] else map (\<lambda>i. coeff p i) [0 ..< Suc (degree p)])"
+
+lemma coeffs_eq_Nil [simp]: "coeffs p = [] \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
   by (simp add: coeffs_def)
 
-lemma not_0_coeffs_not_Nil:
-  "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> coeffs p \<noteq> []"
+lemma not_0_coeffs_not_Nil: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> coeffs p \<noteq> []"
   by simp
 
-lemma coeffs_0_eq_Nil [simp]:
-  "coeffs 0 = []"
+lemma coeffs_0_eq_Nil [simp]: "coeffs 0 = []"
   by simp
 
-lemma coeffs_pCons_eq_cCons [simp]:
-  "coeffs (pCons a p) = a ## coeffs p"
+lemma coeffs_pCons_eq_cCons [simp]: "coeffs (pCons a p) = a ## coeffs p"
 proof -
-  { fix ms :: "nat list" and f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a" and x :: "'a"
-    assume "\<forall>m\<in>set ms. m > 0"
-    then have "map (case_nat x f) ms = map f (map (\<lambda>n. n - 1) ms)"
-      by (induct ms) (auto split: nat.split)
-  }
-  note * = this
+  have *: "\<forall>m\<in>set ms. m > 0 \<Longrightarrow> map (case_nat x f) ms = map f (map (\<lambda>n. n - 1) ms)"
+    for ms :: "nat list" and f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a" and x :: "'a"
+    by (induct ms) (auto split: nat.split)
   show ?thesis
-    by (simp add: coeffs_def * upt_conv_Cons coeff_pCons map_decr_upt del: upt_Suc)
+    by (simp add: * coeffs_def upt_conv_Cons coeff_pCons map_decr_upt del: upt_Suc)
 qed
 
 lemma length_coeffs: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> length (coeffs p) = degree p + 1"
   by (simp add: coeffs_def)
 
-lemma coeffs_nth:
-  assumes "p \<noteq> 0" "n \<le> degree p"
-  shows   "coeffs p ! n = coeff p n"
-  using assms unfolding coeffs_def by (auto simp del: upt_Suc)
-
-lemma coeff_in_coeffs:
-  "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> n \<le> degree p \<Longrightarrow> coeff p n \<in> set (coeffs p)"
-  using coeffs_nth [of p n, symmetric]
-  by (simp add: length_coeffs)
-
-lemma not_0_cCons_eq [simp]:
-  "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> a ## coeffs p = a # coeffs p"
+lemma coeffs_nth: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> n \<le> degree p \<Longrightarrow> coeffs p ! n = coeff p n"
+  by (auto simp: coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc)
+
+lemma coeff_in_coeffs: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> n \<le> degree p \<Longrightarrow> coeff p n \<in> set (coeffs p)"
+  using coeffs_nth [of p n, symmetric] by (simp add: length_coeffs)
+
+lemma not_0_cCons_eq [simp]: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> a ## coeffs p = a # coeffs p"
   by (simp add: cCons_def)
 
-lemma Poly_coeffs [simp, code abstype]:
-  "Poly (coeffs p) = p"
+lemma Poly_coeffs [simp, code abstype]: "Poly (coeffs p) = p"
   by (induct p) auto
 
-lemma coeffs_Poly [simp]:
-  "coeffs (Poly as) = strip_while (HOL.eq 0) as"
+lemma coeffs_Poly [simp]: "coeffs (Poly as) = strip_while (HOL.eq 0) as"
 proof (induct as)
-  case Nil then show ?case by simp
+  case Nil
+  then show ?case by simp
 next
   case (Cons a as)
-  have "(\<forall>n. as \<noteq> replicate n 0) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>a\<in>set as. a \<noteq> 0)"
-    using replicate_length_same [of as 0] by (auto dest: sym [of _ as])
+  from replicate_length_same [of as 0] have "(\<forall>n. as \<noteq> replicate n 0) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>a\<in>set as. a \<noteq> 0)"
+    by (auto dest: sym [of _ as])
   with Cons show ?case by auto
 qed
 
-lemma last_coeffs_not_0:
-  "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> last (coeffs p) \<noteq> 0"
+lemma last_coeffs_not_0: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> last (coeffs p) \<noteq> 0"
   by (induct p) (auto simp add: cCons_def)
 
-lemma strip_while_coeffs [simp]:
-  "strip_while (HOL.eq 0) (coeffs p) = coeffs p"
+lemma strip_while_coeffs [simp]: "strip_while (HOL.eq 0) (coeffs p) = coeffs p"
   by (cases "p = 0") (auto dest: last_coeffs_not_0 intro: strip_while_not_last)
 
-lemma coeffs_eq_iff:
-  "p = q \<longleftrightarrow> coeffs p = coeffs q" (is "?P \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q")
+lemma coeffs_eq_iff: "p = q \<longleftrightarrow> coeffs p = coeffs q"
+  (is "?P \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q")
 proof
-  assume ?P then show ?Q by simp
+  assume ?P
+  then show ?Q by simp
 next
   assume ?Q
   then have "Poly (coeffs p) = Poly (coeffs q)" by simp
   then show ?P by simp
 qed
 
-lemma nth_default_coeffs_eq:
-  "nth_default 0 (coeffs p) = coeff p"
+lemma nth_default_coeffs_eq: "nth_default 0 (coeffs p) = coeff p"
   by (simp add: fun_eq_iff coeff_Poly_eq [symmetric])
 
-lemma [code]:
-  "coeff p = nth_default 0 (coeffs p)"
+lemma [code]: "coeff p = nth_default 0 (coeffs p)"
   by (simp add: nth_default_coeffs_eq)
 
 lemma coeffs_eqI:
@@ -434,30 +406,25 @@
   shows "coeffs p = xs"
 proof -
   from coeff have "p = Poly xs" by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
-  with zero show ?thesis by simp (cases xs, simp_all)
+  with zero show ?thesis by simp (cases xs; simp)
 qed
 
-lemma degree_eq_length_coeffs [code]:
-  "degree p = length (coeffs p) - 1"
+lemma degree_eq_length_coeffs [code]: "degree p = length (coeffs p) - 1"
   by (simp add: coeffs_def)
 
-lemma length_coeffs_degree:
-  "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> length (coeffs p) = Suc (degree p)"
-  by (induct p) (auto simp add: cCons_def)
-
-lemma [code abstract]:
-  "coeffs 0 = []"
+lemma length_coeffs_degree: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> length (coeffs p) = Suc (degree p)"
+  by (induct p) (auto simp: cCons_def)
+
+lemma [code abstract]: "coeffs 0 = []"
   by (fact coeffs_0_eq_Nil)
 
-lemma [code abstract]:
-  "coeffs (pCons a p) = a ## coeffs p"
+lemma [code abstract]: "coeffs (pCons a p) = a ## coeffs p"
   by (fact coeffs_pCons_eq_cCons)
 
 instantiation poly :: ("{zero, equal}") equal
 begin
 
-definition
-  [code]: "HOL.equal (p::'a poly) q \<longleftrightarrow> HOL.equal (coeffs p) (coeffs q)"
+definition [code]: "HOL.equal (p::'a poly) q \<longleftrightarrow> HOL.equal (coeffs p) (coeffs q)"
 
 instance
   by standard (simp add: equal equal_poly_def coeffs_eq_iff)
@@ -468,41 +435,34 @@
   by (fact equal_refl)
 
 definition is_zero :: "'a::zero poly \<Rightarrow> bool"
-where
-  [code]: "is_zero p \<longleftrightarrow> List.null (coeffs p)"
-
-lemma is_zero_null [code_abbrev]:
-  "is_zero p \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
+  where [code]: "is_zero p \<longleftrightarrow> List.null (coeffs p)"
+
+lemma is_zero_null [code_abbrev]: "is_zero p \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
   by (simp add: is_zero_def null_def)
 
+
 subsubsection \<open>Reconstructing the polynomial from the list\<close>
   \<comment> \<open>contributed by Sebastiaan J.C. Joosten and René Thiemann\<close>
 
 definition poly_of_list :: "'a::comm_monoid_add list \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
-where
-  [simp]: "poly_of_list = Poly"
-
-lemma poly_of_list_impl [code abstract]:
-  "coeffs (poly_of_list as) = strip_while (HOL.eq 0) as"
+  where [simp]: "poly_of_list = Poly"
+
+lemma poly_of_list_impl [code abstract]: "coeffs (poly_of_list as) = strip_while (HOL.eq 0) as"
   by simp
 
 
 subsection \<open>Fold combinator for polynomials\<close>
 
 definition fold_coeffs :: "('a::zero \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
-where
-  "fold_coeffs f p = foldr f (coeffs p)"
-
-lemma fold_coeffs_0_eq [simp]:
-  "fold_coeffs f 0 = id"
+  where "fold_coeffs f p = foldr f (coeffs p)"
+
+lemma fold_coeffs_0_eq [simp]: "fold_coeffs f 0 = id"
   by (simp add: fold_coeffs_def)
 
-lemma fold_coeffs_pCons_eq [simp]:
-  "f 0 = id \<Longrightarrow> fold_coeffs f (pCons a p) = f a \<circ> fold_coeffs f p"
+lemma fold_coeffs_pCons_eq [simp]: "f 0 = id \<Longrightarrow> fold_coeffs f (pCons a p) = f a \<circ> fold_coeffs f p"
   by (simp add: fold_coeffs_def cCons_def fun_eq_iff)
 
-lemma fold_coeffs_pCons_0_0_eq [simp]:
-  "fold_coeffs f (pCons 0 0) = id"
+lemma fold_coeffs_pCons_0_0_eq [simp]: "fold_coeffs f (pCons 0 0) = id"
   by (simp add: fold_coeffs_def)
 
 lemma fold_coeffs_pCons_coeff_not_0_eq [simp]:
@@ -517,35 +477,39 @@
 subsection \<open>Canonical morphism on polynomials -- evaluation\<close>
 
 definition poly :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
-where
-  "poly p = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a f x. a + x * f x) p (\<lambda>x. 0)" \<comment> \<open>The Horner Schema\<close>
-
-lemma poly_0 [simp]:
-  "poly 0 x = 0"
+  where "poly p = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a f x. a + x * f x) p (\<lambda>x. 0)" \<comment> \<open>The Horner Schema\<close>
+
+lemma poly_0 [simp]: "poly 0 x = 0"
   by (simp add: poly_def)
-  
-lemma poly_pCons [simp]:
-  "poly (pCons a p) x = a + x * poly p x"
+
+lemma poly_pCons [simp]: "poly (pCons a p) x = a + x * poly p x"
   by (cases "p = 0 \<and> a = 0") (auto simp add: poly_def)
 
-lemma poly_altdef: 
-  "poly p (x :: 'a :: {comm_semiring_0, semiring_1}) = (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. coeff p i * x ^ i)"
+lemma poly_altdef: "poly p x = (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. coeff p i * x ^ i)"
+  for x :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_1}"
 proof (induction p rule: pCons_induct)
+  case 0
+  then show ?case
+    by simp
+next
   case (pCons a p)
-    show ?case
-    proof (cases "p = 0")
-      case False
-      let ?p' = "pCons a p"
-      note poly_pCons[of a p x]
-      also note pCons.IH
-      also have "a + x * (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. coeff p i * x ^ i) =
-                 coeff ?p' 0 * x^0 + (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. coeff ?p' (Suc i) * x^Suc i)"
-          by (simp add: field_simps sum_distrib_left coeff_pCons)
-      also note sum_atMost_Suc_shift[symmetric]
-      also note degree_pCons_eq[OF \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close>, of a, symmetric]
-      finally show ?thesis .
-   qed simp
-qed simp
+  show ?case
+  proof (cases "p = 0")
+    case True
+    then show ?thesis by simp
+  next
+    case False
+    let ?p' = "pCons a p"
+    note poly_pCons[of a p x]
+    also note pCons.IH
+    also have "a + x * (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. coeff p i * x ^ i) =
+        coeff ?p' 0 * x^0 + (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. coeff ?p' (Suc i) * x^Suc i)"
+      by (simp add: field_simps sum_distrib_left coeff_pCons)
+    also note sum_atMost_Suc_shift[symmetric]
+    also note degree_pCons_eq[OF \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close>, of a, symmetric]
+    finally show ?thesis .
+  qed
+qed
 
 lemma poly_0_coeff_0: "poly p 0 = coeff p 0"
   by (cases p) (auto simp: poly_altdef)
@@ -557,16 +521,13 @@
   is "\<lambda>a m n. if m = n then a else 0"
   by (simp add: MOST_iff_cofinite)
 
-lemma coeff_monom [simp]:
-  "coeff (monom a m) n = (if m = n then a else 0)"
+lemma coeff_monom [simp]: "coeff (monom a m) n = (if m = n then a else 0)"
   by transfer rule
 
-lemma monom_0:
-  "monom a 0 = pCons a 0"
+lemma monom_0: "monom a 0 = pCons a 0"
   by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
 
-lemma monom_Suc:
-  "monom a (Suc n) = pCons 0 (monom a n)"
+lemma monom_Suc: "monom a (Suc n) = pCons 0 (monom a n)"
   by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
 
 lemma monom_eq_0 [simp]: "monom 0 n = 0"
@@ -583,26 +544,24 @@
 
 lemma degree_monom_eq: "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree (monom a n) = n"
   apply (rule order_antisym [OF degree_monom_le])
-  apply (rule le_degree, simp)
+  apply (rule le_degree)
+  apply simp
   done
 
 lemma coeffs_monom [code abstract]:
   "coeffs (monom a n) = (if a = 0 then [] else replicate n 0 @ [a])"
   by (induct n) (simp_all add: monom_0 monom_Suc)
 
-lemma fold_coeffs_monom [simp]:
-  "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> fold_coeffs f (monom a n) = f 0 ^^ n \<circ> f a"
+lemma fold_coeffs_monom [simp]: "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> fold_coeffs f (monom a n) = f 0 ^^ n \<circ> f a"
   by (simp add: fold_coeffs_def coeffs_monom fun_eq_iff)
 
-lemma poly_monom:
-  fixes a x :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1}"
-  shows "poly (monom a n) x = a * x ^ n"
-  by (cases "a = 0", simp_all)
-    (induct n, simp_all add: mult.left_commute poly_def)  
+lemma poly_monom: "poly (monom a n) x = a * x ^ n"
+  for a x :: "'a::comm_semiring_1"
+  by (cases "a = 0", simp_all) (induct n, simp_all add: mult.left_commute poly_def)
 
 lemma monom_eq_iff': "monom c n = monom d m \<longleftrightarrow>  c = d \<and> (c = 0 \<or> n = m)"
   by (auto simp: poly_eq_iff)
-  
+
 lemma monom_eq_const_iff: "monom c n = [:d:] \<longleftrightarrow> c = d \<and> (c = 0 \<or> n = 0)"
   using monom_eq_iff'[of c n d 0] by (simp add: monom_0)
 
@@ -700,74 +659,56 @@
 
 end
 
-lemma add_pCons [simp]:
-  "pCons a p + pCons b q = pCons (a + b) (p + q)"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
-
-lemma minus_pCons [simp]:
-  "- pCons a p = pCons (- a) (- p)"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
-
-lemma diff_pCons [simp]:
-  "pCons a p - pCons b q = pCons (a - b) (p - q)"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
+lemma add_pCons [simp]: "pCons a p + pCons b q = pCons (a + b) (p + q)"
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
+
+lemma minus_pCons [simp]: "- pCons a p = pCons (- a) (- p)"
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
+
+lemma diff_pCons [simp]: "pCons a p - pCons b q = pCons (a - b) (p - q)"
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
 
 lemma degree_add_le_max: "degree (p + q) \<le> max (degree p) (degree q)"
-  by (rule degree_le, auto simp add: coeff_eq_0)
-
-lemma degree_add_le:
-  "\<lbrakk>degree p \<le> n; degree q \<le> n\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) \<le> n"
+  by (rule degree_le) (auto simp add: coeff_eq_0)
+
+lemma degree_add_le: "degree p \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> degree q \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) \<le> n"
   by (auto intro: order_trans degree_add_le_max)
 
-lemma degree_add_less:
-  "\<lbrakk>degree p < n; degree q < n\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) < n"
+lemma degree_add_less: "degree p < n \<Longrightarrow> degree q < n \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) < n"
   by (auto intro: le_less_trans degree_add_le_max)
 
-lemma degree_add_eq_right:
-  "degree p < degree q \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) = degree q"
-  apply (cases "q = 0", simp)
+lemma degree_add_eq_right: "degree p < degree q \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) = degree q"
+  apply (cases "q = 0")
+   apply simp
   apply (rule order_antisym)
-  apply (simp add: degree_add_le)
+   apply (simp add: degree_add_le)
   apply (rule le_degree)
   apply (simp add: coeff_eq_0)
   done
 
-lemma degree_add_eq_left:
-  "degree q < degree p \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) = degree p"
-  using degree_add_eq_right [of q p]
-  by (simp add: add.commute)
-
-lemma degree_minus [simp]:
-  "degree (- p) = degree p"
-  unfolding degree_def by simp
-
-lemma lead_coeff_add_le:
-  assumes "degree p < degree q"
-  shows "lead_coeff (p + q) = lead_coeff q" 
-  using assms
+lemma degree_add_eq_left: "degree q < degree p \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) = degree p"
+  using degree_add_eq_right [of q p] by (simp add: add.commute)
+
+lemma degree_minus [simp]: "degree (- p) = degree p"
+  by (simp add: degree_def)
+
+lemma lead_coeff_add_le: "degree p < degree q \<Longrightarrow> lead_coeff (p + q) = lead_coeff q"
   by (metis coeff_add coeff_eq_0 monoid_add_class.add.left_neutral degree_add_eq_right)
 
-lemma lead_coeff_minus:
-  "lead_coeff (- p) = - lead_coeff p"
+lemma lead_coeff_minus: "lead_coeff (- p) = - lead_coeff p"
   by (metis coeff_minus degree_minus)
 
-lemma degree_diff_le_max:
-  fixes p q :: "'a :: ab_group_add poly"
-  shows "degree (p - q) \<le> max (degree p) (degree q)"
-  using degree_add_le [where p=p and q="-q"]
-  by simp
-
-lemma degree_diff_le:
-  fixes p q :: "'a :: ab_group_add poly"
-  assumes "degree p \<le> n" and "degree q \<le> n"
-  shows "degree (p - q) \<le> n"
-  using assms degree_add_le [of p n "- q"] by simp
-
-lemma degree_diff_less:
-  fixes p q :: "'a :: ab_group_add poly"
-  assumes "degree p < n" and "degree q < n"
-  shows "degree (p - q) < n"
-  using assms degree_add_less [of p n "- q"] by simp
+lemma degree_diff_le_max: "degree (p - q) \<le> max (degree p) (degree q)"
+  for p q :: "'a::ab_group_add poly"
+  using degree_add_le [where p=p and q="-q"] by simp
+
+lemma degree_diff_le: "degree p \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> degree q \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> degree (p - q) \<le> n"
+  for p q :: "'a::ab_group_add poly"
+  using degree_add_le [of p n "- q"] by simp
+
+lemma degree_diff_less: "degree p < n \<Longrightarrow> degree q < n \<Longrightarrow> degree (p - q) < n"
+  for p q :: "'a::ab_group_add poly"
+  using degree_add_less [of p n "- q"] by simp
 
 lemma add_monom: "monom a n + monom b n = monom (a + b) n"
   by (rule poly_eqI) simp
@@ -775,99 +716,99 @@
 lemma diff_monom: "monom a n - monom b n = monom (a - b) n"
   by (rule poly_eqI) simp
 
-lemma minus_monom: "- monom a n = monom (-a) n"
+lemma minus_monom: "- monom a n = monom (- a) n"
   by (rule poly_eqI) simp
 
 lemma coeff_sum: "coeff (\<Sum>x\<in>A. p x) i = (\<Sum>x\<in>A. coeff (p x) i)"
-  by (cases "finite A", induct set: finite, simp_all)
+  by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
 
 lemma monom_sum: "monom (\<Sum>x\<in>A. a x) n = (\<Sum>x\<in>A. monom (a x) n)"
   by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_sum)
 
 fun plus_coeffs :: "'a::comm_monoid_add list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"
-where
-  "plus_coeffs xs [] = xs"
-| "plus_coeffs [] ys = ys"
-| "plus_coeffs (x # xs) (y # ys) = (x + y) ## plus_coeffs xs ys"
+  where
+    "plus_coeffs xs [] = xs"
+  | "plus_coeffs [] ys = ys"
+  | "plus_coeffs (x # xs) (y # ys) = (x + y) ## plus_coeffs xs ys"
 
 lemma coeffs_plus_eq_plus_coeffs [code abstract]:
   "coeffs (p + q) = plus_coeffs (coeffs p) (coeffs q)"
 proof -
-  { fix xs ys :: "'a list" and n
-    have "nth_default 0 (plus_coeffs xs ys) n = nth_default 0 xs n + nth_default 0 ys n"
-    proof (induct xs ys arbitrary: n rule: plus_coeffs.induct)
-      case (3 x xs y ys n)
-      then show ?case by (cases n) (auto simp add: cCons_def)
-    qed simp_all }
-  note * = this
-  { fix xs ys :: "'a list"
-    assume "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last xs \<noteq> 0" and "ys \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last ys \<noteq> 0"
-    moreover assume "plus_coeffs xs ys \<noteq> []"
-    ultimately have "last (plus_coeffs xs ys) \<noteq> 0"
-    proof (induct xs ys rule: plus_coeffs.induct)
-      case (3 x xs y ys) then show ?case by (auto simp add: cCons_def) metis
-    qed simp_all }
-  note ** = this
+  have *: "nth_default 0 (plus_coeffs xs ys) n = nth_default 0 xs n + nth_default 0 ys n"
+    for xs ys :: "'a list" and n
+  proof (induct xs ys arbitrary: n rule: plus_coeffs.induct)
+    case 3
+    then show ?case by (cases n) (auto simp: cCons_def)
+  qed simp_all
+  have **: "last (plus_coeffs xs ys) \<noteq> 0"
+    if "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last xs \<noteq> 0" and "ys \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last ys \<noteq> 0" and "plus_coeffs xs ys \<noteq> []"
+    for xs ys :: "'a list"
+    using that
+  proof (induct xs ys rule: plus_coeffs.induct)
+    case 3
+    then show ?case by (auto simp add: cCons_def) metis
+  qed simp_all
   show ?thesis
     apply (rule coeffs_eqI)
-    apply (simp add: * nth_default_coeffs_eq)
+     apply (simp add: * nth_default_coeffs_eq)
     apply (rule **)
-    apply (auto dest: last_coeffs_not_0)
+      apply (auto dest: last_coeffs_not_0)
     done
 qed
 
-lemma coeffs_uminus [code abstract]:
-  "coeffs (- p) = map (\<lambda>a. - a) (coeffs p)"
+lemma coeffs_uminus [code abstract]: "coeffs (- p) = map (\<lambda>a. - a) (coeffs p)"
   by (rule coeffs_eqI)
     (simp_all add: not_0_coeffs_not_Nil last_map last_coeffs_not_0 nth_default_map_eq nth_default_coeffs_eq)
 
-lemma [code]:
-  fixes p q :: "'a::ab_group_add poly"
-  shows "p - q = p + - q"
+lemma [code]: "p - q = p + - q"
+  for p q :: "'a::ab_group_add poly"
   by (fact diff_conv_add_uminus)
 
 lemma poly_add [simp]: "poly (p + q) x = poly p x + poly q x"
-  apply (induct p arbitrary: q, simp)
+  apply (induct p arbitrary: q)
+   apply simp
   apply (case_tac q, simp, simp add: algebra_simps)
   done
 
-lemma poly_minus [simp]:
-  fixes x :: "'a::comm_ring"
-  shows "poly (- p) x = - poly p x"
+lemma poly_minus [simp]: "poly (- p) x = - poly p x"
+  for x :: "'a::comm_ring"
   by (induct p) simp_all
 
-lemma poly_diff [simp]:
-  fixes x :: "'a::comm_ring"
-  shows "poly (p - q) x = poly p x - poly q x"
+lemma poly_diff [simp]: "poly (p - q) x = poly p x - poly q x"
+  for x :: "'a::comm_ring"
   using poly_add [of p "- q" x] by simp
 
 lemma poly_sum: "poly (\<Sum>k\<in>A. p k) x = (\<Sum>k\<in>A. poly (p k) x)"
   by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
 
-lemma degree_sum_le: "finite S \<Longrightarrow> (\<And> p . p \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> degree (f p) \<le> n)
-  \<Longrightarrow> degree (sum f S) \<le> n"
+lemma degree_sum_le: "finite S \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>p. p \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> degree (f p) \<le> n) \<Longrightarrow> degree (sum f S) \<le> n"
 proof (induct S rule: finite_induct)
+  case empty
+  then show ?case by simp
+next
   case (insert p S)
-  hence "degree (sum f S) \<le> n" "degree (f p) \<le> n" by auto
-  thus ?case unfolding sum.insert[OF insert(1-2)] by (metis degree_add_le)
-qed simp
-
-lemma poly_as_sum_of_monoms': 
-  assumes n: "degree p \<le> n" 
+  then have "degree (sum f S) \<le> n" "degree (f p) \<le> n"
+    by auto
+  then show ?case
+    unfolding sum.insert[OF insert(1-2)] by (metis degree_add_le)
+qed
+
+lemma poly_as_sum_of_monoms':
+  assumes "degree p \<le> n"
   shows "(\<Sum>i\<le>n. monom (coeff p i) i) = p"
 proof -
   have eq: "\<And>i. {..n} \<inter> {i} = (if i \<le> n then {i} else {})"
     by auto
-  show ?thesis
-    using n by (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_sum coeff_eq_0 sum.If_cases eq 
-                  if_distrib[where f="\<lambda>x. x * a" for a])
+  from assms show ?thesis
+    by (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_sum coeff_eq_0 sum.If_cases eq
+        if_distrib[where f="\<lambda>x. x * a" for a])
 qed
 
 lemma poly_as_sum_of_monoms: "(\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. monom (coeff p i) i) = p"
   by (intro poly_as_sum_of_monoms' order_refl)
 
 lemma Poly_snoc: "Poly (xs @ [x]) = Poly xs + monom x (length xs)"
-  by (induction xs) (simp_all add: monom_0 monom_Suc)
+  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: monom_0 monom_Suc)
 
 
 subsection \<open>Multiplication by a constant, polynomial multiplication and the unit polynomial\<close>
@@ -875,126 +816,123 @@
 lift_definition smult :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
   is "\<lambda>a p n. a * coeff p n"
 proof -
-  fix a :: 'a and p :: "'a poly" show "\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity> i. a * coeff p i = 0"
+  fix a :: 'a and p :: "'a poly"
+  show "\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity> i. a * coeff p i = 0"
     using MOST_coeff_eq_0[of p] by eventually_elim simp
 qed
 
-lemma coeff_smult [simp]:
-  "coeff (smult a p) n = a * coeff p n"
+lemma coeff_smult [simp]: "coeff (smult a p) n = a * coeff p n"
   by (simp add: smult.rep_eq)
 
 lemma degree_smult_le: "degree (smult a p) \<le> degree p"
-  by (rule degree_le, simp add: coeff_eq_0)
+  by (rule degree_le) (simp add: coeff_eq_0)
 
 lemma smult_smult [simp]: "smult a (smult b p) = smult (a * b) p"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: mult.assoc)
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: mult.assoc)
 
 lemma smult_0_right [simp]: "smult a 0 = 0"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp)
+  by (rule poly_eqI) simp
 
 lemma smult_0_left [simp]: "smult 0 p = 0"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp)
+  by (rule poly_eqI) simp
 
 lemma smult_1_left [simp]: "smult (1::'a::comm_semiring_1) p = p"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp)
-
-lemma smult_add_right:
-  "smult a (p + q) = smult a p + smult a q"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: algebra_simps)
-
-lemma smult_add_left:
-  "smult (a + b) p = smult a p + smult b p"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: algebra_simps)
-
-lemma smult_minus_right [simp]:
-  "smult (a::'a::comm_ring) (- p) = - smult a p"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp)
-
-lemma smult_minus_left [simp]:
-  "smult (- a::'a::comm_ring) p = - smult a p"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp)
-
-lemma smult_diff_right:
-  "smult (a::'a::comm_ring) (p - q) = smult a p - smult a q"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: algebra_simps)
-
-lemma smult_diff_left:
-  "smult (a - b::'a::comm_ring) p = smult a p - smult b p"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: algebra_simps)
+  by (rule poly_eqI) simp
+
+lemma smult_add_right: "smult a (p + q) = smult a p + smult a q"
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: algebra_simps)
+
+lemma smult_add_left: "smult (a + b) p = smult a p + smult b p"
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: algebra_simps)
+
+lemma smult_minus_right [simp]: "smult a (- p) = - smult a p"
+  for a :: "'a::comm_ring"
+  by (rule poly_eqI) simp
+
+lemma smult_minus_left [simp]: "smult (- a) p = - smult a p"
+  for a :: "'a::comm_ring"
+  by (rule poly_eqI) simp
+
+lemma smult_diff_right: "smult a (p - q) = smult a p - smult a q"
+  for a :: "'a::comm_ring"
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: algebra_simps)
+
+lemma smult_diff_left: "smult (a - b) p = smult a p - smult b p"
+  for a b :: "'a::comm_ring"
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: algebra_simps)
 
 lemmas smult_distribs =
   smult_add_left smult_add_right
   smult_diff_left smult_diff_right
 
-lemma smult_pCons [simp]:
-  "smult a (pCons b p) = pCons (a * b) (smult a p)"
-  by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
+lemma smult_pCons [simp]: "smult a (pCons b p) = pCons (a * b) (smult a p)"
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
 
 lemma smult_monom: "smult a (monom b n) = monom (a * b) n"
-  by (induct n, simp add: monom_0, simp add: monom_Suc)
+  by (induct n) (simp_all add: monom_0 monom_Suc)
 
 lemma smult_Poly: "smult c (Poly xs) = Poly (map (op * c) xs)"
-  by (auto simp add: poly_eq_iff nth_default_def)
-
-lemma degree_smult_eq [simp]:
-  fixes a :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
-  shows "degree (smult a p) = (if a = 0 then 0 else degree p)"
-  by (cases "a = 0", simp, simp add: degree_def)
-
-lemma smult_eq_0_iff [simp]:
-  fixes a :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
-  shows "smult a p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a = 0 \<or> p = 0"
+  by (auto simp: poly_eq_iff nth_default_def)
+
+lemma degree_smult_eq [simp]: "degree (smult a p) = (if a = 0 then 0 else degree p)"
+  for a :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
+  by (cases "a = 0") (simp_all add: degree_def)
+
+lemma smult_eq_0_iff [simp]: "smult a p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a = 0 \<or> p = 0"
+  for a :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
   by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
-  
+
 lemma coeffs_smult [code abstract]:
-  fixes p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
-  shows "coeffs (smult a p) = (if a = 0 then [] else map (Groups.times a) (coeffs p))"
+  "coeffs (smult a p) = (if a = 0 then [] else map (Groups.times a) (coeffs p))"
+  for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
   by (rule coeffs_eqI)
-    (auto simp add: not_0_coeffs_not_Nil last_map last_coeffs_not_0 nth_default_map_eq nth_default_coeffs_eq)
+    (auto simp add: not_0_coeffs_not_Nil last_map last_coeffs_not_0
+      nth_default_map_eq nth_default_coeffs_eq)
 
 lemma smult_eq_iff:
-  assumes "(b :: 'a :: field) \<noteq> 0"
-  shows   "smult a p = smult b q \<longleftrightarrow> smult (a / b) p = q"
+  fixes b :: "'a :: field"
+  assumes "b \<noteq> 0"
+  shows "smult a p = smult b q \<longleftrightarrow> smult (a / b) p = q"
+    (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
 proof
-  assume "smult a p = smult b q"
-  also from assms have "smult (inverse b) \<dots> = q" by simp
-  finally show "smult (a / b) p = q" by (simp add: field_simps)
-qed (insert assms, auto)
+  assume ?lhs
+  also from assms have "smult (inverse b) \<dots> = q"
+    by simp
+  finally show ?rhs
+    by (simp add: field_simps)
+next
+  assume ?rhs
+  with assms show ?lhs by auto
+qed
 
 instantiation poly :: (comm_semiring_0) comm_semiring_0
 begin
 
-definition
-  "p * q = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a p. smult a q + pCons 0 p) p 0"
+definition "p * q = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a p. smult a q + pCons 0 p) p 0"
 
 lemma mult_poly_0_left: "(0::'a poly) * q = 0"
   by (simp add: times_poly_def)
 
-lemma mult_pCons_left [simp]:
-  "pCons a p * q = smult a q + pCons 0 (p * q)"
+lemma mult_pCons_left [simp]: "pCons a p * q = smult a q + pCons 0 (p * q)"
   by (cases "p = 0 \<and> a = 0") (auto simp add: times_poly_def)
 
 lemma mult_poly_0_right: "p * (0::'a poly) = 0"
-  by (induct p) (simp add: mult_poly_0_left, simp)
-
-lemma mult_pCons_right [simp]:
-  "p * pCons a q = smult a p + pCons 0 (p * q)"
-  by (induct p) (simp add: mult_poly_0_left, simp add: algebra_simps)
+  by (induct p) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0_left)
+
+lemma mult_pCons_right [simp]: "p * pCons a q = smult a p + pCons 0 (p * q)"
+  by (induct p) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0_left algebra_simps)
 
 lemmas mult_poly_0 = mult_poly_0_left mult_poly_0_right
 
-lemma mult_smult_left [simp]:
-  "smult a p * q = smult a (p * q)"
-  by (induct p) (simp add: mult_poly_0, simp add: smult_add_right)
-
-lemma mult_smult_right [simp]:
-  "p * smult a q = smult a (p * q)"
-  by (induct q) (simp add: mult_poly_0, simp add: smult_add_right)
-
-lemma mult_poly_add_left:
-  fixes p q r :: "'a poly"
-  shows "(p + q) * r = p * r + q * r"
-  by (induct r) (simp add: mult_poly_0, simp add: smult_distribs algebra_simps)
+lemma mult_smult_left [simp]: "smult a p * q = smult a (p * q)"
+  by (induct p) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0 smult_add_right)
+
+lemma mult_smult_right [simp]: "p * smult a q = smult a (p * q)"
+  by (induct q) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0 smult_add_right)
+
+lemma mult_poly_add_left: "(p + q) * r = p * r + q * r"
+  for p q r :: "'a poly"
+  by (induct r) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0 smult_distribs algebra_simps)
 
 instance
 proof
@@ -1006,49 +944,48 @@
   show "(p + q) * r = p * r + q * r"
     by (rule mult_poly_add_left)
   show "(p * q) * r = p * (q * r)"
-    by (induct p, simp add: mult_poly_0, simp add: mult_poly_add_left)
+    by (induct p) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0 mult_poly_add_left)
   show "p * q = q * p"
-    by (induct p, simp add: mult_poly_0, simp)
+    by (induct p) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0)
 qed
 
 end
 
 lemma coeff_mult_degree_sum:
-  "coeff (p * q) (degree p + degree q) =
-   coeff p (degree p) * coeff q (degree q)"
-  by (induct p, simp, simp add: coeff_eq_0)
+  "coeff (p * q) (degree p + degree q) = coeff p (degree p) * coeff q (degree q)"
+  by (induct p) (simp_all add: coeff_eq_0)
 
 instance poly :: ("{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors}") semiring_no_zero_divisors
 proof
   fix p q :: "'a poly"
   assume "p \<noteq> 0" and "q \<noteq> 0"
-  have "coeff (p * q) (degree p + degree q) =
-        coeff p (degree p) * coeff q (degree q)"
+  have "coeff (p * q) (degree p + degree q) = coeff p (degree p) * coeff q (degree q)"
     by (rule coeff_mult_degree_sum)
-  also have "coeff p (degree p) * coeff q (degree q) \<noteq> 0"
-    using \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> and \<open>q \<noteq> 0\<close> by simp
+  also from \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>q \<noteq> 0\<close> have "coeff p (degree p) * coeff q (degree q) \<noteq> 0"
+    by simp
   finally have "\<exists>n. coeff (p * q) n \<noteq> 0" ..
-  thus "p * q \<noteq> 0" by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
+  then show "p * q \<noteq> 0"
+    by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
 qed
 
 instance poly :: (comm_semiring_0_cancel) comm_semiring_0_cancel ..
 
-lemma coeff_mult:
-  "coeff (p * q) n = (\<Sum>i\<le>n. coeff p i * coeff q (n-i))"
+lemma coeff_mult: "coeff (p * q) n = (\<Sum>i\<le>n. coeff p i * coeff q (n-i))"
 proof (induct p arbitrary: n)
-  case 0 show ?case by simp
+  case 0
+  show ?case by simp
 next
-  case (pCons a p n) thus ?case
-    by (cases n, simp, simp add: sum_atMost_Suc_shift
-                            del: sum_atMost_Suc)
+  case (pCons a p n)
+  then show ?case
+    by (cases n) (simp_all add: sum_atMost_Suc_shift del: sum_atMost_Suc)
 qed
 
 lemma degree_mult_le: "degree (p * q) \<le> degree p + degree q"
-apply (rule degree_le)
-apply (induct p)
-apply simp
-apply (simp add: coeff_eq_0 coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
-done
+  apply (rule degree_le)
+  apply (induct p)
+   apply simp
+  apply (simp add: coeff_eq_0 coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
+  done
 
 lemma mult_monom: "monom a m * monom b n = monom (a * b) (m + n)"
   by (induct m) (simp add: monom_0 smult_monom, simp add: monom_Suc)
@@ -1061,67 +998,53 @@
 instance
 proof
   show "1 * p = p" for p :: "'a poly"
-    unfolding one_poly_def by simp
+    by (simp add: one_poly_def)
   show "0 \<noteq> (1::'a poly)"
-    unfolding one_poly_def by simp
+    by (simp add: one_poly_def)
 qed
 
 end
 
 instance poly :: ("{comm_semiring_1,semiring_1_no_zero_divisors}") semiring_1_no_zero_divisors ..
-
 instance poly :: (comm_ring) comm_ring ..
-
 instance poly :: (comm_ring_1) comm_ring_1 ..
-
 instance poly :: (comm_ring_1) comm_semiring_1_cancel ..
 
 lemma coeff_1 [simp]: "coeff 1 n = (if n = 0 then 1 else 0)"
-  unfolding one_poly_def
-  by (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
-
-lemma monom_eq_1 [simp]:
-  "monom 1 0 = 1"
+  by (simp add: one_poly_def coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
+
+lemma monom_eq_1 [simp]: "monom 1 0 = 1"
   by (simp add: monom_0 one_poly_def)
 
 lemma monom_eq_1_iff: "monom c n = 1 \<longleftrightarrow> c = 1 \<and> n = 0"
   using monom_eq_const_iff[of c n 1] by (auto simp: one_poly_def)
 
-lemma monom_altdef:
-  "monom c n = smult c ([:0, 1:]^n)"
-  by (induction n) (simp_all add: monom_0 monom_Suc one_poly_def)
-  
+lemma monom_altdef: "monom c n = smult c ([:0, 1:]^n)"
+  by (induct n) (simp_all add: monom_0 monom_Suc one_poly_def)
+
 lemma degree_1 [simp]: "degree 1 = 0"
-  unfolding one_poly_def
-  by (rule degree_pCons_0)
-
-lemma coeffs_1_eq [simp, code abstract]:
-  "coeffs 1 = [1]"
+  unfolding one_poly_def by (rule degree_pCons_0)
+
+lemma coeffs_1_eq [simp, code abstract]: "coeffs 1 = [1]"
   by (simp add: one_poly_def)
 
-lemma degree_power_le:
-  "degree (p ^ n) \<le> degree p * n"
+lemma degree_power_le: "degree (p ^ n) \<le> degree p * n"
   by (induct n) (auto intro: order_trans degree_mult_le)
 
-lemma coeff_0_power:
-  "coeff (p ^ n) 0 = coeff p 0 ^ n"
-  by (induction n) (simp_all add: coeff_mult)
-
-lemma poly_smult [simp]:
-  "poly (smult a p) x = a * poly p x"
-  by (induct p, simp, simp add: algebra_simps)
-
-lemma poly_mult [simp]:
-  "poly (p * q) x = poly p x * poly q x"
-  by (induct p, simp_all, simp add: algebra_simps)
-
-lemma poly_1 [simp]:
-  "poly 1 x = 1"
+lemma coeff_0_power: "coeff (p ^ n) 0 = coeff p 0 ^ n"
+  by (induct n) (simp_all add: coeff_mult)
+
+lemma poly_smult [simp]: "poly (smult a p) x = a * poly p x"
+  by (induct p) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)
+
+lemma poly_mult [simp]: "poly (p * q) x = poly p x * poly q x"
+  by (induct p) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)
+
+lemma poly_1 [simp]: "poly 1 x = 1"
   by (simp add: one_poly_def)
 
-lemma poly_power [simp]:
-  fixes p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1} poly"
-  shows "poly (p ^ n) x = poly p x ^ n"
+lemma poly_power [simp]: "poly (p ^ n) x = poly p x ^ n"
+  for p :: "'a::comm_semiring_1 poly"
   by (induct n) simp_all
 
 lemma poly_prod: "poly (\<Prod>k\<in>A. p k) x = (\<Prod>k\<in>A. poly (p k) x)"
@@ -1129,51 +1052,54 @@
 
 lemma degree_prod_sum_le: "finite S \<Longrightarrow> degree (prod f S) \<le> sum (degree o f) S"
 proof (induct S rule: finite_induct)
+  case empty
+  then show ?case by simp
+next
   case (insert a S)
-  show ?case unfolding prod.insert[OF insert(1-2)] sum.insert[OF insert(1-2)]
-    by (rule le_trans[OF degree_mult_le], insert insert, auto)
-qed simp
-
-lemma coeff_0_prod_list:
-  "coeff (prod_list xs) 0 = prod_list (map (\<lambda>p. coeff p 0) xs)"
-  by (induction xs) (simp_all add: coeff_mult)
-
-lemma coeff_monom_mult: 
-  "coeff (monom c n * p) k = (if k < n then 0 else c * coeff p (k - n))"
+  show ?case
+    unfolding prod.insert[OF insert(1-2)] sum.insert[OF insert(1-2)]
+    by (rule le_trans[OF degree_mult_le]) (use insert in auto)
+qed
+
+lemma coeff_0_prod_list: "coeff (prod_list xs) 0 = prod_list (map (\<lambda>p. coeff p 0) xs)"
+  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: coeff_mult)
+
+lemma coeff_monom_mult: "coeff (monom c n * p) k = (if k < n then 0 else c * coeff p (k - n))"
 proof -
   have "coeff (monom c n * p) k = (\<Sum>i\<le>k. (if n = i then c else 0) * coeff p (k - i))"
     by (simp add: coeff_mult)
   also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum>i\<le>k. (if n = i then c * coeff p (k - i) else 0))"
     by (intro sum.cong) simp_all
-  also have "\<dots> = (if k < n then 0 else c * coeff p (k - n))" by (simp add: sum.delta')
+  also have "\<dots> = (if k < n then 0 else c * coeff p (k - n))"
+    by (simp add: sum.delta')
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
 
-lemma monom_1_dvd_iff':
-  "monom 1 n dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>k<n. coeff p k = 0)"
+lemma monom_1_dvd_iff': "monom 1 n dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>k<n. coeff p k = 0)"
 proof
   assume "monom 1 n dvd p"
-  then obtain r where r: "p = monom 1 n * r" by (elim dvdE)
-  thus "\<forall>k<n. coeff p k = 0" by (simp add: coeff_mult)
+  then obtain r where "p = monom 1 n * r"
+    by (rule dvdE)
+  then show "\<forall>k<n. coeff p k = 0"
+    by (simp add: coeff_mult)
 next
   assume zero: "(\<forall>k<n. coeff p k = 0)"
   define r where "r = Abs_poly (\<lambda>k. coeff p (k + n))"
   have "\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>k. coeff p (k + n) = 0"
-    by (subst cofinite_eq_sequentially, subst eventually_sequentially_seg, 
+    by (subst cofinite_eq_sequentially, subst eventually_sequentially_seg,
         subst cofinite_eq_sequentially [symmetric]) transfer
-  hence coeff_r [simp]: "coeff r k = coeff p (k + n)" for k unfolding r_def
-    by (subst poly.Abs_poly_inverse) simp_all
+  then have coeff_r [simp]: "coeff r k = coeff p (k + n)" for k
+    unfolding r_def by (subst poly.Abs_poly_inverse) simp_all
   have "p = monom 1 n * r"
-    by (intro poly_eqI, subst coeff_monom_mult) (insert zero, simp_all)
-  thus "monom 1 n dvd p" by simp
+    by (rule poly_eqI, subst coeff_monom_mult) (simp_all add: zero)
+  then show "monom 1 n dvd p" by simp
 qed
 
 
 subsection \<open>Mapping polynomials\<close>
 
-definition map_poly 
-     :: "('a :: zero \<Rightarrow> 'b :: zero) \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'b poly" where
-  "map_poly f p = Poly (map f (coeffs p))"
+definition map_poly :: "('a :: zero \<Rightarrow> 'b :: zero) \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'b poly"
+  where "map_poly f p = Poly (map f (coeffs p))"
 
 lemma map_poly_0 [simp]: "map_poly f 0 = 0"
   by (simp add: map_poly_def)
@@ -1186,60 +1112,68 @@
 
 lemma coeff_map_poly:
   assumes "f 0 = 0"
-  shows   "coeff (map_poly f p) n = f (coeff p n)"
-  by (auto simp: map_poly_def nth_default_def coeffs_def assms
-        not_less Suc_le_eq coeff_eq_0 simp del: upt_Suc)
-
-lemma coeffs_map_poly [code abstract]: 
-    "coeffs (map_poly f p) = strip_while (op = 0) (map f (coeffs p))"
+  shows "coeff (map_poly f p) n = f (coeff p n)"
+  by (auto simp: assms map_poly_def nth_default_def coeffs_def not_less Suc_le_eq coeff_eq_0
+      simp del: upt_Suc)
+
+lemma coeffs_map_poly [code abstract]:
+  "coeffs (map_poly f p) = strip_while (op = 0) (map f (coeffs p))"
   by (simp add: map_poly_def)
 
 lemma set_coeffs_map_poly:
   "(\<And>x. f x = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x = 0) \<Longrightarrow> set (coeffs (map_poly f p)) = f ` set (coeffs p)"
   by (cases "p = 0") (auto simp: coeffs_map_poly last_map last_coeffs_not_0)
 
-lemma coeffs_map_poly': 
-  assumes "(\<And>x. x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> 0)"
-  shows   "coeffs (map_poly f p) = map f (coeffs p)"
-  by (cases "p = 0") (auto simp: coeffs_map_poly last_map last_coeffs_not_0 assms 
-                           intro!: strip_while_not_last split: if_splits)
+lemma coeffs_map_poly':
+  assumes "\<And>x. x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> 0"
+  shows "coeffs (map_poly f p) = map f (coeffs p)"
+  by (cases "p = 0")
+    (auto simp: assms coeffs_map_poly last_map last_coeffs_not_0
+      intro!: strip_while_not_last split: if_splits)
 
 lemma degree_map_poly:
   assumes "\<And>x. x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> 0"
-  shows   "degree (map_poly f p) = degree p"
+  shows "degree (map_poly f p) = degree p"
   by (simp add: degree_eq_length_coeffs coeffs_map_poly' assms)
 
 lemma map_poly_eq_0_iff:
   assumes "f 0 = 0" "\<And>x. x \<in> set (coeffs p) \<Longrightarrow> x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> 0"
-  shows   "map_poly f p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
+  shows "map_poly f p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
 proof -
-  {
-    fix n :: nat
-    have "coeff (map_poly f p) n = f (coeff p n)" by (simp add: coeff_map_poly assms)
+  have "(coeff (map_poly f p) n = 0) = (coeff p n = 0)" for n
+  proof -
+    have "coeff (map_poly f p) n = f (coeff p n)"
+      by (simp add: coeff_map_poly assms)
     also have "\<dots> = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> coeff p n = 0"
     proof (cases "n < length (coeffs p)")
       case True
-      hence "coeff p n \<in> set (coeffs p)" by (auto simp: coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc)
-      with assms show "f (coeff p n) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> coeff p n = 0" by auto
-    qed (auto simp: assms length_coeffs nth_default_coeffs_eq [symmetric] nth_default_def)
-    finally have "(coeff (map_poly f p) n = 0) = (coeff p n = 0)" .
-  }
-  thus ?thesis by (auto simp: poly_eq_iff)
+      then have "coeff p n \<in> set (coeffs p)"
+        by (auto simp: coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc)
+      with assms show "f (coeff p n) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> coeff p n = 0"
+        by auto
+    next
+      case False
+      then show ?thesis
+        by (auto simp: assms length_coeffs nth_default_coeffs_eq [symmetric] nth_default_def)
+    qed
+    finally show ?thesis .
+  qed
+  then show ?thesis by (auto simp: poly_eq_iff)
 qed
 
 lemma map_poly_smult:
   assumes "f 0 = 0""\<And>c x. f (c * x) = f c * f x"
-  shows   "map_poly f (smult c p) = smult (f c) (map_poly f p)"
+  shows "map_poly f (smult c p) = smult (f c) (map_poly f p)"
   by (intro poly_eqI) (simp_all add: assms coeff_map_poly)
 
 lemma map_poly_pCons:
   assumes "f 0 = 0"
-  shows   "map_poly f (pCons c p) = pCons (f c) (map_poly f p)"
+  shows "map_poly f (pCons c p) = pCons (f c) (map_poly f p)"
   by (intro poly_eqI) (simp_all add: assms coeff_map_poly coeff_pCons split: nat.splits)
 
 lemma map_poly_map_poly:
   assumes "f 0 = 0" "g 0 = 0"
-  shows   "map_poly f (map_poly g p) = map_poly (f \<circ> g) p"
+  shows "map_poly f (map_poly g p) = map_poly (f \<circ> g) p"
   by (intro poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_map_poly assms)
 
 lemma map_poly_id [simp]: "map_poly id p = p"
@@ -1248,12 +1182,14 @@
 lemma map_poly_id' [simp]: "map_poly (\<lambda>x. x) p = p"
   by (simp add: map_poly_def)
 
-lemma map_poly_cong: 
+lemma map_poly_cong:
   assumes "(\<And>x. x \<in> set (coeffs p) \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x)"
-  shows   "map_poly f p = map_poly g p"
+  shows "map_poly f p = map_poly g p"
 proof -
-  from assms have "map f (coeffs p) = map g (coeffs p)" by (intro map_cong) simp_all
-  thus ?thesis by (simp only: coeffs_eq_iff coeffs_map_poly)
+  from assms have "map f (coeffs p) = map g (coeffs p)"
+    by (intro map_cong) simp_all
+  then show ?thesis
+    by (simp only: coeffs_eq_iff coeffs_map_poly)
 qed
 
 lemma map_poly_monom: "f 0 = 0 \<Longrightarrow> map_poly f (monom c n) = monom (f c) n"
@@ -1261,12 +1197,12 @@
 
 lemma map_poly_idI:
   assumes "\<And>x. x \<in> set (coeffs p) \<Longrightarrow> f x = x"
-  shows   "map_poly f p = p"
+  shows "map_poly f p = p"
   using map_poly_cong[OF assms, of _ id] by simp
 
 lemma map_poly_idI':
   assumes "\<And>x. x \<in> set (coeffs p) \<Longrightarrow> f x = x"
-  shows   "p = map_poly f p"
+  shows "p = map_poly f p"
   using map_poly_cong[OF assms, of _ id] by simp
 
 lemma smult_conv_map_poly: "smult c p = map_poly (\<lambda>x. c * x) p"
@@ -1276,21 +1212,26 @@
 subsection \<open>Conversions from @{typ nat} and @{typ int} numbers\<close>
 
 lemma of_nat_poly: "of_nat n = [:of_nat n :: 'a :: comm_semiring_1:]"
-proof (induction n)
+proof (induct n)
+  case 0
+  then show ?case by simp
+next
   case (Suc n)
-  hence "of_nat (Suc n) = 1 + (of_nat n :: 'a poly)" 
+  then have "of_nat (Suc n) = 1 + (of_nat n :: 'a poly)"
     by simp
-  also have "(of_nat n :: 'a poly) = [: of_nat n :]" 
+  also have "(of_nat n :: 'a poly) = [: of_nat n :]"
     by (subst Suc) (rule refl)
-  also have "1 = [:1:]" by (simp add: one_poly_def)
-  finally show ?case by (subst (asm) add_pCons) simp
-qed simp
+  also have "1 = [:1:]"
+    by (simp add: one_poly_def)
+  finally show ?case
+    by (subst (asm) add_pCons) simp
+qed
 
 lemma degree_of_nat [simp]: "degree (of_nat n) = 0"
   by (simp add: of_nat_poly)
 
 lemma lead_coeff_of_nat [simp]:
-  "lead_coeff (of_nat n) = (of_nat n :: 'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_char_0})"
+  "lead_coeff (of_nat n) = (of_nat n :: 'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_char_0})"
   by (simp add: of_nat_poly)
 
 lemma of_int_poly: "of_int k = [:of_int k :: 'a :: comm_ring_1:]"
@@ -1300,57 +1241,54 @@
   by (simp add: of_int_poly)
 
 lemma lead_coeff_of_int [simp]:
-  "lead_coeff (of_int k) = (of_int k :: 'a :: {comm_ring_1,ring_char_0})"
+  "lead_coeff (of_int k) = (of_int k :: 'a::{comm_ring_1,ring_char_0})"
   by (simp add: of_int_poly)
 
 lemma numeral_poly: "numeral n = [:numeral n:]"
   by (subst of_nat_numeral [symmetric], subst of_nat_poly) simp
-    
+
 lemma degree_numeral [simp]: "degree (numeral n) = 0"
   by (subst of_nat_numeral [symmetric], subst of_nat_poly) simp
 
-lemma lead_coeff_numeral [simp]: 
+lemma lead_coeff_numeral [simp]:
   "lead_coeff (numeral n) = numeral n"
   by (simp add: numeral_poly)
 
 
 subsection \<open>Lemmas about divisibility\<close>
 
-lemma dvd_smult: "p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> p dvd smult a q"
+lemma dvd_smult:
+  assumes "p dvd q"
+  shows "p dvd smult a q"
 proof -
-  assume "p dvd q"
-  then obtain k where "q = p * k" ..
+  from assms obtain k where "q = p * k" ..
   then have "smult a q = p * smult a k" by simp
   then show "p dvd smult a q" ..
 qed
 
-lemma dvd_smult_cancel:
-  fixes a :: "'a :: field"
-  shows "p dvd smult a q \<Longrightarrow> a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> p dvd q"
+lemma dvd_smult_cancel: "p dvd smult a q \<Longrightarrow> a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> p dvd q"
+  for a :: "'a::field"
   by (drule dvd_smult [where a="inverse a"]) simp
 
-lemma dvd_smult_iff:
-  fixes a :: "'a::field"
-  shows "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> p dvd smult a q \<longleftrightarrow> p dvd q"
+lemma dvd_smult_iff: "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> p dvd smult a q \<longleftrightarrow> p dvd q"
+  for a :: "'a::field"
   by (safe elim!: dvd_smult dvd_smult_cancel)
 
 lemma smult_dvd_cancel:
-  "smult a p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> p dvd q"
+  assumes "smult a p dvd q"
+  shows "p dvd q"
 proof -
-  assume "smult a p dvd q"
-  then obtain k where "q = smult a p * k" ..
+  from assms obtain k where "q = smult a p * k" ..
   then have "q = p * smult a k" by simp
   then show "p dvd q" ..
 qed
 
-lemma smult_dvd:
-  fixes a :: "'a::field"
-  shows "p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> smult a p dvd q"
+lemma smult_dvd: "p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> smult a p dvd q"
+  for a :: "'a::field"
   by (rule smult_dvd_cancel [where a="inverse a"]) simp
 
-lemma smult_dvd_iff:
-  fixes a :: "'a::field"
-  shows "smult a p dvd q \<longleftrightarrow> (if a = 0 then q = 0 else p dvd q)"
+lemma smult_dvd_iff: "smult a p dvd q \<longleftrightarrow> (if a = 0 then q = 0 else p dvd q)"
+  for a :: "'a::field"
   by (auto elim: smult_dvd smult_dvd_cancel)
 
 lemma is_unit_smult_iff: "smult c p dvd 1 \<longleftrightarrow> c dvd 1 \<and> p dvd 1"
@@ -1358,19 +1296,28 @@
   have "smult c p = [:c:] * p" by simp
   also have "\<dots> dvd 1 \<longleftrightarrow> c dvd 1 \<and> p dvd 1"
   proof safe
-    assume A: "[:c:] * p dvd 1"
-    thus "p dvd 1" by (rule dvd_mult_right)
-    from A obtain q where B: "1 = [:c:] * p * q" by (erule dvdE)
-    have "c dvd c * (coeff p 0 * coeff q 0)" by simp
-    also have "\<dots> = coeff ([:c:] * p * q) 0" by (simp add: mult.assoc coeff_mult)
-    also note B [symmetric]
-    finally show "c dvd 1" by simp
+    assume *: "[:c:] * p dvd 1"
+    then show "p dvd 1"
+      by (rule dvd_mult_right)
+    from * obtain q where q: "1 = [:c:] * p * q"
+      by (rule dvdE)
+    have "c dvd c * (coeff p 0 * coeff q 0)"
+      by simp
+    also have "\<dots> = coeff ([:c:] * p * q) 0"
+      by (simp add: mult.assoc coeff_mult)
+    also note q [symmetric]
+    finally have "c dvd coeff 1 0" .
+    then show "c dvd 1" by simp
   next
     assume "c dvd 1" "p dvd 1"
-    from \<open>c dvd 1\<close> obtain d where "1 = c * d" by (erule dvdE)
-    hence "1 = [:c:] * [:d:]" by (simp add: one_poly_def mult_ac)
-    hence "[:c:] dvd 1" by (rule dvdI)
-    from mult_dvd_mono[OF this \<open>p dvd 1\<close>] show "[:c:] * p dvd 1" by simp
+    from this(1) obtain d where "1 = c * d"
+      by (rule dvdE)
+    then have "1 = [:c:] * [:d:]"
+      by (simp add: one_poly_def mult_ac)
+    then have "[:c:] dvd 1"
+      by (rule dvdI)
+    from mult_dvd_mono[OF this \<open>p dvd 1\<close>] show "[:c:] * p dvd 1"
+      by simp
   qed
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
@@ -1380,17 +1327,14 @@
 
 instance poly :: (idom) idom ..
 
-lemma degree_mult_eq:
-  fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
-  shows "\<lbrakk>p \<noteq> 0; q \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> degree (p * q) = degree p + degree q"
-apply (rule order_antisym [OF degree_mult_le le_degree])
-apply (simp add: coeff_mult_degree_sum)
-done
+lemma degree_mult_eq: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> q \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree (p * q) = degree p + degree q"
+  for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+  by (rule order_antisym [OF degree_mult_le le_degree]) (simp add: coeff_mult_degree_sum)
 
 lemma degree_mult_eq_0:
-  fixes p q:: "'a :: {comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
-  shows "degree (p * q) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0 \<or> q = 0 \<or> (p \<noteq> 0 \<and> q \<noteq> 0 \<and> degree p = 0 \<and> degree q = 0)"
-  by (auto simp add: degree_mult_eq)
+  "degree (p * q) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0 \<or> q = 0 \<or> (p \<noteq> 0 \<and> q \<noteq> 0 \<and> degree p = 0 \<and> degree q = 0)"
+  for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+  by (auto simp: degree_mult_eq)
 
 lemma degree_mult_right_le:
   fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
@@ -1398,55 +1342,59 @@
   shows "degree p \<le> degree (p * q)"
   using assms by (cases "p = 0") (simp_all add: degree_mult_eq)
 
-lemma coeff_degree_mult:
-  fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
-  shows "coeff (p * q) (degree (p * q)) =
-    coeff q (degree q) * coeff p (degree p)"
-  by (cases "p = 0 \<or> q = 0") (auto simp add: degree_mult_eq coeff_mult_degree_sum mult_ac)
-
-lemma dvd_imp_degree_le:
-  fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
-  shows "\<lbrakk>p dvd q; q \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> degree p \<le> degree q"
+lemma coeff_degree_mult: "coeff (p * q) (degree (p * q)) = coeff q (degree q) * coeff p (degree p)"
+  for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+  by (cases "p = 0 \<or> q = 0") (auto simp: degree_mult_eq coeff_mult_degree_sum mult_ac)
+
+lemma dvd_imp_degree_le: "p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> q \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree p \<le> degree q"
+  for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
   by (erule dvdE, hypsubst, subst degree_mult_eq) auto
 
 lemma divides_degree:
-  assumes pq: "p dvd (q :: 'a ::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly)"
+  fixes p q :: "'a ::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+  assumes "p dvd q"
   shows "degree p \<le> degree q \<or> q = 0"
-  by (metis dvd_imp_degree_le pq)
-  
+  by (metis dvd_imp_degree_le assms)
+
 lemma const_poly_dvd_iff:
-  fixes c :: "'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
+  fixes c :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
   shows "[:c:] dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>n. c dvd coeff p n)"
 proof (cases "c = 0 \<or> p = 0")
+  case True
+  then show ?thesis
+    by (auto intro!: poly_eqI)
+next
   case False
   show ?thesis
   proof
     assume "[:c:] dvd p"
-    thus "\<forall>n. c dvd coeff p n" by (auto elim!: dvdE simp: coeffs_def)
+    then show "\<forall>n. c dvd coeff p n"
+      by (auto elim!: dvdE simp: coeffs_def)
   next
     assume *: "\<forall>n. c dvd coeff p n"
-    define mydiv where "mydiv = (\<lambda>x y :: 'a. SOME z. x = y * z)"
+    define mydiv where "mydiv x y = (SOME z. x = y * z)" for x y :: 'a
     have mydiv: "x = y * mydiv x y" if "y dvd x" for x y
       using that unfolding mydiv_def dvd_def by (rule someI_ex)
     define q where "q = Poly (map (\<lambda>a. mydiv a c) (coeffs p))"
     from False * have "p = q * [:c:]"
-      by (intro poly_eqI) (auto simp: q_def nth_default_def not_less length_coeffs_degree
-                             coeffs_nth intro!: coeff_eq_0 mydiv)
-    thus "[:c:] dvd p" by (simp only: dvd_triv_right)
+      by (intro poly_eqI)
+        (auto simp: q_def nth_default_def not_less length_coeffs_degree coeffs_nth
+          intro!: coeff_eq_0 mydiv)
+    then show "[:c:] dvd p"
+      by (simp only: dvd_triv_right)
   qed
-qed (auto intro!: poly_eqI)
-
-lemma const_poly_dvd_const_poly_iff [simp]:
-  "[:a::'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}:] dvd [:b:] \<longleftrightarrow> a dvd b"
+qed
+
+lemma const_poly_dvd_const_poly_iff [simp]: "[:a:] dvd [:b:] \<longleftrightarrow> a dvd b"
+  for a b :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
   by (subst const_poly_dvd_iff) (auto simp: coeff_pCons split: nat.splits)
 
-lemma lead_coeff_mult:
-  fixes p q :: "'a :: {comm_semiring_0, semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
-  shows "lead_coeff (p * q) = lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q"
-  by (cases "p=0 \<or> q=0", auto simp add:coeff_mult_degree_sum degree_mult_eq)
-
-lemma lead_coeff_smult:
-  "lead_coeff (smult c p :: 'a :: {comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly) = c * lead_coeff p"
+lemma lead_coeff_mult: "lead_coeff (p * q) = lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q"
+  for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0, semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+  by (cases "p = 0 \<or> q = 0") (auto simp: coeff_mult_degree_sum degree_mult_eq)
+
+lemma lead_coeff_smult: "lead_coeff (smult c p) = c * lead_coeff p"
+  for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
 proof -
   have "smult c p = [:c:] * p" by simp
   also have "lead_coeff \<dots> = c * lead_coeff p"
@@ -1457,67 +1405,69 @@
 lemma lead_coeff_1 [simp]: "lead_coeff 1 = 1"
   by simp
 
-lemma lead_coeff_power: 
-  "lead_coeff (p ^ n :: 'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly) = lead_coeff p ^ n"
-  by (induction n) (simp_all add: lead_coeff_mult)
+lemma lead_coeff_power: "lead_coeff (p ^ n) = lead_coeff p ^ n"
+  for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+  by (induct n) (simp_all add: lead_coeff_mult)
 
 
 subsection \<open>Polynomials form an ordered integral domain\<close>
 
 definition pos_poly :: "'a::linordered_semidom poly \<Rightarrow> bool"
-where
-  "pos_poly p \<longleftrightarrow> 0 < coeff p (degree p)"
-
-lemma pos_poly_pCons:
-  "pos_poly (pCons a p) \<longleftrightarrow> pos_poly p \<or> (p = 0 \<and> 0 < a)"
-  unfolding pos_poly_def by simp
+  where "pos_poly p \<longleftrightarrow> 0 < coeff p (degree p)"
+
+lemma pos_poly_pCons: "pos_poly (pCons a p) \<longleftrightarrow> pos_poly p \<or> (p = 0 \<and> 0 < a)"
+  by (simp add: pos_poly_def)
 
 lemma not_pos_poly_0 [simp]: "\<not> pos_poly 0"
-  unfolding pos_poly_def by simp
-
-lemma pos_poly_add: "\<lbrakk>pos_poly p; pos_poly q\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> pos_poly (p + q)"
-  apply (induct p arbitrary: q, simp)
-  apply (case_tac q, force simp add: pos_poly_pCons add_pos_pos)
+  by (simp add: pos_poly_def)
+
+lemma pos_poly_add: "pos_poly p \<Longrightarrow> pos_poly q \<Longrightarrow> pos_poly (p + q)"
+  apply (induct p arbitrary: q)
+   apply simp
+  apply (case_tac q)
+  apply (force simp add: pos_poly_pCons add_pos_pos)
   done
 
-lemma pos_poly_mult: "\<lbrakk>pos_poly p; pos_poly q\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> pos_poly (p * q)"
+lemma pos_poly_mult: "pos_poly p \<Longrightarrow> pos_poly q \<Longrightarrow> pos_poly (p * q)"
   unfolding pos_poly_def
   apply (subgoal_tac "p \<noteq> 0 \<and> q \<noteq> 0")
-  apply (simp add: degree_mult_eq coeff_mult_degree_sum)
+   apply (simp add: degree_mult_eq coeff_mult_degree_sum)
   apply auto
   done
 
-lemma pos_poly_total: "(p :: 'a :: linordered_idom poly) = 0 \<or> pos_poly p \<or> pos_poly (- p)"
-by (induct p) (auto simp add: pos_poly_pCons)
-
-lemma last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree:
-  "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> last (coeffs p) = coeff p (degree p)"
+lemma pos_poly_total: "p = 0 \<or> pos_poly p \<or> pos_poly (- p)"
+  for p :: "'a::linordered_idom poly"
+  by (induct p) (auto simp: pos_poly_pCons)
+
+lemma last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> last (coeffs p) = coeff p (degree p)"
   by (simp add: coeffs_def)
 
-lemma pos_poly_coeffs [code]:
-  "pos_poly p \<longleftrightarrow> (let as = coeffs p in as \<noteq> [] \<and> last as > 0)" (is "?P \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q")
+lemma pos_poly_coeffs [code]: "pos_poly p \<longleftrightarrow> (let as = coeffs p in as \<noteq> [] \<and> last as > 0)"
+  (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
 proof
-  assume ?Q then show ?P by (auto simp add: pos_poly_def last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree)
+  assume ?rhs
+  then show ?lhs
+    by (auto simp add: pos_poly_def last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree)
 next
-  assume ?P then have *: "0 < coeff p (degree p)" by (simp add: pos_poly_def)
-  then have "p \<noteq> 0" by auto
-  with * show ?Q by (simp add: last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree)
+  assume ?lhs
+  then have *: "0 < coeff p (degree p)"
+    by (simp add: pos_poly_def)
+  then have "p \<noteq> 0"
+    by auto
+  with * show ?rhs
+    by (simp add: last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree)
 qed
 
 instantiation poly :: (linordered_idom) linordered_idom
 begin
 
-definition
-  "x < y \<longleftrightarrow> pos_poly (y - x)"
-
-definition
-  "x \<le> y \<longleftrightarrow> x = y \<or> pos_poly (y - x)"
-
-definition
-  "\<bar>x::'a poly\<bar> = (if x < 0 then - x else x)"
-
-definition
-  "sgn (x::'a poly) = (if x = 0 then 0 else if 0 < x then 1 else - 1)"
+definition "x < y \<longleftrightarrow> pos_poly (y - x)"
+
+definition "x \<le> y \<longleftrightarrow> x = y \<or> pos_poly (y - x)"
+
+definition "\<bar>x::'a poly\<bar> = (if x < 0 then - x else x)"
+
+definition "sgn (x::'a poly) = (if x = 0 then 0 else if 0 < x then 1 else - 1)"
 
 instance
 proof
@@ -1525,12 +1475,12 @@
   show "x < y \<longleftrightarrow> x \<le> y \<and> \<not> y \<le> x"
     unfolding less_eq_poly_def less_poly_def
     apply safe
-    apply simp
+     apply simp
     apply (drule (1) pos_poly_add)
     apply simp
     done
   show "x \<le> x"
-    unfolding less_eq_poly_def by simp
+    by (simp add: less_eq_poly_def)
   show "x \<le> y \<Longrightarrow> y \<le> z \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> z"
     unfolding less_eq_poly_def
     apply safe
@@ -1553,8 +1503,7 @@
     using pos_poly_total [of "x - y"]
     by auto
   show "x < y \<Longrightarrow> 0 < z \<Longrightarrow> z * x < z * y"
-    unfolding less_poly_def
-    by (simp add: right_diff_distrib [symmetric] pos_poly_mult)
+    by (simp add: less_poly_def right_diff_distrib [symmetric] pos_poly_mult)
   show "\<bar>x\<bar> = (if x < 0 then - x else x)"
     by (rule abs_poly_def)
   show "sgn x = (if x = 0 then 0 else if 0 < x then 1 else - 1)"
@@ -1568,46 +1517,37 @@
 
 subsection \<open>Synthetic division and polynomial roots\<close>
 
-subsubsection \<open>Synthetic division\<close>  
-  
-text \<open>
-  Synthetic division is simply division by the linear polynomial @{term "x - c"}.
-\<close>
+subsubsection \<open>Synthetic division\<close>
+
+text \<open>Synthetic division is simply division by the linear polynomial @{term "x - c"}.\<close>
 
 definition synthetic_divmod :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<times> 'a"
-where
-  "synthetic_divmod p c = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a (q, r). (pCons r q, a + c * r)) p (0, 0)"
+  where "synthetic_divmod p c = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a (q, r). (pCons r q, a + c * r)) p (0, 0)"
 
 definition synthetic_div :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
-where
-  "synthetic_div p c = fst (synthetic_divmod p c)"
-
-lemma synthetic_divmod_0 [simp]:
-  "synthetic_divmod 0 c = (0, 0)"
+  where "synthetic_div p c = fst (synthetic_divmod p c)"
+
+lemma synthetic_divmod_0 [simp]: "synthetic_divmod 0 c = (0, 0)"
   by (simp add: synthetic_divmod_def)
 
 lemma synthetic_divmod_pCons [simp]:
   "synthetic_divmod (pCons a p) c = (\<lambda>(q, r). (pCons r q, a + c * r)) (synthetic_divmod p c)"
   by (cases "p = 0 \<and> a = 0") (auto simp add: synthetic_divmod_def)
 
-lemma synthetic_div_0 [simp]:
-  "synthetic_div 0 c = 0"
-  unfolding synthetic_div_def by simp
+lemma synthetic_div_0 [simp]: "synthetic_div 0 c = 0"
+  by (simp add: synthetic_div_def)
 
 lemma synthetic_div_unique_lemma: "smult c p = pCons a p \<Longrightarrow> p = 0"
-by (induct p arbitrary: a) simp_all
-
-lemma snd_synthetic_divmod:
-  "snd (synthetic_divmod p c) = poly p c"
-  by (induct p, simp, simp add: split_def)
+  by (induct p arbitrary: a) simp_all
+
+lemma snd_synthetic_divmod: "snd (synthetic_divmod p c) = poly p c"
+  by (induct p) (simp_all add: split_def)
 
 lemma synthetic_div_pCons [simp]:
   "synthetic_div (pCons a p) c = pCons (poly p c) (synthetic_div p c)"
-  unfolding synthetic_div_def
-  by (simp add: split_def snd_synthetic_divmod)
-
-lemma synthetic_div_eq_0_iff:
-  "synthetic_div p c = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> degree p = 0"
+  by (simp add: synthetic_div_def split_def snd_synthetic_divmod)
+
+lemma synthetic_div_eq_0_iff: "synthetic_div p c = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> degree p = 0"
 proof (induct p)
   case 0
   then show ?case by simp
@@ -1616,59 +1556,55 @@
   then show ?case by (cases p) simp
 qed
 
-lemma degree_synthetic_div:
-  "degree (synthetic_div p c) = degree p - 1"
+lemma degree_synthetic_div: "degree (synthetic_div p c) = degree p - 1"
   by (induct p) (simp_all add: synthetic_div_eq_0_iff)
 
 lemma synthetic_div_correct:
   "p + smult c (synthetic_div p c) = pCons (poly p c) (synthetic_div p c)"
   by (induct p) simp_all
 
-lemma synthetic_div_unique:
-  "p + smult c q = pCons r q \<Longrightarrow> r = poly p c \<and> q = synthetic_div p c"
-apply (induct p arbitrary: q r)
-apply (simp, frule synthetic_div_unique_lemma, simp)
-apply (case_tac q, force)
-done
-
-lemma synthetic_div_correct':
-  fixes c :: "'a::comm_ring_1"
-  shows "[:-c, 1:] * synthetic_div p c + [:poly p c:] = p"
-  using synthetic_div_correct [of p c]
-  by (simp add: algebra_simps)
-
-    
+lemma synthetic_div_unique: "p + smult c q = pCons r q \<Longrightarrow> r = poly p c \<and> q = synthetic_div p c"
+  apply (induct p arbitrary: q r)
+   apply simp
+   apply (frule synthetic_div_unique_lemma)
+   apply simp
+  apply (case_tac q, force)
+  done
+
+lemma synthetic_div_correct': "[:-c, 1:] * synthetic_div p c + [:poly p c:] = p"
+  for c :: "'a::comm_ring_1"
+  using synthetic_div_correct [of p c] by (simp add: algebra_simps)
+
+
 subsubsection \<open>Polynomial roots\<close>
-  
-lemma poly_eq_0_iff_dvd:
-  fixes c :: "'a::{comm_ring_1}"
-  shows "poly p c = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> [:- c, 1:] dvd p"
+
+lemma poly_eq_0_iff_dvd: "poly p c = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> [:- c, 1:] dvd p"
+  (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
+  for c :: "'a::comm_ring_1"
 proof
-  assume "poly p c = 0"
-  with synthetic_div_correct' [of c p]
-  have "p = [:-c, 1:] * synthetic_div p c" by simp
-  then show "[:-c, 1:] dvd p" ..
+  assume ?lhs
+  with synthetic_div_correct' [of c p] have "p = [:-c, 1:] * synthetic_div p c" by simp
+  then show ?rhs ..
 next
-  assume "[:-c, 1:] dvd p"
+  assume ?rhs
   then obtain k where "p = [:-c, 1:] * k" by (rule dvdE)
-  then show "poly p c = 0" by simp
+  then show ?lhs by simp
 qed
 
-lemma dvd_iff_poly_eq_0:
-  fixes c :: "'a::{comm_ring_1}"
-  shows "[:c, 1:] dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> poly p (- c) = 0"
+lemma dvd_iff_poly_eq_0: "[:c, 1:] dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> poly p (- c) = 0"
+  for c :: "'a::comm_ring_1"
   by (simp add: poly_eq_0_iff_dvd)
 
-lemma poly_roots_finite:
-  fixes p :: "'a::{comm_ring_1,ring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
-  shows "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> finite {x. poly p x = 0}"
+lemma poly_roots_finite: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> finite {x. poly p x = 0}"
+  for p :: "'a::{comm_ring_1,ring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
 proof (induct n \<equiv> "degree p" arbitrary: p)
-  case (0 p)
+  case 0
   then obtain a where "a \<noteq> 0" and "p = [:a:]"
-    by (cases p, simp split: if_splits)
-  then show "finite {x. poly p x = 0}" by simp
+    by (cases p) (simp split: if_splits)
+  then show "finite {x. poly p x = 0}"
+    by simp
 next
-  case (Suc n p)
+  case (Suc n)
   show "finite {x. poly p x = 0}"
   proof (cases "\<exists>x. poly p x = 0")
     case False
@@ -1676,84 +1612,92 @@
   next
     case True
     then obtain a where "poly p a = 0" ..
-    then have "[:-a, 1:] dvd p" by (simp only: poly_eq_0_iff_dvd)
+    then have "[:-a, 1:] dvd p"
+      by (simp only: poly_eq_0_iff_dvd)
     then obtain k where k: "p = [:-a, 1:] * k" ..
-    with \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> have "k \<noteq> 0" by auto
+    with \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> have "k \<noteq> 0"
+      by auto
     with k have "degree p = Suc (degree k)"
       by (simp add: degree_mult_eq del: mult_pCons_left)
-    with \<open>Suc n = degree p\<close> have "n = degree k" by simp
-    then have "finite {x. poly k x = 0}" using \<open>k \<noteq> 0\<close> by (rule Suc.hyps)
-    then have "finite (insert a {x. poly k x = 0})" by simp
+    with \<open>Suc n = degree p\<close> have "n = degree k"
+      by simp
+    from this \<open>k \<noteq> 0\<close> have "finite {x. poly k x = 0}"
+      by (rule Suc.hyps)
+    then have "finite (insert a {x. poly k x = 0})"
+      by simp
     then show "finite {x. poly p x = 0}"
       by (simp add: k Collect_disj_eq del: mult_pCons_left)
   qed
 qed
 
-lemma poly_eq_poly_eq_iff:
-  fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_ring_1,ring_no_zero_divisors,ring_char_0} poly"
-  shows "poly p = poly q \<longleftrightarrow> p = q" (is "?P \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q")
+lemma poly_eq_poly_eq_iff: "poly p = poly q \<longleftrightarrow> p = q"
+  (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
+  for p q :: "'a::{comm_ring_1,ring_no_zero_divisors,ring_char_0} poly"
 proof
-  assume ?Q then show ?P by simp
+  assume ?rhs
+  then show ?lhs by simp
 next
-  { fix p :: "'a poly"
-    have "poly p = poly 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
-      apply (cases "p = 0", simp_all)
-      apply (drule poly_roots_finite)
-      apply (auto simp add: infinite_UNIV_char_0)
-      done
-  } note this [of "p - q"]
-  moreover assume ?P
-  ultimately show ?Q by auto
+  assume ?lhs
+  have "poly p = poly 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0" for p :: "'a poly"
+    apply (cases "p = 0")
+     apply simp_all
+    apply (drule poly_roots_finite)
+    apply (auto simp add: infinite_UNIV_char_0)
+    done
+  from \<open>?lhs\<close> and this [of "p - q"] show ?rhs
+    by auto
 qed
 
-lemma poly_all_0_iff_0:
-  fixes p :: "'a::{ring_char_0, comm_ring_1,ring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
-  shows "(\<forall>x. poly p x = 0) \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
+lemma poly_all_0_iff_0: "(\<forall>x. poly p x = 0) \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
+  for p :: "'a::{ring_char_0,comm_ring_1,ring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
   by (auto simp add: poly_eq_poly_eq_iff [symmetric])
 
-    
+
 subsubsection \<open>Order of polynomial roots\<close>
 
 definition order :: "'a::idom \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> nat"
-where
-  "order a p = (LEAST n. \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc n dvd p)"
-
-lemma coeff_linear_power:
-  fixes a :: "'a::comm_semiring_1"
-  shows "coeff ([:a, 1:] ^ n) n = 1"
-apply (induct n, simp_all)
-apply (subst coeff_eq_0)
-apply (auto intro: le_less_trans degree_power_le)
-done
-
-lemma degree_linear_power:
-  fixes a :: "'a::comm_semiring_1"
-  shows "degree ([:a, 1:] ^ n) = n"
-apply (rule order_antisym)
-apply (rule ord_le_eq_trans [OF degree_power_le], simp)
-apply (rule le_degree, simp add: coeff_linear_power)
-done
+  where "order a p = (LEAST n. \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc n dvd p)"
+
+lemma coeff_linear_power: "coeff ([:a, 1:] ^ n) n = 1"
+  for a :: "'a::comm_semiring_1"
+  apply (induct n)
+   apply simp_all
+  apply (subst coeff_eq_0)
+   apply (auto intro: le_less_trans degree_power_le)
+  done
+
+lemma degree_linear_power: "degree ([:a, 1:] ^ n) = n"
+  for a :: "'a::comm_semiring_1"
+  apply (rule order_antisym)
+   apply (rule ord_le_eq_trans [OF degree_power_le])
+   apply simp
+  apply (rule le_degree)
+  apply (simp add: coeff_linear_power)
+  done
 
 lemma order_1: "[:-a, 1:] ^ order a p dvd p"
-apply (cases "p = 0", simp)
-apply (cases "order a p", simp)
-apply (subgoal_tac "nat < (LEAST n. \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc n dvd p)")
-apply (drule not_less_Least, simp)
-apply (fold order_def, simp)
-done
+  apply (cases "p = 0")
+   apply simp
+  apply (cases "order a p")
+   apply simp
+  apply (subgoal_tac "nat < (LEAST n. \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc n dvd p)")
+   apply (drule not_less_Least)
+   apply simp
+  apply (fold order_def)
+  apply simp
+  done
 
 lemma order_2: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd p"
-unfolding order_def
-apply (rule LeastI_ex)
-apply (rule_tac x="degree p" in exI)
-apply (rule notI)
-apply (drule (1) dvd_imp_degree_le)
-apply (simp only: degree_linear_power)
-done
-
-lemma order:
-  "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> [:-a, 1:] ^ order a p dvd p \<and> \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd p"
-by (rule conjI [OF order_1 order_2])
+  unfolding order_def
+  apply (rule LeastI_ex)
+  apply (rule_tac x="degree p" in exI)
+  apply (rule notI)
+  apply (drule (1) dvd_imp_degree_le)
+  apply (simp only: degree_linear_power)
+  done
+
+lemma order: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> [:-a, 1:] ^ order a p dvd p \<and> \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd p"
+  by (rule conjI [OF order_1 order_2])
 
 lemma order_degree:
   assumes p: "p \<noteq> 0"
@@ -1761,18 +1705,19 @@
 proof -
   have "order a p = degree ([:-a, 1:] ^ order a p)"
     by (simp only: degree_linear_power)
-  also have "\<dots> \<le> degree p"
-    using order_1 p by (rule dvd_imp_degree_le)
+  also from order_1 p have "\<dots> \<le> degree p"
+    by (rule dvd_imp_degree_le)
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
 
 lemma order_root: "poly p a = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0 \<or> order a p \<noteq> 0"
-apply (cases "p = 0", simp_all)
-apply (rule iffI)
-apply (metis order_2 not_gr0 poly_eq_0_iff_dvd power_0 power_Suc_0 power_one_right)
-unfolding poly_eq_0_iff_dvd
-apply (metis dvd_power dvd_trans order_1)
-done
+  apply (cases "p = 0")
+   apply simp_all
+  apply (rule iffI)
+   apply (metis order_2 not_gr0 poly_eq_0_iff_dvd power_0 power_Suc_0 power_one_right)
+  unfolding poly_eq_0_iff_dvd
+  apply (metis dvd_power dvd_trans order_1)
+  done
 
 lemma order_0I: "poly p a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> order a p = 0"
   by (subst (asm) order_root) auto
@@ -1781,23 +1726,24 @@
   fixes p :: "'a::idom poly"
   assumes "[:-a, 1:] ^ n dvd p" "\<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc n dvd p"
   shows "n = order a p"
-unfolding Polynomial.order_def
-apply (rule Least_equality [symmetric])
-apply (fact assms)
-apply (rule classical)
-apply (erule notE)
-unfolding not_less_eq_eq
-using assms(1) apply (rule power_le_dvd)
-apply assumption
+  unfolding Polynomial.order_def
+  apply (rule Least_equality [symmetric])
+   apply (fact assms)
+  apply (rule classical)
+  apply (erule notE)
+  unfolding not_less_eq_eq
+  using assms(1)
+  apply (rule power_le_dvd)
+  apply assumption
   done
-    
+
 lemma order_mult: "p * q \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> order a (p * q) = order a p + order a q"
 proof -
   define i where "i = order a p"
   define j where "j = order a q"
   define t where "t = [:-a, 1:]"
   have t_dvd_iff: "\<And>u. t dvd u \<longleftrightarrow> poly u a = 0"
-    unfolding t_def by (simp add: dvd_iff_poly_eq_0)
+    by (simp add: t_def dvd_iff_poly_eq_0)
   assume "p * q \<noteq> 0"
   then show "order a (p * q) = i + j"
     apply clarsimp
@@ -1806,255 +1752,252 @@
     apply clarify
     apply (erule dvdE)+
     apply (rule order_unique_lemma [symmetric], fold t_def)
-    apply (simp_all add: power_add t_dvd_iff)
+     apply (simp_all add: power_add t_dvd_iff)
     done
 qed
 
 lemma order_smult:
-  assumes "c \<noteq> 0" 
+  assumes "c \<noteq> 0"
   shows "order x (smult c p) = order x p"
 proof (cases "p = 0")
+  case True
+  then show ?thesis
+    by simp
+next
   case False
   have "smult c p = [:c:] * p" by simp
-  also from assms False have "order x \<dots> = order x [:c:] + order x p" 
+  also from assms False have "order x \<dots> = order x [:c:] + order x p"
     by (subst order_mult) simp_all
-  also from assms have "order x [:c:] = 0" by (intro order_0I) auto
-  finally show ?thesis by simp
-qed simp
+  also have "order x [:c:] = 0"
+    by (rule order_0I) (use assms in auto)
+  finally show ?thesis
+    by simp
+qed
 
 (* Next two lemmas contributed by Wenda Li *)
-lemma order_1_eq_0 [simp]:"order x 1 = 0" 
+lemma order_1_eq_0 [simp]:"order x 1 = 0"
   by (metis order_root poly_1 zero_neq_one)
 
-lemma order_power_n_n: "order a ([:-a,1:]^n)=n" 
+lemma order_power_n_n: "order a ([:-a,1:]^n)=n"
 proof (induct n) (*might be proved more concisely using nat_less_induct*)
   case 0
-  thus ?case by (metis order_root poly_1 power_0 zero_neq_one)
-next 
+  then show ?case
+    by (metis order_root poly_1 power_0 zero_neq_one)
+next
   case (Suc n)
-  have "order a ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n)=order a ([:- a, 1:] ^ n) + order a [:-a,1:]" 
-    by (metis (no_types, hide_lams) One_nat_def add_Suc_right monoid_add_class.add.right_neutral 
+  have "order a ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n) = order a ([:- a, 1:] ^ n) + order a [:-a,1:]"
+    by (metis (no_types, hide_lams) One_nat_def add_Suc_right monoid_add_class.add.right_neutral
       one_neq_zero order_mult pCons_eq_0_iff power_add power_eq_0_iff power_one_right)
-  moreover have "order a [:-a,1:]=1" unfolding order_def
-    proof (rule Least_equality,rule ccontr)
-      assume  "\<not> \<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc 1 dvd [:- a, 1:]"
-      hence "[:- a, 1:] ^ Suc 1 dvd [:- a, 1:]" by simp
-      hence "degree ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc 1) \<le> degree ([:- a, 1:] )" 
-        by (rule dvd_imp_degree_le,auto) 
-      thus False by auto
-    next
-      fix y assume asm:"\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc y dvd [:- a, 1:]"
-      show "1 \<le> y" 
-        proof (rule ccontr)
-          assume "\<not> 1 \<le> y"
-          hence "y=0" by auto
-          hence "[:- a, 1:] ^ Suc y dvd [:- a, 1:]" by auto
-          thus False using asm by auto
-        qed
+  moreover have "order a [:-a,1:] = 1"
+    unfolding order_def
+  proof (rule Least_equality, rule notI)
+    assume "[:- a, 1:] ^ Suc 1 dvd [:- a, 1:]"
+    then have "degree ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc 1) \<le> degree ([:- a, 1:])"
+      by (rule dvd_imp_degree_le) auto
+    then show False
+      by auto
+  next
+    fix y
+    assume *: "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc y dvd [:- a, 1:]"
+    show "1 \<le> y"
+    proof (rule ccontr)
+      assume "\<not> 1 \<le> y"
+      then have "y = 0" by auto
+      then have "[:- a, 1:] ^ Suc y dvd [:- a, 1:]" by auto
+      with * show False by auto
     qed
-  ultimately show ?case using Suc by auto
+  qed
+  ultimately show ?case
+    using Suc by auto
 qed
 
-lemma order_0_monom [simp]:
-  assumes "c \<noteq> 0"
-  shows   "order 0 (monom c n) = n"
-  using assms order_power_n_n[of 0 n] by (simp add: monom_altdef order_smult)
-
-lemma dvd_imp_order_le:
-  "q \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> Polynomial.order a p \<le> Polynomial.order a q"
+lemma order_0_monom [simp]: "c \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> order 0 (monom c n) = n"
+  using order_power_n_n[of 0 n] by (simp add: monom_altdef order_smult)
+
+lemma dvd_imp_order_le: "q \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> Polynomial.order a p \<le> Polynomial.order a q"
   by (auto simp: order_mult elim: dvdE)
 
-text\<open>Now justify the standard squarefree decomposition, i.e. f / gcd(f,f').\<close>
+text \<open>Now justify the standard squarefree decomposition, i.e. \<open>f / gcd f f'\<close>.\<close>
 
 lemma order_divides: "[:-a, 1:] ^ n dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0 \<or> n \<le> order a p"
-apply (cases "p = 0", auto)
-apply (drule order_2 [where a=a and p=p])
-apply (metis not_less_eq_eq power_le_dvd)
-apply (erule power_le_dvd [OF order_1])
-done
+  apply (cases "p = 0")
+  apply auto
+   apply (drule order_2 [where a=a and p=p])
+   apply (metis not_less_eq_eq power_le_dvd)
+  apply (erule power_le_dvd [OF order_1])
+  done
 
 lemma order_decomp:
   assumes "p \<noteq> 0"
   shows "\<exists>q. p = [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * q \<and> \<not> [:- a, 1:] dvd q"
 proof -
-  from assms have A: "[:- a, 1:] ^ order a p dvd p"
-    and B: "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd p" by (auto dest: order)
-  from A obtain q where C: "p = [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * q" ..
-  with B have "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * q"
+  from assms have *: "[:- a, 1:] ^ order a p dvd p"
+    and **: "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd p"
+    by (auto dest: order)
+  from * obtain q where q: "p = [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * q" ..
+  with ** have "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * q"
     by simp
   then have "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * [:- a, 1:] dvd [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * q"
     by simp
-  then have D: "\<not> [:- a, 1:] dvd q"
-    using idom_class.dvd_mult_cancel_left [of "[:- a, 1:] ^ order a p" "[:- a, 1:]" q]
-    by auto
-  from C D show ?thesis by blast
+  with idom_class.dvd_mult_cancel_left [of "[:- a, 1:] ^ order a p" "[:- a, 1:]" q]
+  have "\<not> [:- a, 1:] dvd q" by auto
+  with q show ?thesis by blast
 qed
 
-lemma monom_1_dvd_iff:
-  assumes "p \<noteq> 0"
-  shows   "monom 1 n dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> n \<le> order 0 p"
-  using assms order_divides[of 0 n p] by (simp add: monom_altdef)
+lemma monom_1_dvd_iff: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> monom 1 n dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> n \<le> order 0 p"
+  using order_divides[of 0 n p] by (simp add: monom_altdef)
 
 
 subsection \<open>Additional induction rules on polynomials\<close>
 
 text \<open>
-  An induction rule for induction over the roots of a polynomial with a certain property. 
+  An induction rule for induction over the roots of a polynomial with a certain property.
   (e.g. all positive roots)
 \<close>
 lemma poly_root_induct [case_names 0 no_roots root]:
   fixes p :: "'a :: idom poly"
   assumes "Q 0"
-  assumes "\<And>p. (\<And>a. P a \<Longrightarrow> poly p a \<noteq> 0) \<Longrightarrow> Q p"
-  assumes "\<And>a p. P a \<Longrightarrow> Q p \<Longrightarrow> Q ([:a, -1:] * p)"
-  shows   "Q p"
+    and "\<And>p. (\<And>a. P a \<Longrightarrow> poly p a \<noteq> 0) \<Longrightarrow> Q p"
+    and "\<And>a p. P a \<Longrightarrow> Q p \<Longrightarrow> Q ([:a, -1:] * p)"
+  shows "Q p"
 proof (induction "degree p" arbitrary: p rule: less_induct)
   case (less p)
   show ?case
   proof (cases "p = 0")
-    assume nz: "p \<noteq> 0"
-    show ?case
+    case True
+    with assms(1) show ?thesis by simp
+  next
+    case False
+    show ?thesis
     proof (cases "\<exists>a. P a \<and> poly p a = 0")
       case False
-      thus ?thesis by (intro assms(2)) blast
+      then show ?thesis by (intro assms(2)) blast
     next
       case True
-      then obtain a where a: "P a" "poly p a = 0" 
+      then obtain a where a: "P a" "poly p a = 0"
         by blast
-      hence "-[:-a, 1:] dvd p" 
+      then have "-[:-a, 1:] dvd p"
         by (subst minus_dvd_iff) (simp add: poly_eq_0_iff_dvd)
       then obtain q where q: "p = [:a, -1:] * q" by (elim dvdE) simp
-      with nz have q_nz: "q \<noteq> 0" by auto
+      with False have "q \<noteq> 0" by auto
       have "degree p = Suc (degree q)"
-        by (subst q, subst degree_mult_eq) (simp_all add: q_nz)
-      hence "Q q" by (intro less) simp
-      from a(1) and this have "Q ([:a, -1:] * q)" 
+        by (subst q, subst degree_mult_eq) (simp_all add: \<open>q \<noteq> 0\<close>)
+      then have "Q q" by (intro less) simp
+      with a(1) have "Q ([:a, -1:] * q)"
         by (rule assms(3))
       with q show ?thesis by simp
     qed
-  qed (simp add: assms(1))
+  qed
 qed
 
-lemma dropWhile_replicate_append: 
-  "dropWhile (op= a) (replicate n a @ ys) = dropWhile (op= a) ys"
-  by (induction n) simp_all
+lemma dropWhile_replicate_append:
+  "dropWhile (op = a) (replicate n a @ ys) = dropWhile (op = a) ys"
+  by (induct n) simp_all
 
 lemma Poly_append_replicate_0: "Poly (xs @ replicate n 0) = Poly xs"
   by (subst coeffs_eq_iff) (simp_all add: strip_while_def dropWhile_replicate_append)
 
 text \<open>
-  An induction rule for simultaneous induction over two polynomials, 
+  An induction rule for simultaneous induction over two polynomials,
   prepending one coefficient in each step.
 \<close>
 lemma poly_induct2 [case_names 0 pCons]:
   assumes "P 0 0" "\<And>a p b q. P p q \<Longrightarrow> P (pCons a p) (pCons b q)"
-  shows   "P p q"
+  shows "P p q"
 proof -
   define n where "n = max (length (coeffs p)) (length (coeffs q))"
   define xs where "xs = coeffs p @ (replicate (n - length (coeffs p)) 0)"
   define ys where "ys = coeffs q @ (replicate (n - length (coeffs q)) 0)"
-  have "length xs = length ys" 
+  have "length xs = length ys"
     by (simp add: xs_def ys_def n_def)
-  hence "P (Poly xs) (Poly ys)" 
-    by (induction rule: list_induct2) (simp_all add: assms)
-  also have "Poly xs = p" 
+  then have "P (Poly xs) (Poly ys)"
+    by (induct rule: list_induct2) (simp_all add: assms)
+  also have "Poly xs = p"
     by (simp add: xs_def Poly_append_replicate_0)
-  also have "Poly ys = q" 
+  also have "Poly ys = q"
     by (simp add: ys_def Poly_append_replicate_0)
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
 
-  
+
 subsection \<open>Composition of polynomials\<close>
 
 (* Several lemmas contributed by René Thiemann and Akihisa Yamada *)
 
 definition pcompose :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
-where
-  "pcompose p q = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a c. [:a:] + q * c) p 0"
+  where "pcompose p q = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a c. [:a:] + q * c) p 0"
 
 notation pcompose (infixl "\<circ>\<^sub>p" 71)
 
-lemma pcompose_0 [simp]:
-  "pcompose 0 q = 0"
+lemma pcompose_0 [simp]: "pcompose 0 q = 0"
   by (simp add: pcompose_def)
-  
-lemma pcompose_pCons:
-  "pcompose (pCons a p) q = [:a:] + q * pcompose p q"
+
+lemma pcompose_pCons: "pcompose (pCons a p) q = [:a:] + q * pcompose p q"
   by (cases "p = 0 \<and> a = 0") (auto simp add: pcompose_def)
 
-lemma pcompose_1:
-  fixes p :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 poly"
-  shows "pcompose 1 p = 1"
-  unfolding one_poly_def by (auto simp: pcompose_pCons)
-
-lemma poly_pcompose:
-  "poly (pcompose p q) x = poly p (poly q x)"
+lemma pcompose_1: "pcompose 1 p = 1"
+  for p :: "'a::comm_semiring_1 poly"
+  by (auto simp: one_poly_def pcompose_pCons)
+
+lemma poly_pcompose: "poly (pcompose p q) x = poly p (poly q x)"
   by (induct p) (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons)
 
-lemma degree_pcompose_le:
-  "degree (pcompose p q) \<le> degree p * degree q"
-apply (induct p, simp)
-apply (simp add: pcompose_pCons, clarify)
-apply (rule degree_add_le, simp)
-apply (rule order_trans [OF degree_mult_le], simp)
-done
-
-lemma pcompose_add:
-  fixes p q r :: "'a :: {comm_semiring_0, ab_semigroup_add} poly"
-  shows "pcompose (p + q) r = pcompose p r + pcompose q r"
+lemma degree_pcompose_le: "degree (pcompose p q) \<le> degree p * degree q"
+  apply (induct p)
+   apply simp
+  apply (simp add: pcompose_pCons)
+  apply clarify
+  apply (rule degree_add_le)
+   apply simp
+  apply (rule order_trans [OF degree_mult_le])
+  apply simp
+  done
+
+lemma pcompose_add: "pcompose (p + q) r = pcompose p r + pcompose q r"
+  for p q r :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0, ab_semigroup_add} poly"
 proof (induction p q rule: poly_induct2)
+  case 0
+  then show ?case by simp
+next
   case (pCons a p b q)
-  have "pcompose (pCons a p + pCons b q) r = 
-          [:a + b:] + r * pcompose p r + r * pcompose q r"
+  have "pcompose (pCons a p + pCons b q) r = [:a + b:] + r * pcompose p r + r * pcompose q r"
     by (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons pCons.IH algebra_simps)
   also have "[:a + b:] = [:a:] + [:b:]" by simp
-  also have "\<dots> + r * pcompose p r + r * pcompose q r = 
-                 pcompose (pCons a p) r + pcompose (pCons b q) r"
+  also have "\<dots> + r * pcompose p r + r * pcompose q r =
+    pcompose (pCons a p) r + pcompose (pCons b q) r"
     by (simp only: pcompose_pCons add_ac)
   finally show ?case .
-qed simp
-
-lemma pcompose_uminus:
-  fixes p r :: "'a :: comm_ring poly"
-  shows "pcompose (-p) r = -pcompose p r"
-  by (induction p) (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons)
-
-lemma pcompose_diff:
-  fixes p q r :: "'a :: comm_ring poly"
-  shows "pcompose (p - q) r = pcompose p r - pcompose q r"
+qed
+
+lemma pcompose_uminus: "pcompose (-p) r = -pcompose p r"
+  for p r :: "'a::comm_ring poly"
+  by (induct p) (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons)
+
+lemma pcompose_diff: "pcompose (p - q) r = pcompose p r - pcompose q r"
+  for p q r :: "'a::comm_ring poly"
   using pcompose_add[of p "-q"] by (simp add: pcompose_uminus)
 
-lemma pcompose_smult:
-  fixes p r :: "'a :: comm_semiring_0 poly"
-  shows "pcompose (smult a p) r = smult a (pcompose p r)"
-  by (induction p) 
-     (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons pcompose_add smult_add_right)
-
-lemma pcompose_mult:
-  fixes p q r :: "'a :: comm_semiring_0 poly"
-  shows "pcompose (p * q) r = pcompose p r * pcompose q r"
-  by (induction p arbitrary: q)
-     (simp_all add: pcompose_add pcompose_smult pcompose_pCons algebra_simps)
-
-lemma pcompose_assoc: 
-  "pcompose p (pcompose q r :: 'a :: comm_semiring_0 poly ) =
-     pcompose (pcompose p q) r"
-  by (induction p arbitrary: q) 
-     (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons pcompose_add pcompose_mult)
-
-lemma pcompose_idR[simp]:
-  fixes p :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 poly"
-  shows "pcompose p [: 0, 1 :] = p"
-  by (induct p; simp add: pcompose_pCons)
+lemma pcompose_smult: "pcompose (smult a p) r = smult a (pcompose p r)"
+  for p r :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly"
+  by (induct p) (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons pcompose_add smult_add_right)
+
+lemma pcompose_mult: "pcompose (p * q) r = pcompose p r * pcompose q r"
+  for p q r :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly"
+  by (induct p arbitrary: q) (simp_all add: pcompose_add pcompose_smult pcompose_pCons algebra_simps)
+
+lemma pcompose_assoc: "pcompose p (pcompose q r) = pcompose (pcompose p q) r"
+  for p q r :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly"
+  by (induct p arbitrary: q) (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons pcompose_add pcompose_mult)
+
+lemma pcompose_idR[simp]: "pcompose p [: 0, 1 :] = p"
+  for p :: "'a::comm_semiring_1 poly"
+  by (induct p) (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons)
 
 lemma pcompose_sum: "pcompose (sum f A) p = sum (\<lambda>i. pcompose (f i) p) A"
-  by (cases "finite A", induction rule: finite_induct)
-     (simp_all add: pcompose_1 pcompose_add)
+  by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: pcompose_1 pcompose_add)
 
 lemma pcompose_prod: "pcompose (prod f A) p = prod (\<lambda>i. pcompose (f i) p) A"
-  by (cases "finite A", induction rule: finite_induct)
-     (simp_all add: pcompose_1 pcompose_mult)
+  by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: pcompose_1 pcompose_mult)
 
 lemma pcompose_const [simp]: "pcompose [:a:] q = [:a:]"
   by (subst pcompose_pCons) simp
@@ -2062,117 +2005,133 @@
 lemma pcompose_0': "pcompose p 0 = [:coeff p 0:]"
   by (induct p) (auto simp add: pcompose_pCons)
 
-lemma degree_pcompose:
-  fixes p q:: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
-  shows "degree (pcompose p q) = degree p * degree q"
+lemma degree_pcompose: "degree (pcompose p q) = degree p * degree q"
+  for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
 proof (induct p)
   case 0
-  thus ?case by auto
+  then show ?case by auto
 next
   case (pCons a p)
-  have "degree (q * pcompose p q) = 0 \<Longrightarrow> ?case" 
-    proof (cases "p=0")
+  consider "degree (q * pcompose p q) = 0" | "degree (q * pcompose p q) > 0"
+    by blast
+  then show ?case
+  proof cases
+    case prems: 1
+    show ?thesis
+    proof (cases "p = 0")
       case True
-      thus ?thesis by auto
+      then show ?thesis by auto
     next
-      case False assume "degree (q * pcompose p q) = 0"
-      hence "degree q=0 \<or> pcompose p q=0" by (auto simp add: degree_mult_eq_0)
-      moreover have "\<lbrakk>pcompose p q=0;degree q\<noteq>0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> False" using pCons.hyps(2) \<open>p\<noteq>0\<close> 
-        proof -
-          assume "pcompose p q=0" "degree q\<noteq>0"
-          hence "degree p=0" using pCons.hyps(2) by auto
-          then obtain a1 where "p=[:a1:]"
-            by (metis degree_pCons_eq_if old.nat.distinct(2) pCons_cases)
-          thus False using \<open>pcompose p q=0\<close> \<open>p\<noteq>0\<close> by auto
-        qed
-      ultimately have "degree (pCons a p) * degree q=0" by auto
-      moreover have "degree (pcompose (pCons a p) q) = 0" 
-        proof -
-          have" 0 = max (degree [:a:]) (degree (q*pcompose p q))"
-            using \<open>degree (q * pcompose p q) = 0\<close> by simp
-          also have "... \<ge> degree ([:a:] + q * pcompose p q)"
-            by (rule degree_add_le_max)
-          finally show ?thesis by (auto simp add:pcompose_pCons)
-        qed
+      case False
+      from prems have "degree q = 0 \<or> pcompose p q = 0"
+        by (auto simp add: degree_mult_eq_0)
+      moreover have False if "pcompose p q = 0" "degree q \<noteq> 0"
+      proof -
+        from pCons.hyps(2) that have "degree p = 0"
+          by auto
+        then obtain a1 where "p = [:a1:]"
+          by (metis degree_pCons_eq_if old.nat.distinct(2) pCons_cases)
+        with \<open>pcompose p q = 0\<close> \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> show False
+          by auto
+      qed
+      ultimately have "degree (pCons a p) * degree q = 0"
+        by auto
+      moreover have "degree (pcompose (pCons a p) q) = 0"
+      proof -
+        from prems have "0 = max (degree [:a:]) (degree (q * pcompose p q))"
+          by simp
+        also have "\<dots> \<ge> degree ([:a:] + q * pcompose p q)"
+          by (rule degree_add_le_max)
+        finally show ?thesis
+          by (auto simp add: pcompose_pCons)
+      qed
       ultimately show ?thesis by simp
     qed
-  moreover have "degree (q * pcompose p q)>0 \<Longrightarrow> ?case" 
-    proof -
-      assume asm:"0 < degree (q * pcompose p q)"
-      hence "p\<noteq>0" "q\<noteq>0" "pcompose p q\<noteq>0" by auto
-      have "degree (pcompose (pCons a p) q) = degree ( q * pcompose p q)"
-        unfolding pcompose_pCons
-        using degree_add_eq_right[of "[:a:]" ] asm by auto       
-      thus ?thesis 
-        using pCons.hyps(2) degree_mult_eq[OF \<open>q\<noteq>0\<close> \<open>pcompose p q\<noteq>0\<close>] by auto
-    qed
-  ultimately show ?case by blast
+  next
+    case prems: 2
+    then have "p \<noteq> 0" "q \<noteq> 0" "pcompose p q \<noteq> 0"
+      by auto
+    from prems degree_add_eq_right [of "[:a:]"]
+    have "degree (pcompose (pCons a p) q) = degree (q * pcompose p q)"
+      by (auto simp: pcompose_pCons)
+    with pCons.hyps(2) degree_mult_eq[OF \<open>q\<noteq>0\<close> \<open>pcompose p q\<noteq>0\<close>] show ?thesis
+      by auto
+  qed
 qed
 
 lemma pcompose_eq_0:
-  fixes p q:: "'a :: {comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
-  assumes "pcompose p q = 0" "degree q > 0" 
+  fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+  assumes "pcompose p q = 0" "degree q > 0"
   shows "p = 0"
 proof -
-  have "degree p=0" using assms degree_pcompose[of p q] by auto
-  then obtain a where "p=[:a:]" 
+  from assms degree_pcompose [of p q] have "degree p = 0"
+    by auto
+  then obtain a where "p = [:a:]"
     by (metis degree_pCons_eq_if gr0_conv_Suc neq0_conv pCons_cases)
-  hence "a=0" using assms(1) by auto
-  thus ?thesis using \<open>p=[:a:]\<close> by simp
+  with assms(1) have "a = 0"
+    by auto
+  with \<open>p = [:a:]\<close> show ?thesis
+    by simp
 qed
 
 lemma lead_coeff_comp:
-  fixes p q:: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
-  assumes "degree q > 0" 
+  fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+  assumes "degree q > 0"
   shows "lead_coeff (pcompose p q) = lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q ^ (degree p)"
 proof (induct p)
   case 0
-  thus ?case by auto
+  then show ?case by auto
 next
   case (pCons a p)
-  have "degree ( q * pcompose p q) = 0 \<Longrightarrow> ?case"
-    proof -
-      assume "degree ( q * pcompose p q) = 0"
-      hence "pcompose p q = 0" by (metis assms degree_0 degree_mult_eq_0 neq0_conv)
-      hence "p=0" using pcompose_eq_0[OF _ \<open>degree q > 0\<close>] by simp
-      thus ?thesis by auto
-    qed
-  moreover have "degree ( q * pcompose p q) > 0 \<Longrightarrow> ?case" 
-    proof -
-      assume "degree (q * pcompose p q) > 0"
-      then have "degree [:a:] < degree (q * pcompose p q)"
-        by simp
-      then have "lead_coeff ([:a:] + q * p \<circ>\<^sub>p q) = lead_coeff (q * p \<circ>\<^sub>p q)"
-        by (rule lead_coeff_add_le)
-      then have "lead_coeff (pcompose (pCons a p) q) = lead_coeff (q * pcompose p q)"
-        by (simp add: pcompose_pCons)
-      also have "... = lead_coeff q * (lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q ^ degree p)"
-        using pCons.hyps(2) lead_coeff_mult[of q "pcompose p q"] by simp
-      also have "... = lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q ^ (degree p + 1)"
-        by (auto simp: mult_ac)
-      finally show ?thesis by auto
-    qed
-  ultimately show ?case by blast
+  consider "degree (q * pcompose p q) = 0" | "degree (q * pcompose p q) > 0"
+    by blast
+  then show ?case
+  proof cases
+    case prems: 1
+    then have "pcompose p q = 0"
+      by (metis assms degree_0 degree_mult_eq_0 neq0_conv)
+    with pcompose_eq_0[OF _ \<open>degree q > 0\<close>] have "p = 0"
+      by simp
+    then show ?thesis
+      by auto
+  next
+    case prems: 2
+    then have "degree [:a:] < degree (q * pcompose p q)"
+      by simp
+    then have "lead_coeff ([:a:] + q * p \<circ>\<^sub>p q) = lead_coeff (q * p \<circ>\<^sub>p q)"
+      by (rule lead_coeff_add_le)
+    then have "lead_coeff (pcompose (pCons a p) q) = lead_coeff (q * pcompose p q)"
+      by (simp add: pcompose_pCons)
+    also have "\<dots> = lead_coeff q * (lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q ^ degree p)"
+      using pCons.hyps(2) lead_coeff_mult[of q "pcompose p q"] by simp
+    also have "\<dots> = lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q ^ (degree p + 1)"
+      by (auto simp: mult_ac)
+    finally show ?thesis by auto
+  qed
 qed
 
 
 subsection \<open>Shifting polynomials\<close>
 
-definition poly_shift :: "nat \<Rightarrow> ('a::zero) poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" where
-  "poly_shift n p = Abs_poly (\<lambda>i. coeff p (i + n))"
+definition poly_shift :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::zero poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
+  where "poly_shift n p = Abs_poly (\<lambda>i. coeff p (i + n))"
 
 lemma nth_default_drop: "nth_default x (drop n xs) m = nth_default x xs (m + n)"
   by (auto simp add: nth_default_def add_ac)
-  
+
 lemma nth_default_take: "nth_default x (take n xs) m = (if m < n then nth_default x xs m else x)"
   by (auto simp add: nth_default_def add_ac)
-  
+
 lemma coeff_poly_shift: "coeff (poly_shift n p) i = coeff p (i + n)"
 proof -
-  from MOST_coeff_eq_0[of p] obtain m where "\<forall>k>m. coeff p k = 0" by (auto simp: MOST_nat)
-  hence "\<forall>k>m. coeff p (k + n) = 0" by auto
-  hence "\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>k. coeff p (k + n) = 0" by (auto simp: MOST_nat)
-  thus ?thesis by (simp add: poly_shift_def poly.Abs_poly_inverse)
+  from MOST_coeff_eq_0[of p] obtain m where "\<forall>k>m. coeff p k = 0"
+    by (auto simp: MOST_nat)
+  then have "\<forall>k>m. coeff p (k + n) = 0"
+    by auto
+  then have "\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>k. coeff p (k + n) = 0"
+    by (auto simp: MOST_nat)
+  then show ?thesis
+    by (simp add: poly_shift_def poly.Abs_poly_inverse)
 qed
 
 lemma poly_shift_id [simp]: "poly_shift 0 = (\<lambda>x. x)"
@@ -2180,7 +2139,7 @@
 
 lemma poly_shift_0 [simp]: "poly_shift n 0 = 0"
   by (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_poly_shift)
-  
+
 lemma poly_shift_1: "poly_shift n 1 = (if n = 0 then 1 else 0)"
   by (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_poly_shift)
 
@@ -2189,17 +2148,20 @@
 
 lemma coeffs_shift_poly [code abstract]: "coeffs (poly_shift n p) = drop n (coeffs p)"
 proof (cases "p = 0")
+  case True
+  then show ?thesis by simp
+next
   case False
-  thus ?thesis
+  then show ?thesis
     by (intro coeffs_eqI)
-       (simp_all add: coeff_poly_shift nth_default_drop last_coeffs_not_0 nth_default_coeffs_eq)
-qed simp_all
+      (simp_all add: coeff_poly_shift nth_default_drop last_coeffs_not_0 nth_default_coeffs_eq)
+qed
 
 
 subsection \<open>Truncating polynomials\<close>
 
-definition poly_cutoff where
-  "poly_cutoff n p = Abs_poly (\<lambda>k. if k < n then coeff p k else 0)"
+definition poly_cutoff
+  where "poly_cutoff n p = Abs_poly (\<lambda>k. if k < n then coeff p k else 0)"
 
 lemma coeff_poly_cutoff: "coeff (poly_cutoff n p) k = (if k < n then coeff p k else 0)"
   unfolding poly_cutoff_def
@@ -2211,35 +2173,38 @@
 lemma poly_cutoff_1 [simp]: "poly_cutoff n 1 = (if n = 0 then 0 else 1)"
   by (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_poly_cutoff)
 
-lemma coeffs_poly_cutoff [code abstract]: 
+lemma coeffs_poly_cutoff [code abstract]:
   "coeffs (poly_cutoff n p) = strip_while (op = 0) (take n (coeffs p))"
 proof (cases "strip_while (op = 0) (take n (coeffs p)) = []")
   case True
-  hence "coeff (poly_cutoff n p) k = 0" for k
+  then have "coeff (poly_cutoff n p) k = 0" for k
     unfolding coeff_poly_cutoff
     by (auto simp: nth_default_coeffs_eq [symmetric] nth_default_def set_conv_nth)
-  hence "poly_cutoff n p = 0" by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
-  thus ?thesis by (subst True) simp_all
+  then have "poly_cutoff n p = 0"
+    by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
+  then show ?thesis
+    by (subst True) simp_all
 next
   case False
-  have "no_trailing (op = 0) (strip_while (op = 0) (take n (coeffs p)))" by simp
-  with False have "last (strip_while (op = 0) (take n (coeffs p))) \<noteq> 0" 
+  have "no_trailing (op = 0) (strip_while (op = 0) (take n (coeffs p)))"
+    by simp
+  with False have "last (strip_while (op = 0) (take n (coeffs p))) \<noteq> 0"
     unfolding no_trailing_unfold by auto
-  thus ?thesis
+  then show ?thesis
     by (intro coeffs_eqI)
-       (simp_all add: coeff_poly_cutoff last_coeffs_not_0 nth_default_take nth_default_coeffs_eq)
+      (simp_all add: coeff_poly_cutoff last_coeffs_not_0 nth_default_take nth_default_coeffs_eq)
 qed
 
 
 subsection \<open>Reflecting polynomials\<close>
 
-definition reflect_poly where
-  "reflect_poly p = Poly (rev (coeffs p))"
-  
+definition reflect_poly :: "'a::zero poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
+  where "reflect_poly p = Poly (rev (coeffs p))"
+
 lemma coeffs_reflect_poly [code abstract]:
-    "coeffs (reflect_poly p) = rev (dropWhile (op = 0) (coeffs p))"
-  unfolding reflect_poly_def by simp
-  
+  "coeffs (reflect_poly p) = rev (dropWhile (op = 0) (coeffs p))"
+  by (simp add: reflect_poly_def)
+
 lemma reflect_poly_0 [simp]: "reflect_poly 0 = 0"
   by (simp add: reflect_poly_def)
 
@@ -2248,9 +2213,10 @@
 
 lemma coeff_reflect_poly:
   "coeff (reflect_poly p) n = (if n > degree p then 0 else coeff p (degree p - n))"
-  by (cases "p = 0") (auto simp add: reflect_poly_def nth_default_def
-                                     rev_nth degree_eq_length_coeffs coeffs_nth not_less
-                                dest: le_imp_less_Suc)
+  by (cases "p = 0")
+    (auto simp add: reflect_poly_def nth_default_def
+      rev_nth degree_eq_length_coeffs coeffs_nth not_less
+      dest: le_imp_less_Suc)
 
 lemma coeff_0_reflect_poly_0_iff [simp]: "coeff (reflect_poly p) 0 = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
   by (simp add: coeff_reflect_poly)
@@ -2261,14 +2227,15 @@
 lemma reflect_poly_pCons':
   "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> reflect_poly (pCons c p) = reflect_poly p + monom c (Suc (degree p))"
   by (intro poly_eqI)
-     (auto simp: coeff_reflect_poly coeff_pCons not_less Suc_diff_le split: nat.split)
+    (auto simp: coeff_reflect_poly coeff_pCons not_less Suc_diff_le split: nat.split)
 
 lemma reflect_poly_const [simp]: "reflect_poly [:a:] = [:a:]"
   by (cases "a = 0") (simp_all add: reflect_poly_def)
 
 lemma poly_reflect_poly_nz:
-  "(x :: 'a :: field) \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> poly (reflect_poly p) x = x ^ degree p * poly p (inverse x)"
-  by (induction rule: pCons_induct) (simp_all add: field_simps reflect_poly_pCons' poly_monom)
+  "x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> poly (reflect_poly p) x = x ^ degree p * poly p (inverse x)"
+  for x :: "'a::field"
+  by (induct rule: pCons_induct) (simp_all add: field_simps reflect_poly_pCons' poly_monom)
 
 lemma coeff_0_reflect_poly [simp]: "coeff (reflect_poly p) 0 = lead_coeff p"
   by (simp add: coeff_reflect_poly)
@@ -2282,24 +2249,21 @@
 lemma degree_reflect_poly_le: "degree (reflect_poly p) \<le> degree p"
   by (simp add: degree_eq_length_coeffs coeffs_reflect_poly length_dropWhile_le diff_le_mono)
 
-lemma reflect_poly_pCons:
-  "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> reflect_poly (pCons a p) = Poly (rev (a # coeffs p))"
+lemma reflect_poly_pCons: "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> reflect_poly (pCons a p) = Poly (rev (a # coeffs p))"
   by (subst coeffs_eq_iff) (simp add: coeffs_reflect_poly)
-  
+
 lemma degree_reflect_poly_eq [simp]: "coeff p 0 \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree (reflect_poly p) = degree p"
   by (cases p rule: pCons_cases) (simp add: reflect_poly_pCons degree_eq_length_coeffs)
-  
+
 (* TODO: does this work with zero divisors as well? Probably not. *)
-lemma reflect_poly_mult:
-  "reflect_poly (p * q) = 
-     reflect_poly p * reflect_poly (q :: _ :: {comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly)"
+lemma reflect_poly_mult: "reflect_poly (p * q) = reflect_poly p * reflect_poly q"
+  for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
 proof (cases "p = 0 \<or> q = 0")
   case False
-  hence [simp]: "p \<noteq> 0" "q \<noteq> 0" by auto
+  then have [simp]: "p \<noteq> 0" "q \<noteq> 0" by auto
   show ?thesis
   proof (rule poly_eqI)
-    fix i :: nat
-    show "coeff (reflect_poly (p * q)) i = coeff (reflect_poly p * reflect_poly q) i"
+    show "coeff (reflect_poly (p * q)) i = coeff (reflect_poly p * reflect_poly q) i" for i
     proof (cases "i \<le> degree (p * q)")
       case True
       define A where "A = {..i} \<inter> {i - degree q..degree p}"
@@ -2309,47 +2273,45 @@
       from True have "coeff (reflect_poly (p * q)) i = coeff (p * q) (degree (p * q) - i)"
         by (simp add: coeff_reflect_poly)
       also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum>j\<le>degree (p * q) - i. coeff p j * coeff q (degree (p * q) - i - j))"
-        unfolding coeff_mult by simp
+        by (simp add: coeff_mult)
       also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum>j\<in>B. coeff p j * coeff q (degree (p * q) - i - j))"
         by (intro sum.mono_neutral_right) (auto simp: B_def degree_mult_eq not_le coeff_eq_0)
       also from True have "\<dots> = (\<Sum>j\<in>A. coeff p (degree p - j) * coeff q (degree q - (i - j)))"
         by (intro sum.reindex_bij_witness[of _ ?f ?f])
-           (auto simp: A_def B_def degree_mult_eq add_ac)
-      also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum>j\<le>i. if j \<in> {i - degree q..degree p} then
-                 coeff p (degree p - j) * coeff q (degree q - (i - j)) else 0)"
+          (auto simp: A_def B_def degree_mult_eq add_ac)
+      also have "\<dots> =
+        (\<Sum>j\<le>i.
+          if j \<in> {i - degree q..degree p}
+          then coeff p (degree p - j) * coeff q (degree q - (i - j))
+          else 0)"
         by (subst sum.inter_restrict [symmetric]) (simp_all add: A_def)
-       also have "\<dots> = coeff (reflect_poly p * reflect_poly q) i"
-          by (fastforce simp: coeff_mult coeff_reflect_poly intro!: sum.cong)
-       finally show ?thesis .
+      also have "\<dots> = coeff (reflect_poly p * reflect_poly q) i"
+        by (fastforce simp: coeff_mult coeff_reflect_poly intro!: sum.cong)
+      finally show ?thesis .
     qed (auto simp: coeff_mult coeff_reflect_poly coeff_eq_0 degree_mult_eq intro!: sum.neutral)
   qed
 qed auto
 
-lemma reflect_poly_smult: 
-  "reflect_poly (Polynomial.smult (c::'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors}) p) = 
-     Polynomial.smult c (reflect_poly p)"
+lemma reflect_poly_smult: "reflect_poly (smult c p) = smult c (reflect_poly p)"
+  for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
   using reflect_poly_mult[of "[:c:]" p] by simp
 
-lemma reflect_poly_power:
-    "reflect_poly (p ^ n :: 'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly) = 
-       reflect_poly p ^ n"
-  by (induction n) (simp_all add: reflect_poly_mult)
-
-lemma reflect_poly_prod:
-  "reflect_poly (prod (f :: _ \<Rightarrow> _ :: {comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly) A) = 
-     prod (\<lambda>x. reflect_poly (f x)) A"
-  by (cases "finite A", induction rule: finite_induct) (simp_all add: reflect_poly_mult)
-
-lemma reflect_poly_prod_list:
-  "reflect_poly (prod_list (xs :: _ :: {comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly list)) = 
-     prod_list (map reflect_poly xs)"
-  by (induction xs) (simp_all add: reflect_poly_mult)
-
-lemma reflect_poly_Poly_nz: 
-  "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last xs \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> reflect_poly (Poly xs) = Poly (rev xs)"
-  unfolding reflect_poly_def coeffs_Poly by simp
-
-lemmas reflect_poly_simps = 
+lemma reflect_poly_power: "reflect_poly (p ^ n) = reflect_poly p ^ n"
+  for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+  by (induct n) (simp_all add: reflect_poly_mult)
+
+lemma reflect_poly_prod: "reflect_poly (prod f A) = prod (\<lambda>x. reflect_poly (f x)) A"
+  for f :: "_ \<Rightarrow> _::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+  by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: reflect_poly_mult)
+
+lemma reflect_poly_prod_list: "reflect_poly (prod_list xs) = prod_list (map reflect_poly xs)"
+  for xs :: "_::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly list"
+  by (induct xs) (simp_all add: reflect_poly_mult)
+
+lemma reflect_poly_Poly_nz: "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last xs \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> reflect_poly (Poly xs) = Poly (rev xs)"
+  by (simp add: reflect_poly_def)
+
+lemmas reflect_poly_simps =
   reflect_poly_0 reflect_poly_1 reflect_poly_const reflect_poly_smult reflect_poly_mult
   reflect_poly_power reflect_poly_prod reflect_poly_prod_list
 
@@ -2357,8 +2319,7 @@
 subsection \<open>Derivatives\<close>
 
 function pderiv :: "('a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}) poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
-where
-  "pderiv (pCons a p) = (if p = 0 then 0 else p + pCons 0 (pderiv p))"
+  where "pderiv (pCons a p) = (if p = 0 then 0 else p + pCons 0 (pderiv p))"
   by (auto intro: pCons_cases)
 
 termination pderiv
@@ -2366,253 +2327,252 @@
 
 declare pderiv.simps[simp del]
 
-lemma pderiv_0 [simp]:
-  "pderiv 0 = 0"
+lemma pderiv_0 [simp]: "pderiv 0 = 0"
   using pderiv.simps [of 0 0] by simp
 
-lemma pderiv_pCons:
-  "pderiv (pCons a p) = p + pCons 0 (pderiv p)"
+lemma pderiv_pCons: "pderiv (pCons a p) = p + pCons 0 (pderiv p)"
   by (simp add: pderiv.simps)
 
-lemma pderiv_1 [simp]: "pderiv 1 = 0" 
-  unfolding one_poly_def by (simp add: pderiv_pCons)
-
-lemma pderiv_of_nat  [simp]: "pderiv (of_nat n) = 0"
+lemma pderiv_1 [simp]: "pderiv 1 = 0"
+  by (simp add: one_poly_def pderiv_pCons)
+
+lemma pderiv_of_nat [simp]: "pderiv (of_nat n) = 0"
   and pderiv_numeral [simp]: "pderiv (numeral m) = 0"
   by (simp_all add: of_nat_poly numeral_poly pderiv_pCons)
 
 lemma coeff_pderiv: "coeff (pderiv p) n = of_nat (Suc n) * coeff p (Suc n)"
-  by (induct p arbitrary: n) 
-     (auto simp add: pderiv_pCons coeff_pCons algebra_simps split: nat.split)
-
-fun pderiv_coeffs_code 
-      :: "('a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}) \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
-  "pderiv_coeffs_code f (x # xs) = cCons (f * x) (pderiv_coeffs_code (f+1) xs)"
-| "pderiv_coeffs_code f [] = []"
-
-definition pderiv_coeffs :: 
-    "'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
-  "pderiv_coeffs xs = pderiv_coeffs_code 1 (tl xs)"
+  by (induct p arbitrary: n)
+    (auto simp add: pderiv_pCons coeff_pCons algebra_simps split: nat.split)
+
+fun pderiv_coeffs_code :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"
+  where
+    "pderiv_coeffs_code f (x # xs) = cCons (f * x) (pderiv_coeffs_code (f+1) xs)"
+  | "pderiv_coeffs_code f [] = []"
+
+definition pderiv_coeffs :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"
+  where "pderiv_coeffs xs = pderiv_coeffs_code 1 (tl xs)"
 
 (* Efficient code for pderiv contributed by René Thiemann and Akihisa Yamada *)
-lemma pderiv_coeffs_code: 
-  "nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code f xs) n = (f + of_nat n) * (nth_default 0 xs n)"
+lemma pderiv_coeffs_code:
+  "nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code f xs) n = (f + of_nat n) * nth_default 0 xs n"
 proof (induct xs arbitrary: f n)
-  case (Cons x xs f n)
-  show ?case 
+  case Nil
+  then show ?case by simp
+next
+  case (Cons x xs)
+  show ?case
   proof (cases n)
     case 0
-    thus ?thesis by (cases "pderiv_coeffs_code (f + 1) xs = [] \<and> f * x = 0", auto simp: cCons_def)
+    then show ?thesis
+      by (cases "pderiv_coeffs_code (f + 1) xs = [] \<and> f * x = 0") (auto simp: cCons_def)
   next
-    case (Suc m) note n = this
-    show ?thesis 
+    case n: (Suc m)
+    show ?thesis
     proof (cases "pderiv_coeffs_code (f + 1) xs = [] \<and> f * x = 0")
       case False
-      hence "nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code f (x # xs)) n = 
-               nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code (f + 1) xs) m" 
+      then have "nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code f (x # xs)) n =
+          nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code (f + 1) xs) m"
         by (auto simp: cCons_def n)
-      also have "\<dots> = (f + of_nat n) * (nth_default 0 xs m)" 
-        unfolding Cons by (simp add: n add_ac)
-      finally show ?thesis by (simp add: n)
+      also have "\<dots> = (f + of_nat n) * nth_default 0 xs m"
+        by (simp add: Cons n add_ac)
+      finally show ?thesis
+        by (simp add: n)
     next
       case True
-      {
-        fix g 
-        have "pderiv_coeffs_code g xs = [] \<Longrightarrow> g + of_nat m = 0 \<or> nth_default 0 xs m = 0"
-        proof (induct xs arbitrary: g m)
-          case (Cons x xs g)
-          from Cons(2) have empty: "pderiv_coeffs_code (g + 1) xs = []"
-                            and g: "(g = 0 \<or> x = 0)"
-            by (auto simp: cCons_def split: if_splits)
-          note IH = Cons(1)[OF empty]
-          from IH[of m] IH[of "m - 1"] g
-          show ?case by (cases m, auto simp: field_simps)
-        qed simp
-      } note empty = this
+      have empty: "pderiv_coeffs_code g xs = [] \<Longrightarrow> g + of_nat m = 0 \<or> nth_default 0 xs m = 0" for g
+      proof (induct xs arbitrary: g m)
+        case Nil
+        then show ?case by simp
+      next
+        case (Cons x xs)
+        from Cons(2) have empty: "pderiv_coeffs_code (g + 1) xs = []" and g: "g = 0 \<or> x = 0"
+          by (auto simp: cCons_def split: if_splits)
+        note IH = Cons(1)[OF empty]
+        from IH[of m] IH[of "m - 1"] g show ?case
+          by (cases m) (auto simp: field_simps)
+      qed
       from True have "nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code f (x # xs)) n = 0"
         by (auto simp: cCons_def n)
-      moreover have "(f + of_nat n) * nth_default 0 (x # xs) n = 0" using True
-        by (simp add: n, insert empty[of "f+1"], auto simp: field_simps)
+      moreover from True have "(f + of_nat n) * nth_default 0 (x # xs) n = 0"
+        by (simp add: n) (use empty[of "f+1"] in \<open>auto simp: field_simps\<close>)
       ultimately show ?thesis by simp
     qed
   qed
-qed simp
-
-lemma map_upt_Suc: "map f [0 ..< Suc n] = f 0 # map (\<lambda> i. f (Suc i)) [0 ..< n]"
-  by (induct n arbitrary: f, auto)
-
-lemma coeffs_pderiv_code [code abstract]:
-  "coeffs (pderiv p) = pderiv_coeffs (coeffs p)" unfolding pderiv_coeffs_def
+qed
+
+lemma map_upt_Suc: "map f [0 ..< Suc n] = f 0 # map (\<lambda>i. f (Suc i)) [0 ..< n]"
+  by (induct n arbitrary: f) auto
+
+lemma coeffs_pderiv_code [code abstract]: "coeffs (pderiv p) = pderiv_coeffs (coeffs p)"
+  unfolding pderiv_coeffs_def
 proof (rule coeffs_eqI, unfold pderiv_coeffs_code coeff_pderiv, goal_cases)
   case (1 n)
   have id: "coeff p (Suc n) = nth_default 0 (map (\<lambda>i. coeff p (Suc i)) [0..<degree p]) n"
-    by (cases "n < degree p", auto simp: nth_default_def coeff_eq_0)
-  show ?case unfolding coeffs_def map_upt_Suc by (auto simp: id)
+    by (cases "n < degree p") (auto simp: nth_default_def coeff_eq_0)
+  show ?case
+    unfolding coeffs_def map_upt_Suc by (auto simp: id)
 next
   case 2
-  obtain n xs where id: "tl (coeffs p) = xs" "(1 :: 'a) = n" by auto
+  obtain n :: 'a and xs where defs: "tl (coeffs p) = xs" "1 = n"
+    by simp
   from 2 show ?case
-    unfolding id by (induct xs arbitrary: n, auto simp: cCons_def)
+    unfolding defs by (induct xs arbitrary: n) (auto simp: cCons_def)
 qed
 
-context
-  assumes "SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors, semiring_char_0})"
-begin
-
-lemma pderiv_eq_0_iff: 
-  "pderiv (p :: 'a poly) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> degree p = 0"
+lemma pderiv_eq_0_iff: "pderiv p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> degree p = 0"
+  for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors,semiring_char_0} poly"
   apply (rule iffI)
-  apply (cases p, simp)
-  apply (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_pderiv del: of_nat_Suc)
+   apply (cases p)
+   apply simp
+   apply (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_pderiv del: of_nat_Suc)
   apply (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_pderiv coeff_eq_0)
   done
 
-lemma degree_pderiv: "degree (pderiv (p :: 'a poly)) = degree p - 1"
+lemma degree_pderiv: "degree (pderiv p) = degree p - 1"
+  for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors,semiring_char_0} poly"
   apply (rule order_antisym [OF degree_le])
-  apply (simp add: coeff_pderiv coeff_eq_0)
-  apply (cases "degree p", simp)
+   apply (simp add: coeff_pderiv coeff_eq_0)
+  apply (cases "degree p")
+   apply simp
   apply (rule le_degree)
   apply (simp add: coeff_pderiv del: of_nat_Suc)
   apply (metis degree_0 leading_coeff_0_iff nat.distinct(1))
   done
 
-lemma not_dvd_pderiv: 
-  assumes "degree (p :: 'a poly) \<noteq> 0"
+lemma not_dvd_pderiv:
+  fixes p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors,semiring_char_0} poly"
+  assumes "degree p \<noteq> 0"
   shows "\<not> p dvd pderiv p"
 proof
   assume dvd: "p dvd pderiv p"
-  then obtain q where p: "pderiv p = p * q" unfolding dvd_def by auto
+  then obtain q where p: "pderiv p = p * q"
+    unfolding dvd_def by auto
   from dvd have le: "degree p \<le> degree (pderiv p)"
     by (simp add: assms dvd_imp_degree_le pderiv_eq_0_iff)
-  from this[unfolded degree_pderiv] assms show False by auto
+  from assms and this [unfolded degree_pderiv]
+    show False by auto
 qed
 
-lemma dvd_pderiv_iff [simp]: "(p :: 'a poly) dvd pderiv p \<longleftrightarrow> degree p = 0"
+lemma dvd_pderiv_iff [simp]: "p dvd pderiv p \<longleftrightarrow> degree p = 0"
+  for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors,semiring_char_0} poly"
   using not_dvd_pderiv[of p] by (auto simp: pderiv_eq_0_iff [symmetric])
 
-end
-
 lemma pderiv_singleton [simp]: "pderiv [:a:] = 0"
-by (simp add: pderiv_pCons)
+  by (simp add: pderiv_pCons)
 
 lemma pderiv_add: "pderiv (p + q) = pderiv p + pderiv q"
-by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
 
 lemma pderiv_minus: "pderiv (- p :: 'a :: idom poly) = - pderiv p"
-by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
 
 lemma pderiv_diff: "pderiv ((p :: _ :: idom poly) - q) = pderiv p - pderiv q"
-by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
 
 lemma pderiv_smult: "pderiv (smult a p) = smult a (pderiv p)"
-by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
+  by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
 
 lemma pderiv_mult: "pderiv (p * q) = p * pderiv q + q * pderiv p"
-by (induct p) (auto simp: pderiv_add pderiv_smult pderiv_pCons algebra_simps)
-
-lemma pderiv_power_Suc:
-  "pderiv (p ^ Suc n) = smult (of_nat (Suc n)) (p ^ n) * pderiv p"
-apply (induct n)
-apply simp
-apply (subst power_Suc)
-apply (subst pderiv_mult)
-apply (erule ssubst)
-apply (simp only: of_nat_Suc smult_add_left smult_1_left)
-apply (simp add: algebra_simps)
-done
-
-lemma pderiv_prod: "pderiv (prod f (as)) = 
-  (\<Sum>a \<in> as. prod f (as - {a}) * pderiv (f a))"
+  by (induct p) (auto simp: pderiv_add pderiv_smult pderiv_pCons algebra_simps)
+
+lemma pderiv_power_Suc: "pderiv (p ^ Suc n) = smult (of_nat (Suc n)) (p ^ n) * pderiv p"
+  apply (induct n)
+   apply simp
+  apply (subst power_Suc)
+  apply (subst pderiv_mult)
+  apply (erule ssubst)
+  apply (simp only: of_nat_Suc smult_add_left smult_1_left)
+  apply (simp add: algebra_simps)
+  done
+
+lemma pderiv_prod: "pderiv (prod f (as)) = (\<Sum>a\<in>as. prod f (as - {a}) * pderiv (f a))"
 proof (induct as rule: infinite_finite_induct)
   case (insert a as)
-  hence id: "prod f (insert a as) = f a * prod f as" 
-    "\<And> g. sum g (insert a as) = g a + sum g as"
+  then have id: "prod f (insert a as) = f a * prod f as"
+    "\<And>g. sum g (insert a as) = g a + sum g as"
     "insert a as - {a} = as"
     by auto
-  {
-    fix b
-    assume "b \<in> as"
-    hence id2: "insert a as - {b} = insert a (as - {b})" using \<open>a \<notin> as\<close> by auto
-    have "prod f (insert a as - {b}) = f a * prod f (as - {b})"
-      unfolding id2
-      by (subst prod.insert, insert insert, auto)
-  } note id2 = this
-  show ?case
+  have "prod f (insert a as - {b}) = f a * prod f (as - {b})" if "b \<in> as" for b
+  proof -
+    from \<open>a \<notin> as\<close> that have *: "insert a as - {b} = insert a (as - {b})"
+      by auto
+    show ?thesis
+      unfolding * by (subst prod.insert) (use insert in auto)
+  qed
+  then show ?case
     unfolding id pderiv_mult insert(3) sum_distrib_left
-    by (auto simp add: ac_simps id2 intro!: sum.cong)
+    by (auto simp add: ac_simps intro!: sum.cong)
 qed auto
 
-lemma DERIV_pow2: "DERIV (%x. x ^ Suc n) x :> real (Suc n) * (x ^ n)"
-by (rule DERIV_cong, rule DERIV_pow, simp)
+lemma DERIV_pow2: "DERIV (\<lambda>x. x ^ Suc n) x :> real (Suc n) * (x ^ n)"
+  by (rule DERIV_cong, rule DERIV_pow) simp
 declare DERIV_pow2 [simp] DERIV_pow [simp]
 
-lemma DERIV_add_const: "DERIV f x :> D ==>  DERIV (%x. a + f x :: 'a::real_normed_field) x :> D"
-by (rule DERIV_cong, rule DERIV_add, auto)
-
-lemma poly_DERIV [simp]: "DERIV (%x. poly p x) x :> poly (pderiv p) x"
-  by (induct p, auto intro!: derivative_eq_intros simp add: pderiv_pCons)
-
-lemma continuous_on_poly [continuous_intros]: 
+lemma DERIV_add_const: "DERIV f x :> D \<Longrightarrow> DERIV (\<lambda>x. a + f x :: 'a::real_normed_field) x :> D"
+  by (rule DERIV_cong, rule DERIV_add) auto
+
+lemma poly_DERIV [simp]: "DERIV (\<lambda>x. poly p x) x :> poly (pderiv p) x"
+  by (induct p) (auto intro!: derivative_eq_intros simp add: pderiv_pCons)
+
+lemma continuous_on_poly [continuous_intros]:
   fixes p :: "'a :: {real_normed_field} poly"
   assumes "continuous_on A f"
-  shows   "continuous_on A (\<lambda>x. poly p (f x))"
+  shows "continuous_on A (\<lambda>x. poly p (f x))"
 proof -
-  have "continuous_on A (\<lambda>x. (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. (f x) ^ i * coeff p i))" 
+  have "continuous_on A (\<lambda>x. (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. (f x) ^ i * coeff p i))"
     by (intro continuous_intros assms)
-  also have "\<dots> = (\<lambda>x. poly p (f x))" by (intro ext) (simp add: poly_altdef mult_ac)
+  also have "\<dots> = (\<lambda>x. poly p (f x))"
+    by (rule ext) (simp add: poly_altdef mult_ac)
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
 
-text\<open>Consequences of the derivative theorem above\<close>
-
-lemma poly_differentiable[simp]: "(%x. poly p x) differentiable (at x::real filter)"
-apply (simp add: real_differentiable_def)
-apply (blast intro: poly_DERIV)
-done
-
-lemma poly_isCont[simp]: "isCont (%x. poly p x) (x::real)"
-by (rule poly_DERIV [THEN DERIV_isCont])
-
-lemma poly_IVT_pos: "[| a < b; poly p (a::real) < 0; 0 < poly p b |]
-      ==> \<exists>x. a < x & x < b & (poly p x = 0)"
-using IVT_objl [of "poly p" a 0 b]
-by (auto simp add: order_le_less)
-
-lemma poly_IVT_neg: "[| (a::real) < b; 0 < poly p a; poly p b < 0 |]
-      ==> \<exists>x. a < x & x < b & (poly p x = 0)"
-by (insert poly_IVT_pos [where p = "- p" ]) simp
-
-lemma poly_IVT:
-  fixes p::"real poly"
-  assumes "a<b" and "poly p a * poly p b < 0"
-  shows "\<exists>x>a. x < b \<and> poly p x = 0"
-by (metis assms(1) assms(2) less_not_sym mult_less_0_iff poly_IVT_neg poly_IVT_pos)
-
-lemma poly_MVT: "(a::real) < b ==>
-     \<exists>x. a < x & x < b & (poly p b - poly p a = (b - a) * poly (pderiv p) x)"
-using MVT [of a b "poly p"]
-apply auto
-apply (rule_tac x = z in exI)
-apply (auto simp add: mult_left_cancel poly_DERIV [THEN DERIV_unique])
-done
+text \<open>Consequences of the derivative theorem above.\<close>
+
+lemma poly_differentiable[simp]: "(\<lambda>x. poly p x) differentiable (at x)"
+  for x :: real
+  by (simp add: real_differentiable_def) (blast intro: poly_DERIV)
+
+lemma poly_isCont[simp]: "isCont (\<lambda>x. poly p x) x"
+  for x :: real
+  by (rule poly_DERIV [THEN DERIV_isCont])
+
+lemma poly_IVT_pos: "a < b \<Longrightarrow> poly p a < 0 \<Longrightarrow> 0 < poly p b \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x. a < x \<and> x < b \<and> poly p x = 0"
+  for a b :: real
+  using IVT_objl [of "poly p" a 0 b] by (auto simp add: order_le_less)
+
+lemma poly_IVT_neg: "a < b \<Longrightarrow> 0 < poly p a \<Longrightarrow> poly p b < 0 \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x. a < x \<and> x < b \<and> poly p x = 0"
+  for a b :: real
+  using poly_IVT_pos [where p = "- p"] by simp
+
+lemma poly_IVT: "a < b \<Longrightarrow> poly p a * poly p b < 0 \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x>a. x < b \<and> poly p x = 0"
+  for p :: "real poly"
+  by (metis less_not_sym mult_less_0_iff poly_IVT_neg poly_IVT_pos)
+
+lemma poly_MVT: "a < b \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x. a < x \<and> x < b \<and> poly p b - poly p a = (b - a) * poly (pderiv p) x"
+  for a b :: real
+  using MVT [of a b "poly p"]
+  apply auto
+  apply (rule_tac x = z in exI)
+  apply (auto simp add: mult_left_cancel poly_DERIV [THEN DERIV_unique])
+  done
 
 lemma poly_MVT':
+  fixes a b :: real
   assumes "{min a b..max a b} \<subseteq> A"
-  shows   "\<exists>x\<in>A. poly p b - poly p a = (b - a) * poly (pderiv p) (x::real)"
+  shows "\<exists>x\<in>A. poly p b - poly p a = (b - a) * poly (pderiv p) x"
 proof (cases a b rule: linorder_cases)
   case less
   from poly_MVT[OF less, of p] guess x by (elim exE conjE)
-  thus ?thesis by (intro bexI[of _ x]) (auto intro!: subsetD[OF assms])
-
+  then show ?thesis by (intro bexI[of _ x]) (auto intro!: subsetD[OF assms])
 next
   case greater
   from poly_MVT[OF greater, of p] guess x by (elim exE conjE)
-  thus ?thesis by (intro bexI[of _ x]) (auto simp: algebra_simps intro!: subsetD[OF assms])
-qed (insert assms, auto)
+  then show ?thesis by (intro bexI[of _ x]) (auto simp: algebra_simps intro!: subsetD[OF assms])
+qed (use assms in auto)
 
 lemma poly_pinfty_gt_lc:
   fixes p :: "real poly"
-  assumes "lead_coeff p > 0" 
+  assumes "lead_coeff p > 0"
   shows "\<exists> n. \<forall> x \<ge> n. poly p x \<ge> lead_coeff p"
   using assms
 proof (induct p)
@@ -2637,7 +2597,7 @@
         by (auto simp: n_def)
       with gt_0 have "\<bar>a\<bar> / lead_coeff p \<ge> \<bar>a\<bar> / poly p x" and "poly p x > 0"
         by (auto intro: frac_le)
-      with \<open>n\<le>x\<close>[unfolded n_def] have "x \<ge> 1 + \<bar>a\<bar> / poly p x"
+      with \<open>n \<le> x\<close>[unfolded n_def] have "x \<ge> 1 + \<bar>a\<bar> / poly p x"
         by auto
       with \<open>lead_coeff p \<le> poly p x\<close> \<open>poly p x > 0\<close> \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close>
       show "lead_coeff (pCons a p) \<le> poly (pCons a p) x"
@@ -2650,88 +2610,87 @@
 lemma lemma_order_pderiv1:
   "pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n * q) = [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n * pderiv q +
     smult (of_nat (Suc n)) (q * [:- a, 1:] ^ n)"
-apply (simp only: pderiv_mult pderiv_power_Suc)
-apply (simp del: power_Suc of_nat_Suc add: pderiv_pCons)
-done
+  by (simp only: pderiv_mult pderiv_power_Suc) (simp del: power_Suc of_nat_Suc add: pderiv_pCons)
 
 lemma lemma_order_pderiv:
   fixes p :: "'a :: field_char_0 poly"
-  assumes n: "0 < n" 
-      and pd: "pderiv p \<noteq> 0" 
-      and pe: "p = [:- a, 1:] ^ n * q" 
-      and nd: "~ [:- a, 1:] dvd q"
-    shows "n = Suc (order a (pderiv p))"
-using n 
+  assumes n: "0 < n"
+    and pd: "pderiv p \<noteq> 0"
+    and pe: "p = [:- a, 1:] ^ n * q"
+    and nd: "\<not> [:- a, 1:] dvd q"
+  shows "n = Suc (order a (pderiv p))"
 proof -
-  have "pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ n * q) \<noteq> 0"
-    using assms by auto
-  obtain n' where "n = Suc n'" "0 < Suc n'" "pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' * q) \<noteq> 0"
-    using assms by (cases n) auto
-  have *: "!!k l. k dvd k * pderiv q + smult (of_nat (Suc n')) l \<Longrightarrow> k dvd l"
+  from assms have "pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ n * q) \<noteq> 0"
+    by auto
+  from assms obtain n' where "n = Suc n'" "0 < Suc n'" "pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' * q) \<noteq> 0"
+    by (cases n) auto
+  have *: "k dvd k * pderiv q + smult (of_nat (Suc n')) l \<Longrightarrow> k dvd l" for k l
     by (auto simp del: of_nat_Suc simp: dvd_add_right_iff dvd_smult_iff)
-  have "n' = order a (pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' * q))" 
+  have "n' = order a (pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' * q))"
   proof (rule order_unique_lemma)
     show "[:- a, 1:] ^ n' dvd pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' * q)"
       apply (subst lemma_order_pderiv1)
       apply (rule dvd_add)
-      apply (metis dvdI dvd_mult2 power_Suc2)
+       apply (metis dvdI dvd_mult2 power_Suc2)
       apply (metis dvd_smult dvd_triv_right)
       done
-  next
     show "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' dvd pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' * q)"
-     apply (subst lemma_order_pderiv1)
-     by (metis * nd dvd_mult_cancel_right power_not_zero pCons_eq_0_iff power_Suc zero_neq_one)
+      apply (subst lemma_order_pderiv1)
+      apply (metis * nd dvd_mult_cancel_right power_not_zero pCons_eq_0_iff power_Suc zero_neq_one)
+      done
   qed
   then show ?thesis
     by (metis \<open>n = Suc n'\<close> pe)
 qed
 
-lemma order_pderiv:
-  "\<lbrakk>pderiv p \<noteq> 0; order a (p :: 'a :: field_char_0 poly) \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
-     (order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p)))"
-apply (case_tac "p = 0", simp)
-apply (drule_tac a = a and p = p in order_decomp)
-using neq0_conv
-apply (blast intro: lemma_order_pderiv)
-done
+lemma order_pderiv: "pderiv p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> order a p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))"
+  for p :: "'a::field_char_0 poly"
+  apply (cases "p = 0")
+   apply simp
+  apply (drule_tac a = a and p = p in order_decomp)
+  using neq0_conv
+  apply (blast intro: lemma_order_pderiv)
+  done
 
 lemma poly_squarefree_decomp_order:
-  assumes "pderiv (p :: 'a :: field_char_0 poly) \<noteq> 0"
-  and p: "p = q * d"
-  and p': "pderiv p = e * d"
-  and d: "d = r * p + s * pderiv p"
+  fixes p :: "'a::field_char_0 poly"
+  assumes "pderiv p \<noteq> 0"
+    and p: "p = q * d"
+    and p': "pderiv p = e * d"
+    and d: "d = r * p + s * pderiv p"
   shows "order a q = (if order a p = 0 then 0 else 1)"
 proof (rule classical)
-  assume 1: "order a q \<noteq> (if order a p = 0 then 0 else 1)"
+  assume 1: "\<not> ?thesis"
   from \<open>pderiv p \<noteq> 0\<close> have "p \<noteq> 0" by auto
   with p have "order a p = order a q + order a d"
     by (simp add: order_mult)
-  with 1 have "order a p \<noteq> 0" by (auto split: if_splits)
-  have "order a (pderiv p) = order a e + order a d"
-    using \<open>pderiv p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>pderiv p = e * d\<close> by (simp add: order_mult)
-  have "order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))"
-    using \<open>pderiv p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>order a p \<noteq> 0\<close> by (rule order_pderiv)
-  have "d \<noteq> 0" using \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>p = q * d\<close> by simp
+  with 1 have "order a p \<noteq> 0"
+    by (auto split: if_splits)
+  from \<open>pderiv p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>pderiv p = e * d\<close> have "order a (pderiv p) = order a e + order a d"
+    by (simp add: order_mult)
+  from \<open>pderiv p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>order a p \<noteq> 0\<close> have "order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))"
+    by (rule order_pderiv)
+  from \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>p = q * d\<close> have "d \<noteq> 0"
+    by simp
   have "([:-a, 1:] ^ (order a (pderiv p))) dvd d"
     apply (simp add: d)
     apply (rule dvd_add)
-    apply (rule dvd_mult)
-    apply (simp add: order_divides \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close>
-           \<open>order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))\<close>)
+     apply (rule dvd_mult)
+     apply (simp add: order_divides \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))\<close>)
     apply (rule dvd_mult)
     apply (simp add: order_divides)
     done
-  then have "order a (pderiv p) \<le> order a d"
-    using \<open>d \<noteq> 0\<close> by (simp add: order_divides)
+  with \<open>d \<noteq> 0\<close> have "order a (pderiv p) \<le> order a d"
+    by (simp add: order_divides)
   show ?thesis
     using \<open>order a p = order a q + order a d\<close>
-    using \<open>order a (pderiv p) = order a e + order a d\<close>
-    using \<open>order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))\<close>
-    using \<open>order a (pderiv p) \<le> order a d\<close>
+      and \<open>order a (pderiv p) = order a e + order a d\<close>
+      and \<open>order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))\<close>
+      and \<open>order a (pderiv p) \<le> order a d\<close>
     by auto
 qed
 
-lemma poly_squarefree_decomp_order2: 
+lemma poly_squarefree_decomp_order2:
      "\<lbrakk>pderiv p \<noteq> (0 :: 'a :: field_char_0 poly);
        p = q * d;
        pderiv p = e * d;
@@ -2739,7 +2698,7 @@
       \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>a. order a q = (if order a p = 0 then 0 else 1)"
 by (blast intro: poly_squarefree_decomp_order)
 
-lemma order_pderiv2: 
+lemma order_pderiv2:
   "\<lbrakk>pderiv p \<noteq> 0; order a (p :: 'a :: field_char_0 poly) \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk>
       \<Longrightarrow> (order a (pderiv p) = n) = (order a p = Suc n)"
 by (auto dest: order_pderiv)
@@ -2781,11 +2740,11 @@
 subsection \<open>Algebraic numbers\<close>
 
 text \<open>
-  Algebraic numbers can be defined in two equivalent ways: all real numbers that are 
-  roots of rational polynomials or of integer polynomials. The Algebraic-Numbers AFP entry 
+  Algebraic numbers can be defined in two equivalent ways: all real numbers that are
+  roots of rational polynomials or of integer polynomials. The Algebraic-Numbers AFP entry
   uses the rational definition, but we need the integer definition.
 
-  The equivalence is obvious since any rational polynomial can be multiplied with the 
+  The equivalence is obvious since any rational polynomial can be multiplied with the
   LCM of its coefficients, yielding an integer polynomial with the same roots.
 \<close>
 
@@ -2796,7 +2755,7 @@
   assumes "\<And>i. coeff p i \<in> \<int>" "p \<noteq> 0" "poly p x = 0"
   shows   "algebraic x"
   using assms unfolding algebraic_def by blast
-  
+
 lemma algebraicE:
   assumes "algebraic x"
   obtains p where "\<And>i. coeff p i \<in> \<int>" "p \<noteq> 0" "poly p x = 0"
@@ -2814,7 +2773,7 @@
   define cs' where "cs' = map (quotient_of \<circ> f) (coeffs p)"
   define d where "d = Lcm (set (map snd cs'))"
   define p' where "p' = smult (of_int d) p"
-  
+
   have "\<forall>n. coeff p' n \<in> \<int>"
   proof
     fix n :: nat
@@ -2833,17 +2792,17 @@
         by (simp add: of_rat_mult of_rat_divide)
       also from nz True have "b \<in> snd ` set cs'" unfolding cs'_def
         by (force simp: o_def b_def coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc)
-      hence "b dvd (a * d)" unfolding d_def by simp
-      hence "of_int (a * d) / of_int b \<in> (\<int> :: rat set)"
+      then have "b dvd (a * d)" unfolding d_def by simp
+      then have "of_int (a * d) / of_int b \<in> (\<int> :: rat set)"
         by (rule of_int_divide_in_Ints)
-      hence "of_rat (of_int (a * d) / of_int b) \<in> \<int>" by (elim Ints_cases) auto
+      then have "of_rat (of_int (a * d) / of_int b) \<in> \<int>" by (elim Ints_cases) auto
       finally show ?thesis .
     qed (auto simp: p'_def not_le coeff_eq_0)
   qed
-  
+
   moreover have "set (map snd cs') \<subseteq> {0<..}"
-    unfolding cs'_def using quotient_of_denom_pos' by (auto simp: coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc) 
-  hence "d \<noteq> 0" unfolding d_def by (induction cs') simp_all
+    unfolding cs'_def using quotient_of_denom_pos' by (auto simp: coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc)
+  then have "d \<noteq> 0" unfolding d_def by (induction cs') simp_all
   with nz have "p' \<noteq> 0" by (simp add: p'_def)
   moreover from root have "poly p' x = 0" by (simp add: p'_def)
   ultimately show "algebraic x" unfolding algebraic_def by blast
@@ -2883,7 +2842,7 @@
   also have "\<dots> \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>a\<in>set (coeffs p). c dvd a)"
   proof safe
     fix n :: nat assume "\<forall>a\<in>set (coeffs p). c dvd a"
-    thus "c dvd coeff p n"
+    then show "c dvd coeff p n"
       by (cases "n \<le> degree p") (auto simp: coeff_eq_0 coeffs_def split: if_splits)
   qed (auto simp: coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc split: if_splits)
   also have "\<dots> \<longleftrightarrow> c dvd content p"
@@ -2893,7 +2852,7 @@
 
 lemma content_dvd [simp]: "[:content p:] dvd p"
   by (subst const_poly_dvd_iff_dvd_content) simp_all
-  
+
 lemma content_dvd_coeff [simp]: "content p dvd coeff p n"
 proof (cases "p = 0")
   case True
@@ -2905,7 +2864,7 @@
     by (cases "n \<le> degree p")
       (auto simp add: content_def not_le coeff_eq_0 coeff_in_coeffs intro: Gcd_fin_dvd)
 qed
-  
+
 lemma content_dvd_coeffs: "c \<in> set (coeffs p) \<Longrightarrow> content p dvd c"
   by (simp add: content_def Gcd_fin_dvd)
 
@@ -2915,8 +2874,8 @@
 lemma is_unit_content_iff [simp]: "is_unit (content p) \<longleftrightarrow> content p = 1"
 proof
   assume "is_unit (content p)"
-  hence "normalize (content p) = 1" by (simp add: is_unit_normalize del: normalize_content)
-  thus "content p = 1" by simp
+  then have "normalize (content p) = 1" by (simp add: is_unit_normalize del: normalize_content)
+  then show "content p = 1" by simp
 qed auto
 
 lemma content_smult [simp]: "content (smult c p) = normalize c * content p"
@@ -2936,16 +2895,16 @@
   shows "smult (content p) (primitive_part p) = p"
 proof (cases "p = 0")
   case False
-  thus ?thesis
+  then show ?thesis
   unfolding primitive_part_def
-  by (auto simp: smult_conv_map_poly map_poly_map_poly o_def content_dvd_coeffs 
+  by (auto simp: smult_conv_map_poly map_poly_map_poly o_def content_dvd_coeffs
            intro: map_poly_idI)
 qed simp_all
 
 lemma primitive_part_eq_0_iff [simp]: "primitive_part p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
 proof (cases "p = 0")
   case False
-  hence "primitive_part p = map_poly (\<lambda>x. x div content p) p"
+  then have "primitive_part p = map_poly (\<lambda>x. x div content p) p"
     by (simp add:  primitive_part_def)
   also from False have "\<dots> = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
     by (intro map_poly_eq_0_iff) (auto simp: dvd_div_eq_0_iff content_dvd_coeffs)
@@ -2957,7 +2916,7 @@
   shows   "content (primitive_part p) = 1"
 proof -
   have "p = smult (content p) (primitive_part p)" by simp
-  also have "content \<dots> = content (primitive_part p) * content p" 
+  also have "content \<dots> = content (primitive_part p) * content p"
     by (simp del: content_times_primitive_part add: ac_simps)
   finally have "1 * content p = content (primitive_part p) * content p"
     by simp
@@ -2972,7 +2931,7 @@
   obtains p' where "p = smult (content p) p'" "content p' = 1"
 proof (cases "p = 0")
   case True
-  thus ?thesis by (intro that[of 1]) simp_all
+  then show ?thesis by (intro that[of 1]) simp_all
 next
   case False
   from content_dvd[of p] obtain r where r: "p = [:content p:] * r" by (erule dvdE)
@@ -2984,13 +2943,13 @@
 lemma content_dvd_contentI [intro]:
   "p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> content p dvd content q"
   using const_poly_dvd_iff_dvd_content content_dvd dvd_trans by blast
-  
+
 lemma primitive_part_const_poly [simp]: "primitive_part [:x:] = [:unit_factor x:]"
   by (simp add: primitive_part_def map_poly_pCons)
- 
+
 lemma primitive_part_prim: "content p = 1 \<Longrightarrow> primitive_part p = p"
   by (auto simp: primitive_part_def)
-  
+
 lemma degree_primitive_part [simp]: "degree (primitive_part p) = degree p"
 proof (cases "p = 0")
   case False
@@ -3004,29 +2963,29 @@
 subsection \<open>Division of polynomials\<close>
 
 subsubsection \<open>Division in general\<close>
-  
+
 instantiation poly :: (idom_divide) idom_divide
 begin
 
-fun divide_poly_main :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly 
+fun divide_poly_main :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly
   \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" where
-  "divide_poly_main lc q r d dr (Suc n) = (let cr = coeff r dr; a = cr div lc; mon = monom a n in 
+  "divide_poly_main lc q r d dr (Suc n) = (let cr = coeff r dr; a = cr div lc; mon = monom a n in
      if False \<or> a * lc = cr then (* False \<or> is only because of problem in function-package *)
-     divide_poly_main 
-       lc 
-       (q + mon) 
-       (r - mon * d) 
+     divide_poly_main
+       lc
+       (q + mon)
+       (r - mon * d)
        d (dr - 1) n else 0)"
 | "divide_poly_main lc q r d dr 0 = q"
 
 definition divide_poly :: "'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" where
   "divide_poly f g = (if g = 0 then 0 else
-     divide_poly_main (coeff g (degree g)) 0 f g (degree f) (1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g)))" 
+     divide_poly_main (coeff g (degree g)) 0 f g (degree f) (1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g)))"
 
 lemma divide_poly_main:
   assumes d: "d \<noteq> 0" "lc = coeff d (degree d)"
-    and *: "degree (d * r) \<le> dr" "divide_poly_main lc q (d * r) d dr n = q'" 
-    "n = 1 + dr - degree d \<or> dr = 0 \<and> n = 0 \<and> d * r = 0" 
+    and *: "degree (d * r) \<le> dr" "divide_poly_main lc q (d * r) d dr n = q'"
+    "n = 1 + dr - degree d \<or> dr = 0 \<and> n = 0 \<and> d * r = 0"
   shows "q' = q + r"
   using *
 proof (induct n arbitrary: q r dr)
@@ -3043,7 +3002,7 @@
   have "coeff (b * d) dr = coeff b n * coeff d (degree d)"
   proof (cases "?qq = 0")
     case False
-    hence n: "n = degree b" by (simp add: degree_monom_eq)
+    then have n: "n = degree b" by (simp add: degree_monom_eq)
     show ?thesis unfolding n dr by (simp add: coeff_mult_degree_sum)
   qed simp
   also have "\<dots> = lc * coeff b n" unfolding d by simp
@@ -3052,26 +3011,26 @@
   have c1: "coeff (d * r) dr = lc * coeff r n"
   proof (cases "degree r = n")
     case True
-    thus ?thesis using Suc(2) unfolding dr using coeff_mult_degree_sum[of d r] d by (auto simp: ac_simps)
+    then show ?thesis using Suc(2) unfolding dr using coeff_mult_degree_sum[of d r] d by (auto simp: ac_simps)
   next
     case False
     have "degree r \<le> n" using dr Suc(2) by auto
       (metis add.commute add_le_cancel_left d(1) degree_0 degree_mult_eq diff_is_0_eq diff_zero le_cases)
     with False have r_n: "degree r < n" by auto
-    hence right: "lc * coeff r n = 0" by (simp add: coeff_eq_0)
+    then have right: "lc * coeff r n = 0" by (simp add: coeff_eq_0)
     have "coeff (d * r) dr = coeff (d * r) (degree d + n)" unfolding dr by (simp add: ac_simps)
     also have "\<dots> = 0" using r_n
-      by (metis False Suc.prems(1) add.commute add_left_imp_eq coeff_degree_mult coeff_eq_0 
+      by (metis False Suc.prems(1) add.commute add_left_imp_eq coeff_degree_mult coeff_eq_0
         coeff_mult_degree_sum degree_mult_le dr le_eq_less_or_eq)
     finally show ?thesis unfolding right .
   qed
-  have c0: "coeff ?rrr dr = 0" 
+  have c0: "coeff ?rrr dr = 0"
     and id: "lc * (coeff (d * r) dr div lc) = coeff (d * r) dr" unfolding rrr coeff_diff c2
     unfolding b_def coeff_monom coeff_smult c1 using lc by auto
   from res[unfolded divide_poly_main.simps[of lc q] Let_def] id
-  have res: "divide_poly_main lc ?qqq ?rrr d (dr - 1) n = q'" 
+  have res: "divide_poly_main lc ?qqq ?rrr d (dr - 1) n = q'"
     by (simp del: divide_poly_main.simps add: field_simps)
-  note IH = Suc(1)[OF _ res] 
+  note IH = Suc(1)[OF _ res]
   have dr: "dr = n + degree d" using Suc(4) by auto
   have deg_rr: "degree ?rr \<le> dr" using Suc(2) by auto
   have deg_bd: "degree (b * d) \<le> dr"
@@ -3079,7 +3038,7 @@
   have "degree ?rrr \<le> dr" unfolding rrr by (rule degree_diff_le[OF deg_rr deg_bd])
   with c0 have deg_rrr: "degree ?rrr \<le> (dr - 1)"
     by (rule coeff_0_degree_minus_1)
-  have "n = 1 + (dr - 1) - degree d \<or> dr - 1 = 0 \<and> n = 0 \<and> ?rrr = 0"  
+  have "n = 1 + (dr - 1) - degree d \<or> dr - 1 = 0 \<and> n = 0 \<and> ?rrr = 0"
   proof (cases dr)
     case 0
     with Suc(4) have 0: "dr = 0" "n = 0" "degree d = 0" by auto
@@ -3091,17 +3050,17 @@
   show ?case using IH by simp
 next
   case (0 q r dr)
-  show ?case 
+  show ?case
   proof (cases "r = 0")
     case True
-    thus ?thesis using 0 by auto
+    then show ?thesis using 0 by auto
   next
     case False
-    have "degree (d * r) = degree d + degree r" using d False 
+    have "degree (d * r) = degree d + degree r" using d False
       by (subst degree_mult_eq, auto)
-    thus ?thesis using 0 d by auto
+    then show ?thesis using 0 d by auto
   qed
-qed 
+qed
 
 lemma divide_poly_main_0: "divide_poly_main 0 0 r d dr n = 0"
 proof (induct n arbitrary: r d dr)
@@ -3112,15 +3071,15 @@
 
 lemma divide_poly:
   assumes g: "g \<noteq> 0"
-  shows "(f * g) div g = (f :: 'a poly)" 
-proof - 
-  have "divide_poly_main (coeff g (degree g)) 0 (g * f) g (degree (g * f)) (1 + length (coeffs (g * f)) - length (coeffs  g)) 
+  shows "(f * g) div g = (f :: 'a poly)"
+proof -
+  have "divide_poly_main (coeff g (degree g)) 0 (g * f) g (degree (g * f)) (1 + length (coeffs (g * f)) - length (coeffs  g))
     = (f * g) div g" unfolding divide_poly_def Let_def by (simp add: ac_simps)
   note main = divide_poly_main[OF g refl le_refl this]
   {
     fix f :: "'a poly"
     assume "f \<noteq> 0"
-    hence "length (coeffs f) = Suc (degree f)" unfolding degree_eq_length_coeffs by auto
+    then have "length (coeffs f) = Suc (degree f)" unfolding degree_eq_length_coeffs by auto
   } note len = this
   have "(f * g) div g = 0 + f"
   proof (rule main, goal_cases)
@@ -3135,7 +3094,7 @@
       show ?thesis unfolding len[OF fg] len[OF g] by auto
     qed
   qed
-  thus ?thesis by simp
+  then show ?thesis by simp
 qed
 
 lemma divide_poly_0: "f div 0 = (0 :: 'a poly)"
@@ -3148,7 +3107,7 @@
 
 instance poly :: (idom_divide) algebraic_semidom ..
 
-lemma div_const_poly_conv_map_poly: 
+lemma div_const_poly_conv_map_poly:
   assumes "[:c:] dvd p"
   shows   "p div [:c:] = map_poly (\<lambda>x. x div c) p"
 proof (cases "c = 0")
@@ -3204,7 +3163,7 @@
   shows "monom (coeff p (degree p)) 0 = p"
   using assms by (cases p) (simp_all add: monom_0 is_unit_pCons_iff)
 
-lemma is_unit_const_poly_iff: 
+lemma is_unit_const_poly_iff:
   "[:c :: 'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}:] dvd 1 \<longleftrightarrow> c dvd 1"
   by (auto simp: one_poly_def)
 
@@ -3243,12 +3202,12 @@
   shows "p dvd 1 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>c. p = [:c:] \<and> c dvd 1)"
   by (auto elim: is_unit_polyE simp add: is_unit_const_poly_iff)
 
-  
+
 subsubsection \<open>Pseudo-Division\<close>
 
 text\<open>This part is by René Thiemann and Akihisa Yamada.\<close>
 
-fun pseudo_divmod_main :: "'a :: comm_ring_1  \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly 
+fun pseudo_divmod_main :: "'a :: comm_ring_1  \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly
   \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<times> 'a poly" where
   "pseudo_divmod_main lc q r d dr (Suc n) = (let
      rr = smult lc r;
@@ -3263,8 +3222,8 @@
      pseudo_divmod_main (coeff q (degree q)) 0 p q (degree p) (1 + length (coeffs p) - length (coeffs q))"
 
 lemma pseudo_divmod_main: assumes d: "d \<noteq> 0" "lc = coeff d (degree d)"
-  and *: "degree r \<le> dr" "pseudo_divmod_main lc q r d dr n = (q',r')" 
-    "n = 1 + dr - degree d \<or> dr = 0 \<and> n = 0 \<and> r = 0" 
+  and *: "degree r \<le> dr" "pseudo_divmod_main lc q r d dr n = (q',r')"
+    "n = 1 + dr - degree d \<or> dr = 0 \<and> n = 0 \<and> r = 0"
   shows "(r' = 0 \<or> degree r' < degree d) \<and> smult (lc^n) (d * q + r) = d * q' + r'"
   using *
 proof (induct n arbitrary: q r dr)
@@ -3275,14 +3234,14 @@
   let ?rrr = "?rr - b * d"
   let ?qqq = "smult lc q + b"
   note res = Suc(3)
-  from res[unfolded pseudo_divmod_main.simps[of lc q] Let_def] 
-  have res: "pseudo_divmod_main lc ?qqq ?rrr d (dr - 1) n = (q',r')" 
+  from res[unfolded pseudo_divmod_main.simps[of lc q] Let_def]
+  have res: "pseudo_divmod_main lc ?qqq ?rrr d (dr - 1) n = (q',r')"
     by (simp del: pseudo_divmod_main.simps)
   have dr: "dr = n + degree d" using Suc(4) by auto
   have "coeff (b * d) dr = coeff b n * coeff d (degree d)"
   proof (cases "?qq = 0")
     case False
-    hence n: "n = degree b" by (simp add: degree_monom_eq)
+    then have n: "n = degree b" by (simp add: degree_monom_eq)
     show ?thesis unfolding n dr by (simp add: coeff_mult_degree_sum)
   qed auto
   also have "\<dots> = lc * coeff b n" unfolding d by simp
@@ -3290,8 +3249,8 @@
   moreover have "coeff ?rr dr = lc * coeff r dr" by simp
   ultimately have c0: "coeff ?rrr dr = 0" by auto
   have dr: "dr = n + degree d" using Suc(4) by auto
-  have deg_rr: "degree ?rr \<le> dr" using Suc(2) 
-    using degree_smult_le dual_order.trans by blast 
+  have deg_rr: "degree ?rr \<le> dr" using Suc(2)
+    using degree_smult_le dual_order.trans by blast
   have deg_bd: "degree (b * d) \<le> dr"
     unfolding dr
     by(rule order.trans[OF degree_mult_le], auto simp: degree_monom_le)
@@ -3303,7 +3262,7 @@
     case 0
     with Suc(4) have 0: "dr = 0" "n = 0" "degree d = 0" by auto
     with deg_rrr have "degree ?rrr = 0" by simp
-    hence "\<exists> a. ?rrr = [: a :]" by (metis degree_pCons_eq_if old.nat.distinct(2) pCons_cases)
+    then have "\<exists> a. ?rrr = [: a :]" by (metis degree_pCons_eq_if old.nat.distinct(2) pCons_cases)
     from this obtain a where rrr: "?rrr = [:a:]" by auto
     show ?thesis unfolding 0 using c0 unfolding rrr 0 by simp
   qed (insert Suc(4), auto)
@@ -3318,7 +3277,7 @@
 qed auto
 
 lemma pseudo_divmod:
-  assumes g: "g \<noteq> 0" and *: "pseudo_divmod f g = (q,r)" 
+  assumes g: "g \<noteq> 0" and *: "pseudo_divmod f g = (q,r)"
   shows "smult (coeff g (degree g) ^ (Suc (degree f) - degree g)) f = g * q + r" (is ?A)
     and "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree g" (is ?B)
 proof -
@@ -3326,43 +3285,43 @@
   have "pseudo_divmod_main (coeff g (degree g)) 0 f g (degree f) (1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g)) = (q, r)" by (auto simp: g)
   note main = pseudo_divmod_main[OF _ _ _ this, OF g refl le_refl]
   have "1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g) = 1 + degree f - degree g \<or>
-    degree f = 0 \<and> 1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g) = 0 \<and> f = 0" using g 
+    degree f = 0 \<and> 1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g) = 0 \<and> f = 0" using g
     by (cases "f = 0"; cases "coeffs g", auto simp: degree_eq_length_coeffs)
   note main = main[OF this]
   from main show "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree g" by auto
-  show "smult (coeff g (degree g) ^ (Suc (degree f) - degree g)) f = g * q + r" 
+  show "smult (coeff g (degree g) ^ (Suc (degree f) - degree g)) f = g * q + r"
     by (subst main[THEN conjunct2, symmetric], simp add: degree_eq_length_coeffs,
     insert g, cases "f = 0"; cases "coeffs g", auto)
 qed
-  
+
 definition "pseudo_mod_main lc r d dr n = snd (pseudo_divmod_main lc 0 r d dr n)"
 
 lemma snd_pseudo_divmod_main:
   "snd (pseudo_divmod_main lc q r d dr n) = snd (pseudo_divmod_main lc q' r d dr n)"
 by (induct n arbitrary: q q' lc r d dr; simp add: Let_def)
 
-definition pseudo_mod 
+definition pseudo_mod
     :: "'a :: {comm_ring_1,semiring_1_no_zero_divisors} poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" where
   "pseudo_mod f g = snd (pseudo_divmod f g)"
-  
+
 lemma pseudo_mod:
   fixes f g
   defines "r \<equiv> pseudo_mod f g"
   assumes g: "g \<noteq> 0"
   shows "\<exists> a q. a \<noteq> 0 \<and> smult a f = g * q + r" "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree g"
-proof - 
+proof -
   let ?cg = "coeff g (degree g)"
   let ?cge = "?cg ^ (Suc (degree f) - degree g)"
   define a where "a = ?cge"
   obtain q where pdm: "pseudo_divmod f g = (q,r)" using r_def[unfolded pseudo_mod_def]
     by (cases "pseudo_divmod f g", auto)
-  from pseudo_divmod[OF g pdm] have id: "smult a f = g * q + r" and "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree g" 
+  from pseudo_divmod[OF g pdm] have id: "smult a f = g * q + r" and "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree g"
     unfolding a_def by auto
   show "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree g" by fact
   from g have "a \<noteq> 0" unfolding a_def by auto
-  thus "\<exists> a q. a \<noteq> 0 \<and> smult a f = g * q + r" using id by auto
+  then show "\<exists> a q. a \<noteq> 0 \<and> smult a f = g * q + r" using id by auto
 qed
-  
+
 lemma fst_pseudo_divmod_main_as_divide_poly_main:
   assumes d: "d \<noteq> 0"
   defines lc: "lc \<equiv> coeff d (degree d)"
@@ -3376,12 +3335,12 @@
     pseudo_divmod_main lc (smult lc q + monom (coeff r dr) n)
       (smult lc r - monom (coeff r dr) n * d) d (dr - 1) n"
     by (simp add: Let_def ac_simps)
-    also have "fst ... = divide_poly_main lc
+    also have "fst \<dots> = divide_poly_main lc
      (smult (lc^n) (smult lc q + monom (coeff r dr) n))
      (smult (lc^n) (smult lc r - monom (coeff r dr) n * d))
      d (dr - 1) n"
       unfolding Suc[unfolded divide_poly_main.simps Let_def]..
-    also have "... = divide_poly_main lc (smult (lc ^ Suc n) q)
+    also have "\<dots> = divide_poly_main lc (smult (lc ^ Suc n) q)
         (smult (lc ^ Suc n) r) d dr (Suc n)"
       unfolding smult_monom smult_distribs mult_smult_left[symmetric]
       using lc0 by (simp add: Let_def ac_simps)
@@ -3399,7 +3358,7 @@
   from leading_coeff_neq_0[OF g] have c0: "c \<noteq> 0" unfolding c_def by auto
   from pseudo_divmod(1)[OF g *, folded c_def]
   have "smult c f = g * q + r" by auto
-  also have "smult (1/c) ... = g * smult (1/c) q + smult (1/c) r" by (simp add: smult_add_right)
+  also have "smult (1/c) \<dots> = g * smult (1/c) q + smult (1/c) r" by (simp add: smult_add_right)
   finally show ?thesis using c0 by auto
 qed
 
@@ -3415,7 +3374,7 @@
   defines "f' \<equiv> smult ((1 / coeff g (degree g)) ^ (Suc (degree f) - degree g)) f"
   shows "(f::'a::field poly) div g = fst (pseudo_divmod f' g)"
 proof (cases "g = 0")
-  case True show ?thesis 
+  case True show ?thesis
     unfolding divide_poly_def pseudo_divmod_def Let_def f'_def True by (simp add: divide_poly_main_0)
 next
   case False
@@ -3424,7 +3383,7 @@
       using length_coeffs_degree[of f'] length_coeffs_degree[of f]
       unfolding divide_poly_def pseudo_divmod_def Let_def
                 divide_poly_main_field[OF False]
-                length_coeffs_degree[OF False] 
+                length_coeffs_degree[OF False]
                 f'_def
       by force
 qed
@@ -3539,8 +3498,8 @@
 lemma smult_content_normalize_primitive_part [simp]:
   "smult (content p) (normalize (primitive_part p)) = normalize p"
 proof -
-  have "smult (content p) (normalize (primitive_part p)) = 
-          normalize ([:content p:] * primitive_part p)" 
+  have "smult (content p) (normalize (primitive_part p)) =
+          normalize ([:content p:] * primitive_part p)"
     by (subst normalize_mult) (simp_all add: normalize_const_poly)
   also have "[:content p:] * primitive_part p = p" by simp
   finally show ?thesis .
@@ -3551,14 +3510,14 @@
   | eucl_rel_poly_dividesI: "y \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> x = q * y \<Longrightarrow> eucl_rel_poly x y (q, 0)"
   | eucl_rel_poly_remainderI: "y \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree r < degree y
       \<Longrightarrow> x = q * y + r \<Longrightarrow> eucl_rel_poly x y (q, r)"
-  
+
 lemma eucl_rel_poly_iff:
   "eucl_rel_poly x y (q, r) \<longleftrightarrow>
     x = q * y + r \<and>
       (if y = 0 then q = 0 else r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree y)"
   by (auto elim: eucl_rel_poly.cases
     intro: eucl_rel_poly_by0 eucl_rel_poly_dividesI eucl_rel_poly_remainderI)
-  
+
 lemma eucl_rel_poly_0:
   "eucl_rel_poly 0 y (0, 0)"
   unfolding eucl_rel_poly_iff by simp
@@ -3652,7 +3611,7 @@
 
 instantiation poly :: (field) semidom_modulo
 begin
- 
+
 definition modulo_poly :: "'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
   where mod_poly_def: "f mod g = (if g = 0 then f
     else pseudo_mod (smult ((1 / lead_coeff g) ^ (Suc (degree f) - degree g)) f) g)"
@@ -3673,9 +3632,9 @@
       by (simp add: power_mult_distrib [symmetric] ac_simps)
   qed
 qed
-  
+
 end
-    
+
 lemma eucl_rel_poly: "eucl_rel_poly x y (x div y, x mod y)"
 unfolding eucl_rel_poly_iff proof
   show "x = x div y * y + x mod y"
@@ -3701,10 +3660,10 @@
 proof
   fix x y z :: "'a poly"
   assume "y \<noteq> 0"
-  hence "eucl_rel_poly (x + z * y) y (z + x div y, x mod y)"
+  then have "eucl_rel_poly (x + z * y) y (z + x div y, x mod y)"
     using eucl_rel_poly [of x y]
     by (simp add: eucl_rel_poly_iff distrib_right)
-  thus "(x + z * y) div y = z + x div y"
+  then show "(x + z * y) div y = z + x div y"
     by (rule div_poly_eq)
 next
   fix x y z :: "'a poly"
@@ -3765,17 +3724,17 @@
 lemma div_poly_less: "degree (x::'a::field poly) < degree y \<Longrightarrow> x div y = 0"
 proof -
   assume "degree x < degree y"
-  hence "eucl_rel_poly x y (0, x)"
+  then have "eucl_rel_poly x y (0, x)"
     by (simp add: eucl_rel_poly_iff)
-  thus "x div y = 0" by (rule div_poly_eq)
+  then show "x div y = 0" by (rule div_poly_eq)
 qed
 
 lemma mod_poly_less: "degree x < degree y \<Longrightarrow> x mod y = x"
 proof -
   assume "degree x < degree y"
-  hence "eucl_rel_poly x y (0, x)"
+  then have "eucl_rel_poly x y (0, x)"
     by (simp add: eucl_rel_poly_iff)
-  thus "x mod y = x" by (rule mod_poly_eq)
+  then show "x mod y = x" by (rule mod_poly_eq)
 qed
 
 lemma eucl_rel_poly_smult_left:
@@ -3885,7 +3844,7 @@
 apply (rule eucl_rel_poly_pCons [OF eucl_rel_poly y refl])
 done
 
-    
+
 subsubsection \<open>List-based versions for fast implementation\<close>
 (* Subsection by:
       Sebastiaan Joosten
@@ -3897,7 +3856,7 @@
 | "minus_poly_rev_list xs [] = xs"
 | "minus_poly_rev_list [] (y # ys) = []"
 
-fun pseudo_divmod_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list 
+fun pseudo_divmod_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
   \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<times> 'a list" where
   "pseudo_divmod_main_list lc q r d (Suc n) = (let
      rr = map (op * lc) r;
@@ -3907,7 +3866,7 @@
      in pseudo_divmod_main_list lc qqq rrr d n)"
 | "pseudo_divmod_main_list lc q r d 0 = (q,r)"
 
-fun pseudo_mod_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list 
+fun pseudo_mod_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
   \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
   "pseudo_mod_main_list lc r d (Suc n) = (let
      rr = map (op * lc) r;
@@ -3917,7 +3876,7 @@
 | "pseudo_mod_main_list lc r d 0 = r"
 
 
-fun divmod_poly_one_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list 
+fun divmod_poly_one_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
   \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<times> 'a list" where
   "divmod_poly_one_main_list q r d (Suc n) = (let
      a = hd r;
@@ -3926,7 +3885,7 @@
      in divmod_poly_one_main_list qqq rr d n)"
 | "divmod_poly_one_main_list q r d 0 = (q,r)"
 
-fun mod_poly_one_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 list \<Rightarrow> 'a list 
+fun mod_poly_one_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
   \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
   "mod_poly_one_main_list r d (Suc n) = (let
      a = hd r;
@@ -3938,14 +3897,14 @@
   "pseudo_divmod_list p q =
   (if q = [] then ([],p) else
  (let rq = rev q;
-     (qu,re) = pseudo_divmod_main_list (hd rq) [] (rev p) rq (1 + length p - length q) in 
+     (qu,re) = pseudo_divmod_main_list (hd rq) [] (rev p) rq (1 + length p - length q) in
    (qu,rev re)))"
 
 definition pseudo_mod_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
   "pseudo_mod_list p q =
   (if q = [] then p else
  (let rq = rev q;
-     re = pseudo_mod_main_list (hd rq) (rev p) rq (1 + length p - length q) in 
+     re = pseudo_mod_main_list (hd rq) (rev p) rq (1 + length p - length q) in
    (rev re)))"
 
 lemma minus_zero_does_nothing:
@@ -3969,10 +3928,10 @@
   Poly (rev (minus_poly_rev_list (rev p) (rev q)))
   = Poly p - monom 1 (length p - length q) * Poly q"
 proof (induct "rev p" "rev q" arbitrary: p q rule: minus_poly_rev_list.induct)
-  case (1 x xs y ys) 
+  case (1 x xs y ys)
   have "length (rev q) \<le> length (rev p)" using 1 by simp
   from this[folded 1(2,3)] have ys_xs:"length ys \<le> length xs" by simp
-  hence a:"Poly (rev (minus_poly_rev_list xs ys)) =
+  then have a:"Poly (rev (minus_poly_rev_list xs ys)) =
            Poly (rev xs) - monom 1 (length xs - length ys) * Poly (rev ys)"
     by(subst "1.hyps"(1)[of "rev xs" "rev ys", unfolded rev_rev_ident length_rev],auto)
   have "Poly p - monom 1 (length p - length q) * Poly q
@@ -3997,12 +3956,12 @@
   hd (minus_poly_rev_list (map (op * (last d :: 'a :: comm_ring)) r) (map (op * (hd r)) (rev d))) = 0"
 proof(induct r)
   case (Cons a rs)
-  thus ?case by(cases "rev d", simp_all add:ac_simps)
+  then show ?case by(cases "rev d", simp_all add:ac_simps)
 qed simp
 
 lemma Poly_map: "Poly (map (op * a) p) = smult a (Poly p)"
 proof (induct p)
-  case(Cons x xs) thus ?case by (cases "Poly xs = 0",auto)
+  case(Cons x xs) then show ?case by (cases "Poly xs = 0",auto)
 qed simp
 
 lemma last_coeff_is_hd: "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> coeff (Poly xs) (length xs - 1) = hd (rev xs)"
@@ -4014,8 +3973,8 @@
   and dNonempty:"d \<noteq> []"
   and "pseudo_divmod_main_list lc q (rev r) (rev d) n = (q',rev r')"
   and "n = (1 + length r - length d)"
-  shows 
-  "pseudo_divmod_main lc (monom 1 n * Poly q) (Poly r) (Poly d) (length r - 1) n = 
+  shows
+  "pseudo_divmod_main lc (monom 1 n * Poly q) (Poly r) (Poly d) (length r - 1) n =
   (Poly q', Poly r')"
 using assms(4-)
 proof(induct "n" arbitrary: r q)
@@ -4030,28 +3989,28 @@
   have n: "n = (1 + length r - length d - 1)"
     using ifCond Suc(3) by simp
   have rr_val:"(length ?rrr) = (length r - 1)" using ifCond by auto
-  hence rr_smaller: "(1 + length r - length d - 1) = (1 + length ?rrr - length d)"
+  then have rr_smaller: "(1 + length r - length d - 1) = (1 + length ?rrr - length d)"
     using rNonempty ifCond unfolding One_nat_def by auto
   from ifCond have id: "Suc (length r) - length d = Suc (length r - length d)" by auto
   have "pseudo_divmod_main_list lc ?qq (rev ?rrr) (rev d) (1 + length r - length d - 1) = (q', rev r')"
     using Suc.prems ifCond by (simp add:Let_def if_0_minus_poly_rev_list id)
-  hence v:"pseudo_divmod_main_list lc ?qq (rev ?rrr) (rev d) n = (q', rev r')"
+  then have v:"pseudo_divmod_main_list lc ?qq (rev ?rrr) (rev d) n = (q', rev r')"
     using n by auto
   have sucrr:"Suc (length r) - length d = Suc (length r - length d)"
     using Suc_diff_le ifCond not_less_eq_eq by blast
   have n_ok : "n = 1 + (length ?rrr) - length d" using Suc(3) rNonempty by simp
-  have cong: "\<And> x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4. x1 = y1 \<Longrightarrow> x2 = y2 \<Longrightarrow> x3 = y3 \<Longrightarrow> x4 = y4 \<Longrightarrow>
+  have cong: "\<And>x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4. x1 = y1 \<Longrightarrow> x2 = y2 \<Longrightarrow> x3 = y3 \<Longrightarrow> x4 = y4 \<Longrightarrow>
     pseudo_divmod_main lc x1 x2 x3 x4 n = pseudo_divmod_main lc y1 y2 y3 y4 n" by simp
   have hd_rev:"coeff (Poly r) (length r - Suc 0) = hd (rev r)"
     using last_coeff_is_hd[OF rNonempty] by simp
   show ?case unfolding Suc.hyps(1)[OF v n_ok, symmetric] pseudo_divmod_main.simps Let_def
   proof (rule cong[OF _ _ refl], goal_cases)
-    case 1 
+    case 1
     show ?case unfolding monom_Suc hd_rev[symmetric]
       by (simp add: smult_monom Poly_map)
   next
-    case 2 
-    show ?case 
+    case 2
+    show ?case
     proof (subst Poly_on_rev_starting_with_0, goal_cases)
       show "hd (minus_poly_rev_list (map (op * lc) (rev r)) (map (op * (hd (rev r))) (rev d))) = 0"
         by (fold lc, subst head_minus_poly_rev_list, insert ifCond dNonempty,auto)
@@ -4068,8 +4027,8 @@
   map_prod poly_of_list poly_of_list (pseudo_divmod_list (coeffs f) (coeffs g))"
 proof (cases "g=0")
 case False
-  hence coeffs_g_nonempty:"(coeffs g) \<noteq> []" by simp
-  hence lastcoeffs:"last (coeffs g) = coeff g (degree g)"
+  then have coeffs_g_nonempty:"(coeffs g) \<noteq> []" by simp
+  then have lastcoeffs:"last (coeffs g) = coeff g (degree g)"
     by (simp add: hd_rev last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree not_0_coeffs_not_Nil)
   obtain q r where qr: "pseudo_divmod_main_list
             (last (coeffs g)) (rev [])
@@ -4094,14 +4053,14 @@
   by auto
 qed
 
-lemma pseudo_mod_main_list: "snd (pseudo_divmod_main_list l q 
+lemma pseudo_mod_main_list: "snd (pseudo_divmod_main_list l q
   xs ys n) = pseudo_mod_main_list l xs ys n"
   by (induct n arbitrary: l q xs ys, auto simp: Let_def)
 
 lemma pseudo_mod_impl[code]: "pseudo_mod f g =
   poly_of_list (pseudo_mod_list (coeffs f) (coeffs g))"
 proof -
-  have snd_case: "\<And> f g p. snd ((\<lambda> (x,y). (f x, g y)) p) = g (snd p)" 
+  have snd_case: "\<And>f g p. snd ((\<lambda>(x,y). (f x, g y)) p) = g (snd p)"
     by auto
   show ?thesis
   unfolding pseudo_mod_def pseudo_divmod_impl pseudo_divmod_list_def
@@ -4116,9 +4075,9 @@
 lemma pdivmod_pdivmodrel: "eucl_rel_poly p q (r, s) \<longleftrightarrow> (p div q, p mod q) = (r, s)"
   by (metis eucl_rel_poly eucl_rel_poly_unique)
 
-lemma pdivmod_via_pseudo_divmod: "(f div g, f mod g) = (if g = 0 then (0,f) 
-     else let 
-       ilc = inverse (coeff g (degree g));       
+lemma pdivmod_via_pseudo_divmod: "(f div g, f mod g) = (if g = 0 then (0,f)
+     else let
+       ilc = inverse (coeff g (degree g));
        h = smult ilc g;
        (q,r) = pseudo_divmod f h
      in (smult ilc q, r))" (is "?l = ?r")
@@ -4127,26 +4086,26 @@
   define lc where "lc = inverse (coeff g (degree g))"
   define h where "h = smult lc g"
   from False have h1: "coeff h (degree h) = 1" and lc: "lc \<noteq> 0" unfolding h_def lc_def by auto
-  hence h0: "h \<noteq> 0" by auto
+  then have h0: "h \<noteq> 0" by auto
   obtain q r where p: "pseudo_divmod f h = (q,r)" by force
-  from False have id: "?r = (smult lc q, r)" 
+  from False have id: "?r = (smult lc q, r)"
     unfolding Let_def h_def[symmetric] lc_def[symmetric] p by auto
-  from pseudo_divmod[OF h0 p, unfolded h1] 
+  from pseudo_divmod[OF h0 p, unfolded h1]
   have f: "f = h * q + r" and r: "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree h" by auto
   have "eucl_rel_poly f h (q, r)" unfolding eucl_rel_poly_iff using f r h0 by auto
-  hence "(f div h, f mod h) = (q,r)" by (simp add: pdivmod_pdivmodrel)
-  hence "(f div g, f mod g) = (smult lc q, r)" 
+  then have "(f div h, f mod h) = (q,r)" by (simp add: pdivmod_pdivmodrel)
+  then have "(f div g, f mod g) = (smult lc q, r)"
     unfolding h_def div_smult_right[OF lc] mod_smult_right[OF lc]
     using lc by auto
   with id show ?thesis by auto
 qed simp
 
-lemma pdivmod_via_pseudo_divmod_list: "(f div g, f mod g) = (let 
+lemma pdivmod_via_pseudo_divmod_list: "(f div g, f mod g) = (let
   cg = coeffs g
   in if cg = [] then (0,f)
-     else let 
+     else let
        cf = coeffs f;
-       ilc = inverse (last cg);       
+       ilc = inverse (last cg);
        ch = map (op * ilc) cg;
        (q,r) = pseudo_divmod_main_list 1 [] (rev cf) (rev ch) (1 + length cf - length cg)
      in (poly_of_list (map (op * ilc) q), poly_of_list (rev r)))"
@@ -4155,22 +4114,22 @@
       pseudo_divmod_impl pseudo_divmod_list_def
   show ?thesis
   proof (cases "g = 0")
-    case True thus ?thesis unfolding d by auto
+    case True then show ?thesis unfolding d by auto
   next
     case False
     define ilc where "ilc = inverse (coeff g (degree g))"
     from False have ilc: "ilc \<noteq> 0" unfolding ilc_def by auto
-    with False have id: "(g = 0) = False" "(coeffs g = []) = False" 
-      "last (coeffs g) = coeff g (degree g)" 
+    with False have id: "(g = 0) = False" "(coeffs g = []) = False"
+      "last (coeffs g) = coeff g (degree g)"
       "(coeffs (smult ilc g) = []) = False"
-      by (auto simp: last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree) 
-    have id2: "hd (rev (coeffs (smult ilc g))) = 1"      
+      by (auto simp: last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree)
+    have id2: "hd (rev (coeffs (smult ilc g))) = 1"
       by (subst hd_rev, insert id ilc, auto simp: coeffs_smult, subst last_map, auto simp: id ilc_def)
-    have id3: "length (coeffs (smult ilc g)) = length (coeffs g)" 
+    have id3: "length (coeffs (smult ilc g)) = length (coeffs g)"
       "rev (coeffs (smult ilc g)) = rev (map (op * ilc) (coeffs g))" unfolding coeffs_smult using ilc by auto
     obtain q r where pair: "pseudo_divmod_main_list 1 [] (rev (coeffs f)) (rev (map (op * ilc) (coeffs g)))
            (1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g)) = (q,r)" by force
-    show ?thesis unfolding d Let_def id if_False ilc_def[symmetric] map_prod_def[symmetric] id2 
+    show ?thesis unfolding d Let_def id if_False ilc_def[symmetric] map_prod_def[symmetric] id2
       unfolding id3 pair map_prod_def split by (auto simp: Poly_map)
   qed
 qed
@@ -4185,11 +4144,11 @@
   show ?case by (induct n arbitrary: q r d, auto simp: Let_def)
 qed
 
-fun divide_poly_main_list :: "'a::idom_divide \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list 
+fun divide_poly_main_list :: "'a::idom_divide \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
   \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
   "divide_poly_main_list lc q r d (Suc n) = (let
      cr = hd r
-     in if cr = 0 then divide_poly_main_list lc (cCons cr q) (tl r) d n else let 
+     in if cr = 0 then divide_poly_main_list lc (cCons cr q) (tl r) d n else let
      a = cr div lc;
      qq = cCons a q;
      rr = minus_poly_rev_list r (map (op * a) d)
@@ -4231,7 +4190,7 @@
     by simp
 qed
 
-definition div_field_poly_impl :: "'a :: field poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" where 
+definition div_field_poly_impl :: "'a :: field poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" where
   "div_field_poly_impl f g = (
     let cg = coeffs g
       in if cg = [] then 0
@@ -4239,13 +4198,13 @@
                  q = fst (divmod_poly_one_main_list [] (rev cf) (rev ch) (1 + length cf - length cg))
              in poly_of_list ((map (op * ilc) q)))"
 
-text \<open>We do not declare the following lemma as code equation, since then polynomial division 
-  on non-fields will no longer be executable. However, a code-unfold is possible, since 
+text \<open>We do not declare the following lemma as code equation, since then polynomial division
+  on non-fields will no longer be executable. However, a code-unfold is possible, since
   \<open>div_field_poly_impl\<close> is a bit more efficient than the generic polynomial division.\<close>
 lemma div_field_poly_impl[code_unfold]: "op div = div_field_poly_impl"
 proof (intro ext)
   fix f g :: "'a poly"
-  have "fst (f div g, f mod g) = div_field_poly_impl f g" unfolding 
+  have "fst (f div g, f mod g) = div_field_poly_impl f g" unfolding
     div_field_poly_impl_def pdivmod_via_divmod_list Let_def by (auto split: prod.splits)
   then show "f div g =  div_field_poly_impl f g"
     by simp
@@ -4256,7 +4215,7 @@
   and lc:"last d = lc"
   and d:"d \<noteq> []"
   and "n = (1 + length r - length d)"
-  shows 
+  shows
   "Poly (divide_poly_main_list lc q (rev r) (rev d) n) =
   divide_poly_main lc (monom 1 n * Poly q) (Poly r) (Poly d) (length r - 1) n"
 using assms(4-)
@@ -4266,43 +4225,43 @@
   have r: "r \<noteq> []"
     using ifCond d using Suc_leI length_greater_0_conv list.size(3) by fastforce
   then obtain rr lcr where r: "r = rr @ [lcr]" by (cases r rule: rev_cases, auto)
-  from d lc obtain dd where d: "d = dd @ [lc]" 
+  from d lc obtain dd where d: "d = dd @ [lc]"
     by (cases d rule: rev_cases, auto)
   from Suc(2) ifCond have n: "n = 1 + length rr - length d" by (auto simp: r)
   from ifCond have len: "length dd \<le> length rr" by (simp add: r d)
   show ?case
   proof (cases "lcr div lc * lc = lcr")
     case False
-    thus ?thesis unfolding Suc(2)[symmetric] using r d
+    then show ?thesis unfolding Suc(2)[symmetric] using r d
       by (auto simp add: Let_def nth_default_append)
   next
     case True
-    hence id:
+    then have id:
     "?thesis = (Poly (divide_poly_main_list lc (cCons (lcr div lc) q)
-         (rev (rev (minus_poly_rev_list (rev rr) (rev (map (op * (lcr div lc)) dd))))) (rev d) n) = 
+         (rev (rev (minus_poly_rev_list (rev rr) (rev (map (op * (lcr div lc)) dd))))) (rev d) n) =
       divide_poly_main lc
            (monom 1 (Suc n) * Poly q + monom (lcr div lc) n)
            (Poly r - monom (lcr div lc) n * Poly d)
            (Poly d) (length rr - 1) n)"
-           using r d 
-      by (cases r rule: rev_cases; cases "d" rule: rev_cases; 
-        auto simp add: Let_def rev_map nth_default_append)      
-    have cong: "\<And> x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4. x1 = y1 \<Longrightarrow> x2 = y2 \<Longrightarrow> x3 = y3 \<Longrightarrow> x4 = y4 \<Longrightarrow>
+           using r d
+      by (cases r rule: rev_cases; cases "d" rule: rev_cases;
+        auto simp add: Let_def rev_map nth_default_append)
+    have cong: "\<And>x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4. x1 = y1 \<Longrightarrow> x2 = y2 \<Longrightarrow> x3 = y3 \<Longrightarrow> x4 = y4 \<Longrightarrow>
       divide_poly_main lc x1 x2 x3 x4 n = divide_poly_main lc y1 y2 y3 y4 n" by simp
-    show ?thesis unfolding id 
+    show ?thesis unfolding id
     proof (subst Suc(1), simp add: n,
       subst minus_poly_rev_list, force simp: len, rule cong[OF _ _ refl], goal_cases)
-      case 2 
+      case 2
       have "monom lcr (length rr) = monom (lcr div lc) (length rr - length dd) * monom lc (length dd)"
         by (simp add: mult_monom len True)
-      thus ?case unfolding r d Poly_append n ring_distribs
+      then show ?case unfolding r d Poly_append n ring_distribs
         by (auto simp: Poly_map smult_monom smult_monom_mult)
     qed (auto simp: len monom_Suc smult_monom)
   qed
 qed simp
 
 
-lemma divide_poly_list[code]: "f div g = divide_poly_list f g" 
+lemma divide_poly_list[code]: "f div g = divide_poly_list f g"
 proof -
   note d = divide_poly_def divide_poly_list_def
   show ?thesis
@@ -4311,9 +4270,9 @@
     show ?thesis unfolding d True by auto
   next
     case False
-    then obtain cg lcg where cg: "coeffs g = cg @ [lcg]" by (cases "coeffs g" rule: rev_cases, auto)    
+    then obtain cg lcg where cg: "coeffs g = cg @ [lcg]" by (cases "coeffs g" rule: rev_cases, auto)
     with False have id: "(g = 0) = False" "(cg @ [lcg] = []) = False" by auto
-    from cg False have lcg: "coeff g (degree g) = lcg" 
+    from cg False have lcg: "coeff g (degree g) = lcg"
       using last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree last_snoc by force
     with False have lcg0: "lcg \<noteq> 0" by auto
     from cg have ltp: "Poly (cg @ [lcg]) = g"