--- a/src/HOL/Library/Polynomial.thy Sat Apr 01 22:03:24 2017 +0200
+++ b/src/HOL/Library/Polynomial.thy Sat Apr 01 22:15:59 2017 +0200
@@ -8,50 +8,51 @@
section \<open>Polynomials as type over a ring structure\<close>
theory Polynomial
-imports Main "~~/src/HOL/Deriv" "~~/src/HOL/Library/More_List"
- "~~/src/HOL/Library/Infinite_Set"
+ imports
+ "~~/src/HOL/Deriv"
+ "~~/src/HOL/Library/More_List"
+ "~~/src/HOL/Library/Infinite_Set"
begin
subsection \<open>Auxiliary: operations for lists (later) representing coefficients\<close>
definition cCons :: "'a::zero \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" (infixr "##" 65)
-where
- "x ## xs = (if xs = [] \<and> x = 0 then [] else x # xs)"
-
-lemma cCons_0_Nil_eq [simp]:
- "0 ## [] = []"
+ where "x ## xs = (if xs = [] \<and> x = 0 then [] else x # xs)"
+
+lemma cCons_0_Nil_eq [simp]: "0 ## [] = []"
by (simp add: cCons_def)
-lemma cCons_Cons_eq [simp]:
- "x ## y # ys = x # y # ys"
+lemma cCons_Cons_eq [simp]: "x ## y # ys = x # y # ys"
by (simp add: cCons_def)
-lemma cCons_append_Cons_eq [simp]:
- "x ## xs @ y # ys = x # xs @ y # ys"
+lemma cCons_append_Cons_eq [simp]: "x ## xs @ y # ys = x # xs @ y # ys"
by (simp add: cCons_def)
-lemma cCons_not_0_eq [simp]:
- "x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> x ## xs = x # xs"
+lemma cCons_not_0_eq [simp]: "x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> x ## xs = x # xs"
by (simp add: cCons_def)
lemma strip_while_not_0_Cons_eq [simp]:
"strip_while (\<lambda>x. x = 0) (x # xs) = x ## strip_while (\<lambda>x. x = 0) xs"
proof (cases "x = 0")
- case False then show ?thesis by simp
+ case False
+ then show ?thesis by simp
next
- case True show ?thesis
+ case True
+ show ?thesis
proof (induct xs rule: rev_induct)
- case Nil with True show ?case by simp
+ case Nil
+ with True show ?case by simp
next
- case (snoc y ys) then show ?case
+ case (snoc y ys)
+ then show ?case
by (cases "y = 0") (simp_all add: append_Cons [symmetric] del: append_Cons)
qed
qed
-lemma tl_cCons [simp]:
- "tl (x ## xs) = xs"
+lemma tl_cCons [simp]: "tl (x ## xs) = xs"
by (simp add: cCons_def)
+
subsection \<open>Definition of type \<open>poly\<close>\<close>
typedef (overloaded) 'a poly = "{f :: nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::zero. \<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity> n. f n = 0}"
@@ -73,8 +74,7 @@
subsection \<open>Degree of a polynomial\<close>
definition degree :: "'a::zero poly \<Rightarrow> nat"
-where
- "degree p = (LEAST n. \<forall>i>n. coeff p i = 0)"
+ where "degree p = (LEAST n. \<forall>i>n. coeff p i = 0)"
lemma coeff_eq_0:
assumes "degree p < n"
@@ -109,12 +109,10 @@
end
-lemma coeff_0 [simp]:
- "coeff 0 n = 0"
+lemma coeff_0 [simp]: "coeff 0 n = 0"
by transfer rule
-lemma degree_0 [simp]:
- "degree 0 = 0"
+lemma degree_0 [simp]: "degree 0 = 0"
by (rule order_antisym [OF degree_le le0]) simp
lemma leading_coeff_neq_0:
@@ -122,48 +120,52 @@
shows "coeff p (degree p) \<noteq> 0"
proof (cases "degree p")
case 0
- from \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> have "\<exists>n. coeff p n \<noteq> 0"
- by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
- then obtain n where "coeff p n \<noteq> 0" ..
- hence "n \<le> degree p" by (rule le_degree)
- with \<open>coeff p n \<noteq> 0\<close> and \<open>degree p = 0\<close>
- show "coeff p (degree p) \<noteq> 0" by simp
+ from \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> obtain n where "coeff p n \<noteq> 0"
+ by (auto simp add: poly_eq_iff)
+ then have "n \<le> degree p"
+ by (rule le_degree)
+ with \<open>coeff p n \<noteq> 0\<close> and \<open>degree p = 0\<close> show "coeff p (degree p) \<noteq> 0"
+ by simp
next
case (Suc n)
- from \<open>degree p = Suc n\<close> have "n < degree p" by simp
- hence "\<exists>i>n. coeff p i \<noteq> 0" by (rule less_degree_imp)
- then obtain i where "n < i" and "coeff p i \<noteq> 0" by fast
- from \<open>degree p = Suc n\<close> and \<open>n < i\<close> have "degree p \<le> i" by simp
- also from \<open>coeff p i \<noteq> 0\<close> have "i \<le> degree p" by (rule le_degree)
+ from \<open>degree p = Suc n\<close> have "n < degree p"
+ by simp
+ then have "\<exists>i>n. coeff p i \<noteq> 0"
+ by (rule less_degree_imp)
+ then obtain i where "n < i" and "coeff p i \<noteq> 0"
+ by blast
+ from \<open>degree p = Suc n\<close> and \<open>n < i\<close> have "degree p \<le> i"
+ by simp
+ also from \<open>coeff p i \<noteq> 0\<close> have "i \<le> degree p"
+ by (rule le_degree)
finally have "degree p = i" .
with \<open>coeff p i \<noteq> 0\<close> show "coeff p (degree p) \<noteq> 0" by simp
qed
-lemma leading_coeff_0_iff [simp]:
- "coeff p (degree p) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
- by (cases "p = 0", simp, simp add: leading_coeff_neq_0)
+lemma leading_coeff_0_iff [simp]: "coeff p (degree p) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
+ by (cases "p = 0") (simp_all add: leading_coeff_neq_0)
lemma eq_zero_or_degree_less:
assumes "degree p \<le> n" and "coeff p n = 0"
shows "p = 0 \<or> degree p < n"
proof (cases n)
case 0
- with \<open>degree p \<le> n\<close> and \<open>coeff p n = 0\<close>
- have "coeff p (degree p) = 0" by simp
+ with \<open>degree p \<le> n\<close> and \<open>coeff p n = 0\<close> have "coeff p (degree p) = 0"
+ by simp
then have "p = 0" by simp
then show ?thesis ..
next
case (Suc m)
- have "\<forall>i>n. coeff p i = 0"
- using \<open>degree p \<le> n\<close> by (simp add: coeff_eq_0)
- then have "\<forall>i\<ge>n. coeff p i = 0"
- using \<open>coeff p n = 0\<close> by (simp add: le_less)
- then have "\<forall>i>m. coeff p i = 0"
- using \<open>n = Suc m\<close> by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le)
+ from \<open>degree p \<le> n\<close> have "\<forall>i>n. coeff p i = 0"
+ by (simp add: coeff_eq_0)
+ with \<open>coeff p n = 0\<close> have "\<forall>i\<ge>n. coeff p i = 0"
+ by (simp add: le_less)
+ with \<open>n = Suc m\<close> have "\<forall>i>m. coeff p i = 0"
+ by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le)
then have "degree p \<le> m"
by (rule degree_le)
- then have "degree p < n"
- using \<open>n = Suc m\<close> by (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le)
+ with \<open>n = Suc m\<close> have "degree p < n"
+ by (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le)
then show ?thesis ..
qed
@@ -179,32 +181,26 @@
lemmas coeff_pCons = pCons.rep_eq
-lemma coeff_pCons_0 [simp]:
- "coeff (pCons a p) 0 = a"
+lemma coeff_pCons_0 [simp]: "coeff (pCons a p) 0 = a"
by transfer simp
-lemma coeff_pCons_Suc [simp]:
- "coeff (pCons a p) (Suc n) = coeff p n"
+lemma coeff_pCons_Suc [simp]: "coeff (pCons a p) (Suc n) = coeff p n"
by (simp add: coeff_pCons)
-lemma degree_pCons_le:
- "degree (pCons a p) \<le> Suc (degree p)"
+lemma degree_pCons_le: "degree (pCons a p) \<le> Suc (degree p)"
by (rule degree_le) (simp add: coeff_eq_0 coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
-lemma degree_pCons_eq:
- "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree (pCons a p) = Suc (degree p)"
+lemma degree_pCons_eq: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree (pCons a p) = Suc (degree p)"
apply (rule order_antisym [OF degree_pCons_le])
apply (rule le_degree, simp)
done
-lemma degree_pCons_0:
- "degree (pCons a 0) = 0"
+lemma degree_pCons_0: "degree (pCons a 0) = 0"
apply (rule order_antisym [OF _ le0])
apply (rule degree_le, simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
done
-lemma degree_pCons_eq_if [simp]:
- "degree (pCons a p) = (if p = 0 then 0 else Suc (degree p))"
+lemma degree_pCons_eq_if [simp]: "degree (pCons a p) = (if p = 0 then 0 else Suc (degree p))"
apply (cases "p = 0", simp_all)
apply (rule order_antisym [OF _ le0])
apply (rule degree_le, simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
@@ -212,25 +208,25 @@
apply (rule le_degree, simp)
done
-lemma pCons_0_0 [simp]:
- "pCons 0 0 = 0"
+lemma pCons_0_0 [simp]: "pCons 0 0 = 0"
by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
-lemma pCons_eq_iff [simp]:
- "pCons a p = pCons b q \<longleftrightarrow> a = b \<and> p = q"
+lemma pCons_eq_iff [simp]: "pCons a p = pCons b q \<longleftrightarrow> a = b \<and> p = q"
proof safe
assume "pCons a p = pCons b q"
- then have "coeff (pCons a p) 0 = coeff (pCons b q) 0" by simp
- then show "a = b" by simp
+ then have "coeff (pCons a p) 0 = coeff (pCons b q) 0"
+ by simp
+ then show "a = b"
+ by simp
next
assume "pCons a p = pCons b q"
- then have "\<forall>n. coeff (pCons a p) (Suc n) =
- coeff (pCons b q) (Suc n)" by simp
- then show "p = q" by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
+ then have "coeff (pCons a p) (Suc n) = coeff (pCons b q) (Suc n)" for n
+ by simp
+ then show "p = q"
+ by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
qed
-lemma pCons_eq_0_iff [simp]:
- "pCons a p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a = 0 \<and> p = 0"
+lemma pCons_eq_0_iff [simp]: "pCons a p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a = 0 \<and> p = 0"
using pCons_eq_iff [of a p 0 0] by simp
lemma pCons_cases [cases type: poly]:
@@ -238,8 +234,8 @@
proof
show "p = pCons (coeff p 0) (Abs_poly (\<lambda>n. coeff p (Suc n)))"
by transfer
- (simp_all add: MOST_inj[where f=Suc and P="\<lambda>n. p n = 0" for p] fun_eq_iff Abs_poly_inverse
- split: nat.split)
+ (simp_all add: MOST_inj[where f=Suc and P="\<lambda>n. p n = 0" for p] fun_eq_iff Abs_poly_inverse
+ split: nat.split)
qed
lemma pCons_induct [case_names 0 pCons, induct type: poly]:
@@ -257,8 +253,8 @@
case False
then have "degree (pCons a q) = Suc (degree q)"
by (rule degree_pCons_eq)
- then have "degree q < degree p"
- using \<open>p = pCons a q\<close> by simp
+ with \<open>p = pCons a q\<close> have "degree q < degree p"
+ by simp
then show "P q"
by (rule less.hyps)
qed
@@ -270,8 +266,8 @@
case False
with zero show ?thesis by simp
qed
- then show ?case
- using \<open>p = pCons a q\<close> by simp
+ with \<open>p = pCons a q\<close> show ?case
+ by simp
qed
lemma degree_eq_zeroE:
@@ -279,10 +275,13 @@
assumes "degree p = 0"
obtains a where "p = pCons a 0"
proof -
- obtain a q where p: "p = pCons a q" by (cases p)
- with assms have "q = 0" by (cases "q = 0") simp_all
- with p have "p = pCons a 0" by simp
- with that show thesis .
+ obtain a q where p: "p = pCons a q"
+ by (cases p)
+ with assms have "q = 0"
+ by (cases "q = 0") simp_all
+ with p have "p = pCons a 0"
+ by simp
+ then show thesis ..
qed
@@ -293,139 +292,112 @@
subsection \<open>List-style syntax for polynomials\<close>
-syntax
- "_poly" :: "args \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" ("[:(_):]")
-
+syntax "_poly" :: "args \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" ("[:(_):]")
translations
- "[:x, xs:]" == "CONST pCons x [:xs:]"
- "[:x:]" == "CONST pCons x 0"
- "[:x:]" <= "CONST pCons x (_constrain 0 t)"
+ "[:x, xs:]" \<rightleftharpoons> "CONST pCons x [:xs:]"
+ "[:x:]" \<rightleftharpoons> "CONST pCons x 0"
+ "[:x:]" \<leftharpoondown> "CONST pCons x (_constrain 0 t)"
subsection \<open>Representation of polynomials by lists of coefficients\<close>
primrec Poly :: "'a::zero list \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
-where
- [code_post]: "Poly [] = 0"
-| [code_post]: "Poly (a # as) = pCons a (Poly as)"
-
-lemma Poly_replicate_0 [simp]:
- "Poly (replicate n 0) = 0"
+ where
+ [code_post]: "Poly [] = 0"
+ | [code_post]: "Poly (a # as) = pCons a (Poly as)"
+
+lemma Poly_replicate_0 [simp]: "Poly (replicate n 0) = 0"
by (induct n) simp_all
-lemma Poly_eq_0:
- "Poly as = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>n. as = replicate n 0)"
+lemma Poly_eq_0: "Poly as = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>n. as = replicate n 0)"
by (induct as) (auto simp add: Cons_replicate_eq)
-lemma Poly_append_replicate_zero [simp]:
- "Poly (as @ replicate n 0) = Poly as"
+lemma Poly_append_replicate_zero [simp]: "Poly (as @ replicate n 0) = Poly as"
by (induct as) simp_all
-lemma Poly_snoc_zero [simp]:
- "Poly (as @ [0]) = Poly as"
+lemma Poly_snoc_zero [simp]: "Poly (as @ [0]) = Poly as"
using Poly_append_replicate_zero [of as 1] by simp
-lemma Poly_cCons_eq_pCons_Poly [simp]:
- "Poly (a ## p) = pCons a (Poly p)"
+lemma Poly_cCons_eq_pCons_Poly [simp]: "Poly (a ## p) = pCons a (Poly p)"
by (simp add: cCons_def)
-lemma Poly_on_rev_starting_with_0 [simp]:
- assumes "hd as = 0"
- shows "Poly (rev (tl as)) = Poly (rev as)"
- using assms by (cases as) simp_all
+lemma Poly_on_rev_starting_with_0 [simp]: "hd as = 0 \<Longrightarrow> Poly (rev (tl as)) = Poly (rev as)"
+ by (cases as) simp_all
lemma degree_Poly: "degree (Poly xs) \<le> length xs"
- by (induction xs) simp_all
-
-lemma coeff_Poly_eq [simp]:
- "coeff (Poly xs) = nth_default 0 xs"
+ by (induct xs) simp_all
+
+lemma coeff_Poly_eq [simp]: "coeff (Poly xs) = nth_default 0 xs"
by (induct xs) (simp_all add: fun_eq_iff coeff_pCons split: nat.splits)
definition coeffs :: "'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a::zero list"
-where
- "coeffs p = (if p = 0 then [] else map (\<lambda>i. coeff p i) [0 ..< Suc (degree p)])"
-
-lemma coeffs_eq_Nil [simp]:
- "coeffs p = [] \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
+ where "coeffs p = (if p = 0 then [] else map (\<lambda>i. coeff p i) [0 ..< Suc (degree p)])"
+
+lemma coeffs_eq_Nil [simp]: "coeffs p = [] \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
by (simp add: coeffs_def)
-lemma not_0_coeffs_not_Nil:
- "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> coeffs p \<noteq> []"
+lemma not_0_coeffs_not_Nil: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> coeffs p \<noteq> []"
by simp
-lemma coeffs_0_eq_Nil [simp]:
- "coeffs 0 = []"
+lemma coeffs_0_eq_Nil [simp]: "coeffs 0 = []"
by simp
-lemma coeffs_pCons_eq_cCons [simp]:
- "coeffs (pCons a p) = a ## coeffs p"
+lemma coeffs_pCons_eq_cCons [simp]: "coeffs (pCons a p) = a ## coeffs p"
proof -
- { fix ms :: "nat list" and f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a" and x :: "'a"
- assume "\<forall>m\<in>set ms. m > 0"
- then have "map (case_nat x f) ms = map f (map (\<lambda>n. n - 1) ms)"
- by (induct ms) (auto split: nat.split)
- }
- note * = this
+ have *: "\<forall>m\<in>set ms. m > 0 \<Longrightarrow> map (case_nat x f) ms = map f (map (\<lambda>n. n - 1) ms)"
+ for ms :: "nat list" and f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a" and x :: "'a"
+ by (induct ms) (auto split: nat.split)
show ?thesis
- by (simp add: coeffs_def * upt_conv_Cons coeff_pCons map_decr_upt del: upt_Suc)
+ by (simp add: * coeffs_def upt_conv_Cons coeff_pCons map_decr_upt del: upt_Suc)
qed
lemma length_coeffs: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> length (coeffs p) = degree p + 1"
by (simp add: coeffs_def)
-lemma coeffs_nth:
- assumes "p \<noteq> 0" "n \<le> degree p"
- shows "coeffs p ! n = coeff p n"
- using assms unfolding coeffs_def by (auto simp del: upt_Suc)
-
-lemma coeff_in_coeffs:
- "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> n \<le> degree p \<Longrightarrow> coeff p n \<in> set (coeffs p)"
- using coeffs_nth [of p n, symmetric]
- by (simp add: length_coeffs)
-
-lemma not_0_cCons_eq [simp]:
- "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> a ## coeffs p = a # coeffs p"
+lemma coeffs_nth: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> n \<le> degree p \<Longrightarrow> coeffs p ! n = coeff p n"
+ by (auto simp: coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc)
+
+lemma coeff_in_coeffs: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> n \<le> degree p \<Longrightarrow> coeff p n \<in> set (coeffs p)"
+ using coeffs_nth [of p n, symmetric] by (simp add: length_coeffs)
+
+lemma not_0_cCons_eq [simp]: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> a ## coeffs p = a # coeffs p"
by (simp add: cCons_def)
-lemma Poly_coeffs [simp, code abstype]:
- "Poly (coeffs p) = p"
+lemma Poly_coeffs [simp, code abstype]: "Poly (coeffs p) = p"
by (induct p) auto
-lemma coeffs_Poly [simp]:
- "coeffs (Poly as) = strip_while (HOL.eq 0) as"
+lemma coeffs_Poly [simp]: "coeffs (Poly as) = strip_while (HOL.eq 0) as"
proof (induct as)
- case Nil then show ?case by simp
+ case Nil
+ then show ?case by simp
next
case (Cons a as)
- have "(\<forall>n. as \<noteq> replicate n 0) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>a\<in>set as. a \<noteq> 0)"
- using replicate_length_same [of as 0] by (auto dest: sym [of _ as])
+ from replicate_length_same [of as 0] have "(\<forall>n. as \<noteq> replicate n 0) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>a\<in>set as. a \<noteq> 0)"
+ by (auto dest: sym [of _ as])
with Cons show ?case by auto
qed
-lemma last_coeffs_not_0:
- "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> last (coeffs p) \<noteq> 0"
+lemma last_coeffs_not_0: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> last (coeffs p) \<noteq> 0"
by (induct p) (auto simp add: cCons_def)
-lemma strip_while_coeffs [simp]:
- "strip_while (HOL.eq 0) (coeffs p) = coeffs p"
+lemma strip_while_coeffs [simp]: "strip_while (HOL.eq 0) (coeffs p) = coeffs p"
by (cases "p = 0") (auto dest: last_coeffs_not_0 intro: strip_while_not_last)
-lemma coeffs_eq_iff:
- "p = q \<longleftrightarrow> coeffs p = coeffs q" (is "?P \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q")
+lemma coeffs_eq_iff: "p = q \<longleftrightarrow> coeffs p = coeffs q"
+ (is "?P \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q")
proof
- assume ?P then show ?Q by simp
+ assume ?P
+ then show ?Q by simp
next
assume ?Q
then have "Poly (coeffs p) = Poly (coeffs q)" by simp
then show ?P by simp
qed
-lemma nth_default_coeffs_eq:
- "nth_default 0 (coeffs p) = coeff p"
+lemma nth_default_coeffs_eq: "nth_default 0 (coeffs p) = coeff p"
by (simp add: fun_eq_iff coeff_Poly_eq [symmetric])
-lemma [code]:
- "coeff p = nth_default 0 (coeffs p)"
+lemma [code]: "coeff p = nth_default 0 (coeffs p)"
by (simp add: nth_default_coeffs_eq)
lemma coeffs_eqI:
@@ -434,30 +406,25 @@
shows "coeffs p = xs"
proof -
from coeff have "p = Poly xs" by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
- with zero show ?thesis by simp (cases xs, simp_all)
+ with zero show ?thesis by simp (cases xs; simp)
qed
-lemma degree_eq_length_coeffs [code]:
- "degree p = length (coeffs p) - 1"
+lemma degree_eq_length_coeffs [code]: "degree p = length (coeffs p) - 1"
by (simp add: coeffs_def)
-lemma length_coeffs_degree:
- "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> length (coeffs p) = Suc (degree p)"
- by (induct p) (auto simp add: cCons_def)
-
-lemma [code abstract]:
- "coeffs 0 = []"
+lemma length_coeffs_degree: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> length (coeffs p) = Suc (degree p)"
+ by (induct p) (auto simp: cCons_def)
+
+lemma [code abstract]: "coeffs 0 = []"
by (fact coeffs_0_eq_Nil)
-lemma [code abstract]:
- "coeffs (pCons a p) = a ## coeffs p"
+lemma [code abstract]: "coeffs (pCons a p) = a ## coeffs p"
by (fact coeffs_pCons_eq_cCons)
instantiation poly :: ("{zero, equal}") equal
begin
-definition
- [code]: "HOL.equal (p::'a poly) q \<longleftrightarrow> HOL.equal (coeffs p) (coeffs q)"
+definition [code]: "HOL.equal (p::'a poly) q \<longleftrightarrow> HOL.equal (coeffs p) (coeffs q)"
instance
by standard (simp add: equal equal_poly_def coeffs_eq_iff)
@@ -468,41 +435,34 @@
by (fact equal_refl)
definition is_zero :: "'a::zero poly \<Rightarrow> bool"
-where
- [code]: "is_zero p \<longleftrightarrow> List.null (coeffs p)"
-
-lemma is_zero_null [code_abbrev]:
- "is_zero p \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
+ where [code]: "is_zero p \<longleftrightarrow> List.null (coeffs p)"
+
+lemma is_zero_null [code_abbrev]: "is_zero p \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
by (simp add: is_zero_def null_def)
+
subsubsection \<open>Reconstructing the polynomial from the list\<close>
\<comment> \<open>contributed by Sebastiaan J.C. Joosten and René Thiemann\<close>
definition poly_of_list :: "'a::comm_monoid_add list \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
-where
- [simp]: "poly_of_list = Poly"
-
-lemma poly_of_list_impl [code abstract]:
- "coeffs (poly_of_list as) = strip_while (HOL.eq 0) as"
+ where [simp]: "poly_of_list = Poly"
+
+lemma poly_of_list_impl [code abstract]: "coeffs (poly_of_list as) = strip_while (HOL.eq 0) as"
by simp
subsection \<open>Fold combinator for polynomials\<close>
definition fold_coeffs :: "('a::zero \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'b"
-where
- "fold_coeffs f p = foldr f (coeffs p)"
-
-lemma fold_coeffs_0_eq [simp]:
- "fold_coeffs f 0 = id"
+ where "fold_coeffs f p = foldr f (coeffs p)"
+
+lemma fold_coeffs_0_eq [simp]: "fold_coeffs f 0 = id"
by (simp add: fold_coeffs_def)
-lemma fold_coeffs_pCons_eq [simp]:
- "f 0 = id \<Longrightarrow> fold_coeffs f (pCons a p) = f a \<circ> fold_coeffs f p"
+lemma fold_coeffs_pCons_eq [simp]: "f 0 = id \<Longrightarrow> fold_coeffs f (pCons a p) = f a \<circ> fold_coeffs f p"
by (simp add: fold_coeffs_def cCons_def fun_eq_iff)
-lemma fold_coeffs_pCons_0_0_eq [simp]:
- "fold_coeffs f (pCons 0 0) = id"
+lemma fold_coeffs_pCons_0_0_eq [simp]: "fold_coeffs f (pCons 0 0) = id"
by (simp add: fold_coeffs_def)
lemma fold_coeffs_pCons_coeff_not_0_eq [simp]:
@@ -517,35 +477,39 @@
subsection \<open>Canonical morphism on polynomials -- evaluation\<close>
definition poly :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"
-where
- "poly p = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a f x. a + x * f x) p (\<lambda>x. 0)" \<comment> \<open>The Horner Schema\<close>
-
-lemma poly_0 [simp]:
- "poly 0 x = 0"
+ where "poly p = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a f x. a + x * f x) p (\<lambda>x. 0)" \<comment> \<open>The Horner Schema\<close>
+
+lemma poly_0 [simp]: "poly 0 x = 0"
by (simp add: poly_def)
-
-lemma poly_pCons [simp]:
- "poly (pCons a p) x = a + x * poly p x"
+
+lemma poly_pCons [simp]: "poly (pCons a p) x = a + x * poly p x"
by (cases "p = 0 \<and> a = 0") (auto simp add: poly_def)
-lemma poly_altdef:
- "poly p (x :: 'a :: {comm_semiring_0, semiring_1}) = (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. coeff p i * x ^ i)"
+lemma poly_altdef: "poly p x = (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. coeff p i * x ^ i)"
+ for x :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_1}"
proof (induction p rule: pCons_induct)
+ case 0
+ then show ?case
+ by simp
+next
case (pCons a p)
- show ?case
- proof (cases "p = 0")
- case False
- let ?p' = "pCons a p"
- note poly_pCons[of a p x]
- also note pCons.IH
- also have "a + x * (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. coeff p i * x ^ i) =
- coeff ?p' 0 * x^0 + (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. coeff ?p' (Suc i) * x^Suc i)"
- by (simp add: field_simps sum_distrib_left coeff_pCons)
- also note sum_atMost_Suc_shift[symmetric]
- also note degree_pCons_eq[OF \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close>, of a, symmetric]
- finally show ?thesis .
- qed simp
-qed simp
+ show ?case
+ proof (cases "p = 0")
+ case True
+ then show ?thesis by simp
+ next
+ case False
+ let ?p' = "pCons a p"
+ note poly_pCons[of a p x]
+ also note pCons.IH
+ also have "a + x * (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. coeff p i * x ^ i) =
+ coeff ?p' 0 * x^0 + (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. coeff ?p' (Suc i) * x^Suc i)"
+ by (simp add: field_simps sum_distrib_left coeff_pCons)
+ also note sum_atMost_Suc_shift[symmetric]
+ also note degree_pCons_eq[OF \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close>, of a, symmetric]
+ finally show ?thesis .
+ qed
+qed
lemma poly_0_coeff_0: "poly p 0 = coeff p 0"
by (cases p) (auto simp: poly_altdef)
@@ -557,16 +521,13 @@
is "\<lambda>a m n. if m = n then a else 0"
by (simp add: MOST_iff_cofinite)
-lemma coeff_monom [simp]:
- "coeff (monom a m) n = (if m = n then a else 0)"
+lemma coeff_monom [simp]: "coeff (monom a m) n = (if m = n then a else 0)"
by transfer rule
-lemma monom_0:
- "monom a 0 = pCons a 0"
+lemma monom_0: "monom a 0 = pCons a 0"
by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
-lemma monom_Suc:
- "monom a (Suc n) = pCons 0 (monom a n)"
+lemma monom_Suc: "monom a (Suc n) = pCons 0 (monom a n)"
by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
lemma monom_eq_0 [simp]: "monom 0 n = 0"
@@ -583,26 +544,24 @@
lemma degree_monom_eq: "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree (monom a n) = n"
apply (rule order_antisym [OF degree_monom_le])
- apply (rule le_degree, simp)
+ apply (rule le_degree)
+ apply simp
done
lemma coeffs_monom [code abstract]:
"coeffs (monom a n) = (if a = 0 then [] else replicate n 0 @ [a])"
by (induct n) (simp_all add: monom_0 monom_Suc)
-lemma fold_coeffs_monom [simp]:
- "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> fold_coeffs f (monom a n) = f 0 ^^ n \<circ> f a"
+lemma fold_coeffs_monom [simp]: "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> fold_coeffs f (monom a n) = f 0 ^^ n \<circ> f a"
by (simp add: fold_coeffs_def coeffs_monom fun_eq_iff)
-lemma poly_monom:
- fixes a x :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1}"
- shows "poly (monom a n) x = a * x ^ n"
- by (cases "a = 0", simp_all)
- (induct n, simp_all add: mult.left_commute poly_def)
+lemma poly_monom: "poly (monom a n) x = a * x ^ n"
+ for a x :: "'a::comm_semiring_1"
+ by (cases "a = 0", simp_all) (induct n, simp_all add: mult.left_commute poly_def)
lemma monom_eq_iff': "monom c n = monom d m \<longleftrightarrow> c = d \<and> (c = 0 \<or> n = m)"
by (auto simp: poly_eq_iff)
-
+
lemma monom_eq_const_iff: "monom c n = [:d:] \<longleftrightarrow> c = d \<and> (c = 0 \<or> n = 0)"
using monom_eq_iff'[of c n d 0] by (simp add: monom_0)
@@ -700,74 +659,56 @@
end
-lemma add_pCons [simp]:
- "pCons a p + pCons b q = pCons (a + b) (p + q)"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
-
-lemma minus_pCons [simp]:
- "- pCons a p = pCons (- a) (- p)"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
-
-lemma diff_pCons [simp]:
- "pCons a p - pCons b q = pCons (a - b) (p - q)"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
+lemma add_pCons [simp]: "pCons a p + pCons b q = pCons (a + b) (p + q)"
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
+
+lemma minus_pCons [simp]: "- pCons a p = pCons (- a) (- p)"
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
+
+lemma diff_pCons [simp]: "pCons a p - pCons b q = pCons (a - b) (p - q)"
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
lemma degree_add_le_max: "degree (p + q) \<le> max (degree p) (degree q)"
- by (rule degree_le, auto simp add: coeff_eq_0)
-
-lemma degree_add_le:
- "\<lbrakk>degree p \<le> n; degree q \<le> n\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) \<le> n"
+ by (rule degree_le) (auto simp add: coeff_eq_0)
+
+lemma degree_add_le: "degree p \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> degree q \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) \<le> n"
by (auto intro: order_trans degree_add_le_max)
-lemma degree_add_less:
- "\<lbrakk>degree p < n; degree q < n\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) < n"
+lemma degree_add_less: "degree p < n \<Longrightarrow> degree q < n \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) < n"
by (auto intro: le_less_trans degree_add_le_max)
-lemma degree_add_eq_right:
- "degree p < degree q \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) = degree q"
- apply (cases "q = 0", simp)
+lemma degree_add_eq_right: "degree p < degree q \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) = degree q"
+ apply (cases "q = 0")
+ apply simp
apply (rule order_antisym)
- apply (simp add: degree_add_le)
+ apply (simp add: degree_add_le)
apply (rule le_degree)
apply (simp add: coeff_eq_0)
done
-lemma degree_add_eq_left:
- "degree q < degree p \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) = degree p"
- using degree_add_eq_right [of q p]
- by (simp add: add.commute)
-
-lemma degree_minus [simp]:
- "degree (- p) = degree p"
- unfolding degree_def by simp
-
-lemma lead_coeff_add_le:
- assumes "degree p < degree q"
- shows "lead_coeff (p + q) = lead_coeff q"
- using assms
+lemma degree_add_eq_left: "degree q < degree p \<Longrightarrow> degree (p + q) = degree p"
+ using degree_add_eq_right [of q p] by (simp add: add.commute)
+
+lemma degree_minus [simp]: "degree (- p) = degree p"
+ by (simp add: degree_def)
+
+lemma lead_coeff_add_le: "degree p < degree q \<Longrightarrow> lead_coeff (p + q) = lead_coeff q"
by (metis coeff_add coeff_eq_0 monoid_add_class.add.left_neutral degree_add_eq_right)
-lemma lead_coeff_minus:
- "lead_coeff (- p) = - lead_coeff p"
+lemma lead_coeff_minus: "lead_coeff (- p) = - lead_coeff p"
by (metis coeff_minus degree_minus)
-lemma degree_diff_le_max:
- fixes p q :: "'a :: ab_group_add poly"
- shows "degree (p - q) \<le> max (degree p) (degree q)"
- using degree_add_le [where p=p and q="-q"]
- by simp
-
-lemma degree_diff_le:
- fixes p q :: "'a :: ab_group_add poly"
- assumes "degree p \<le> n" and "degree q \<le> n"
- shows "degree (p - q) \<le> n"
- using assms degree_add_le [of p n "- q"] by simp
-
-lemma degree_diff_less:
- fixes p q :: "'a :: ab_group_add poly"
- assumes "degree p < n" and "degree q < n"
- shows "degree (p - q) < n"
- using assms degree_add_less [of p n "- q"] by simp
+lemma degree_diff_le_max: "degree (p - q) \<le> max (degree p) (degree q)"
+ for p q :: "'a::ab_group_add poly"
+ using degree_add_le [where p=p and q="-q"] by simp
+
+lemma degree_diff_le: "degree p \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> degree q \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> degree (p - q) \<le> n"
+ for p q :: "'a::ab_group_add poly"
+ using degree_add_le [of p n "- q"] by simp
+
+lemma degree_diff_less: "degree p < n \<Longrightarrow> degree q < n \<Longrightarrow> degree (p - q) < n"
+ for p q :: "'a::ab_group_add poly"
+ using degree_add_less [of p n "- q"] by simp
lemma add_monom: "monom a n + monom b n = monom (a + b) n"
by (rule poly_eqI) simp
@@ -775,99 +716,99 @@
lemma diff_monom: "monom a n - monom b n = monom (a - b) n"
by (rule poly_eqI) simp
-lemma minus_monom: "- monom a n = monom (-a) n"
+lemma minus_monom: "- monom a n = monom (- a) n"
by (rule poly_eqI) simp
lemma coeff_sum: "coeff (\<Sum>x\<in>A. p x) i = (\<Sum>x\<in>A. coeff (p x) i)"
- by (cases "finite A", induct set: finite, simp_all)
+ by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
lemma monom_sum: "monom (\<Sum>x\<in>A. a x) n = (\<Sum>x\<in>A. monom (a x) n)"
by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_sum)
fun plus_coeffs :: "'a::comm_monoid_add list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"
-where
- "plus_coeffs xs [] = xs"
-| "plus_coeffs [] ys = ys"
-| "plus_coeffs (x # xs) (y # ys) = (x + y) ## plus_coeffs xs ys"
+ where
+ "plus_coeffs xs [] = xs"
+ | "plus_coeffs [] ys = ys"
+ | "plus_coeffs (x # xs) (y # ys) = (x + y) ## plus_coeffs xs ys"
lemma coeffs_plus_eq_plus_coeffs [code abstract]:
"coeffs (p + q) = plus_coeffs (coeffs p) (coeffs q)"
proof -
- { fix xs ys :: "'a list" and n
- have "nth_default 0 (plus_coeffs xs ys) n = nth_default 0 xs n + nth_default 0 ys n"
- proof (induct xs ys arbitrary: n rule: plus_coeffs.induct)
- case (3 x xs y ys n)
- then show ?case by (cases n) (auto simp add: cCons_def)
- qed simp_all }
- note * = this
- { fix xs ys :: "'a list"
- assume "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last xs \<noteq> 0" and "ys \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last ys \<noteq> 0"
- moreover assume "plus_coeffs xs ys \<noteq> []"
- ultimately have "last (plus_coeffs xs ys) \<noteq> 0"
- proof (induct xs ys rule: plus_coeffs.induct)
- case (3 x xs y ys) then show ?case by (auto simp add: cCons_def) metis
- qed simp_all }
- note ** = this
+ have *: "nth_default 0 (plus_coeffs xs ys) n = nth_default 0 xs n + nth_default 0 ys n"
+ for xs ys :: "'a list" and n
+ proof (induct xs ys arbitrary: n rule: plus_coeffs.induct)
+ case 3
+ then show ?case by (cases n) (auto simp: cCons_def)
+ qed simp_all
+ have **: "last (plus_coeffs xs ys) \<noteq> 0"
+ if "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last xs \<noteq> 0" and "ys \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last ys \<noteq> 0" and "plus_coeffs xs ys \<noteq> []"
+ for xs ys :: "'a list"
+ using that
+ proof (induct xs ys rule: plus_coeffs.induct)
+ case 3
+ then show ?case by (auto simp add: cCons_def) metis
+ qed simp_all
show ?thesis
apply (rule coeffs_eqI)
- apply (simp add: * nth_default_coeffs_eq)
+ apply (simp add: * nth_default_coeffs_eq)
apply (rule **)
- apply (auto dest: last_coeffs_not_0)
+ apply (auto dest: last_coeffs_not_0)
done
qed
-lemma coeffs_uminus [code abstract]:
- "coeffs (- p) = map (\<lambda>a. - a) (coeffs p)"
+lemma coeffs_uminus [code abstract]: "coeffs (- p) = map (\<lambda>a. - a) (coeffs p)"
by (rule coeffs_eqI)
(simp_all add: not_0_coeffs_not_Nil last_map last_coeffs_not_0 nth_default_map_eq nth_default_coeffs_eq)
-lemma [code]:
- fixes p q :: "'a::ab_group_add poly"
- shows "p - q = p + - q"
+lemma [code]: "p - q = p + - q"
+ for p q :: "'a::ab_group_add poly"
by (fact diff_conv_add_uminus)
lemma poly_add [simp]: "poly (p + q) x = poly p x + poly q x"
- apply (induct p arbitrary: q, simp)
+ apply (induct p arbitrary: q)
+ apply simp
apply (case_tac q, simp, simp add: algebra_simps)
done
-lemma poly_minus [simp]:
- fixes x :: "'a::comm_ring"
- shows "poly (- p) x = - poly p x"
+lemma poly_minus [simp]: "poly (- p) x = - poly p x"
+ for x :: "'a::comm_ring"
by (induct p) simp_all
-lemma poly_diff [simp]:
- fixes x :: "'a::comm_ring"
- shows "poly (p - q) x = poly p x - poly q x"
+lemma poly_diff [simp]: "poly (p - q) x = poly p x - poly q x"
+ for x :: "'a::comm_ring"
using poly_add [of p "- q" x] by simp
lemma poly_sum: "poly (\<Sum>k\<in>A. p k) x = (\<Sum>k\<in>A. poly (p k) x)"
by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
-lemma degree_sum_le: "finite S \<Longrightarrow> (\<And> p . p \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> degree (f p) \<le> n)
- \<Longrightarrow> degree (sum f S) \<le> n"
+lemma degree_sum_le: "finite S \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>p. p \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> degree (f p) \<le> n) \<Longrightarrow> degree (sum f S) \<le> n"
proof (induct S rule: finite_induct)
+ case empty
+ then show ?case by simp
+next
case (insert p S)
- hence "degree (sum f S) \<le> n" "degree (f p) \<le> n" by auto
- thus ?case unfolding sum.insert[OF insert(1-2)] by (metis degree_add_le)
-qed simp
-
-lemma poly_as_sum_of_monoms':
- assumes n: "degree p \<le> n"
+ then have "degree (sum f S) \<le> n" "degree (f p) \<le> n"
+ by auto
+ then show ?case
+ unfolding sum.insert[OF insert(1-2)] by (metis degree_add_le)
+qed
+
+lemma poly_as_sum_of_monoms':
+ assumes "degree p \<le> n"
shows "(\<Sum>i\<le>n. monom (coeff p i) i) = p"
proof -
have eq: "\<And>i. {..n} \<inter> {i} = (if i \<le> n then {i} else {})"
by auto
- show ?thesis
- using n by (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_sum coeff_eq_0 sum.If_cases eq
- if_distrib[where f="\<lambda>x. x * a" for a])
+ from assms show ?thesis
+ by (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_sum coeff_eq_0 sum.If_cases eq
+ if_distrib[where f="\<lambda>x. x * a" for a])
qed
lemma poly_as_sum_of_monoms: "(\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. monom (coeff p i) i) = p"
by (intro poly_as_sum_of_monoms' order_refl)
lemma Poly_snoc: "Poly (xs @ [x]) = Poly xs + monom x (length xs)"
- by (induction xs) (simp_all add: monom_0 monom_Suc)
+ by (induct xs) (simp_all add: monom_0 monom_Suc)
subsection \<open>Multiplication by a constant, polynomial multiplication and the unit polynomial\<close>
@@ -875,126 +816,123 @@
lift_definition smult :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
is "\<lambda>a p n. a * coeff p n"
proof -
- fix a :: 'a and p :: "'a poly" show "\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity> i. a * coeff p i = 0"
+ fix a :: 'a and p :: "'a poly"
+ show "\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity> i. a * coeff p i = 0"
using MOST_coeff_eq_0[of p] by eventually_elim simp
qed
-lemma coeff_smult [simp]:
- "coeff (smult a p) n = a * coeff p n"
+lemma coeff_smult [simp]: "coeff (smult a p) n = a * coeff p n"
by (simp add: smult.rep_eq)
lemma degree_smult_le: "degree (smult a p) \<le> degree p"
- by (rule degree_le, simp add: coeff_eq_0)
+ by (rule degree_le) (simp add: coeff_eq_0)
lemma smult_smult [simp]: "smult a (smult b p) = smult (a * b) p"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: mult.assoc)
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: mult.assoc)
lemma smult_0_right [simp]: "smult a 0 = 0"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp)
+ by (rule poly_eqI) simp
lemma smult_0_left [simp]: "smult 0 p = 0"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp)
+ by (rule poly_eqI) simp
lemma smult_1_left [simp]: "smult (1::'a::comm_semiring_1) p = p"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp)
-
-lemma smult_add_right:
- "smult a (p + q) = smult a p + smult a q"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: algebra_simps)
-
-lemma smult_add_left:
- "smult (a + b) p = smult a p + smult b p"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: algebra_simps)
-
-lemma smult_minus_right [simp]:
- "smult (a::'a::comm_ring) (- p) = - smult a p"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp)
-
-lemma smult_minus_left [simp]:
- "smult (- a::'a::comm_ring) p = - smult a p"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp)
-
-lemma smult_diff_right:
- "smult (a::'a::comm_ring) (p - q) = smult a p - smult a q"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: algebra_simps)
-
-lemma smult_diff_left:
- "smult (a - b::'a::comm_ring) p = smult a p - smult b p"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: algebra_simps)
+ by (rule poly_eqI) simp
+
+lemma smult_add_right: "smult a (p + q) = smult a p + smult a q"
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: algebra_simps)
+
+lemma smult_add_left: "smult (a + b) p = smult a p + smult b p"
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: algebra_simps)
+
+lemma smult_minus_right [simp]: "smult a (- p) = - smult a p"
+ for a :: "'a::comm_ring"
+ by (rule poly_eqI) simp
+
+lemma smult_minus_left [simp]: "smult (- a) p = - smult a p"
+ for a :: "'a::comm_ring"
+ by (rule poly_eqI) simp
+
+lemma smult_diff_right: "smult a (p - q) = smult a p - smult a q"
+ for a :: "'a::comm_ring"
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: algebra_simps)
+
+lemma smult_diff_left: "smult (a - b) p = smult a p - smult b p"
+ for a b :: "'a::comm_ring"
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: algebra_simps)
lemmas smult_distribs =
smult_add_left smult_add_right
smult_diff_left smult_diff_right
-lemma smult_pCons [simp]:
- "smult a (pCons b p) = pCons (a * b) (smult a p)"
- by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
+lemma smult_pCons [simp]: "smult a (pCons b p) = pCons (a * b) (smult a p)"
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
lemma smult_monom: "smult a (monom b n) = monom (a * b) n"
- by (induct n, simp add: monom_0, simp add: monom_Suc)
+ by (induct n) (simp_all add: monom_0 monom_Suc)
lemma smult_Poly: "smult c (Poly xs) = Poly (map (op * c) xs)"
- by (auto simp add: poly_eq_iff nth_default_def)
-
-lemma degree_smult_eq [simp]:
- fixes a :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
- shows "degree (smult a p) = (if a = 0 then 0 else degree p)"
- by (cases "a = 0", simp, simp add: degree_def)
-
-lemma smult_eq_0_iff [simp]:
- fixes a :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
- shows "smult a p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a = 0 \<or> p = 0"
+ by (auto simp: poly_eq_iff nth_default_def)
+
+lemma degree_smult_eq [simp]: "degree (smult a p) = (if a = 0 then 0 else degree p)"
+ for a :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
+ by (cases "a = 0") (simp_all add: degree_def)
+
+lemma smult_eq_0_iff [simp]: "smult a p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a = 0 \<or> p = 0"
+ for a :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
-
+
lemma coeffs_smult [code abstract]:
- fixes p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
- shows "coeffs (smult a p) = (if a = 0 then [] else map (Groups.times a) (coeffs p))"
+ "coeffs (smult a p) = (if a = 0 then [] else map (Groups.times a) (coeffs p))"
+ for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
by (rule coeffs_eqI)
- (auto simp add: not_0_coeffs_not_Nil last_map last_coeffs_not_0 nth_default_map_eq nth_default_coeffs_eq)
+ (auto simp add: not_0_coeffs_not_Nil last_map last_coeffs_not_0
+ nth_default_map_eq nth_default_coeffs_eq)
lemma smult_eq_iff:
- assumes "(b :: 'a :: field) \<noteq> 0"
- shows "smult a p = smult b q \<longleftrightarrow> smult (a / b) p = q"
+ fixes b :: "'a :: field"
+ assumes "b \<noteq> 0"
+ shows "smult a p = smult b q \<longleftrightarrow> smult (a / b) p = q"
+ (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
proof
- assume "smult a p = smult b q"
- also from assms have "smult (inverse b) \<dots> = q" by simp
- finally show "smult (a / b) p = q" by (simp add: field_simps)
-qed (insert assms, auto)
+ assume ?lhs
+ also from assms have "smult (inverse b) \<dots> = q"
+ by simp
+ finally show ?rhs
+ by (simp add: field_simps)
+next
+ assume ?rhs
+ with assms show ?lhs by auto
+qed
instantiation poly :: (comm_semiring_0) comm_semiring_0
begin
-definition
- "p * q = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a p. smult a q + pCons 0 p) p 0"
+definition "p * q = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a p. smult a q + pCons 0 p) p 0"
lemma mult_poly_0_left: "(0::'a poly) * q = 0"
by (simp add: times_poly_def)
-lemma mult_pCons_left [simp]:
- "pCons a p * q = smult a q + pCons 0 (p * q)"
+lemma mult_pCons_left [simp]: "pCons a p * q = smult a q + pCons 0 (p * q)"
by (cases "p = 0 \<and> a = 0") (auto simp add: times_poly_def)
lemma mult_poly_0_right: "p * (0::'a poly) = 0"
- by (induct p) (simp add: mult_poly_0_left, simp)
-
-lemma mult_pCons_right [simp]:
- "p * pCons a q = smult a p + pCons 0 (p * q)"
- by (induct p) (simp add: mult_poly_0_left, simp add: algebra_simps)
+ by (induct p) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0_left)
+
+lemma mult_pCons_right [simp]: "p * pCons a q = smult a p + pCons 0 (p * q)"
+ by (induct p) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0_left algebra_simps)
lemmas mult_poly_0 = mult_poly_0_left mult_poly_0_right
-lemma mult_smult_left [simp]:
- "smult a p * q = smult a (p * q)"
- by (induct p) (simp add: mult_poly_0, simp add: smult_add_right)
-
-lemma mult_smult_right [simp]:
- "p * smult a q = smult a (p * q)"
- by (induct q) (simp add: mult_poly_0, simp add: smult_add_right)
-
-lemma mult_poly_add_left:
- fixes p q r :: "'a poly"
- shows "(p + q) * r = p * r + q * r"
- by (induct r) (simp add: mult_poly_0, simp add: smult_distribs algebra_simps)
+lemma mult_smult_left [simp]: "smult a p * q = smult a (p * q)"
+ by (induct p) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0 smult_add_right)
+
+lemma mult_smult_right [simp]: "p * smult a q = smult a (p * q)"
+ by (induct q) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0 smult_add_right)
+
+lemma mult_poly_add_left: "(p + q) * r = p * r + q * r"
+ for p q r :: "'a poly"
+ by (induct r) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0 smult_distribs algebra_simps)
instance
proof
@@ -1006,49 +944,48 @@
show "(p + q) * r = p * r + q * r"
by (rule mult_poly_add_left)
show "(p * q) * r = p * (q * r)"
- by (induct p, simp add: mult_poly_0, simp add: mult_poly_add_left)
+ by (induct p) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0 mult_poly_add_left)
show "p * q = q * p"
- by (induct p, simp add: mult_poly_0, simp)
+ by (induct p) (simp_all add: mult_poly_0)
qed
end
lemma coeff_mult_degree_sum:
- "coeff (p * q) (degree p + degree q) =
- coeff p (degree p) * coeff q (degree q)"
- by (induct p, simp, simp add: coeff_eq_0)
+ "coeff (p * q) (degree p + degree q) = coeff p (degree p) * coeff q (degree q)"
+ by (induct p) (simp_all add: coeff_eq_0)
instance poly :: ("{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors}") semiring_no_zero_divisors
proof
fix p q :: "'a poly"
assume "p \<noteq> 0" and "q \<noteq> 0"
- have "coeff (p * q) (degree p + degree q) =
- coeff p (degree p) * coeff q (degree q)"
+ have "coeff (p * q) (degree p + degree q) = coeff p (degree p) * coeff q (degree q)"
by (rule coeff_mult_degree_sum)
- also have "coeff p (degree p) * coeff q (degree q) \<noteq> 0"
- using \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> and \<open>q \<noteq> 0\<close> by simp
+ also from \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>q \<noteq> 0\<close> have "coeff p (degree p) * coeff q (degree q) \<noteq> 0"
+ by simp
finally have "\<exists>n. coeff (p * q) n \<noteq> 0" ..
- thus "p * q \<noteq> 0" by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
+ then show "p * q \<noteq> 0"
+ by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
qed
instance poly :: (comm_semiring_0_cancel) comm_semiring_0_cancel ..
-lemma coeff_mult:
- "coeff (p * q) n = (\<Sum>i\<le>n. coeff p i * coeff q (n-i))"
+lemma coeff_mult: "coeff (p * q) n = (\<Sum>i\<le>n. coeff p i * coeff q (n-i))"
proof (induct p arbitrary: n)
- case 0 show ?case by simp
+ case 0
+ show ?case by simp
next
- case (pCons a p n) thus ?case
- by (cases n, simp, simp add: sum_atMost_Suc_shift
- del: sum_atMost_Suc)
+ case (pCons a p n)
+ then show ?case
+ by (cases n) (simp_all add: sum_atMost_Suc_shift del: sum_atMost_Suc)
qed
lemma degree_mult_le: "degree (p * q) \<le> degree p + degree q"
-apply (rule degree_le)
-apply (induct p)
-apply simp
-apply (simp add: coeff_eq_0 coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
-done
+ apply (rule degree_le)
+ apply (induct p)
+ apply simp
+ apply (simp add: coeff_eq_0 coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
+ done
lemma mult_monom: "monom a m * monom b n = monom (a * b) (m + n)"
by (induct m) (simp add: monom_0 smult_monom, simp add: monom_Suc)
@@ -1061,67 +998,53 @@
instance
proof
show "1 * p = p" for p :: "'a poly"
- unfolding one_poly_def by simp
+ by (simp add: one_poly_def)
show "0 \<noteq> (1::'a poly)"
- unfolding one_poly_def by simp
+ by (simp add: one_poly_def)
qed
end
instance poly :: ("{comm_semiring_1,semiring_1_no_zero_divisors}") semiring_1_no_zero_divisors ..
-
instance poly :: (comm_ring) comm_ring ..
-
instance poly :: (comm_ring_1) comm_ring_1 ..
-
instance poly :: (comm_ring_1) comm_semiring_1_cancel ..
lemma coeff_1 [simp]: "coeff 1 n = (if n = 0 then 1 else 0)"
- unfolding one_poly_def
- by (simp add: coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
-
-lemma monom_eq_1 [simp]:
- "monom 1 0 = 1"
+ by (simp add: one_poly_def coeff_pCons split: nat.split)
+
+lemma monom_eq_1 [simp]: "monom 1 0 = 1"
by (simp add: monom_0 one_poly_def)
lemma monom_eq_1_iff: "monom c n = 1 \<longleftrightarrow> c = 1 \<and> n = 0"
using monom_eq_const_iff[of c n 1] by (auto simp: one_poly_def)
-lemma monom_altdef:
- "monom c n = smult c ([:0, 1:]^n)"
- by (induction n) (simp_all add: monom_0 monom_Suc one_poly_def)
-
+lemma monom_altdef: "monom c n = smult c ([:0, 1:]^n)"
+ by (induct n) (simp_all add: monom_0 monom_Suc one_poly_def)
+
lemma degree_1 [simp]: "degree 1 = 0"
- unfolding one_poly_def
- by (rule degree_pCons_0)
-
-lemma coeffs_1_eq [simp, code abstract]:
- "coeffs 1 = [1]"
+ unfolding one_poly_def by (rule degree_pCons_0)
+
+lemma coeffs_1_eq [simp, code abstract]: "coeffs 1 = [1]"
by (simp add: one_poly_def)
-lemma degree_power_le:
- "degree (p ^ n) \<le> degree p * n"
+lemma degree_power_le: "degree (p ^ n) \<le> degree p * n"
by (induct n) (auto intro: order_trans degree_mult_le)
-lemma coeff_0_power:
- "coeff (p ^ n) 0 = coeff p 0 ^ n"
- by (induction n) (simp_all add: coeff_mult)
-
-lemma poly_smult [simp]:
- "poly (smult a p) x = a * poly p x"
- by (induct p, simp, simp add: algebra_simps)
-
-lemma poly_mult [simp]:
- "poly (p * q) x = poly p x * poly q x"
- by (induct p, simp_all, simp add: algebra_simps)
-
-lemma poly_1 [simp]:
- "poly 1 x = 1"
+lemma coeff_0_power: "coeff (p ^ n) 0 = coeff p 0 ^ n"
+ by (induct n) (simp_all add: coeff_mult)
+
+lemma poly_smult [simp]: "poly (smult a p) x = a * poly p x"
+ by (induct p) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)
+
+lemma poly_mult [simp]: "poly (p * q) x = poly p x * poly q x"
+ by (induct p) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)
+
+lemma poly_1 [simp]: "poly 1 x = 1"
by (simp add: one_poly_def)
-lemma poly_power [simp]:
- fixes p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1} poly"
- shows "poly (p ^ n) x = poly p x ^ n"
+lemma poly_power [simp]: "poly (p ^ n) x = poly p x ^ n"
+ for p :: "'a::comm_semiring_1 poly"
by (induct n) simp_all
lemma poly_prod: "poly (\<Prod>k\<in>A. p k) x = (\<Prod>k\<in>A. poly (p k) x)"
@@ -1129,51 +1052,54 @@
lemma degree_prod_sum_le: "finite S \<Longrightarrow> degree (prod f S) \<le> sum (degree o f) S"
proof (induct S rule: finite_induct)
+ case empty
+ then show ?case by simp
+next
case (insert a S)
- show ?case unfolding prod.insert[OF insert(1-2)] sum.insert[OF insert(1-2)]
- by (rule le_trans[OF degree_mult_le], insert insert, auto)
-qed simp
-
-lemma coeff_0_prod_list:
- "coeff (prod_list xs) 0 = prod_list (map (\<lambda>p. coeff p 0) xs)"
- by (induction xs) (simp_all add: coeff_mult)
-
-lemma coeff_monom_mult:
- "coeff (monom c n * p) k = (if k < n then 0 else c * coeff p (k - n))"
+ show ?case
+ unfolding prod.insert[OF insert(1-2)] sum.insert[OF insert(1-2)]
+ by (rule le_trans[OF degree_mult_le]) (use insert in auto)
+qed
+
+lemma coeff_0_prod_list: "coeff (prod_list xs) 0 = prod_list (map (\<lambda>p. coeff p 0) xs)"
+ by (induct xs) (simp_all add: coeff_mult)
+
+lemma coeff_monom_mult: "coeff (monom c n * p) k = (if k < n then 0 else c * coeff p (k - n))"
proof -
have "coeff (monom c n * p) k = (\<Sum>i\<le>k. (if n = i then c else 0) * coeff p (k - i))"
by (simp add: coeff_mult)
also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum>i\<le>k. (if n = i then c * coeff p (k - i) else 0))"
by (intro sum.cong) simp_all
- also have "\<dots> = (if k < n then 0 else c * coeff p (k - n))" by (simp add: sum.delta')
+ also have "\<dots> = (if k < n then 0 else c * coeff p (k - n))"
+ by (simp add: sum.delta')
finally show ?thesis .
qed
-lemma monom_1_dvd_iff':
- "monom 1 n dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>k<n. coeff p k = 0)"
+lemma monom_1_dvd_iff': "monom 1 n dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>k<n. coeff p k = 0)"
proof
assume "monom 1 n dvd p"
- then obtain r where r: "p = monom 1 n * r" by (elim dvdE)
- thus "\<forall>k<n. coeff p k = 0" by (simp add: coeff_mult)
+ then obtain r where "p = monom 1 n * r"
+ by (rule dvdE)
+ then show "\<forall>k<n. coeff p k = 0"
+ by (simp add: coeff_mult)
next
assume zero: "(\<forall>k<n. coeff p k = 0)"
define r where "r = Abs_poly (\<lambda>k. coeff p (k + n))"
have "\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>k. coeff p (k + n) = 0"
- by (subst cofinite_eq_sequentially, subst eventually_sequentially_seg,
+ by (subst cofinite_eq_sequentially, subst eventually_sequentially_seg,
subst cofinite_eq_sequentially [symmetric]) transfer
- hence coeff_r [simp]: "coeff r k = coeff p (k + n)" for k unfolding r_def
- by (subst poly.Abs_poly_inverse) simp_all
+ then have coeff_r [simp]: "coeff r k = coeff p (k + n)" for k
+ unfolding r_def by (subst poly.Abs_poly_inverse) simp_all
have "p = monom 1 n * r"
- by (intro poly_eqI, subst coeff_monom_mult) (insert zero, simp_all)
- thus "monom 1 n dvd p" by simp
+ by (rule poly_eqI, subst coeff_monom_mult) (simp_all add: zero)
+ then show "monom 1 n dvd p" by simp
qed
subsection \<open>Mapping polynomials\<close>
-definition map_poly
- :: "('a :: zero \<Rightarrow> 'b :: zero) \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'b poly" where
- "map_poly f p = Poly (map f (coeffs p))"
+definition map_poly :: "('a :: zero \<Rightarrow> 'b :: zero) \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'b poly"
+ where "map_poly f p = Poly (map f (coeffs p))"
lemma map_poly_0 [simp]: "map_poly f 0 = 0"
by (simp add: map_poly_def)
@@ -1186,60 +1112,68 @@
lemma coeff_map_poly:
assumes "f 0 = 0"
- shows "coeff (map_poly f p) n = f (coeff p n)"
- by (auto simp: map_poly_def nth_default_def coeffs_def assms
- not_less Suc_le_eq coeff_eq_0 simp del: upt_Suc)
-
-lemma coeffs_map_poly [code abstract]:
- "coeffs (map_poly f p) = strip_while (op = 0) (map f (coeffs p))"
+ shows "coeff (map_poly f p) n = f (coeff p n)"
+ by (auto simp: assms map_poly_def nth_default_def coeffs_def not_less Suc_le_eq coeff_eq_0
+ simp del: upt_Suc)
+
+lemma coeffs_map_poly [code abstract]:
+ "coeffs (map_poly f p) = strip_while (op = 0) (map f (coeffs p))"
by (simp add: map_poly_def)
lemma set_coeffs_map_poly:
"(\<And>x. f x = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x = 0) \<Longrightarrow> set (coeffs (map_poly f p)) = f ` set (coeffs p)"
by (cases "p = 0") (auto simp: coeffs_map_poly last_map last_coeffs_not_0)
-lemma coeffs_map_poly':
- assumes "(\<And>x. x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> 0)"
- shows "coeffs (map_poly f p) = map f (coeffs p)"
- by (cases "p = 0") (auto simp: coeffs_map_poly last_map last_coeffs_not_0 assms
- intro!: strip_while_not_last split: if_splits)
+lemma coeffs_map_poly':
+ assumes "\<And>x. x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> 0"
+ shows "coeffs (map_poly f p) = map f (coeffs p)"
+ by (cases "p = 0")
+ (auto simp: assms coeffs_map_poly last_map last_coeffs_not_0
+ intro!: strip_while_not_last split: if_splits)
lemma degree_map_poly:
assumes "\<And>x. x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> 0"
- shows "degree (map_poly f p) = degree p"
+ shows "degree (map_poly f p) = degree p"
by (simp add: degree_eq_length_coeffs coeffs_map_poly' assms)
lemma map_poly_eq_0_iff:
assumes "f 0 = 0" "\<And>x. x \<in> set (coeffs p) \<Longrightarrow> x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> 0"
- shows "map_poly f p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
+ shows "map_poly f p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
proof -
- {
- fix n :: nat
- have "coeff (map_poly f p) n = f (coeff p n)" by (simp add: coeff_map_poly assms)
+ have "(coeff (map_poly f p) n = 0) = (coeff p n = 0)" for n
+ proof -
+ have "coeff (map_poly f p) n = f (coeff p n)"
+ by (simp add: coeff_map_poly assms)
also have "\<dots> = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> coeff p n = 0"
proof (cases "n < length (coeffs p)")
case True
- hence "coeff p n \<in> set (coeffs p)" by (auto simp: coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc)
- with assms show "f (coeff p n) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> coeff p n = 0" by auto
- qed (auto simp: assms length_coeffs nth_default_coeffs_eq [symmetric] nth_default_def)
- finally have "(coeff (map_poly f p) n = 0) = (coeff p n = 0)" .
- }
- thus ?thesis by (auto simp: poly_eq_iff)
+ then have "coeff p n \<in> set (coeffs p)"
+ by (auto simp: coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc)
+ with assms show "f (coeff p n) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> coeff p n = 0"
+ by auto
+ next
+ case False
+ then show ?thesis
+ by (auto simp: assms length_coeffs nth_default_coeffs_eq [symmetric] nth_default_def)
+ qed
+ finally show ?thesis .
+ qed
+ then show ?thesis by (auto simp: poly_eq_iff)
qed
lemma map_poly_smult:
assumes "f 0 = 0""\<And>c x. f (c * x) = f c * f x"
- shows "map_poly f (smult c p) = smult (f c) (map_poly f p)"
+ shows "map_poly f (smult c p) = smult (f c) (map_poly f p)"
by (intro poly_eqI) (simp_all add: assms coeff_map_poly)
lemma map_poly_pCons:
assumes "f 0 = 0"
- shows "map_poly f (pCons c p) = pCons (f c) (map_poly f p)"
+ shows "map_poly f (pCons c p) = pCons (f c) (map_poly f p)"
by (intro poly_eqI) (simp_all add: assms coeff_map_poly coeff_pCons split: nat.splits)
lemma map_poly_map_poly:
assumes "f 0 = 0" "g 0 = 0"
- shows "map_poly f (map_poly g p) = map_poly (f \<circ> g) p"
+ shows "map_poly f (map_poly g p) = map_poly (f \<circ> g) p"
by (intro poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_map_poly assms)
lemma map_poly_id [simp]: "map_poly id p = p"
@@ -1248,12 +1182,14 @@
lemma map_poly_id' [simp]: "map_poly (\<lambda>x. x) p = p"
by (simp add: map_poly_def)
-lemma map_poly_cong:
+lemma map_poly_cong:
assumes "(\<And>x. x \<in> set (coeffs p) \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x)"
- shows "map_poly f p = map_poly g p"
+ shows "map_poly f p = map_poly g p"
proof -
- from assms have "map f (coeffs p) = map g (coeffs p)" by (intro map_cong) simp_all
- thus ?thesis by (simp only: coeffs_eq_iff coeffs_map_poly)
+ from assms have "map f (coeffs p) = map g (coeffs p)"
+ by (intro map_cong) simp_all
+ then show ?thesis
+ by (simp only: coeffs_eq_iff coeffs_map_poly)
qed
lemma map_poly_monom: "f 0 = 0 \<Longrightarrow> map_poly f (monom c n) = monom (f c) n"
@@ -1261,12 +1197,12 @@
lemma map_poly_idI:
assumes "\<And>x. x \<in> set (coeffs p) \<Longrightarrow> f x = x"
- shows "map_poly f p = p"
+ shows "map_poly f p = p"
using map_poly_cong[OF assms, of _ id] by simp
lemma map_poly_idI':
assumes "\<And>x. x \<in> set (coeffs p) \<Longrightarrow> f x = x"
- shows "p = map_poly f p"
+ shows "p = map_poly f p"
using map_poly_cong[OF assms, of _ id] by simp
lemma smult_conv_map_poly: "smult c p = map_poly (\<lambda>x. c * x) p"
@@ -1276,21 +1212,26 @@
subsection \<open>Conversions from @{typ nat} and @{typ int} numbers\<close>
lemma of_nat_poly: "of_nat n = [:of_nat n :: 'a :: comm_semiring_1:]"
-proof (induction n)
+proof (induct n)
+ case 0
+ then show ?case by simp
+next
case (Suc n)
- hence "of_nat (Suc n) = 1 + (of_nat n :: 'a poly)"
+ then have "of_nat (Suc n) = 1 + (of_nat n :: 'a poly)"
by simp
- also have "(of_nat n :: 'a poly) = [: of_nat n :]"
+ also have "(of_nat n :: 'a poly) = [: of_nat n :]"
by (subst Suc) (rule refl)
- also have "1 = [:1:]" by (simp add: one_poly_def)
- finally show ?case by (subst (asm) add_pCons) simp
-qed simp
+ also have "1 = [:1:]"
+ by (simp add: one_poly_def)
+ finally show ?case
+ by (subst (asm) add_pCons) simp
+qed
lemma degree_of_nat [simp]: "degree (of_nat n) = 0"
by (simp add: of_nat_poly)
lemma lead_coeff_of_nat [simp]:
- "lead_coeff (of_nat n) = (of_nat n :: 'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_char_0})"
+ "lead_coeff (of_nat n) = (of_nat n :: 'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_char_0})"
by (simp add: of_nat_poly)
lemma of_int_poly: "of_int k = [:of_int k :: 'a :: comm_ring_1:]"
@@ -1300,57 +1241,54 @@
by (simp add: of_int_poly)
lemma lead_coeff_of_int [simp]:
- "lead_coeff (of_int k) = (of_int k :: 'a :: {comm_ring_1,ring_char_0})"
+ "lead_coeff (of_int k) = (of_int k :: 'a::{comm_ring_1,ring_char_0})"
by (simp add: of_int_poly)
lemma numeral_poly: "numeral n = [:numeral n:]"
by (subst of_nat_numeral [symmetric], subst of_nat_poly) simp
-
+
lemma degree_numeral [simp]: "degree (numeral n) = 0"
by (subst of_nat_numeral [symmetric], subst of_nat_poly) simp
-lemma lead_coeff_numeral [simp]:
+lemma lead_coeff_numeral [simp]:
"lead_coeff (numeral n) = numeral n"
by (simp add: numeral_poly)
subsection \<open>Lemmas about divisibility\<close>
-lemma dvd_smult: "p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> p dvd smult a q"
+lemma dvd_smult:
+ assumes "p dvd q"
+ shows "p dvd smult a q"
proof -
- assume "p dvd q"
- then obtain k where "q = p * k" ..
+ from assms obtain k where "q = p * k" ..
then have "smult a q = p * smult a k" by simp
then show "p dvd smult a q" ..
qed
-lemma dvd_smult_cancel:
- fixes a :: "'a :: field"
- shows "p dvd smult a q \<Longrightarrow> a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> p dvd q"
+lemma dvd_smult_cancel: "p dvd smult a q \<Longrightarrow> a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> p dvd q"
+ for a :: "'a::field"
by (drule dvd_smult [where a="inverse a"]) simp
-lemma dvd_smult_iff:
- fixes a :: "'a::field"
- shows "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> p dvd smult a q \<longleftrightarrow> p dvd q"
+lemma dvd_smult_iff: "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> p dvd smult a q \<longleftrightarrow> p dvd q"
+ for a :: "'a::field"
by (safe elim!: dvd_smult dvd_smult_cancel)
lemma smult_dvd_cancel:
- "smult a p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> p dvd q"
+ assumes "smult a p dvd q"
+ shows "p dvd q"
proof -
- assume "smult a p dvd q"
- then obtain k where "q = smult a p * k" ..
+ from assms obtain k where "q = smult a p * k" ..
then have "q = p * smult a k" by simp
then show "p dvd q" ..
qed
-lemma smult_dvd:
- fixes a :: "'a::field"
- shows "p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> smult a p dvd q"
+lemma smult_dvd: "p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> smult a p dvd q"
+ for a :: "'a::field"
by (rule smult_dvd_cancel [where a="inverse a"]) simp
-lemma smult_dvd_iff:
- fixes a :: "'a::field"
- shows "smult a p dvd q \<longleftrightarrow> (if a = 0 then q = 0 else p dvd q)"
+lemma smult_dvd_iff: "smult a p dvd q \<longleftrightarrow> (if a = 0 then q = 0 else p dvd q)"
+ for a :: "'a::field"
by (auto elim: smult_dvd smult_dvd_cancel)
lemma is_unit_smult_iff: "smult c p dvd 1 \<longleftrightarrow> c dvd 1 \<and> p dvd 1"
@@ -1358,19 +1296,28 @@
have "smult c p = [:c:] * p" by simp
also have "\<dots> dvd 1 \<longleftrightarrow> c dvd 1 \<and> p dvd 1"
proof safe
- assume A: "[:c:] * p dvd 1"
- thus "p dvd 1" by (rule dvd_mult_right)
- from A obtain q where B: "1 = [:c:] * p * q" by (erule dvdE)
- have "c dvd c * (coeff p 0 * coeff q 0)" by simp
- also have "\<dots> = coeff ([:c:] * p * q) 0" by (simp add: mult.assoc coeff_mult)
- also note B [symmetric]
- finally show "c dvd 1" by simp
+ assume *: "[:c:] * p dvd 1"
+ then show "p dvd 1"
+ by (rule dvd_mult_right)
+ from * obtain q where q: "1 = [:c:] * p * q"
+ by (rule dvdE)
+ have "c dvd c * (coeff p 0 * coeff q 0)"
+ by simp
+ also have "\<dots> = coeff ([:c:] * p * q) 0"
+ by (simp add: mult.assoc coeff_mult)
+ also note q [symmetric]
+ finally have "c dvd coeff 1 0" .
+ then show "c dvd 1" by simp
next
assume "c dvd 1" "p dvd 1"
- from \<open>c dvd 1\<close> obtain d where "1 = c * d" by (erule dvdE)
- hence "1 = [:c:] * [:d:]" by (simp add: one_poly_def mult_ac)
- hence "[:c:] dvd 1" by (rule dvdI)
- from mult_dvd_mono[OF this \<open>p dvd 1\<close>] show "[:c:] * p dvd 1" by simp
+ from this(1) obtain d where "1 = c * d"
+ by (rule dvdE)
+ then have "1 = [:c:] * [:d:]"
+ by (simp add: one_poly_def mult_ac)
+ then have "[:c:] dvd 1"
+ by (rule dvdI)
+ from mult_dvd_mono[OF this \<open>p dvd 1\<close>] show "[:c:] * p dvd 1"
+ by simp
qed
finally show ?thesis .
qed
@@ -1380,17 +1327,14 @@
instance poly :: (idom) idom ..
-lemma degree_mult_eq:
- fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
- shows "\<lbrakk>p \<noteq> 0; q \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> degree (p * q) = degree p + degree q"
-apply (rule order_antisym [OF degree_mult_le le_degree])
-apply (simp add: coeff_mult_degree_sum)
-done
+lemma degree_mult_eq: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> q \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree (p * q) = degree p + degree q"
+ for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+ by (rule order_antisym [OF degree_mult_le le_degree]) (simp add: coeff_mult_degree_sum)
lemma degree_mult_eq_0:
- fixes p q:: "'a :: {comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
- shows "degree (p * q) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0 \<or> q = 0 \<or> (p \<noteq> 0 \<and> q \<noteq> 0 \<and> degree p = 0 \<and> degree q = 0)"
- by (auto simp add: degree_mult_eq)
+ "degree (p * q) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0 \<or> q = 0 \<or> (p \<noteq> 0 \<and> q \<noteq> 0 \<and> degree p = 0 \<and> degree q = 0)"
+ for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+ by (auto simp: degree_mult_eq)
lemma degree_mult_right_le:
fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
@@ -1398,55 +1342,59 @@
shows "degree p \<le> degree (p * q)"
using assms by (cases "p = 0") (simp_all add: degree_mult_eq)
-lemma coeff_degree_mult:
- fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
- shows "coeff (p * q) (degree (p * q)) =
- coeff q (degree q) * coeff p (degree p)"
- by (cases "p = 0 \<or> q = 0") (auto simp add: degree_mult_eq coeff_mult_degree_sum mult_ac)
-
-lemma dvd_imp_degree_le:
- fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
- shows "\<lbrakk>p dvd q; q \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> degree p \<le> degree q"
+lemma coeff_degree_mult: "coeff (p * q) (degree (p * q)) = coeff q (degree q) * coeff p (degree p)"
+ for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+ by (cases "p = 0 \<or> q = 0") (auto simp: degree_mult_eq coeff_mult_degree_sum mult_ac)
+
+lemma dvd_imp_degree_le: "p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> q \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree p \<le> degree q"
+ for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
by (erule dvdE, hypsubst, subst degree_mult_eq) auto
lemma divides_degree:
- assumes pq: "p dvd (q :: 'a ::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly)"
+ fixes p q :: "'a ::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+ assumes "p dvd q"
shows "degree p \<le> degree q \<or> q = 0"
- by (metis dvd_imp_degree_le pq)
-
+ by (metis dvd_imp_degree_le assms)
+
lemma const_poly_dvd_iff:
- fixes c :: "'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
+ fixes c :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
shows "[:c:] dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>n. c dvd coeff p n)"
proof (cases "c = 0 \<or> p = 0")
+ case True
+ then show ?thesis
+ by (auto intro!: poly_eqI)
+next
case False
show ?thesis
proof
assume "[:c:] dvd p"
- thus "\<forall>n. c dvd coeff p n" by (auto elim!: dvdE simp: coeffs_def)
+ then show "\<forall>n. c dvd coeff p n"
+ by (auto elim!: dvdE simp: coeffs_def)
next
assume *: "\<forall>n. c dvd coeff p n"
- define mydiv where "mydiv = (\<lambda>x y :: 'a. SOME z. x = y * z)"
+ define mydiv where "mydiv x y = (SOME z. x = y * z)" for x y :: 'a
have mydiv: "x = y * mydiv x y" if "y dvd x" for x y
using that unfolding mydiv_def dvd_def by (rule someI_ex)
define q where "q = Poly (map (\<lambda>a. mydiv a c) (coeffs p))"
from False * have "p = q * [:c:]"
- by (intro poly_eqI) (auto simp: q_def nth_default_def not_less length_coeffs_degree
- coeffs_nth intro!: coeff_eq_0 mydiv)
- thus "[:c:] dvd p" by (simp only: dvd_triv_right)
+ by (intro poly_eqI)
+ (auto simp: q_def nth_default_def not_less length_coeffs_degree coeffs_nth
+ intro!: coeff_eq_0 mydiv)
+ then show "[:c:] dvd p"
+ by (simp only: dvd_triv_right)
qed
-qed (auto intro!: poly_eqI)
-
-lemma const_poly_dvd_const_poly_iff [simp]:
- "[:a::'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}:] dvd [:b:] \<longleftrightarrow> a dvd b"
+qed
+
+lemma const_poly_dvd_const_poly_iff [simp]: "[:a:] dvd [:b:] \<longleftrightarrow> a dvd b"
+ for a b :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}"
by (subst const_poly_dvd_iff) (auto simp: coeff_pCons split: nat.splits)
-lemma lead_coeff_mult:
- fixes p q :: "'a :: {comm_semiring_0, semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
- shows "lead_coeff (p * q) = lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q"
- by (cases "p=0 \<or> q=0", auto simp add:coeff_mult_degree_sum degree_mult_eq)
-
-lemma lead_coeff_smult:
- "lead_coeff (smult c p :: 'a :: {comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly) = c * lead_coeff p"
+lemma lead_coeff_mult: "lead_coeff (p * q) = lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q"
+ for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0, semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+ by (cases "p = 0 \<or> q = 0") (auto simp: coeff_mult_degree_sum degree_mult_eq)
+
+lemma lead_coeff_smult: "lead_coeff (smult c p) = c * lead_coeff p"
+ for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
proof -
have "smult c p = [:c:] * p" by simp
also have "lead_coeff \<dots> = c * lead_coeff p"
@@ -1457,67 +1405,69 @@
lemma lead_coeff_1 [simp]: "lead_coeff 1 = 1"
by simp
-lemma lead_coeff_power:
- "lead_coeff (p ^ n :: 'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly) = lead_coeff p ^ n"
- by (induction n) (simp_all add: lead_coeff_mult)
+lemma lead_coeff_power: "lead_coeff (p ^ n) = lead_coeff p ^ n"
+ for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+ by (induct n) (simp_all add: lead_coeff_mult)
subsection \<open>Polynomials form an ordered integral domain\<close>
definition pos_poly :: "'a::linordered_semidom poly \<Rightarrow> bool"
-where
- "pos_poly p \<longleftrightarrow> 0 < coeff p (degree p)"
-
-lemma pos_poly_pCons:
- "pos_poly (pCons a p) \<longleftrightarrow> pos_poly p \<or> (p = 0 \<and> 0 < a)"
- unfolding pos_poly_def by simp
+ where "pos_poly p \<longleftrightarrow> 0 < coeff p (degree p)"
+
+lemma pos_poly_pCons: "pos_poly (pCons a p) \<longleftrightarrow> pos_poly p \<or> (p = 0 \<and> 0 < a)"
+ by (simp add: pos_poly_def)
lemma not_pos_poly_0 [simp]: "\<not> pos_poly 0"
- unfolding pos_poly_def by simp
-
-lemma pos_poly_add: "\<lbrakk>pos_poly p; pos_poly q\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> pos_poly (p + q)"
- apply (induct p arbitrary: q, simp)
- apply (case_tac q, force simp add: pos_poly_pCons add_pos_pos)
+ by (simp add: pos_poly_def)
+
+lemma pos_poly_add: "pos_poly p \<Longrightarrow> pos_poly q \<Longrightarrow> pos_poly (p + q)"
+ apply (induct p arbitrary: q)
+ apply simp
+ apply (case_tac q)
+ apply (force simp add: pos_poly_pCons add_pos_pos)
done
-lemma pos_poly_mult: "\<lbrakk>pos_poly p; pos_poly q\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> pos_poly (p * q)"
+lemma pos_poly_mult: "pos_poly p \<Longrightarrow> pos_poly q \<Longrightarrow> pos_poly (p * q)"
unfolding pos_poly_def
apply (subgoal_tac "p \<noteq> 0 \<and> q \<noteq> 0")
- apply (simp add: degree_mult_eq coeff_mult_degree_sum)
+ apply (simp add: degree_mult_eq coeff_mult_degree_sum)
apply auto
done
-lemma pos_poly_total: "(p :: 'a :: linordered_idom poly) = 0 \<or> pos_poly p \<or> pos_poly (- p)"
-by (induct p) (auto simp add: pos_poly_pCons)
-
-lemma last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree:
- "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> last (coeffs p) = coeff p (degree p)"
+lemma pos_poly_total: "p = 0 \<or> pos_poly p \<or> pos_poly (- p)"
+ for p :: "'a::linordered_idom poly"
+ by (induct p) (auto simp: pos_poly_pCons)
+
+lemma last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> last (coeffs p) = coeff p (degree p)"
by (simp add: coeffs_def)
-lemma pos_poly_coeffs [code]:
- "pos_poly p \<longleftrightarrow> (let as = coeffs p in as \<noteq> [] \<and> last as > 0)" (is "?P \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q")
+lemma pos_poly_coeffs [code]: "pos_poly p \<longleftrightarrow> (let as = coeffs p in as \<noteq> [] \<and> last as > 0)"
+ (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
proof
- assume ?Q then show ?P by (auto simp add: pos_poly_def last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree)
+ assume ?rhs
+ then show ?lhs
+ by (auto simp add: pos_poly_def last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree)
next
- assume ?P then have *: "0 < coeff p (degree p)" by (simp add: pos_poly_def)
- then have "p \<noteq> 0" by auto
- with * show ?Q by (simp add: last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree)
+ assume ?lhs
+ then have *: "0 < coeff p (degree p)"
+ by (simp add: pos_poly_def)
+ then have "p \<noteq> 0"
+ by auto
+ with * show ?rhs
+ by (simp add: last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree)
qed
instantiation poly :: (linordered_idom) linordered_idom
begin
-definition
- "x < y \<longleftrightarrow> pos_poly (y - x)"
-
-definition
- "x \<le> y \<longleftrightarrow> x = y \<or> pos_poly (y - x)"
-
-definition
- "\<bar>x::'a poly\<bar> = (if x < 0 then - x else x)"
-
-definition
- "sgn (x::'a poly) = (if x = 0 then 0 else if 0 < x then 1 else - 1)"
+definition "x < y \<longleftrightarrow> pos_poly (y - x)"
+
+definition "x \<le> y \<longleftrightarrow> x = y \<or> pos_poly (y - x)"
+
+definition "\<bar>x::'a poly\<bar> = (if x < 0 then - x else x)"
+
+definition "sgn (x::'a poly) = (if x = 0 then 0 else if 0 < x then 1 else - 1)"
instance
proof
@@ -1525,12 +1475,12 @@
show "x < y \<longleftrightarrow> x \<le> y \<and> \<not> y \<le> x"
unfolding less_eq_poly_def less_poly_def
apply safe
- apply simp
+ apply simp
apply (drule (1) pos_poly_add)
apply simp
done
show "x \<le> x"
- unfolding less_eq_poly_def by simp
+ by (simp add: less_eq_poly_def)
show "x \<le> y \<Longrightarrow> y \<le> z \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> z"
unfolding less_eq_poly_def
apply safe
@@ -1553,8 +1503,7 @@
using pos_poly_total [of "x - y"]
by auto
show "x < y \<Longrightarrow> 0 < z \<Longrightarrow> z * x < z * y"
- unfolding less_poly_def
- by (simp add: right_diff_distrib [symmetric] pos_poly_mult)
+ by (simp add: less_poly_def right_diff_distrib [symmetric] pos_poly_mult)
show "\<bar>x\<bar> = (if x < 0 then - x else x)"
by (rule abs_poly_def)
show "sgn x = (if x = 0 then 0 else if 0 < x then 1 else - 1)"
@@ -1568,46 +1517,37 @@
subsection \<open>Synthetic division and polynomial roots\<close>
-subsubsection \<open>Synthetic division\<close>
-
-text \<open>
- Synthetic division is simply division by the linear polynomial @{term "x - c"}.
-\<close>
+subsubsection \<open>Synthetic division\<close>
+
+text \<open>Synthetic division is simply division by the linear polynomial @{term "x - c"}.\<close>
definition synthetic_divmod :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<times> 'a"
-where
- "synthetic_divmod p c = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a (q, r). (pCons r q, a + c * r)) p (0, 0)"
+ where "synthetic_divmod p c = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a (q, r). (pCons r q, a + c * r)) p (0, 0)"
definition synthetic_div :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
-where
- "synthetic_div p c = fst (synthetic_divmod p c)"
-
-lemma synthetic_divmod_0 [simp]:
- "synthetic_divmod 0 c = (0, 0)"
+ where "synthetic_div p c = fst (synthetic_divmod p c)"
+
+lemma synthetic_divmod_0 [simp]: "synthetic_divmod 0 c = (0, 0)"
by (simp add: synthetic_divmod_def)
lemma synthetic_divmod_pCons [simp]:
"synthetic_divmod (pCons a p) c = (\<lambda>(q, r). (pCons r q, a + c * r)) (synthetic_divmod p c)"
by (cases "p = 0 \<and> a = 0") (auto simp add: synthetic_divmod_def)
-lemma synthetic_div_0 [simp]:
- "synthetic_div 0 c = 0"
- unfolding synthetic_div_def by simp
+lemma synthetic_div_0 [simp]: "synthetic_div 0 c = 0"
+ by (simp add: synthetic_div_def)
lemma synthetic_div_unique_lemma: "smult c p = pCons a p \<Longrightarrow> p = 0"
-by (induct p arbitrary: a) simp_all
-
-lemma snd_synthetic_divmod:
- "snd (synthetic_divmod p c) = poly p c"
- by (induct p, simp, simp add: split_def)
+ by (induct p arbitrary: a) simp_all
+
+lemma snd_synthetic_divmod: "snd (synthetic_divmod p c) = poly p c"
+ by (induct p) (simp_all add: split_def)
lemma synthetic_div_pCons [simp]:
"synthetic_div (pCons a p) c = pCons (poly p c) (synthetic_div p c)"
- unfolding synthetic_div_def
- by (simp add: split_def snd_synthetic_divmod)
-
-lemma synthetic_div_eq_0_iff:
- "synthetic_div p c = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> degree p = 0"
+ by (simp add: synthetic_div_def split_def snd_synthetic_divmod)
+
+lemma synthetic_div_eq_0_iff: "synthetic_div p c = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> degree p = 0"
proof (induct p)
case 0
then show ?case by simp
@@ -1616,59 +1556,55 @@
then show ?case by (cases p) simp
qed
-lemma degree_synthetic_div:
- "degree (synthetic_div p c) = degree p - 1"
+lemma degree_synthetic_div: "degree (synthetic_div p c) = degree p - 1"
by (induct p) (simp_all add: synthetic_div_eq_0_iff)
lemma synthetic_div_correct:
"p + smult c (synthetic_div p c) = pCons (poly p c) (synthetic_div p c)"
by (induct p) simp_all
-lemma synthetic_div_unique:
- "p + smult c q = pCons r q \<Longrightarrow> r = poly p c \<and> q = synthetic_div p c"
-apply (induct p arbitrary: q r)
-apply (simp, frule synthetic_div_unique_lemma, simp)
-apply (case_tac q, force)
-done
-
-lemma synthetic_div_correct':
- fixes c :: "'a::comm_ring_1"
- shows "[:-c, 1:] * synthetic_div p c + [:poly p c:] = p"
- using synthetic_div_correct [of p c]
- by (simp add: algebra_simps)
-
-
+lemma synthetic_div_unique: "p + smult c q = pCons r q \<Longrightarrow> r = poly p c \<and> q = synthetic_div p c"
+ apply (induct p arbitrary: q r)
+ apply simp
+ apply (frule synthetic_div_unique_lemma)
+ apply simp
+ apply (case_tac q, force)
+ done
+
+lemma synthetic_div_correct': "[:-c, 1:] * synthetic_div p c + [:poly p c:] = p"
+ for c :: "'a::comm_ring_1"
+ using synthetic_div_correct [of p c] by (simp add: algebra_simps)
+
+
subsubsection \<open>Polynomial roots\<close>
-
-lemma poly_eq_0_iff_dvd:
- fixes c :: "'a::{comm_ring_1}"
- shows "poly p c = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> [:- c, 1:] dvd p"
+
+lemma poly_eq_0_iff_dvd: "poly p c = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> [:- c, 1:] dvd p"
+ (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
+ for c :: "'a::comm_ring_1"
proof
- assume "poly p c = 0"
- with synthetic_div_correct' [of c p]
- have "p = [:-c, 1:] * synthetic_div p c" by simp
- then show "[:-c, 1:] dvd p" ..
+ assume ?lhs
+ with synthetic_div_correct' [of c p] have "p = [:-c, 1:] * synthetic_div p c" by simp
+ then show ?rhs ..
next
- assume "[:-c, 1:] dvd p"
+ assume ?rhs
then obtain k where "p = [:-c, 1:] * k" by (rule dvdE)
- then show "poly p c = 0" by simp
+ then show ?lhs by simp
qed
-lemma dvd_iff_poly_eq_0:
- fixes c :: "'a::{comm_ring_1}"
- shows "[:c, 1:] dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> poly p (- c) = 0"
+lemma dvd_iff_poly_eq_0: "[:c, 1:] dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> poly p (- c) = 0"
+ for c :: "'a::comm_ring_1"
by (simp add: poly_eq_0_iff_dvd)
-lemma poly_roots_finite:
- fixes p :: "'a::{comm_ring_1,ring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
- shows "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> finite {x. poly p x = 0}"
+lemma poly_roots_finite: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> finite {x. poly p x = 0}"
+ for p :: "'a::{comm_ring_1,ring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
proof (induct n \<equiv> "degree p" arbitrary: p)
- case (0 p)
+ case 0
then obtain a where "a \<noteq> 0" and "p = [:a:]"
- by (cases p, simp split: if_splits)
- then show "finite {x. poly p x = 0}" by simp
+ by (cases p) (simp split: if_splits)
+ then show "finite {x. poly p x = 0}"
+ by simp
next
- case (Suc n p)
+ case (Suc n)
show "finite {x. poly p x = 0}"
proof (cases "\<exists>x. poly p x = 0")
case False
@@ -1676,84 +1612,92 @@
next
case True
then obtain a where "poly p a = 0" ..
- then have "[:-a, 1:] dvd p" by (simp only: poly_eq_0_iff_dvd)
+ then have "[:-a, 1:] dvd p"
+ by (simp only: poly_eq_0_iff_dvd)
then obtain k where k: "p = [:-a, 1:] * k" ..
- with \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> have "k \<noteq> 0" by auto
+ with \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> have "k \<noteq> 0"
+ by auto
with k have "degree p = Suc (degree k)"
by (simp add: degree_mult_eq del: mult_pCons_left)
- with \<open>Suc n = degree p\<close> have "n = degree k" by simp
- then have "finite {x. poly k x = 0}" using \<open>k \<noteq> 0\<close> by (rule Suc.hyps)
- then have "finite (insert a {x. poly k x = 0})" by simp
+ with \<open>Suc n = degree p\<close> have "n = degree k"
+ by simp
+ from this \<open>k \<noteq> 0\<close> have "finite {x. poly k x = 0}"
+ by (rule Suc.hyps)
+ then have "finite (insert a {x. poly k x = 0})"
+ by simp
then show "finite {x. poly p x = 0}"
by (simp add: k Collect_disj_eq del: mult_pCons_left)
qed
qed
-lemma poly_eq_poly_eq_iff:
- fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_ring_1,ring_no_zero_divisors,ring_char_0} poly"
- shows "poly p = poly q \<longleftrightarrow> p = q" (is "?P \<longleftrightarrow> ?Q")
+lemma poly_eq_poly_eq_iff: "poly p = poly q \<longleftrightarrow> p = q"
+ (is "?lhs \<longleftrightarrow> ?rhs")
+ for p q :: "'a::{comm_ring_1,ring_no_zero_divisors,ring_char_0} poly"
proof
- assume ?Q then show ?P by simp
+ assume ?rhs
+ then show ?lhs by simp
next
- { fix p :: "'a poly"
- have "poly p = poly 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
- apply (cases "p = 0", simp_all)
- apply (drule poly_roots_finite)
- apply (auto simp add: infinite_UNIV_char_0)
- done
- } note this [of "p - q"]
- moreover assume ?P
- ultimately show ?Q by auto
+ assume ?lhs
+ have "poly p = poly 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0" for p :: "'a poly"
+ apply (cases "p = 0")
+ apply simp_all
+ apply (drule poly_roots_finite)
+ apply (auto simp add: infinite_UNIV_char_0)
+ done
+ from \<open>?lhs\<close> and this [of "p - q"] show ?rhs
+ by auto
qed
-lemma poly_all_0_iff_0:
- fixes p :: "'a::{ring_char_0, comm_ring_1,ring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
- shows "(\<forall>x. poly p x = 0) \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
+lemma poly_all_0_iff_0: "(\<forall>x. poly p x = 0) \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
+ for p :: "'a::{ring_char_0,comm_ring_1,ring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
by (auto simp add: poly_eq_poly_eq_iff [symmetric])
-
+
subsubsection \<open>Order of polynomial roots\<close>
definition order :: "'a::idom \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> nat"
-where
- "order a p = (LEAST n. \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc n dvd p)"
-
-lemma coeff_linear_power:
- fixes a :: "'a::comm_semiring_1"
- shows "coeff ([:a, 1:] ^ n) n = 1"
-apply (induct n, simp_all)
-apply (subst coeff_eq_0)
-apply (auto intro: le_less_trans degree_power_le)
-done
-
-lemma degree_linear_power:
- fixes a :: "'a::comm_semiring_1"
- shows "degree ([:a, 1:] ^ n) = n"
-apply (rule order_antisym)
-apply (rule ord_le_eq_trans [OF degree_power_le], simp)
-apply (rule le_degree, simp add: coeff_linear_power)
-done
+ where "order a p = (LEAST n. \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc n dvd p)"
+
+lemma coeff_linear_power: "coeff ([:a, 1:] ^ n) n = 1"
+ for a :: "'a::comm_semiring_1"
+ apply (induct n)
+ apply simp_all
+ apply (subst coeff_eq_0)
+ apply (auto intro: le_less_trans degree_power_le)
+ done
+
+lemma degree_linear_power: "degree ([:a, 1:] ^ n) = n"
+ for a :: "'a::comm_semiring_1"
+ apply (rule order_antisym)
+ apply (rule ord_le_eq_trans [OF degree_power_le])
+ apply simp
+ apply (rule le_degree)
+ apply (simp add: coeff_linear_power)
+ done
lemma order_1: "[:-a, 1:] ^ order a p dvd p"
-apply (cases "p = 0", simp)
-apply (cases "order a p", simp)
-apply (subgoal_tac "nat < (LEAST n. \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc n dvd p)")
-apply (drule not_less_Least, simp)
-apply (fold order_def, simp)
-done
+ apply (cases "p = 0")
+ apply simp
+ apply (cases "order a p")
+ apply simp
+ apply (subgoal_tac "nat < (LEAST n. \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc n dvd p)")
+ apply (drule not_less_Least)
+ apply simp
+ apply (fold order_def)
+ apply simp
+ done
lemma order_2: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd p"
-unfolding order_def
-apply (rule LeastI_ex)
-apply (rule_tac x="degree p" in exI)
-apply (rule notI)
-apply (drule (1) dvd_imp_degree_le)
-apply (simp only: degree_linear_power)
-done
-
-lemma order:
- "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> [:-a, 1:] ^ order a p dvd p \<and> \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd p"
-by (rule conjI [OF order_1 order_2])
+ unfolding order_def
+ apply (rule LeastI_ex)
+ apply (rule_tac x="degree p" in exI)
+ apply (rule notI)
+ apply (drule (1) dvd_imp_degree_le)
+ apply (simp only: degree_linear_power)
+ done
+
+lemma order: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> [:-a, 1:] ^ order a p dvd p \<and> \<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd p"
+ by (rule conjI [OF order_1 order_2])
lemma order_degree:
assumes p: "p \<noteq> 0"
@@ -1761,18 +1705,19 @@
proof -
have "order a p = degree ([:-a, 1:] ^ order a p)"
by (simp only: degree_linear_power)
- also have "\<dots> \<le> degree p"
- using order_1 p by (rule dvd_imp_degree_le)
+ also from order_1 p have "\<dots> \<le> degree p"
+ by (rule dvd_imp_degree_le)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma order_root: "poly p a = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0 \<or> order a p \<noteq> 0"
-apply (cases "p = 0", simp_all)
-apply (rule iffI)
-apply (metis order_2 not_gr0 poly_eq_0_iff_dvd power_0 power_Suc_0 power_one_right)
-unfolding poly_eq_0_iff_dvd
-apply (metis dvd_power dvd_trans order_1)
-done
+ apply (cases "p = 0")
+ apply simp_all
+ apply (rule iffI)
+ apply (metis order_2 not_gr0 poly_eq_0_iff_dvd power_0 power_Suc_0 power_one_right)
+ unfolding poly_eq_0_iff_dvd
+ apply (metis dvd_power dvd_trans order_1)
+ done
lemma order_0I: "poly p a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> order a p = 0"
by (subst (asm) order_root) auto
@@ -1781,23 +1726,24 @@
fixes p :: "'a::idom poly"
assumes "[:-a, 1:] ^ n dvd p" "\<not> [:-a, 1:] ^ Suc n dvd p"
shows "n = order a p"
-unfolding Polynomial.order_def
-apply (rule Least_equality [symmetric])
-apply (fact assms)
-apply (rule classical)
-apply (erule notE)
-unfolding not_less_eq_eq
-using assms(1) apply (rule power_le_dvd)
-apply assumption
+ unfolding Polynomial.order_def
+ apply (rule Least_equality [symmetric])
+ apply (fact assms)
+ apply (rule classical)
+ apply (erule notE)
+ unfolding not_less_eq_eq
+ using assms(1)
+ apply (rule power_le_dvd)
+ apply assumption
done
-
+
lemma order_mult: "p * q \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> order a (p * q) = order a p + order a q"
proof -
define i where "i = order a p"
define j where "j = order a q"
define t where "t = [:-a, 1:]"
have t_dvd_iff: "\<And>u. t dvd u \<longleftrightarrow> poly u a = 0"
- unfolding t_def by (simp add: dvd_iff_poly_eq_0)
+ by (simp add: t_def dvd_iff_poly_eq_0)
assume "p * q \<noteq> 0"
then show "order a (p * q) = i + j"
apply clarsimp
@@ -1806,255 +1752,252 @@
apply clarify
apply (erule dvdE)+
apply (rule order_unique_lemma [symmetric], fold t_def)
- apply (simp_all add: power_add t_dvd_iff)
+ apply (simp_all add: power_add t_dvd_iff)
done
qed
lemma order_smult:
- assumes "c \<noteq> 0"
+ assumes "c \<noteq> 0"
shows "order x (smult c p) = order x p"
proof (cases "p = 0")
+ case True
+ then show ?thesis
+ by simp
+next
case False
have "smult c p = [:c:] * p" by simp
- also from assms False have "order x \<dots> = order x [:c:] + order x p"
+ also from assms False have "order x \<dots> = order x [:c:] + order x p"
by (subst order_mult) simp_all
- also from assms have "order x [:c:] = 0" by (intro order_0I) auto
- finally show ?thesis by simp
-qed simp
+ also have "order x [:c:] = 0"
+ by (rule order_0I) (use assms in auto)
+ finally show ?thesis
+ by simp
+qed
(* Next two lemmas contributed by Wenda Li *)
-lemma order_1_eq_0 [simp]:"order x 1 = 0"
+lemma order_1_eq_0 [simp]:"order x 1 = 0"
by (metis order_root poly_1 zero_neq_one)
-lemma order_power_n_n: "order a ([:-a,1:]^n)=n"
+lemma order_power_n_n: "order a ([:-a,1:]^n)=n"
proof (induct n) (*might be proved more concisely using nat_less_induct*)
case 0
- thus ?case by (metis order_root poly_1 power_0 zero_neq_one)
-next
+ then show ?case
+ by (metis order_root poly_1 power_0 zero_neq_one)
+next
case (Suc n)
- have "order a ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n)=order a ([:- a, 1:] ^ n) + order a [:-a,1:]"
- by (metis (no_types, hide_lams) One_nat_def add_Suc_right monoid_add_class.add.right_neutral
+ have "order a ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n) = order a ([:- a, 1:] ^ n) + order a [:-a,1:]"
+ by (metis (no_types, hide_lams) One_nat_def add_Suc_right monoid_add_class.add.right_neutral
one_neq_zero order_mult pCons_eq_0_iff power_add power_eq_0_iff power_one_right)
- moreover have "order a [:-a,1:]=1" unfolding order_def
- proof (rule Least_equality,rule ccontr)
- assume "\<not> \<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc 1 dvd [:- a, 1:]"
- hence "[:- a, 1:] ^ Suc 1 dvd [:- a, 1:]" by simp
- hence "degree ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc 1) \<le> degree ([:- a, 1:] )"
- by (rule dvd_imp_degree_le,auto)
- thus False by auto
- next
- fix y assume asm:"\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc y dvd [:- a, 1:]"
- show "1 \<le> y"
- proof (rule ccontr)
- assume "\<not> 1 \<le> y"
- hence "y=0" by auto
- hence "[:- a, 1:] ^ Suc y dvd [:- a, 1:]" by auto
- thus False using asm by auto
- qed
+ moreover have "order a [:-a,1:] = 1"
+ unfolding order_def
+ proof (rule Least_equality, rule notI)
+ assume "[:- a, 1:] ^ Suc 1 dvd [:- a, 1:]"
+ then have "degree ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc 1) \<le> degree ([:- a, 1:])"
+ by (rule dvd_imp_degree_le) auto
+ then show False
+ by auto
+ next
+ fix y
+ assume *: "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc y dvd [:- a, 1:]"
+ show "1 \<le> y"
+ proof (rule ccontr)
+ assume "\<not> 1 \<le> y"
+ then have "y = 0" by auto
+ then have "[:- a, 1:] ^ Suc y dvd [:- a, 1:]" by auto
+ with * show False by auto
qed
- ultimately show ?case using Suc by auto
+ qed
+ ultimately show ?case
+ using Suc by auto
qed
-lemma order_0_monom [simp]:
- assumes "c \<noteq> 0"
- shows "order 0 (monom c n) = n"
- using assms order_power_n_n[of 0 n] by (simp add: monom_altdef order_smult)
-
-lemma dvd_imp_order_le:
- "q \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> Polynomial.order a p \<le> Polynomial.order a q"
+lemma order_0_monom [simp]: "c \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> order 0 (monom c n) = n"
+ using order_power_n_n[of 0 n] by (simp add: monom_altdef order_smult)
+
+lemma dvd_imp_order_le: "q \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> Polynomial.order a p \<le> Polynomial.order a q"
by (auto simp: order_mult elim: dvdE)
-text\<open>Now justify the standard squarefree decomposition, i.e. f / gcd(f,f').\<close>
+text \<open>Now justify the standard squarefree decomposition, i.e. \<open>f / gcd f f'\<close>.\<close>
lemma order_divides: "[:-a, 1:] ^ n dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0 \<or> n \<le> order a p"
-apply (cases "p = 0", auto)
-apply (drule order_2 [where a=a and p=p])
-apply (metis not_less_eq_eq power_le_dvd)
-apply (erule power_le_dvd [OF order_1])
-done
+ apply (cases "p = 0")
+ apply auto
+ apply (drule order_2 [where a=a and p=p])
+ apply (metis not_less_eq_eq power_le_dvd)
+ apply (erule power_le_dvd [OF order_1])
+ done
lemma order_decomp:
assumes "p \<noteq> 0"
shows "\<exists>q. p = [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * q \<and> \<not> [:- a, 1:] dvd q"
proof -
- from assms have A: "[:- a, 1:] ^ order a p dvd p"
- and B: "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd p" by (auto dest: order)
- from A obtain q where C: "p = [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * q" ..
- with B have "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * q"
+ from assms have *: "[:- a, 1:] ^ order a p dvd p"
+ and **: "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd p"
+ by (auto dest: order)
+ from * obtain q where q: "p = [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * q" ..
+ with ** have "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc (order a p) dvd [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * q"
by simp
then have "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * [:- a, 1:] dvd [:- a, 1:] ^ order a p * q"
by simp
- then have D: "\<not> [:- a, 1:] dvd q"
- using idom_class.dvd_mult_cancel_left [of "[:- a, 1:] ^ order a p" "[:- a, 1:]" q]
- by auto
- from C D show ?thesis by blast
+ with idom_class.dvd_mult_cancel_left [of "[:- a, 1:] ^ order a p" "[:- a, 1:]" q]
+ have "\<not> [:- a, 1:] dvd q" by auto
+ with q show ?thesis by blast
qed
-lemma monom_1_dvd_iff:
- assumes "p \<noteq> 0"
- shows "monom 1 n dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> n \<le> order 0 p"
- using assms order_divides[of 0 n p] by (simp add: monom_altdef)
+lemma monom_1_dvd_iff: "p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> monom 1 n dvd p \<longleftrightarrow> n \<le> order 0 p"
+ using order_divides[of 0 n p] by (simp add: monom_altdef)
subsection \<open>Additional induction rules on polynomials\<close>
text \<open>
- An induction rule for induction over the roots of a polynomial with a certain property.
+ An induction rule for induction over the roots of a polynomial with a certain property.
(e.g. all positive roots)
\<close>
lemma poly_root_induct [case_names 0 no_roots root]:
fixes p :: "'a :: idom poly"
assumes "Q 0"
- assumes "\<And>p. (\<And>a. P a \<Longrightarrow> poly p a \<noteq> 0) \<Longrightarrow> Q p"
- assumes "\<And>a p. P a \<Longrightarrow> Q p \<Longrightarrow> Q ([:a, -1:] * p)"
- shows "Q p"
+ and "\<And>p. (\<And>a. P a \<Longrightarrow> poly p a \<noteq> 0) \<Longrightarrow> Q p"
+ and "\<And>a p. P a \<Longrightarrow> Q p \<Longrightarrow> Q ([:a, -1:] * p)"
+ shows "Q p"
proof (induction "degree p" arbitrary: p rule: less_induct)
case (less p)
show ?case
proof (cases "p = 0")
- assume nz: "p \<noteq> 0"
- show ?case
+ case True
+ with assms(1) show ?thesis by simp
+ next
+ case False
+ show ?thesis
proof (cases "\<exists>a. P a \<and> poly p a = 0")
case False
- thus ?thesis by (intro assms(2)) blast
+ then show ?thesis by (intro assms(2)) blast
next
case True
- then obtain a where a: "P a" "poly p a = 0"
+ then obtain a where a: "P a" "poly p a = 0"
by blast
- hence "-[:-a, 1:] dvd p"
+ then have "-[:-a, 1:] dvd p"
by (subst minus_dvd_iff) (simp add: poly_eq_0_iff_dvd)
then obtain q where q: "p = [:a, -1:] * q" by (elim dvdE) simp
- with nz have q_nz: "q \<noteq> 0" by auto
+ with False have "q \<noteq> 0" by auto
have "degree p = Suc (degree q)"
- by (subst q, subst degree_mult_eq) (simp_all add: q_nz)
- hence "Q q" by (intro less) simp
- from a(1) and this have "Q ([:a, -1:] * q)"
+ by (subst q, subst degree_mult_eq) (simp_all add: \<open>q \<noteq> 0\<close>)
+ then have "Q q" by (intro less) simp
+ with a(1) have "Q ([:a, -1:] * q)"
by (rule assms(3))
with q show ?thesis by simp
qed
- qed (simp add: assms(1))
+ qed
qed
-lemma dropWhile_replicate_append:
- "dropWhile (op= a) (replicate n a @ ys) = dropWhile (op= a) ys"
- by (induction n) simp_all
+lemma dropWhile_replicate_append:
+ "dropWhile (op = a) (replicate n a @ ys) = dropWhile (op = a) ys"
+ by (induct n) simp_all
lemma Poly_append_replicate_0: "Poly (xs @ replicate n 0) = Poly xs"
by (subst coeffs_eq_iff) (simp_all add: strip_while_def dropWhile_replicate_append)
text \<open>
- An induction rule for simultaneous induction over two polynomials,
+ An induction rule for simultaneous induction over two polynomials,
prepending one coefficient in each step.
\<close>
lemma poly_induct2 [case_names 0 pCons]:
assumes "P 0 0" "\<And>a p b q. P p q \<Longrightarrow> P (pCons a p) (pCons b q)"
- shows "P p q"
+ shows "P p q"
proof -
define n where "n = max (length (coeffs p)) (length (coeffs q))"
define xs where "xs = coeffs p @ (replicate (n - length (coeffs p)) 0)"
define ys where "ys = coeffs q @ (replicate (n - length (coeffs q)) 0)"
- have "length xs = length ys"
+ have "length xs = length ys"
by (simp add: xs_def ys_def n_def)
- hence "P (Poly xs) (Poly ys)"
- by (induction rule: list_induct2) (simp_all add: assms)
- also have "Poly xs = p"
+ then have "P (Poly xs) (Poly ys)"
+ by (induct rule: list_induct2) (simp_all add: assms)
+ also have "Poly xs = p"
by (simp add: xs_def Poly_append_replicate_0)
- also have "Poly ys = q"
+ also have "Poly ys = q"
by (simp add: ys_def Poly_append_replicate_0)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
-
+
subsection \<open>Composition of polynomials\<close>
(* Several lemmas contributed by René Thiemann and Akihisa Yamada *)
definition pcompose :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
-where
- "pcompose p q = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a c. [:a:] + q * c) p 0"
+ where "pcompose p q = fold_coeffs (\<lambda>a c. [:a:] + q * c) p 0"
notation pcompose (infixl "\<circ>\<^sub>p" 71)
-lemma pcompose_0 [simp]:
- "pcompose 0 q = 0"
+lemma pcompose_0 [simp]: "pcompose 0 q = 0"
by (simp add: pcompose_def)
-
-lemma pcompose_pCons:
- "pcompose (pCons a p) q = [:a:] + q * pcompose p q"
+
+lemma pcompose_pCons: "pcompose (pCons a p) q = [:a:] + q * pcompose p q"
by (cases "p = 0 \<and> a = 0") (auto simp add: pcompose_def)
-lemma pcompose_1:
- fixes p :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 poly"
- shows "pcompose 1 p = 1"
- unfolding one_poly_def by (auto simp: pcompose_pCons)
-
-lemma poly_pcompose:
- "poly (pcompose p q) x = poly p (poly q x)"
+lemma pcompose_1: "pcompose 1 p = 1"
+ for p :: "'a::comm_semiring_1 poly"
+ by (auto simp: one_poly_def pcompose_pCons)
+
+lemma poly_pcompose: "poly (pcompose p q) x = poly p (poly q x)"
by (induct p) (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons)
-lemma degree_pcompose_le:
- "degree (pcompose p q) \<le> degree p * degree q"
-apply (induct p, simp)
-apply (simp add: pcompose_pCons, clarify)
-apply (rule degree_add_le, simp)
-apply (rule order_trans [OF degree_mult_le], simp)
-done
-
-lemma pcompose_add:
- fixes p q r :: "'a :: {comm_semiring_0, ab_semigroup_add} poly"
- shows "pcompose (p + q) r = pcompose p r + pcompose q r"
+lemma degree_pcompose_le: "degree (pcompose p q) \<le> degree p * degree q"
+ apply (induct p)
+ apply simp
+ apply (simp add: pcompose_pCons)
+ apply clarify
+ apply (rule degree_add_le)
+ apply simp
+ apply (rule order_trans [OF degree_mult_le])
+ apply simp
+ done
+
+lemma pcompose_add: "pcompose (p + q) r = pcompose p r + pcompose q r"
+ for p q r :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0, ab_semigroup_add} poly"
proof (induction p q rule: poly_induct2)
+ case 0
+ then show ?case by simp
+next
case (pCons a p b q)
- have "pcompose (pCons a p + pCons b q) r =
- [:a + b:] + r * pcompose p r + r * pcompose q r"
+ have "pcompose (pCons a p + pCons b q) r = [:a + b:] + r * pcompose p r + r * pcompose q r"
by (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons pCons.IH algebra_simps)
also have "[:a + b:] = [:a:] + [:b:]" by simp
- also have "\<dots> + r * pcompose p r + r * pcompose q r =
- pcompose (pCons a p) r + pcompose (pCons b q) r"
+ also have "\<dots> + r * pcompose p r + r * pcompose q r =
+ pcompose (pCons a p) r + pcompose (pCons b q) r"
by (simp only: pcompose_pCons add_ac)
finally show ?case .
-qed simp
-
-lemma pcompose_uminus:
- fixes p r :: "'a :: comm_ring poly"
- shows "pcompose (-p) r = -pcompose p r"
- by (induction p) (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons)
-
-lemma pcompose_diff:
- fixes p q r :: "'a :: comm_ring poly"
- shows "pcompose (p - q) r = pcompose p r - pcompose q r"
+qed
+
+lemma pcompose_uminus: "pcompose (-p) r = -pcompose p r"
+ for p r :: "'a::comm_ring poly"
+ by (induct p) (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons)
+
+lemma pcompose_diff: "pcompose (p - q) r = pcompose p r - pcompose q r"
+ for p q r :: "'a::comm_ring poly"
using pcompose_add[of p "-q"] by (simp add: pcompose_uminus)
-lemma pcompose_smult:
- fixes p r :: "'a :: comm_semiring_0 poly"
- shows "pcompose (smult a p) r = smult a (pcompose p r)"
- by (induction p)
- (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons pcompose_add smult_add_right)
-
-lemma pcompose_mult:
- fixes p q r :: "'a :: comm_semiring_0 poly"
- shows "pcompose (p * q) r = pcompose p r * pcompose q r"
- by (induction p arbitrary: q)
- (simp_all add: pcompose_add pcompose_smult pcompose_pCons algebra_simps)
-
-lemma pcompose_assoc:
- "pcompose p (pcompose q r :: 'a :: comm_semiring_0 poly ) =
- pcompose (pcompose p q) r"
- by (induction p arbitrary: q)
- (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons pcompose_add pcompose_mult)
-
-lemma pcompose_idR[simp]:
- fixes p :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 poly"
- shows "pcompose p [: 0, 1 :] = p"
- by (induct p; simp add: pcompose_pCons)
+lemma pcompose_smult: "pcompose (smult a p) r = smult a (pcompose p r)"
+ for p r :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly"
+ by (induct p) (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons pcompose_add smult_add_right)
+
+lemma pcompose_mult: "pcompose (p * q) r = pcompose p r * pcompose q r"
+ for p q r :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly"
+ by (induct p arbitrary: q) (simp_all add: pcompose_add pcompose_smult pcompose_pCons algebra_simps)
+
+lemma pcompose_assoc: "pcompose p (pcompose q r) = pcompose (pcompose p q) r"
+ for p q r :: "'a::comm_semiring_0 poly"
+ by (induct p arbitrary: q) (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons pcompose_add pcompose_mult)
+
+lemma pcompose_idR[simp]: "pcompose p [: 0, 1 :] = p"
+ for p :: "'a::comm_semiring_1 poly"
+ by (induct p) (simp_all add: pcompose_pCons)
lemma pcompose_sum: "pcompose (sum f A) p = sum (\<lambda>i. pcompose (f i) p) A"
- by (cases "finite A", induction rule: finite_induct)
- (simp_all add: pcompose_1 pcompose_add)
+ by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: pcompose_1 pcompose_add)
lemma pcompose_prod: "pcompose (prod f A) p = prod (\<lambda>i. pcompose (f i) p) A"
- by (cases "finite A", induction rule: finite_induct)
- (simp_all add: pcompose_1 pcompose_mult)
+ by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: pcompose_1 pcompose_mult)
lemma pcompose_const [simp]: "pcompose [:a:] q = [:a:]"
by (subst pcompose_pCons) simp
@@ -2062,117 +2005,133 @@
lemma pcompose_0': "pcompose p 0 = [:coeff p 0:]"
by (induct p) (auto simp add: pcompose_pCons)
-lemma degree_pcompose:
- fixes p q:: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
- shows "degree (pcompose p q) = degree p * degree q"
+lemma degree_pcompose: "degree (pcompose p q) = degree p * degree q"
+ for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
proof (induct p)
case 0
- thus ?case by auto
+ then show ?case by auto
next
case (pCons a p)
- have "degree (q * pcompose p q) = 0 \<Longrightarrow> ?case"
- proof (cases "p=0")
+ consider "degree (q * pcompose p q) = 0" | "degree (q * pcompose p q) > 0"
+ by blast
+ then show ?case
+ proof cases
+ case prems: 1
+ show ?thesis
+ proof (cases "p = 0")
case True
- thus ?thesis by auto
+ then show ?thesis by auto
next
- case False assume "degree (q * pcompose p q) = 0"
- hence "degree q=0 \<or> pcompose p q=0" by (auto simp add: degree_mult_eq_0)
- moreover have "\<lbrakk>pcompose p q=0;degree q\<noteq>0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> False" using pCons.hyps(2) \<open>p\<noteq>0\<close>
- proof -
- assume "pcompose p q=0" "degree q\<noteq>0"
- hence "degree p=0" using pCons.hyps(2) by auto
- then obtain a1 where "p=[:a1:]"
- by (metis degree_pCons_eq_if old.nat.distinct(2) pCons_cases)
- thus False using \<open>pcompose p q=0\<close> \<open>p\<noteq>0\<close> by auto
- qed
- ultimately have "degree (pCons a p) * degree q=0" by auto
- moreover have "degree (pcompose (pCons a p) q) = 0"
- proof -
- have" 0 = max (degree [:a:]) (degree (q*pcompose p q))"
- using \<open>degree (q * pcompose p q) = 0\<close> by simp
- also have "... \<ge> degree ([:a:] + q * pcompose p q)"
- by (rule degree_add_le_max)
- finally show ?thesis by (auto simp add:pcompose_pCons)
- qed
+ case False
+ from prems have "degree q = 0 \<or> pcompose p q = 0"
+ by (auto simp add: degree_mult_eq_0)
+ moreover have False if "pcompose p q = 0" "degree q \<noteq> 0"
+ proof -
+ from pCons.hyps(2) that have "degree p = 0"
+ by auto
+ then obtain a1 where "p = [:a1:]"
+ by (metis degree_pCons_eq_if old.nat.distinct(2) pCons_cases)
+ with \<open>pcompose p q = 0\<close> \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> show False
+ by auto
+ qed
+ ultimately have "degree (pCons a p) * degree q = 0"
+ by auto
+ moreover have "degree (pcompose (pCons a p) q) = 0"
+ proof -
+ from prems have "0 = max (degree [:a:]) (degree (q * pcompose p q))"
+ by simp
+ also have "\<dots> \<ge> degree ([:a:] + q * pcompose p q)"
+ by (rule degree_add_le_max)
+ finally show ?thesis
+ by (auto simp add: pcompose_pCons)
+ qed
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed
- moreover have "degree (q * pcompose p q)>0 \<Longrightarrow> ?case"
- proof -
- assume asm:"0 < degree (q * pcompose p q)"
- hence "p\<noteq>0" "q\<noteq>0" "pcompose p q\<noteq>0" by auto
- have "degree (pcompose (pCons a p) q) = degree ( q * pcompose p q)"
- unfolding pcompose_pCons
- using degree_add_eq_right[of "[:a:]" ] asm by auto
- thus ?thesis
- using pCons.hyps(2) degree_mult_eq[OF \<open>q\<noteq>0\<close> \<open>pcompose p q\<noteq>0\<close>] by auto
- qed
- ultimately show ?case by blast
+ next
+ case prems: 2
+ then have "p \<noteq> 0" "q \<noteq> 0" "pcompose p q \<noteq> 0"
+ by auto
+ from prems degree_add_eq_right [of "[:a:]"]
+ have "degree (pcompose (pCons a p) q) = degree (q * pcompose p q)"
+ by (auto simp: pcompose_pCons)
+ with pCons.hyps(2) degree_mult_eq[OF \<open>q\<noteq>0\<close> \<open>pcompose p q\<noteq>0\<close>] show ?thesis
+ by auto
+ qed
qed
lemma pcompose_eq_0:
- fixes p q:: "'a :: {comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
- assumes "pcompose p q = 0" "degree q > 0"
+ fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+ assumes "pcompose p q = 0" "degree q > 0"
shows "p = 0"
proof -
- have "degree p=0" using assms degree_pcompose[of p q] by auto
- then obtain a where "p=[:a:]"
+ from assms degree_pcompose [of p q] have "degree p = 0"
+ by auto
+ then obtain a where "p = [:a:]"
by (metis degree_pCons_eq_if gr0_conv_Suc neq0_conv pCons_cases)
- hence "a=0" using assms(1) by auto
- thus ?thesis using \<open>p=[:a:]\<close> by simp
+ with assms(1) have "a = 0"
+ by auto
+ with \<open>p = [:a:]\<close> show ?thesis
+ by simp
qed
lemma lead_coeff_comp:
- fixes p q:: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
- assumes "degree q > 0"
+ fixes p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+ assumes "degree q > 0"
shows "lead_coeff (pcompose p q) = lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q ^ (degree p)"
proof (induct p)
case 0
- thus ?case by auto
+ then show ?case by auto
next
case (pCons a p)
- have "degree ( q * pcompose p q) = 0 \<Longrightarrow> ?case"
- proof -
- assume "degree ( q * pcompose p q) = 0"
- hence "pcompose p q = 0" by (metis assms degree_0 degree_mult_eq_0 neq0_conv)
- hence "p=0" using pcompose_eq_0[OF _ \<open>degree q > 0\<close>] by simp
- thus ?thesis by auto
- qed
- moreover have "degree ( q * pcompose p q) > 0 \<Longrightarrow> ?case"
- proof -
- assume "degree (q * pcompose p q) > 0"
- then have "degree [:a:] < degree (q * pcompose p q)"
- by simp
- then have "lead_coeff ([:a:] + q * p \<circ>\<^sub>p q) = lead_coeff (q * p \<circ>\<^sub>p q)"
- by (rule lead_coeff_add_le)
- then have "lead_coeff (pcompose (pCons a p) q) = lead_coeff (q * pcompose p q)"
- by (simp add: pcompose_pCons)
- also have "... = lead_coeff q * (lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q ^ degree p)"
- using pCons.hyps(2) lead_coeff_mult[of q "pcompose p q"] by simp
- also have "... = lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q ^ (degree p + 1)"
- by (auto simp: mult_ac)
- finally show ?thesis by auto
- qed
- ultimately show ?case by blast
+ consider "degree (q * pcompose p q) = 0" | "degree (q * pcompose p q) > 0"
+ by blast
+ then show ?case
+ proof cases
+ case prems: 1
+ then have "pcompose p q = 0"
+ by (metis assms degree_0 degree_mult_eq_0 neq0_conv)
+ with pcompose_eq_0[OF _ \<open>degree q > 0\<close>] have "p = 0"
+ by simp
+ then show ?thesis
+ by auto
+ next
+ case prems: 2
+ then have "degree [:a:] < degree (q * pcompose p q)"
+ by simp
+ then have "lead_coeff ([:a:] + q * p \<circ>\<^sub>p q) = lead_coeff (q * p \<circ>\<^sub>p q)"
+ by (rule lead_coeff_add_le)
+ then have "lead_coeff (pcompose (pCons a p) q) = lead_coeff (q * pcompose p q)"
+ by (simp add: pcompose_pCons)
+ also have "\<dots> = lead_coeff q * (lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q ^ degree p)"
+ using pCons.hyps(2) lead_coeff_mult[of q "pcompose p q"] by simp
+ also have "\<dots> = lead_coeff p * lead_coeff q ^ (degree p + 1)"
+ by (auto simp: mult_ac)
+ finally show ?thesis by auto
+ qed
qed
subsection \<open>Shifting polynomials\<close>
-definition poly_shift :: "nat \<Rightarrow> ('a::zero) poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" where
- "poly_shift n p = Abs_poly (\<lambda>i. coeff p (i + n))"
+definition poly_shift :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::zero poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
+ where "poly_shift n p = Abs_poly (\<lambda>i. coeff p (i + n))"
lemma nth_default_drop: "nth_default x (drop n xs) m = nth_default x xs (m + n)"
by (auto simp add: nth_default_def add_ac)
-
+
lemma nth_default_take: "nth_default x (take n xs) m = (if m < n then nth_default x xs m else x)"
by (auto simp add: nth_default_def add_ac)
-
+
lemma coeff_poly_shift: "coeff (poly_shift n p) i = coeff p (i + n)"
proof -
- from MOST_coeff_eq_0[of p] obtain m where "\<forall>k>m. coeff p k = 0" by (auto simp: MOST_nat)
- hence "\<forall>k>m. coeff p (k + n) = 0" by auto
- hence "\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>k. coeff p (k + n) = 0" by (auto simp: MOST_nat)
- thus ?thesis by (simp add: poly_shift_def poly.Abs_poly_inverse)
+ from MOST_coeff_eq_0[of p] obtain m where "\<forall>k>m. coeff p k = 0"
+ by (auto simp: MOST_nat)
+ then have "\<forall>k>m. coeff p (k + n) = 0"
+ by auto
+ then have "\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>k. coeff p (k + n) = 0"
+ by (auto simp: MOST_nat)
+ then show ?thesis
+ by (simp add: poly_shift_def poly.Abs_poly_inverse)
qed
lemma poly_shift_id [simp]: "poly_shift 0 = (\<lambda>x. x)"
@@ -2180,7 +2139,7 @@
lemma poly_shift_0 [simp]: "poly_shift n 0 = 0"
by (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_poly_shift)
-
+
lemma poly_shift_1: "poly_shift n 1 = (if n = 0 then 1 else 0)"
by (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_poly_shift)
@@ -2189,17 +2148,20 @@
lemma coeffs_shift_poly [code abstract]: "coeffs (poly_shift n p) = drop n (coeffs p)"
proof (cases "p = 0")
+ case True
+ then show ?thesis by simp
+next
case False
- thus ?thesis
+ then show ?thesis
by (intro coeffs_eqI)
- (simp_all add: coeff_poly_shift nth_default_drop last_coeffs_not_0 nth_default_coeffs_eq)
-qed simp_all
+ (simp_all add: coeff_poly_shift nth_default_drop last_coeffs_not_0 nth_default_coeffs_eq)
+qed
subsection \<open>Truncating polynomials\<close>
-definition poly_cutoff where
- "poly_cutoff n p = Abs_poly (\<lambda>k. if k < n then coeff p k else 0)"
+definition poly_cutoff
+ where "poly_cutoff n p = Abs_poly (\<lambda>k. if k < n then coeff p k else 0)"
lemma coeff_poly_cutoff: "coeff (poly_cutoff n p) k = (if k < n then coeff p k else 0)"
unfolding poly_cutoff_def
@@ -2211,35 +2173,38 @@
lemma poly_cutoff_1 [simp]: "poly_cutoff n 1 = (if n = 0 then 0 else 1)"
by (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_poly_cutoff)
-lemma coeffs_poly_cutoff [code abstract]:
+lemma coeffs_poly_cutoff [code abstract]:
"coeffs (poly_cutoff n p) = strip_while (op = 0) (take n (coeffs p))"
proof (cases "strip_while (op = 0) (take n (coeffs p)) = []")
case True
- hence "coeff (poly_cutoff n p) k = 0" for k
+ then have "coeff (poly_cutoff n p) k = 0" for k
unfolding coeff_poly_cutoff
by (auto simp: nth_default_coeffs_eq [symmetric] nth_default_def set_conv_nth)
- hence "poly_cutoff n p = 0" by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
- thus ?thesis by (subst True) simp_all
+ then have "poly_cutoff n p = 0"
+ by (simp add: poly_eq_iff)
+ then show ?thesis
+ by (subst True) simp_all
next
case False
- have "no_trailing (op = 0) (strip_while (op = 0) (take n (coeffs p)))" by simp
- with False have "last (strip_while (op = 0) (take n (coeffs p))) \<noteq> 0"
+ have "no_trailing (op = 0) (strip_while (op = 0) (take n (coeffs p)))"
+ by simp
+ with False have "last (strip_while (op = 0) (take n (coeffs p))) \<noteq> 0"
unfolding no_trailing_unfold by auto
- thus ?thesis
+ then show ?thesis
by (intro coeffs_eqI)
- (simp_all add: coeff_poly_cutoff last_coeffs_not_0 nth_default_take nth_default_coeffs_eq)
+ (simp_all add: coeff_poly_cutoff last_coeffs_not_0 nth_default_take nth_default_coeffs_eq)
qed
subsection \<open>Reflecting polynomials\<close>
-definition reflect_poly where
- "reflect_poly p = Poly (rev (coeffs p))"
-
+definition reflect_poly :: "'a::zero poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
+ where "reflect_poly p = Poly (rev (coeffs p))"
+
lemma coeffs_reflect_poly [code abstract]:
- "coeffs (reflect_poly p) = rev (dropWhile (op = 0) (coeffs p))"
- unfolding reflect_poly_def by simp
-
+ "coeffs (reflect_poly p) = rev (dropWhile (op = 0) (coeffs p))"
+ by (simp add: reflect_poly_def)
+
lemma reflect_poly_0 [simp]: "reflect_poly 0 = 0"
by (simp add: reflect_poly_def)
@@ -2248,9 +2213,10 @@
lemma coeff_reflect_poly:
"coeff (reflect_poly p) n = (if n > degree p then 0 else coeff p (degree p - n))"
- by (cases "p = 0") (auto simp add: reflect_poly_def nth_default_def
- rev_nth degree_eq_length_coeffs coeffs_nth not_less
- dest: le_imp_less_Suc)
+ by (cases "p = 0")
+ (auto simp add: reflect_poly_def nth_default_def
+ rev_nth degree_eq_length_coeffs coeffs_nth not_less
+ dest: le_imp_less_Suc)
lemma coeff_0_reflect_poly_0_iff [simp]: "coeff (reflect_poly p) 0 = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
by (simp add: coeff_reflect_poly)
@@ -2261,14 +2227,15 @@
lemma reflect_poly_pCons':
"p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> reflect_poly (pCons c p) = reflect_poly p + monom c (Suc (degree p))"
by (intro poly_eqI)
- (auto simp: coeff_reflect_poly coeff_pCons not_less Suc_diff_le split: nat.split)
+ (auto simp: coeff_reflect_poly coeff_pCons not_less Suc_diff_le split: nat.split)
lemma reflect_poly_const [simp]: "reflect_poly [:a:] = [:a:]"
by (cases "a = 0") (simp_all add: reflect_poly_def)
lemma poly_reflect_poly_nz:
- "(x :: 'a :: field) \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> poly (reflect_poly p) x = x ^ degree p * poly p (inverse x)"
- by (induction rule: pCons_induct) (simp_all add: field_simps reflect_poly_pCons' poly_monom)
+ "x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> poly (reflect_poly p) x = x ^ degree p * poly p (inverse x)"
+ for x :: "'a::field"
+ by (induct rule: pCons_induct) (simp_all add: field_simps reflect_poly_pCons' poly_monom)
lemma coeff_0_reflect_poly [simp]: "coeff (reflect_poly p) 0 = lead_coeff p"
by (simp add: coeff_reflect_poly)
@@ -2282,24 +2249,21 @@
lemma degree_reflect_poly_le: "degree (reflect_poly p) \<le> degree p"
by (simp add: degree_eq_length_coeffs coeffs_reflect_poly length_dropWhile_le diff_le_mono)
-lemma reflect_poly_pCons:
- "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> reflect_poly (pCons a p) = Poly (rev (a # coeffs p))"
+lemma reflect_poly_pCons: "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> reflect_poly (pCons a p) = Poly (rev (a # coeffs p))"
by (subst coeffs_eq_iff) (simp add: coeffs_reflect_poly)
-
+
lemma degree_reflect_poly_eq [simp]: "coeff p 0 \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree (reflect_poly p) = degree p"
by (cases p rule: pCons_cases) (simp add: reflect_poly_pCons degree_eq_length_coeffs)
-
+
(* TODO: does this work with zero divisors as well? Probably not. *)
-lemma reflect_poly_mult:
- "reflect_poly (p * q) =
- reflect_poly p * reflect_poly (q :: _ :: {comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly)"
+lemma reflect_poly_mult: "reflect_poly (p * q) = reflect_poly p * reflect_poly q"
+ for p q :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
proof (cases "p = 0 \<or> q = 0")
case False
- hence [simp]: "p \<noteq> 0" "q \<noteq> 0" by auto
+ then have [simp]: "p \<noteq> 0" "q \<noteq> 0" by auto
show ?thesis
proof (rule poly_eqI)
- fix i :: nat
- show "coeff (reflect_poly (p * q)) i = coeff (reflect_poly p * reflect_poly q) i"
+ show "coeff (reflect_poly (p * q)) i = coeff (reflect_poly p * reflect_poly q) i" for i
proof (cases "i \<le> degree (p * q)")
case True
define A where "A = {..i} \<inter> {i - degree q..degree p}"
@@ -2309,47 +2273,45 @@
from True have "coeff (reflect_poly (p * q)) i = coeff (p * q) (degree (p * q) - i)"
by (simp add: coeff_reflect_poly)
also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum>j\<le>degree (p * q) - i. coeff p j * coeff q (degree (p * q) - i - j))"
- unfolding coeff_mult by simp
+ by (simp add: coeff_mult)
also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum>j\<in>B. coeff p j * coeff q (degree (p * q) - i - j))"
by (intro sum.mono_neutral_right) (auto simp: B_def degree_mult_eq not_le coeff_eq_0)
also from True have "\<dots> = (\<Sum>j\<in>A. coeff p (degree p - j) * coeff q (degree q - (i - j)))"
by (intro sum.reindex_bij_witness[of _ ?f ?f])
- (auto simp: A_def B_def degree_mult_eq add_ac)
- also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum>j\<le>i. if j \<in> {i - degree q..degree p} then
- coeff p (degree p - j) * coeff q (degree q - (i - j)) else 0)"
+ (auto simp: A_def B_def degree_mult_eq add_ac)
+ also have "\<dots> =
+ (\<Sum>j\<le>i.
+ if j \<in> {i - degree q..degree p}
+ then coeff p (degree p - j) * coeff q (degree q - (i - j))
+ else 0)"
by (subst sum.inter_restrict [symmetric]) (simp_all add: A_def)
- also have "\<dots> = coeff (reflect_poly p * reflect_poly q) i"
- by (fastforce simp: coeff_mult coeff_reflect_poly intro!: sum.cong)
- finally show ?thesis .
+ also have "\<dots> = coeff (reflect_poly p * reflect_poly q) i"
+ by (fastforce simp: coeff_mult coeff_reflect_poly intro!: sum.cong)
+ finally show ?thesis .
qed (auto simp: coeff_mult coeff_reflect_poly coeff_eq_0 degree_mult_eq intro!: sum.neutral)
qed
qed auto
-lemma reflect_poly_smult:
- "reflect_poly (Polynomial.smult (c::'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors}) p) =
- Polynomial.smult c (reflect_poly p)"
+lemma reflect_poly_smult: "reflect_poly (smult c p) = smult c (reflect_poly p)"
+ for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
using reflect_poly_mult[of "[:c:]" p] by simp
-lemma reflect_poly_power:
- "reflect_poly (p ^ n :: 'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly) =
- reflect_poly p ^ n"
- by (induction n) (simp_all add: reflect_poly_mult)
-
-lemma reflect_poly_prod:
- "reflect_poly (prod (f :: _ \<Rightarrow> _ :: {comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly) A) =
- prod (\<lambda>x. reflect_poly (f x)) A"
- by (cases "finite A", induction rule: finite_induct) (simp_all add: reflect_poly_mult)
-
-lemma reflect_poly_prod_list:
- "reflect_poly (prod_list (xs :: _ :: {comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly list)) =
- prod_list (map reflect_poly xs)"
- by (induction xs) (simp_all add: reflect_poly_mult)
-
-lemma reflect_poly_Poly_nz:
- "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last xs \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> reflect_poly (Poly xs) = Poly (rev xs)"
- unfolding reflect_poly_def coeffs_Poly by simp
-
-lemmas reflect_poly_simps =
+lemma reflect_poly_power: "reflect_poly (p ^ n) = reflect_poly p ^ n"
+ for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+ by (induct n) (simp_all add: reflect_poly_mult)
+
+lemma reflect_poly_prod: "reflect_poly (prod f A) = prod (\<lambda>x. reflect_poly (f x)) A"
+ for f :: "_ \<Rightarrow> _::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly"
+ by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: reflect_poly_mult)
+
+lemma reflect_poly_prod_list: "reflect_poly (prod_list xs) = prod_list (map reflect_poly xs)"
+ for xs :: "_::{comm_semiring_0,semiring_no_zero_divisors} poly list"
+ by (induct xs) (simp_all add: reflect_poly_mult)
+
+lemma reflect_poly_Poly_nz: "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last xs \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> reflect_poly (Poly xs) = Poly (rev xs)"
+ by (simp add: reflect_poly_def)
+
+lemmas reflect_poly_simps =
reflect_poly_0 reflect_poly_1 reflect_poly_const reflect_poly_smult reflect_poly_mult
reflect_poly_power reflect_poly_prod reflect_poly_prod_list
@@ -2357,8 +2319,7 @@
subsection \<open>Derivatives\<close>
function pderiv :: "('a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}) poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
-where
- "pderiv (pCons a p) = (if p = 0 then 0 else p + pCons 0 (pderiv p))"
+ where "pderiv (pCons a p) = (if p = 0 then 0 else p + pCons 0 (pderiv p))"
by (auto intro: pCons_cases)
termination pderiv
@@ -2366,253 +2327,252 @@
declare pderiv.simps[simp del]
-lemma pderiv_0 [simp]:
- "pderiv 0 = 0"
+lemma pderiv_0 [simp]: "pderiv 0 = 0"
using pderiv.simps [of 0 0] by simp
-lemma pderiv_pCons:
- "pderiv (pCons a p) = p + pCons 0 (pderiv p)"
+lemma pderiv_pCons: "pderiv (pCons a p) = p + pCons 0 (pderiv p)"
by (simp add: pderiv.simps)
-lemma pderiv_1 [simp]: "pderiv 1 = 0"
- unfolding one_poly_def by (simp add: pderiv_pCons)
-
-lemma pderiv_of_nat [simp]: "pderiv (of_nat n) = 0"
+lemma pderiv_1 [simp]: "pderiv 1 = 0"
+ by (simp add: one_poly_def pderiv_pCons)
+
+lemma pderiv_of_nat [simp]: "pderiv (of_nat n) = 0"
and pderiv_numeral [simp]: "pderiv (numeral m) = 0"
by (simp_all add: of_nat_poly numeral_poly pderiv_pCons)
lemma coeff_pderiv: "coeff (pderiv p) n = of_nat (Suc n) * coeff p (Suc n)"
- by (induct p arbitrary: n)
- (auto simp add: pderiv_pCons coeff_pCons algebra_simps split: nat.split)
-
-fun pderiv_coeffs_code
- :: "('a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}) \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
- "pderiv_coeffs_code f (x # xs) = cCons (f * x) (pderiv_coeffs_code (f+1) xs)"
-| "pderiv_coeffs_code f [] = []"
-
-definition pderiv_coeffs ::
- "'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
- "pderiv_coeffs xs = pderiv_coeffs_code 1 (tl xs)"
+ by (induct p arbitrary: n)
+ (auto simp add: pderiv_pCons coeff_pCons algebra_simps split: nat.split)
+
+fun pderiv_coeffs_code :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"
+ where
+ "pderiv_coeffs_code f (x # xs) = cCons (f * x) (pderiv_coeffs_code (f+1) xs)"
+ | "pderiv_coeffs_code f [] = []"
+
+definition pderiv_coeffs :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors} list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"
+ where "pderiv_coeffs xs = pderiv_coeffs_code 1 (tl xs)"
(* Efficient code for pderiv contributed by René Thiemann and Akihisa Yamada *)
-lemma pderiv_coeffs_code:
- "nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code f xs) n = (f + of_nat n) * (nth_default 0 xs n)"
+lemma pderiv_coeffs_code:
+ "nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code f xs) n = (f + of_nat n) * nth_default 0 xs n"
proof (induct xs arbitrary: f n)
- case (Cons x xs f n)
- show ?case
+ case Nil
+ then show ?case by simp
+next
+ case (Cons x xs)
+ show ?case
proof (cases n)
case 0
- thus ?thesis by (cases "pderiv_coeffs_code (f + 1) xs = [] \<and> f * x = 0", auto simp: cCons_def)
+ then show ?thesis
+ by (cases "pderiv_coeffs_code (f + 1) xs = [] \<and> f * x = 0") (auto simp: cCons_def)
next
- case (Suc m) note n = this
- show ?thesis
+ case n: (Suc m)
+ show ?thesis
proof (cases "pderiv_coeffs_code (f + 1) xs = [] \<and> f * x = 0")
case False
- hence "nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code f (x # xs)) n =
- nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code (f + 1) xs) m"
+ then have "nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code f (x # xs)) n =
+ nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code (f + 1) xs) m"
by (auto simp: cCons_def n)
- also have "\<dots> = (f + of_nat n) * (nth_default 0 xs m)"
- unfolding Cons by (simp add: n add_ac)
- finally show ?thesis by (simp add: n)
+ also have "\<dots> = (f + of_nat n) * nth_default 0 xs m"
+ by (simp add: Cons n add_ac)
+ finally show ?thesis
+ by (simp add: n)
next
case True
- {
- fix g
- have "pderiv_coeffs_code g xs = [] \<Longrightarrow> g + of_nat m = 0 \<or> nth_default 0 xs m = 0"
- proof (induct xs arbitrary: g m)
- case (Cons x xs g)
- from Cons(2) have empty: "pderiv_coeffs_code (g + 1) xs = []"
- and g: "(g = 0 \<or> x = 0)"
- by (auto simp: cCons_def split: if_splits)
- note IH = Cons(1)[OF empty]
- from IH[of m] IH[of "m - 1"] g
- show ?case by (cases m, auto simp: field_simps)
- qed simp
- } note empty = this
+ have empty: "pderiv_coeffs_code g xs = [] \<Longrightarrow> g + of_nat m = 0 \<or> nth_default 0 xs m = 0" for g
+ proof (induct xs arbitrary: g m)
+ case Nil
+ then show ?case by simp
+ next
+ case (Cons x xs)
+ from Cons(2) have empty: "pderiv_coeffs_code (g + 1) xs = []" and g: "g = 0 \<or> x = 0"
+ by (auto simp: cCons_def split: if_splits)
+ note IH = Cons(1)[OF empty]
+ from IH[of m] IH[of "m - 1"] g show ?case
+ by (cases m) (auto simp: field_simps)
+ qed
from True have "nth_default 0 (pderiv_coeffs_code f (x # xs)) n = 0"
by (auto simp: cCons_def n)
- moreover have "(f + of_nat n) * nth_default 0 (x # xs) n = 0" using True
- by (simp add: n, insert empty[of "f+1"], auto simp: field_simps)
+ moreover from True have "(f + of_nat n) * nth_default 0 (x # xs) n = 0"
+ by (simp add: n) (use empty[of "f+1"] in \<open>auto simp: field_simps\<close>)
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed
qed
-qed simp
-
-lemma map_upt_Suc: "map f [0 ..< Suc n] = f 0 # map (\<lambda> i. f (Suc i)) [0 ..< n]"
- by (induct n arbitrary: f, auto)
-
-lemma coeffs_pderiv_code [code abstract]:
- "coeffs (pderiv p) = pderiv_coeffs (coeffs p)" unfolding pderiv_coeffs_def
+qed
+
+lemma map_upt_Suc: "map f [0 ..< Suc n] = f 0 # map (\<lambda>i. f (Suc i)) [0 ..< n]"
+ by (induct n arbitrary: f) auto
+
+lemma coeffs_pderiv_code [code abstract]: "coeffs (pderiv p) = pderiv_coeffs (coeffs p)"
+ unfolding pderiv_coeffs_def
proof (rule coeffs_eqI, unfold pderiv_coeffs_code coeff_pderiv, goal_cases)
case (1 n)
have id: "coeff p (Suc n) = nth_default 0 (map (\<lambda>i. coeff p (Suc i)) [0..<degree p]) n"
- by (cases "n < degree p", auto simp: nth_default_def coeff_eq_0)
- show ?case unfolding coeffs_def map_upt_Suc by (auto simp: id)
+ by (cases "n < degree p") (auto simp: nth_default_def coeff_eq_0)
+ show ?case
+ unfolding coeffs_def map_upt_Suc by (auto simp: id)
next
case 2
- obtain n xs where id: "tl (coeffs p) = xs" "(1 :: 'a) = n" by auto
+ obtain n :: 'a and xs where defs: "tl (coeffs p) = xs" "1 = n"
+ by simp
from 2 show ?case
- unfolding id by (induct xs arbitrary: n, auto simp: cCons_def)
+ unfolding defs by (induct xs arbitrary: n) (auto simp: cCons_def)
qed
-context
- assumes "SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors, semiring_char_0})"
-begin
-
-lemma pderiv_eq_0_iff:
- "pderiv (p :: 'a poly) = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> degree p = 0"
+lemma pderiv_eq_0_iff: "pderiv p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> degree p = 0"
+ for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors,semiring_char_0} poly"
apply (rule iffI)
- apply (cases p, simp)
- apply (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_pderiv del: of_nat_Suc)
+ apply (cases p)
+ apply simp
+ apply (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_pderiv del: of_nat_Suc)
apply (simp add: poly_eq_iff coeff_pderiv coeff_eq_0)
done
-lemma degree_pderiv: "degree (pderiv (p :: 'a poly)) = degree p - 1"
+lemma degree_pderiv: "degree (pderiv p) = degree p - 1"
+ for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors,semiring_char_0} poly"
apply (rule order_antisym [OF degree_le])
- apply (simp add: coeff_pderiv coeff_eq_0)
- apply (cases "degree p", simp)
+ apply (simp add: coeff_pderiv coeff_eq_0)
+ apply (cases "degree p")
+ apply simp
apply (rule le_degree)
apply (simp add: coeff_pderiv del: of_nat_Suc)
apply (metis degree_0 leading_coeff_0_iff nat.distinct(1))
done
-lemma not_dvd_pderiv:
- assumes "degree (p :: 'a poly) \<noteq> 0"
+lemma not_dvd_pderiv:
+ fixes p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors,semiring_char_0} poly"
+ assumes "degree p \<noteq> 0"
shows "\<not> p dvd pderiv p"
proof
assume dvd: "p dvd pderiv p"
- then obtain q where p: "pderiv p = p * q" unfolding dvd_def by auto
+ then obtain q where p: "pderiv p = p * q"
+ unfolding dvd_def by auto
from dvd have le: "degree p \<le> degree (pderiv p)"
by (simp add: assms dvd_imp_degree_le pderiv_eq_0_iff)
- from this[unfolded degree_pderiv] assms show False by auto
+ from assms and this [unfolded degree_pderiv]
+ show False by auto
qed
-lemma dvd_pderiv_iff [simp]: "(p :: 'a poly) dvd pderiv p \<longleftrightarrow> degree p = 0"
+lemma dvd_pderiv_iff [simp]: "p dvd pderiv p \<longleftrightarrow> degree p = 0"
+ for p :: "'a::{comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors,semiring_char_0} poly"
using not_dvd_pderiv[of p] by (auto simp: pderiv_eq_0_iff [symmetric])
-end
-
lemma pderiv_singleton [simp]: "pderiv [:a:] = 0"
-by (simp add: pderiv_pCons)
+ by (simp add: pderiv_pCons)
lemma pderiv_add: "pderiv (p + q) = pderiv p + pderiv q"
-by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
lemma pderiv_minus: "pderiv (- p :: 'a :: idom poly) = - pderiv p"
-by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
lemma pderiv_diff: "pderiv ((p :: _ :: idom poly) - q) = pderiv p - pderiv q"
-by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
lemma pderiv_smult: "pderiv (smult a p) = smult a (pderiv p)"
-by (rule poly_eqI, simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
+ by (rule poly_eqI) (simp add: coeff_pderiv algebra_simps)
lemma pderiv_mult: "pderiv (p * q) = p * pderiv q + q * pderiv p"
-by (induct p) (auto simp: pderiv_add pderiv_smult pderiv_pCons algebra_simps)
-
-lemma pderiv_power_Suc:
- "pderiv (p ^ Suc n) = smult (of_nat (Suc n)) (p ^ n) * pderiv p"
-apply (induct n)
-apply simp
-apply (subst power_Suc)
-apply (subst pderiv_mult)
-apply (erule ssubst)
-apply (simp only: of_nat_Suc smult_add_left smult_1_left)
-apply (simp add: algebra_simps)
-done
-
-lemma pderiv_prod: "pderiv (prod f (as)) =
- (\<Sum>a \<in> as. prod f (as - {a}) * pderiv (f a))"
+ by (induct p) (auto simp: pderiv_add pderiv_smult pderiv_pCons algebra_simps)
+
+lemma pderiv_power_Suc: "pderiv (p ^ Suc n) = smult (of_nat (Suc n)) (p ^ n) * pderiv p"
+ apply (induct n)
+ apply simp
+ apply (subst power_Suc)
+ apply (subst pderiv_mult)
+ apply (erule ssubst)
+ apply (simp only: of_nat_Suc smult_add_left smult_1_left)
+ apply (simp add: algebra_simps)
+ done
+
+lemma pderiv_prod: "pderiv (prod f (as)) = (\<Sum>a\<in>as. prod f (as - {a}) * pderiv (f a))"
proof (induct as rule: infinite_finite_induct)
case (insert a as)
- hence id: "prod f (insert a as) = f a * prod f as"
- "\<And> g. sum g (insert a as) = g a + sum g as"
+ then have id: "prod f (insert a as) = f a * prod f as"
+ "\<And>g. sum g (insert a as) = g a + sum g as"
"insert a as - {a} = as"
by auto
- {
- fix b
- assume "b \<in> as"
- hence id2: "insert a as - {b} = insert a (as - {b})" using \<open>a \<notin> as\<close> by auto
- have "prod f (insert a as - {b}) = f a * prod f (as - {b})"
- unfolding id2
- by (subst prod.insert, insert insert, auto)
- } note id2 = this
- show ?case
+ have "prod f (insert a as - {b}) = f a * prod f (as - {b})" if "b \<in> as" for b
+ proof -
+ from \<open>a \<notin> as\<close> that have *: "insert a as - {b} = insert a (as - {b})"
+ by auto
+ show ?thesis
+ unfolding * by (subst prod.insert) (use insert in auto)
+ qed
+ then show ?case
unfolding id pderiv_mult insert(3) sum_distrib_left
- by (auto simp add: ac_simps id2 intro!: sum.cong)
+ by (auto simp add: ac_simps intro!: sum.cong)
qed auto
-lemma DERIV_pow2: "DERIV (%x. x ^ Suc n) x :> real (Suc n) * (x ^ n)"
-by (rule DERIV_cong, rule DERIV_pow, simp)
+lemma DERIV_pow2: "DERIV (\<lambda>x. x ^ Suc n) x :> real (Suc n) * (x ^ n)"
+ by (rule DERIV_cong, rule DERIV_pow) simp
declare DERIV_pow2 [simp] DERIV_pow [simp]
-lemma DERIV_add_const: "DERIV f x :> D ==> DERIV (%x. a + f x :: 'a::real_normed_field) x :> D"
-by (rule DERIV_cong, rule DERIV_add, auto)
-
-lemma poly_DERIV [simp]: "DERIV (%x. poly p x) x :> poly (pderiv p) x"
- by (induct p, auto intro!: derivative_eq_intros simp add: pderiv_pCons)
-
-lemma continuous_on_poly [continuous_intros]:
+lemma DERIV_add_const: "DERIV f x :> D \<Longrightarrow> DERIV (\<lambda>x. a + f x :: 'a::real_normed_field) x :> D"
+ by (rule DERIV_cong, rule DERIV_add) auto
+
+lemma poly_DERIV [simp]: "DERIV (\<lambda>x. poly p x) x :> poly (pderiv p) x"
+ by (induct p) (auto intro!: derivative_eq_intros simp add: pderiv_pCons)
+
+lemma continuous_on_poly [continuous_intros]:
fixes p :: "'a :: {real_normed_field} poly"
assumes "continuous_on A f"
- shows "continuous_on A (\<lambda>x. poly p (f x))"
+ shows "continuous_on A (\<lambda>x. poly p (f x))"
proof -
- have "continuous_on A (\<lambda>x. (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. (f x) ^ i * coeff p i))"
+ have "continuous_on A (\<lambda>x. (\<Sum>i\<le>degree p. (f x) ^ i * coeff p i))"
by (intro continuous_intros assms)
- also have "\<dots> = (\<lambda>x. poly p (f x))" by (intro ext) (simp add: poly_altdef mult_ac)
+ also have "\<dots> = (\<lambda>x. poly p (f x))"
+ by (rule ext) (simp add: poly_altdef mult_ac)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
-text\<open>Consequences of the derivative theorem above\<close>
-
-lemma poly_differentiable[simp]: "(%x. poly p x) differentiable (at x::real filter)"
-apply (simp add: real_differentiable_def)
-apply (blast intro: poly_DERIV)
-done
-
-lemma poly_isCont[simp]: "isCont (%x. poly p x) (x::real)"
-by (rule poly_DERIV [THEN DERIV_isCont])
-
-lemma poly_IVT_pos: "[| a < b; poly p (a::real) < 0; 0 < poly p b |]
- ==> \<exists>x. a < x & x < b & (poly p x = 0)"
-using IVT_objl [of "poly p" a 0 b]
-by (auto simp add: order_le_less)
-
-lemma poly_IVT_neg: "[| (a::real) < b; 0 < poly p a; poly p b < 0 |]
- ==> \<exists>x. a < x & x < b & (poly p x = 0)"
-by (insert poly_IVT_pos [where p = "- p" ]) simp
-
-lemma poly_IVT:
- fixes p::"real poly"
- assumes "a<b" and "poly p a * poly p b < 0"
- shows "\<exists>x>a. x < b \<and> poly p x = 0"
-by (metis assms(1) assms(2) less_not_sym mult_less_0_iff poly_IVT_neg poly_IVT_pos)
-
-lemma poly_MVT: "(a::real) < b ==>
- \<exists>x. a < x & x < b & (poly p b - poly p a = (b - a) * poly (pderiv p) x)"
-using MVT [of a b "poly p"]
-apply auto
-apply (rule_tac x = z in exI)
-apply (auto simp add: mult_left_cancel poly_DERIV [THEN DERIV_unique])
-done
+text \<open>Consequences of the derivative theorem above.\<close>
+
+lemma poly_differentiable[simp]: "(\<lambda>x. poly p x) differentiable (at x)"
+ for x :: real
+ by (simp add: real_differentiable_def) (blast intro: poly_DERIV)
+
+lemma poly_isCont[simp]: "isCont (\<lambda>x. poly p x) x"
+ for x :: real
+ by (rule poly_DERIV [THEN DERIV_isCont])
+
+lemma poly_IVT_pos: "a < b \<Longrightarrow> poly p a < 0 \<Longrightarrow> 0 < poly p b \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x. a < x \<and> x < b \<and> poly p x = 0"
+ for a b :: real
+ using IVT_objl [of "poly p" a 0 b] by (auto simp add: order_le_less)
+
+lemma poly_IVT_neg: "a < b \<Longrightarrow> 0 < poly p a \<Longrightarrow> poly p b < 0 \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x. a < x \<and> x < b \<and> poly p x = 0"
+ for a b :: real
+ using poly_IVT_pos [where p = "- p"] by simp
+
+lemma poly_IVT: "a < b \<Longrightarrow> poly p a * poly p b < 0 \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x>a. x < b \<and> poly p x = 0"
+ for p :: "real poly"
+ by (metis less_not_sym mult_less_0_iff poly_IVT_neg poly_IVT_pos)
+
+lemma poly_MVT: "a < b \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x. a < x \<and> x < b \<and> poly p b - poly p a = (b - a) * poly (pderiv p) x"
+ for a b :: real
+ using MVT [of a b "poly p"]
+ apply auto
+ apply (rule_tac x = z in exI)
+ apply (auto simp add: mult_left_cancel poly_DERIV [THEN DERIV_unique])
+ done
lemma poly_MVT':
+ fixes a b :: real
assumes "{min a b..max a b} \<subseteq> A"
- shows "\<exists>x\<in>A. poly p b - poly p a = (b - a) * poly (pderiv p) (x::real)"
+ shows "\<exists>x\<in>A. poly p b - poly p a = (b - a) * poly (pderiv p) x"
proof (cases a b rule: linorder_cases)
case less
from poly_MVT[OF less, of p] guess x by (elim exE conjE)
- thus ?thesis by (intro bexI[of _ x]) (auto intro!: subsetD[OF assms])
-
+ then show ?thesis by (intro bexI[of _ x]) (auto intro!: subsetD[OF assms])
next
case greater
from poly_MVT[OF greater, of p] guess x by (elim exE conjE)
- thus ?thesis by (intro bexI[of _ x]) (auto simp: algebra_simps intro!: subsetD[OF assms])
-qed (insert assms, auto)
+ then show ?thesis by (intro bexI[of _ x]) (auto simp: algebra_simps intro!: subsetD[OF assms])
+qed (use assms in auto)
lemma poly_pinfty_gt_lc:
fixes p :: "real poly"
- assumes "lead_coeff p > 0"
+ assumes "lead_coeff p > 0"
shows "\<exists> n. \<forall> x \<ge> n. poly p x \<ge> lead_coeff p"
using assms
proof (induct p)
@@ -2637,7 +2597,7 @@
by (auto simp: n_def)
with gt_0 have "\<bar>a\<bar> / lead_coeff p \<ge> \<bar>a\<bar> / poly p x" and "poly p x > 0"
by (auto intro: frac_le)
- with \<open>n\<le>x\<close>[unfolded n_def] have "x \<ge> 1 + \<bar>a\<bar> / poly p x"
+ with \<open>n \<le> x\<close>[unfolded n_def] have "x \<ge> 1 + \<bar>a\<bar> / poly p x"
by auto
with \<open>lead_coeff p \<le> poly p x\<close> \<open>poly p x > 0\<close> \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close>
show "lead_coeff (pCons a p) \<le> poly (pCons a p) x"
@@ -2650,88 +2610,87 @@
lemma lemma_order_pderiv1:
"pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n * q) = [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n * pderiv q +
smult (of_nat (Suc n)) (q * [:- a, 1:] ^ n)"
-apply (simp only: pderiv_mult pderiv_power_Suc)
-apply (simp del: power_Suc of_nat_Suc add: pderiv_pCons)
-done
+ by (simp only: pderiv_mult pderiv_power_Suc) (simp del: power_Suc of_nat_Suc add: pderiv_pCons)
lemma lemma_order_pderiv:
fixes p :: "'a :: field_char_0 poly"
- assumes n: "0 < n"
- and pd: "pderiv p \<noteq> 0"
- and pe: "p = [:- a, 1:] ^ n * q"
- and nd: "~ [:- a, 1:] dvd q"
- shows "n = Suc (order a (pderiv p))"
-using n
+ assumes n: "0 < n"
+ and pd: "pderiv p \<noteq> 0"
+ and pe: "p = [:- a, 1:] ^ n * q"
+ and nd: "\<not> [:- a, 1:] dvd q"
+ shows "n = Suc (order a (pderiv p))"
proof -
- have "pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ n * q) \<noteq> 0"
- using assms by auto
- obtain n' where "n = Suc n'" "0 < Suc n'" "pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' * q) \<noteq> 0"
- using assms by (cases n) auto
- have *: "!!k l. k dvd k * pderiv q + smult (of_nat (Suc n')) l \<Longrightarrow> k dvd l"
+ from assms have "pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ n * q) \<noteq> 0"
+ by auto
+ from assms obtain n' where "n = Suc n'" "0 < Suc n'" "pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' * q) \<noteq> 0"
+ by (cases n) auto
+ have *: "k dvd k * pderiv q + smult (of_nat (Suc n')) l \<Longrightarrow> k dvd l" for k l
by (auto simp del: of_nat_Suc simp: dvd_add_right_iff dvd_smult_iff)
- have "n' = order a (pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' * q))"
+ have "n' = order a (pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' * q))"
proof (rule order_unique_lemma)
show "[:- a, 1:] ^ n' dvd pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' * q)"
apply (subst lemma_order_pderiv1)
apply (rule dvd_add)
- apply (metis dvdI dvd_mult2 power_Suc2)
+ apply (metis dvdI dvd_mult2 power_Suc2)
apply (metis dvd_smult dvd_triv_right)
done
- next
show "\<not> [:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' dvd pderiv ([:- a, 1:] ^ Suc n' * q)"
- apply (subst lemma_order_pderiv1)
- by (metis * nd dvd_mult_cancel_right power_not_zero pCons_eq_0_iff power_Suc zero_neq_one)
+ apply (subst lemma_order_pderiv1)
+ apply (metis * nd dvd_mult_cancel_right power_not_zero pCons_eq_0_iff power_Suc zero_neq_one)
+ done
qed
then show ?thesis
by (metis \<open>n = Suc n'\<close> pe)
qed
-lemma order_pderiv:
- "\<lbrakk>pderiv p \<noteq> 0; order a (p :: 'a :: field_char_0 poly) \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
- (order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p)))"
-apply (case_tac "p = 0", simp)
-apply (drule_tac a = a and p = p in order_decomp)
-using neq0_conv
-apply (blast intro: lemma_order_pderiv)
-done
+lemma order_pderiv: "pderiv p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> order a p \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))"
+ for p :: "'a::field_char_0 poly"
+ apply (cases "p = 0")
+ apply simp
+ apply (drule_tac a = a and p = p in order_decomp)
+ using neq0_conv
+ apply (blast intro: lemma_order_pderiv)
+ done
lemma poly_squarefree_decomp_order:
- assumes "pderiv (p :: 'a :: field_char_0 poly) \<noteq> 0"
- and p: "p = q * d"
- and p': "pderiv p = e * d"
- and d: "d = r * p + s * pderiv p"
+ fixes p :: "'a::field_char_0 poly"
+ assumes "pderiv p \<noteq> 0"
+ and p: "p = q * d"
+ and p': "pderiv p = e * d"
+ and d: "d = r * p + s * pderiv p"
shows "order a q = (if order a p = 0 then 0 else 1)"
proof (rule classical)
- assume 1: "order a q \<noteq> (if order a p = 0 then 0 else 1)"
+ assume 1: "\<not> ?thesis"
from \<open>pderiv p \<noteq> 0\<close> have "p \<noteq> 0" by auto
with p have "order a p = order a q + order a d"
by (simp add: order_mult)
- with 1 have "order a p \<noteq> 0" by (auto split: if_splits)
- have "order a (pderiv p) = order a e + order a d"
- using \<open>pderiv p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>pderiv p = e * d\<close> by (simp add: order_mult)
- have "order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))"
- using \<open>pderiv p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>order a p \<noteq> 0\<close> by (rule order_pderiv)
- have "d \<noteq> 0" using \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>p = q * d\<close> by simp
+ with 1 have "order a p \<noteq> 0"
+ by (auto split: if_splits)
+ from \<open>pderiv p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>pderiv p = e * d\<close> have "order a (pderiv p) = order a e + order a d"
+ by (simp add: order_mult)
+ from \<open>pderiv p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>order a p \<noteq> 0\<close> have "order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))"
+ by (rule order_pderiv)
+ from \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>p = q * d\<close> have "d \<noteq> 0"
+ by simp
have "([:-a, 1:] ^ (order a (pderiv p))) dvd d"
apply (simp add: d)
apply (rule dvd_add)
- apply (rule dvd_mult)
- apply (simp add: order_divides \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close>
- \<open>order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))\<close>)
+ apply (rule dvd_mult)
+ apply (simp add: order_divides \<open>p \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))\<close>)
apply (rule dvd_mult)
apply (simp add: order_divides)
done
- then have "order a (pderiv p) \<le> order a d"
- using \<open>d \<noteq> 0\<close> by (simp add: order_divides)
+ with \<open>d \<noteq> 0\<close> have "order a (pderiv p) \<le> order a d"
+ by (simp add: order_divides)
show ?thesis
using \<open>order a p = order a q + order a d\<close>
- using \<open>order a (pderiv p) = order a e + order a d\<close>
- using \<open>order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))\<close>
- using \<open>order a (pderiv p) \<le> order a d\<close>
+ and \<open>order a (pderiv p) = order a e + order a d\<close>
+ and \<open>order a p = Suc (order a (pderiv p))\<close>
+ and \<open>order a (pderiv p) \<le> order a d\<close>
by auto
qed
-lemma poly_squarefree_decomp_order2:
+lemma poly_squarefree_decomp_order2:
"\<lbrakk>pderiv p \<noteq> (0 :: 'a :: field_char_0 poly);
p = q * d;
pderiv p = e * d;
@@ -2739,7 +2698,7 @@
\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>a. order a q = (if order a p = 0 then 0 else 1)"
by (blast intro: poly_squarefree_decomp_order)
-lemma order_pderiv2:
+lemma order_pderiv2:
"\<lbrakk>pderiv p \<noteq> 0; order a (p :: 'a :: field_char_0 poly) \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> (order a (pderiv p) = n) = (order a p = Suc n)"
by (auto dest: order_pderiv)
@@ -2781,11 +2740,11 @@
subsection \<open>Algebraic numbers\<close>
text \<open>
- Algebraic numbers can be defined in two equivalent ways: all real numbers that are
- roots of rational polynomials or of integer polynomials. The Algebraic-Numbers AFP entry
+ Algebraic numbers can be defined in two equivalent ways: all real numbers that are
+ roots of rational polynomials or of integer polynomials. The Algebraic-Numbers AFP entry
uses the rational definition, but we need the integer definition.
- The equivalence is obvious since any rational polynomial can be multiplied with the
+ The equivalence is obvious since any rational polynomial can be multiplied with the
LCM of its coefficients, yielding an integer polynomial with the same roots.
\<close>
@@ -2796,7 +2755,7 @@
assumes "\<And>i. coeff p i \<in> \<int>" "p \<noteq> 0" "poly p x = 0"
shows "algebraic x"
using assms unfolding algebraic_def by blast
-
+
lemma algebraicE:
assumes "algebraic x"
obtains p where "\<And>i. coeff p i \<in> \<int>" "p \<noteq> 0" "poly p x = 0"
@@ -2814,7 +2773,7 @@
define cs' where "cs' = map (quotient_of \<circ> f) (coeffs p)"
define d where "d = Lcm (set (map snd cs'))"
define p' where "p' = smult (of_int d) p"
-
+
have "\<forall>n. coeff p' n \<in> \<int>"
proof
fix n :: nat
@@ -2833,17 +2792,17 @@
by (simp add: of_rat_mult of_rat_divide)
also from nz True have "b \<in> snd ` set cs'" unfolding cs'_def
by (force simp: o_def b_def coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc)
- hence "b dvd (a * d)" unfolding d_def by simp
- hence "of_int (a * d) / of_int b \<in> (\<int> :: rat set)"
+ then have "b dvd (a * d)" unfolding d_def by simp
+ then have "of_int (a * d) / of_int b \<in> (\<int> :: rat set)"
by (rule of_int_divide_in_Ints)
- hence "of_rat (of_int (a * d) / of_int b) \<in> \<int>" by (elim Ints_cases) auto
+ then have "of_rat (of_int (a * d) / of_int b) \<in> \<int>" by (elim Ints_cases) auto
finally show ?thesis .
qed (auto simp: p'_def not_le coeff_eq_0)
qed
-
+
moreover have "set (map snd cs') \<subseteq> {0<..}"
- unfolding cs'_def using quotient_of_denom_pos' by (auto simp: coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc)
- hence "d \<noteq> 0" unfolding d_def by (induction cs') simp_all
+ unfolding cs'_def using quotient_of_denom_pos' by (auto simp: coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc)
+ then have "d \<noteq> 0" unfolding d_def by (induction cs') simp_all
with nz have "p' \<noteq> 0" by (simp add: p'_def)
moreover from root have "poly p' x = 0" by (simp add: p'_def)
ultimately show "algebraic x" unfolding algebraic_def by blast
@@ -2883,7 +2842,7 @@
also have "\<dots> \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>a\<in>set (coeffs p). c dvd a)"
proof safe
fix n :: nat assume "\<forall>a\<in>set (coeffs p). c dvd a"
- thus "c dvd coeff p n"
+ then show "c dvd coeff p n"
by (cases "n \<le> degree p") (auto simp: coeff_eq_0 coeffs_def split: if_splits)
qed (auto simp: coeffs_def simp del: upt_Suc split: if_splits)
also have "\<dots> \<longleftrightarrow> c dvd content p"
@@ -2893,7 +2852,7 @@
lemma content_dvd [simp]: "[:content p:] dvd p"
by (subst const_poly_dvd_iff_dvd_content) simp_all
-
+
lemma content_dvd_coeff [simp]: "content p dvd coeff p n"
proof (cases "p = 0")
case True
@@ -2905,7 +2864,7 @@
by (cases "n \<le> degree p")
(auto simp add: content_def not_le coeff_eq_0 coeff_in_coeffs intro: Gcd_fin_dvd)
qed
-
+
lemma content_dvd_coeffs: "c \<in> set (coeffs p) \<Longrightarrow> content p dvd c"
by (simp add: content_def Gcd_fin_dvd)
@@ -2915,8 +2874,8 @@
lemma is_unit_content_iff [simp]: "is_unit (content p) \<longleftrightarrow> content p = 1"
proof
assume "is_unit (content p)"
- hence "normalize (content p) = 1" by (simp add: is_unit_normalize del: normalize_content)
- thus "content p = 1" by simp
+ then have "normalize (content p) = 1" by (simp add: is_unit_normalize del: normalize_content)
+ then show "content p = 1" by simp
qed auto
lemma content_smult [simp]: "content (smult c p) = normalize c * content p"
@@ -2936,16 +2895,16 @@
shows "smult (content p) (primitive_part p) = p"
proof (cases "p = 0")
case False
- thus ?thesis
+ then show ?thesis
unfolding primitive_part_def
- by (auto simp: smult_conv_map_poly map_poly_map_poly o_def content_dvd_coeffs
+ by (auto simp: smult_conv_map_poly map_poly_map_poly o_def content_dvd_coeffs
intro: map_poly_idI)
qed simp_all
lemma primitive_part_eq_0_iff [simp]: "primitive_part p = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
proof (cases "p = 0")
case False
- hence "primitive_part p = map_poly (\<lambda>x. x div content p) p"
+ then have "primitive_part p = map_poly (\<lambda>x. x div content p) p"
by (simp add: primitive_part_def)
also from False have "\<dots> = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> p = 0"
by (intro map_poly_eq_0_iff) (auto simp: dvd_div_eq_0_iff content_dvd_coeffs)
@@ -2957,7 +2916,7 @@
shows "content (primitive_part p) = 1"
proof -
have "p = smult (content p) (primitive_part p)" by simp
- also have "content \<dots> = content (primitive_part p) * content p"
+ also have "content \<dots> = content (primitive_part p) * content p"
by (simp del: content_times_primitive_part add: ac_simps)
finally have "1 * content p = content (primitive_part p) * content p"
by simp
@@ -2972,7 +2931,7 @@
obtains p' where "p = smult (content p) p'" "content p' = 1"
proof (cases "p = 0")
case True
- thus ?thesis by (intro that[of 1]) simp_all
+ then show ?thesis by (intro that[of 1]) simp_all
next
case False
from content_dvd[of p] obtain r where r: "p = [:content p:] * r" by (erule dvdE)
@@ -2984,13 +2943,13 @@
lemma content_dvd_contentI [intro]:
"p dvd q \<Longrightarrow> content p dvd content q"
using const_poly_dvd_iff_dvd_content content_dvd dvd_trans by blast
-
+
lemma primitive_part_const_poly [simp]: "primitive_part [:x:] = [:unit_factor x:]"
by (simp add: primitive_part_def map_poly_pCons)
-
+
lemma primitive_part_prim: "content p = 1 \<Longrightarrow> primitive_part p = p"
by (auto simp: primitive_part_def)
-
+
lemma degree_primitive_part [simp]: "degree (primitive_part p) = degree p"
proof (cases "p = 0")
case False
@@ -3004,29 +2963,29 @@
subsection \<open>Division of polynomials\<close>
subsubsection \<open>Division in general\<close>
-
+
instantiation poly :: (idom_divide) idom_divide
begin
-fun divide_poly_main :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly
+fun divide_poly_main :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly
\<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" where
- "divide_poly_main lc q r d dr (Suc n) = (let cr = coeff r dr; a = cr div lc; mon = monom a n in
+ "divide_poly_main lc q r d dr (Suc n) = (let cr = coeff r dr; a = cr div lc; mon = monom a n in
if False \<or> a * lc = cr then (* False \<or> is only because of problem in function-package *)
- divide_poly_main
- lc
- (q + mon)
- (r - mon * d)
+ divide_poly_main
+ lc
+ (q + mon)
+ (r - mon * d)
d (dr - 1) n else 0)"
| "divide_poly_main lc q r d dr 0 = q"
definition divide_poly :: "'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" where
"divide_poly f g = (if g = 0 then 0 else
- divide_poly_main (coeff g (degree g)) 0 f g (degree f) (1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g)))"
+ divide_poly_main (coeff g (degree g)) 0 f g (degree f) (1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g)))"
lemma divide_poly_main:
assumes d: "d \<noteq> 0" "lc = coeff d (degree d)"
- and *: "degree (d * r) \<le> dr" "divide_poly_main lc q (d * r) d dr n = q'"
- "n = 1 + dr - degree d \<or> dr = 0 \<and> n = 0 \<and> d * r = 0"
+ and *: "degree (d * r) \<le> dr" "divide_poly_main lc q (d * r) d dr n = q'"
+ "n = 1 + dr - degree d \<or> dr = 0 \<and> n = 0 \<and> d * r = 0"
shows "q' = q + r"
using *
proof (induct n arbitrary: q r dr)
@@ -3043,7 +3002,7 @@
have "coeff (b * d) dr = coeff b n * coeff d (degree d)"
proof (cases "?qq = 0")
case False
- hence n: "n = degree b" by (simp add: degree_monom_eq)
+ then have n: "n = degree b" by (simp add: degree_monom_eq)
show ?thesis unfolding n dr by (simp add: coeff_mult_degree_sum)
qed simp
also have "\<dots> = lc * coeff b n" unfolding d by simp
@@ -3052,26 +3011,26 @@
have c1: "coeff (d * r) dr = lc * coeff r n"
proof (cases "degree r = n")
case True
- thus ?thesis using Suc(2) unfolding dr using coeff_mult_degree_sum[of d r] d by (auto simp: ac_simps)
+ then show ?thesis using Suc(2) unfolding dr using coeff_mult_degree_sum[of d r] d by (auto simp: ac_simps)
next
case False
have "degree r \<le> n" using dr Suc(2) by auto
(metis add.commute add_le_cancel_left d(1) degree_0 degree_mult_eq diff_is_0_eq diff_zero le_cases)
with False have r_n: "degree r < n" by auto
- hence right: "lc * coeff r n = 0" by (simp add: coeff_eq_0)
+ then have right: "lc * coeff r n = 0" by (simp add: coeff_eq_0)
have "coeff (d * r) dr = coeff (d * r) (degree d + n)" unfolding dr by (simp add: ac_simps)
also have "\<dots> = 0" using r_n
- by (metis False Suc.prems(1) add.commute add_left_imp_eq coeff_degree_mult coeff_eq_0
+ by (metis False Suc.prems(1) add.commute add_left_imp_eq coeff_degree_mult coeff_eq_0
coeff_mult_degree_sum degree_mult_le dr le_eq_less_or_eq)
finally show ?thesis unfolding right .
qed
- have c0: "coeff ?rrr dr = 0"
+ have c0: "coeff ?rrr dr = 0"
and id: "lc * (coeff (d * r) dr div lc) = coeff (d * r) dr" unfolding rrr coeff_diff c2
unfolding b_def coeff_monom coeff_smult c1 using lc by auto
from res[unfolded divide_poly_main.simps[of lc q] Let_def] id
- have res: "divide_poly_main lc ?qqq ?rrr d (dr - 1) n = q'"
+ have res: "divide_poly_main lc ?qqq ?rrr d (dr - 1) n = q'"
by (simp del: divide_poly_main.simps add: field_simps)
- note IH = Suc(1)[OF _ res]
+ note IH = Suc(1)[OF _ res]
have dr: "dr = n + degree d" using Suc(4) by auto
have deg_rr: "degree ?rr \<le> dr" using Suc(2) by auto
have deg_bd: "degree (b * d) \<le> dr"
@@ -3079,7 +3038,7 @@
have "degree ?rrr \<le> dr" unfolding rrr by (rule degree_diff_le[OF deg_rr deg_bd])
with c0 have deg_rrr: "degree ?rrr \<le> (dr - 1)"
by (rule coeff_0_degree_minus_1)
- have "n = 1 + (dr - 1) - degree d \<or> dr - 1 = 0 \<and> n = 0 \<and> ?rrr = 0"
+ have "n = 1 + (dr - 1) - degree d \<or> dr - 1 = 0 \<and> n = 0 \<and> ?rrr = 0"
proof (cases dr)
case 0
with Suc(4) have 0: "dr = 0" "n = 0" "degree d = 0" by auto
@@ -3091,17 +3050,17 @@
show ?case using IH by simp
next
case (0 q r dr)
- show ?case
+ show ?case
proof (cases "r = 0")
case True
- thus ?thesis using 0 by auto
+ then show ?thesis using 0 by auto
next
case False
- have "degree (d * r) = degree d + degree r" using d False
+ have "degree (d * r) = degree d + degree r" using d False
by (subst degree_mult_eq, auto)
- thus ?thesis using 0 d by auto
+ then show ?thesis using 0 d by auto
qed
-qed
+qed
lemma divide_poly_main_0: "divide_poly_main 0 0 r d dr n = 0"
proof (induct n arbitrary: r d dr)
@@ -3112,15 +3071,15 @@
lemma divide_poly:
assumes g: "g \<noteq> 0"
- shows "(f * g) div g = (f :: 'a poly)"
-proof -
- have "divide_poly_main (coeff g (degree g)) 0 (g * f) g (degree (g * f)) (1 + length (coeffs (g * f)) - length (coeffs g))
+ shows "(f * g) div g = (f :: 'a poly)"
+proof -
+ have "divide_poly_main (coeff g (degree g)) 0 (g * f) g (degree (g * f)) (1 + length (coeffs (g * f)) - length (coeffs g))
= (f * g) div g" unfolding divide_poly_def Let_def by (simp add: ac_simps)
note main = divide_poly_main[OF g refl le_refl this]
{
fix f :: "'a poly"
assume "f \<noteq> 0"
- hence "length (coeffs f) = Suc (degree f)" unfolding degree_eq_length_coeffs by auto
+ then have "length (coeffs f) = Suc (degree f)" unfolding degree_eq_length_coeffs by auto
} note len = this
have "(f * g) div g = 0 + f"
proof (rule main, goal_cases)
@@ -3135,7 +3094,7 @@
show ?thesis unfolding len[OF fg] len[OF g] by auto
qed
qed
- thus ?thesis by simp
+ then show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma divide_poly_0: "f div 0 = (0 :: 'a poly)"
@@ -3148,7 +3107,7 @@
instance poly :: (idom_divide) algebraic_semidom ..
-lemma div_const_poly_conv_map_poly:
+lemma div_const_poly_conv_map_poly:
assumes "[:c:] dvd p"
shows "p div [:c:] = map_poly (\<lambda>x. x div c) p"
proof (cases "c = 0")
@@ -3204,7 +3163,7 @@
shows "monom (coeff p (degree p)) 0 = p"
using assms by (cases p) (simp_all add: monom_0 is_unit_pCons_iff)
-lemma is_unit_const_poly_iff:
+lemma is_unit_const_poly_iff:
"[:c :: 'a :: {comm_semiring_1,semiring_no_zero_divisors}:] dvd 1 \<longleftrightarrow> c dvd 1"
by (auto simp: one_poly_def)
@@ -3243,12 +3202,12 @@
shows "p dvd 1 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>c. p = [:c:] \<and> c dvd 1)"
by (auto elim: is_unit_polyE simp add: is_unit_const_poly_iff)
-
+
subsubsection \<open>Pseudo-Division\<close>
text\<open>This part is by René Thiemann and Akihisa Yamada.\<close>
-fun pseudo_divmod_main :: "'a :: comm_ring_1 \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly
+fun pseudo_divmod_main :: "'a :: comm_ring_1 \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly
\<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<times> 'a poly" where
"pseudo_divmod_main lc q r d dr (Suc n) = (let
rr = smult lc r;
@@ -3263,8 +3222,8 @@
pseudo_divmod_main (coeff q (degree q)) 0 p q (degree p) (1 + length (coeffs p) - length (coeffs q))"
lemma pseudo_divmod_main: assumes d: "d \<noteq> 0" "lc = coeff d (degree d)"
- and *: "degree r \<le> dr" "pseudo_divmod_main lc q r d dr n = (q',r')"
- "n = 1 + dr - degree d \<or> dr = 0 \<and> n = 0 \<and> r = 0"
+ and *: "degree r \<le> dr" "pseudo_divmod_main lc q r d dr n = (q',r')"
+ "n = 1 + dr - degree d \<or> dr = 0 \<and> n = 0 \<and> r = 0"
shows "(r' = 0 \<or> degree r' < degree d) \<and> smult (lc^n) (d * q + r) = d * q' + r'"
using *
proof (induct n arbitrary: q r dr)
@@ -3275,14 +3234,14 @@
let ?rrr = "?rr - b * d"
let ?qqq = "smult lc q + b"
note res = Suc(3)
- from res[unfolded pseudo_divmod_main.simps[of lc q] Let_def]
- have res: "pseudo_divmod_main lc ?qqq ?rrr d (dr - 1) n = (q',r')"
+ from res[unfolded pseudo_divmod_main.simps[of lc q] Let_def]
+ have res: "pseudo_divmod_main lc ?qqq ?rrr d (dr - 1) n = (q',r')"
by (simp del: pseudo_divmod_main.simps)
have dr: "dr = n + degree d" using Suc(4) by auto
have "coeff (b * d) dr = coeff b n * coeff d (degree d)"
proof (cases "?qq = 0")
case False
- hence n: "n = degree b" by (simp add: degree_monom_eq)
+ then have n: "n = degree b" by (simp add: degree_monom_eq)
show ?thesis unfolding n dr by (simp add: coeff_mult_degree_sum)
qed auto
also have "\<dots> = lc * coeff b n" unfolding d by simp
@@ -3290,8 +3249,8 @@
moreover have "coeff ?rr dr = lc * coeff r dr" by simp
ultimately have c0: "coeff ?rrr dr = 0" by auto
have dr: "dr = n + degree d" using Suc(4) by auto
- have deg_rr: "degree ?rr \<le> dr" using Suc(2)
- using degree_smult_le dual_order.trans by blast
+ have deg_rr: "degree ?rr \<le> dr" using Suc(2)
+ using degree_smult_le dual_order.trans by blast
have deg_bd: "degree (b * d) \<le> dr"
unfolding dr
by(rule order.trans[OF degree_mult_le], auto simp: degree_monom_le)
@@ -3303,7 +3262,7 @@
case 0
with Suc(4) have 0: "dr = 0" "n = 0" "degree d = 0" by auto
with deg_rrr have "degree ?rrr = 0" by simp
- hence "\<exists> a. ?rrr = [: a :]" by (metis degree_pCons_eq_if old.nat.distinct(2) pCons_cases)
+ then have "\<exists> a. ?rrr = [: a :]" by (metis degree_pCons_eq_if old.nat.distinct(2) pCons_cases)
from this obtain a where rrr: "?rrr = [:a:]" by auto
show ?thesis unfolding 0 using c0 unfolding rrr 0 by simp
qed (insert Suc(4), auto)
@@ -3318,7 +3277,7 @@
qed auto
lemma pseudo_divmod:
- assumes g: "g \<noteq> 0" and *: "pseudo_divmod f g = (q,r)"
+ assumes g: "g \<noteq> 0" and *: "pseudo_divmod f g = (q,r)"
shows "smult (coeff g (degree g) ^ (Suc (degree f) - degree g)) f = g * q + r" (is ?A)
and "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree g" (is ?B)
proof -
@@ -3326,43 +3285,43 @@
have "pseudo_divmod_main (coeff g (degree g)) 0 f g (degree f) (1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g)) = (q, r)" by (auto simp: g)
note main = pseudo_divmod_main[OF _ _ _ this, OF g refl le_refl]
have "1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g) = 1 + degree f - degree g \<or>
- degree f = 0 \<and> 1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g) = 0 \<and> f = 0" using g
+ degree f = 0 \<and> 1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g) = 0 \<and> f = 0" using g
by (cases "f = 0"; cases "coeffs g", auto simp: degree_eq_length_coeffs)
note main = main[OF this]
from main show "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree g" by auto
- show "smult (coeff g (degree g) ^ (Suc (degree f) - degree g)) f = g * q + r"
+ show "smult (coeff g (degree g) ^ (Suc (degree f) - degree g)) f = g * q + r"
by (subst main[THEN conjunct2, symmetric], simp add: degree_eq_length_coeffs,
insert g, cases "f = 0"; cases "coeffs g", auto)
qed
-
+
definition "pseudo_mod_main lc r d dr n = snd (pseudo_divmod_main lc 0 r d dr n)"
lemma snd_pseudo_divmod_main:
"snd (pseudo_divmod_main lc q r d dr n) = snd (pseudo_divmod_main lc q' r d dr n)"
by (induct n arbitrary: q q' lc r d dr; simp add: Let_def)
-definition pseudo_mod
+definition pseudo_mod
:: "'a :: {comm_ring_1,semiring_1_no_zero_divisors} poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" where
"pseudo_mod f g = snd (pseudo_divmod f g)"
-
+
lemma pseudo_mod:
fixes f g
defines "r \<equiv> pseudo_mod f g"
assumes g: "g \<noteq> 0"
shows "\<exists> a q. a \<noteq> 0 \<and> smult a f = g * q + r" "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree g"
-proof -
+proof -
let ?cg = "coeff g (degree g)"
let ?cge = "?cg ^ (Suc (degree f) - degree g)"
define a where "a = ?cge"
obtain q where pdm: "pseudo_divmod f g = (q,r)" using r_def[unfolded pseudo_mod_def]
by (cases "pseudo_divmod f g", auto)
- from pseudo_divmod[OF g pdm] have id: "smult a f = g * q + r" and "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree g"
+ from pseudo_divmod[OF g pdm] have id: "smult a f = g * q + r" and "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree g"
unfolding a_def by auto
show "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree g" by fact
from g have "a \<noteq> 0" unfolding a_def by auto
- thus "\<exists> a q. a \<noteq> 0 \<and> smult a f = g * q + r" using id by auto
+ then show "\<exists> a q. a \<noteq> 0 \<and> smult a f = g * q + r" using id by auto
qed
-
+
lemma fst_pseudo_divmod_main_as_divide_poly_main:
assumes d: "d \<noteq> 0"
defines lc: "lc \<equiv> coeff d (degree d)"
@@ -3376,12 +3335,12 @@
pseudo_divmod_main lc (smult lc q + monom (coeff r dr) n)
(smult lc r - monom (coeff r dr) n * d) d (dr - 1) n"
by (simp add: Let_def ac_simps)
- also have "fst ... = divide_poly_main lc
+ also have "fst \<dots> = divide_poly_main lc
(smult (lc^n) (smult lc q + monom (coeff r dr) n))
(smult (lc^n) (smult lc r - monom (coeff r dr) n * d))
d (dr - 1) n"
unfolding Suc[unfolded divide_poly_main.simps Let_def]..
- also have "... = divide_poly_main lc (smult (lc ^ Suc n) q)
+ also have "\<dots> = divide_poly_main lc (smult (lc ^ Suc n) q)
(smult (lc ^ Suc n) r) d dr (Suc n)"
unfolding smult_monom smult_distribs mult_smult_left[symmetric]
using lc0 by (simp add: Let_def ac_simps)
@@ -3399,7 +3358,7 @@
from leading_coeff_neq_0[OF g] have c0: "c \<noteq> 0" unfolding c_def by auto
from pseudo_divmod(1)[OF g *, folded c_def]
have "smult c f = g * q + r" by auto
- also have "smult (1/c) ... = g * smult (1/c) q + smult (1/c) r" by (simp add: smult_add_right)
+ also have "smult (1/c) \<dots> = g * smult (1/c) q + smult (1/c) r" by (simp add: smult_add_right)
finally show ?thesis using c0 by auto
qed
@@ -3415,7 +3374,7 @@
defines "f' \<equiv> smult ((1 / coeff g (degree g)) ^ (Suc (degree f) - degree g)) f"
shows "(f::'a::field poly) div g = fst (pseudo_divmod f' g)"
proof (cases "g = 0")
- case True show ?thesis
+ case True show ?thesis
unfolding divide_poly_def pseudo_divmod_def Let_def f'_def True by (simp add: divide_poly_main_0)
next
case False
@@ -3424,7 +3383,7 @@
using length_coeffs_degree[of f'] length_coeffs_degree[of f]
unfolding divide_poly_def pseudo_divmod_def Let_def
divide_poly_main_field[OF False]
- length_coeffs_degree[OF False]
+ length_coeffs_degree[OF False]
f'_def
by force
qed
@@ -3539,8 +3498,8 @@
lemma smult_content_normalize_primitive_part [simp]:
"smult (content p) (normalize (primitive_part p)) = normalize p"
proof -
- have "smult (content p) (normalize (primitive_part p)) =
- normalize ([:content p:] * primitive_part p)"
+ have "smult (content p) (normalize (primitive_part p)) =
+ normalize ([:content p:] * primitive_part p)"
by (subst normalize_mult) (simp_all add: normalize_const_poly)
also have "[:content p:] * primitive_part p = p" by simp
finally show ?thesis .
@@ -3551,14 +3510,14 @@
| eucl_rel_poly_dividesI: "y \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> x = q * y \<Longrightarrow> eucl_rel_poly x y (q, 0)"
| eucl_rel_poly_remainderI: "y \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> degree r < degree y
\<Longrightarrow> x = q * y + r \<Longrightarrow> eucl_rel_poly x y (q, r)"
-
+
lemma eucl_rel_poly_iff:
"eucl_rel_poly x y (q, r) \<longleftrightarrow>
x = q * y + r \<and>
(if y = 0 then q = 0 else r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree y)"
by (auto elim: eucl_rel_poly.cases
intro: eucl_rel_poly_by0 eucl_rel_poly_dividesI eucl_rel_poly_remainderI)
-
+
lemma eucl_rel_poly_0:
"eucl_rel_poly 0 y (0, 0)"
unfolding eucl_rel_poly_iff by simp
@@ -3652,7 +3611,7 @@
instantiation poly :: (field) semidom_modulo
begin
-
+
definition modulo_poly :: "'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly"
where mod_poly_def: "f mod g = (if g = 0 then f
else pseudo_mod (smult ((1 / lead_coeff g) ^ (Suc (degree f) - degree g)) f) g)"
@@ -3673,9 +3632,9 @@
by (simp add: power_mult_distrib [symmetric] ac_simps)
qed
qed
-
+
end
-
+
lemma eucl_rel_poly: "eucl_rel_poly x y (x div y, x mod y)"
unfolding eucl_rel_poly_iff proof
show "x = x div y * y + x mod y"
@@ -3701,10 +3660,10 @@
proof
fix x y z :: "'a poly"
assume "y \<noteq> 0"
- hence "eucl_rel_poly (x + z * y) y (z + x div y, x mod y)"
+ then have "eucl_rel_poly (x + z * y) y (z + x div y, x mod y)"
using eucl_rel_poly [of x y]
by (simp add: eucl_rel_poly_iff distrib_right)
- thus "(x + z * y) div y = z + x div y"
+ then show "(x + z * y) div y = z + x div y"
by (rule div_poly_eq)
next
fix x y z :: "'a poly"
@@ -3765,17 +3724,17 @@
lemma div_poly_less: "degree (x::'a::field poly) < degree y \<Longrightarrow> x div y = 0"
proof -
assume "degree x < degree y"
- hence "eucl_rel_poly x y (0, x)"
+ then have "eucl_rel_poly x y (0, x)"
by (simp add: eucl_rel_poly_iff)
- thus "x div y = 0" by (rule div_poly_eq)
+ then show "x div y = 0" by (rule div_poly_eq)
qed
lemma mod_poly_less: "degree x < degree y \<Longrightarrow> x mod y = x"
proof -
assume "degree x < degree y"
- hence "eucl_rel_poly x y (0, x)"
+ then have "eucl_rel_poly x y (0, x)"
by (simp add: eucl_rel_poly_iff)
- thus "x mod y = x" by (rule mod_poly_eq)
+ then show "x mod y = x" by (rule mod_poly_eq)
qed
lemma eucl_rel_poly_smult_left:
@@ -3885,7 +3844,7 @@
apply (rule eucl_rel_poly_pCons [OF eucl_rel_poly y refl])
done
-
+
subsubsection \<open>List-based versions for fast implementation\<close>
(* Subsection by:
Sebastiaan Joosten
@@ -3897,7 +3856,7 @@
| "minus_poly_rev_list xs [] = xs"
| "minus_poly_rev_list [] (y # ys) = []"
-fun pseudo_divmod_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
+fun pseudo_divmod_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
\<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<times> 'a list" where
"pseudo_divmod_main_list lc q r d (Suc n) = (let
rr = map (op * lc) r;
@@ -3907,7 +3866,7 @@
in pseudo_divmod_main_list lc qqq rrr d n)"
| "pseudo_divmod_main_list lc q r d 0 = (q,r)"
-fun pseudo_mod_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
+fun pseudo_mod_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
\<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
"pseudo_mod_main_list lc r d (Suc n) = (let
rr = map (op * lc) r;
@@ -3917,7 +3876,7 @@
| "pseudo_mod_main_list lc r d 0 = r"
-fun divmod_poly_one_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
+fun divmod_poly_one_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
\<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<times> 'a list" where
"divmod_poly_one_main_list q r d (Suc n) = (let
a = hd r;
@@ -3926,7 +3885,7 @@
in divmod_poly_one_main_list qqq rr d n)"
| "divmod_poly_one_main_list q r d 0 = (q,r)"
-fun mod_poly_one_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
+fun mod_poly_one_main_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
\<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
"mod_poly_one_main_list r d (Suc n) = (let
a = hd r;
@@ -3938,14 +3897,14 @@
"pseudo_divmod_list p q =
(if q = [] then ([],p) else
(let rq = rev q;
- (qu,re) = pseudo_divmod_main_list (hd rq) [] (rev p) rq (1 + length p - length q) in
+ (qu,re) = pseudo_divmod_main_list (hd rq) [] (rev p) rq (1 + length p - length q) in
(qu,rev re)))"
definition pseudo_mod_list :: "'a::comm_ring_1 list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
"pseudo_mod_list p q =
(if q = [] then p else
(let rq = rev q;
- re = pseudo_mod_main_list (hd rq) (rev p) rq (1 + length p - length q) in
+ re = pseudo_mod_main_list (hd rq) (rev p) rq (1 + length p - length q) in
(rev re)))"
lemma minus_zero_does_nothing:
@@ -3969,10 +3928,10 @@
Poly (rev (minus_poly_rev_list (rev p) (rev q)))
= Poly p - monom 1 (length p - length q) * Poly q"
proof (induct "rev p" "rev q" arbitrary: p q rule: minus_poly_rev_list.induct)
- case (1 x xs y ys)
+ case (1 x xs y ys)
have "length (rev q) \<le> length (rev p)" using 1 by simp
from this[folded 1(2,3)] have ys_xs:"length ys \<le> length xs" by simp
- hence a:"Poly (rev (minus_poly_rev_list xs ys)) =
+ then have a:"Poly (rev (minus_poly_rev_list xs ys)) =
Poly (rev xs) - monom 1 (length xs - length ys) * Poly (rev ys)"
by(subst "1.hyps"(1)[of "rev xs" "rev ys", unfolded rev_rev_ident length_rev],auto)
have "Poly p - monom 1 (length p - length q) * Poly q
@@ -3997,12 +3956,12 @@
hd (minus_poly_rev_list (map (op * (last d :: 'a :: comm_ring)) r) (map (op * (hd r)) (rev d))) = 0"
proof(induct r)
case (Cons a rs)
- thus ?case by(cases "rev d", simp_all add:ac_simps)
+ then show ?case by(cases "rev d", simp_all add:ac_simps)
qed simp
lemma Poly_map: "Poly (map (op * a) p) = smult a (Poly p)"
proof (induct p)
- case(Cons x xs) thus ?case by (cases "Poly xs = 0",auto)
+ case(Cons x xs) then show ?case by (cases "Poly xs = 0",auto)
qed simp
lemma last_coeff_is_hd: "xs \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> coeff (Poly xs) (length xs - 1) = hd (rev xs)"
@@ -4014,8 +3973,8 @@
and dNonempty:"d \<noteq> []"
and "pseudo_divmod_main_list lc q (rev r) (rev d) n = (q',rev r')"
and "n = (1 + length r - length d)"
- shows
- "pseudo_divmod_main lc (monom 1 n * Poly q) (Poly r) (Poly d) (length r - 1) n =
+ shows
+ "pseudo_divmod_main lc (monom 1 n * Poly q) (Poly r) (Poly d) (length r - 1) n =
(Poly q', Poly r')"
using assms(4-)
proof(induct "n" arbitrary: r q)
@@ -4030,28 +3989,28 @@
have n: "n = (1 + length r - length d - 1)"
using ifCond Suc(3) by simp
have rr_val:"(length ?rrr) = (length r - 1)" using ifCond by auto
- hence rr_smaller: "(1 + length r - length d - 1) = (1 + length ?rrr - length d)"
+ then have rr_smaller: "(1 + length r - length d - 1) = (1 + length ?rrr - length d)"
using rNonempty ifCond unfolding One_nat_def by auto
from ifCond have id: "Suc (length r) - length d = Suc (length r - length d)" by auto
have "pseudo_divmod_main_list lc ?qq (rev ?rrr) (rev d) (1 + length r - length d - 1) = (q', rev r')"
using Suc.prems ifCond by (simp add:Let_def if_0_minus_poly_rev_list id)
- hence v:"pseudo_divmod_main_list lc ?qq (rev ?rrr) (rev d) n = (q', rev r')"
+ then have v:"pseudo_divmod_main_list lc ?qq (rev ?rrr) (rev d) n = (q', rev r')"
using n by auto
have sucrr:"Suc (length r) - length d = Suc (length r - length d)"
using Suc_diff_le ifCond not_less_eq_eq by blast
have n_ok : "n = 1 + (length ?rrr) - length d" using Suc(3) rNonempty by simp
- have cong: "\<And> x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4. x1 = y1 \<Longrightarrow> x2 = y2 \<Longrightarrow> x3 = y3 \<Longrightarrow> x4 = y4 \<Longrightarrow>
+ have cong: "\<And>x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4. x1 = y1 \<Longrightarrow> x2 = y2 \<Longrightarrow> x3 = y3 \<Longrightarrow> x4 = y4 \<Longrightarrow>
pseudo_divmod_main lc x1 x2 x3 x4 n = pseudo_divmod_main lc y1 y2 y3 y4 n" by simp
have hd_rev:"coeff (Poly r) (length r - Suc 0) = hd (rev r)"
using last_coeff_is_hd[OF rNonempty] by simp
show ?case unfolding Suc.hyps(1)[OF v n_ok, symmetric] pseudo_divmod_main.simps Let_def
proof (rule cong[OF _ _ refl], goal_cases)
- case 1
+ case 1
show ?case unfolding monom_Suc hd_rev[symmetric]
by (simp add: smult_monom Poly_map)
next
- case 2
- show ?case
+ case 2
+ show ?case
proof (subst Poly_on_rev_starting_with_0, goal_cases)
show "hd (minus_poly_rev_list (map (op * lc) (rev r)) (map (op * (hd (rev r))) (rev d))) = 0"
by (fold lc, subst head_minus_poly_rev_list, insert ifCond dNonempty,auto)
@@ -4068,8 +4027,8 @@
map_prod poly_of_list poly_of_list (pseudo_divmod_list (coeffs f) (coeffs g))"
proof (cases "g=0")
case False
- hence coeffs_g_nonempty:"(coeffs g) \<noteq> []" by simp
- hence lastcoeffs:"last (coeffs g) = coeff g (degree g)"
+ then have coeffs_g_nonempty:"(coeffs g) \<noteq> []" by simp
+ then have lastcoeffs:"last (coeffs g) = coeff g (degree g)"
by (simp add: hd_rev last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree not_0_coeffs_not_Nil)
obtain q r where qr: "pseudo_divmod_main_list
(last (coeffs g)) (rev [])
@@ -4094,14 +4053,14 @@
by auto
qed
-lemma pseudo_mod_main_list: "snd (pseudo_divmod_main_list l q
+lemma pseudo_mod_main_list: "snd (pseudo_divmod_main_list l q
xs ys n) = pseudo_mod_main_list l xs ys n"
by (induct n arbitrary: l q xs ys, auto simp: Let_def)
lemma pseudo_mod_impl[code]: "pseudo_mod f g =
poly_of_list (pseudo_mod_list (coeffs f) (coeffs g))"
proof -
- have snd_case: "\<And> f g p. snd ((\<lambda> (x,y). (f x, g y)) p) = g (snd p)"
+ have snd_case: "\<And>f g p. snd ((\<lambda>(x,y). (f x, g y)) p) = g (snd p)"
by auto
show ?thesis
unfolding pseudo_mod_def pseudo_divmod_impl pseudo_divmod_list_def
@@ -4116,9 +4075,9 @@
lemma pdivmod_pdivmodrel: "eucl_rel_poly p q (r, s) \<longleftrightarrow> (p div q, p mod q) = (r, s)"
by (metis eucl_rel_poly eucl_rel_poly_unique)
-lemma pdivmod_via_pseudo_divmod: "(f div g, f mod g) = (if g = 0 then (0,f)
- else let
- ilc = inverse (coeff g (degree g));
+lemma pdivmod_via_pseudo_divmod: "(f div g, f mod g) = (if g = 0 then (0,f)
+ else let
+ ilc = inverse (coeff g (degree g));
h = smult ilc g;
(q,r) = pseudo_divmod f h
in (smult ilc q, r))" (is "?l = ?r")
@@ -4127,26 +4086,26 @@
define lc where "lc = inverse (coeff g (degree g))"
define h where "h = smult lc g"
from False have h1: "coeff h (degree h) = 1" and lc: "lc \<noteq> 0" unfolding h_def lc_def by auto
- hence h0: "h \<noteq> 0" by auto
+ then have h0: "h \<noteq> 0" by auto
obtain q r where p: "pseudo_divmod f h = (q,r)" by force
- from False have id: "?r = (smult lc q, r)"
+ from False have id: "?r = (smult lc q, r)"
unfolding Let_def h_def[symmetric] lc_def[symmetric] p by auto
- from pseudo_divmod[OF h0 p, unfolded h1]
+ from pseudo_divmod[OF h0 p, unfolded h1]
have f: "f = h * q + r" and r: "r = 0 \<or> degree r < degree h" by auto
have "eucl_rel_poly f h (q, r)" unfolding eucl_rel_poly_iff using f r h0 by auto
- hence "(f div h, f mod h) = (q,r)" by (simp add: pdivmod_pdivmodrel)
- hence "(f div g, f mod g) = (smult lc q, r)"
+ then have "(f div h, f mod h) = (q,r)" by (simp add: pdivmod_pdivmodrel)
+ then have "(f div g, f mod g) = (smult lc q, r)"
unfolding h_def div_smult_right[OF lc] mod_smult_right[OF lc]
using lc by auto
with id show ?thesis by auto
qed simp
-lemma pdivmod_via_pseudo_divmod_list: "(f div g, f mod g) = (let
+lemma pdivmod_via_pseudo_divmod_list: "(f div g, f mod g) = (let
cg = coeffs g
in if cg = [] then (0,f)
- else let
+ else let
cf = coeffs f;
- ilc = inverse (last cg);
+ ilc = inverse (last cg);
ch = map (op * ilc) cg;
(q,r) = pseudo_divmod_main_list 1 [] (rev cf) (rev ch) (1 + length cf - length cg)
in (poly_of_list (map (op * ilc) q), poly_of_list (rev r)))"
@@ -4155,22 +4114,22 @@
pseudo_divmod_impl pseudo_divmod_list_def
show ?thesis
proof (cases "g = 0")
- case True thus ?thesis unfolding d by auto
+ case True then show ?thesis unfolding d by auto
next
case False
define ilc where "ilc = inverse (coeff g (degree g))"
from False have ilc: "ilc \<noteq> 0" unfolding ilc_def by auto
- with False have id: "(g = 0) = False" "(coeffs g = []) = False"
- "last (coeffs g) = coeff g (degree g)"
+ with False have id: "(g = 0) = False" "(coeffs g = []) = False"
+ "last (coeffs g) = coeff g (degree g)"
"(coeffs (smult ilc g) = []) = False"
- by (auto simp: last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree)
- have id2: "hd (rev (coeffs (smult ilc g))) = 1"
+ by (auto simp: last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree)
+ have id2: "hd (rev (coeffs (smult ilc g))) = 1"
by (subst hd_rev, insert id ilc, auto simp: coeffs_smult, subst last_map, auto simp: id ilc_def)
- have id3: "length (coeffs (smult ilc g)) = length (coeffs g)"
+ have id3: "length (coeffs (smult ilc g)) = length (coeffs g)"
"rev (coeffs (smult ilc g)) = rev (map (op * ilc) (coeffs g))" unfolding coeffs_smult using ilc by auto
obtain q r where pair: "pseudo_divmod_main_list 1 [] (rev (coeffs f)) (rev (map (op * ilc) (coeffs g)))
(1 + length (coeffs f) - length (coeffs g)) = (q,r)" by force
- show ?thesis unfolding d Let_def id if_False ilc_def[symmetric] map_prod_def[symmetric] id2
+ show ?thesis unfolding d Let_def id if_False ilc_def[symmetric] map_prod_def[symmetric] id2
unfolding id3 pair map_prod_def split by (auto simp: Poly_map)
qed
qed
@@ -4185,11 +4144,11 @@
show ?case by (induct n arbitrary: q r d, auto simp: Let_def)
qed
-fun divide_poly_main_list :: "'a::idom_divide \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
+fun divide_poly_main_list :: "'a::idom_divide \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list
\<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list" where
"divide_poly_main_list lc q r d (Suc n) = (let
cr = hd r
- in if cr = 0 then divide_poly_main_list lc (cCons cr q) (tl r) d n else let
+ in if cr = 0 then divide_poly_main_list lc (cCons cr q) (tl r) d n else let
a = cr div lc;
qq = cCons a q;
rr = minus_poly_rev_list r (map (op * a) d)
@@ -4231,7 +4190,7 @@
by simp
qed
-definition div_field_poly_impl :: "'a :: field poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" where
+definition div_field_poly_impl :: "'a :: field poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly \<Rightarrow> 'a poly" where
"div_field_poly_impl f g = (
let cg = coeffs g
in if cg = [] then 0
@@ -4239,13 +4198,13 @@
q = fst (divmod_poly_one_main_list [] (rev cf) (rev ch) (1 + length cf - length cg))
in poly_of_list ((map (op * ilc) q)))"
-text \<open>We do not declare the following lemma as code equation, since then polynomial division
- on non-fields will no longer be executable. However, a code-unfold is possible, since
+text \<open>We do not declare the following lemma as code equation, since then polynomial division
+ on non-fields will no longer be executable. However, a code-unfold is possible, since
\<open>div_field_poly_impl\<close> is a bit more efficient than the generic polynomial division.\<close>
lemma div_field_poly_impl[code_unfold]: "op div = div_field_poly_impl"
proof (intro ext)
fix f g :: "'a poly"
- have "fst (f div g, f mod g) = div_field_poly_impl f g" unfolding
+ have "fst (f div g, f mod g) = div_field_poly_impl f g" unfolding
div_field_poly_impl_def pdivmod_via_divmod_list Let_def by (auto split: prod.splits)
then show "f div g = div_field_poly_impl f g"
by simp
@@ -4256,7 +4215,7 @@
and lc:"last d = lc"
and d:"d \<noteq> []"
and "n = (1 + length r - length d)"
- shows
+ shows
"Poly (divide_poly_main_list lc q (rev r) (rev d) n) =
divide_poly_main lc (monom 1 n * Poly q) (Poly r) (Poly d) (length r - 1) n"
using assms(4-)
@@ -4266,43 +4225,43 @@
have r: "r \<noteq> []"
using ifCond d using Suc_leI length_greater_0_conv list.size(3) by fastforce
then obtain rr lcr where r: "r = rr @ [lcr]" by (cases r rule: rev_cases, auto)
- from d lc obtain dd where d: "d = dd @ [lc]"
+ from d lc obtain dd where d: "d = dd @ [lc]"
by (cases d rule: rev_cases, auto)
from Suc(2) ifCond have n: "n = 1 + length rr - length d" by (auto simp: r)
from ifCond have len: "length dd \<le> length rr" by (simp add: r d)
show ?case
proof (cases "lcr div lc * lc = lcr")
case False
- thus ?thesis unfolding Suc(2)[symmetric] using r d
+ then show ?thesis unfolding Suc(2)[symmetric] using r d
by (auto simp add: Let_def nth_default_append)
next
case True
- hence id:
+ then have id:
"?thesis = (Poly (divide_poly_main_list lc (cCons (lcr div lc) q)
- (rev (rev (minus_poly_rev_list (rev rr) (rev (map (op * (lcr div lc)) dd))))) (rev d) n) =
+ (rev (rev (minus_poly_rev_list (rev rr) (rev (map (op * (lcr div lc)) dd))))) (rev d) n) =
divide_poly_main lc
(monom 1 (Suc n) * Poly q + monom (lcr div lc) n)
(Poly r - monom (lcr div lc) n * Poly d)
(Poly d) (length rr - 1) n)"
- using r d
- by (cases r rule: rev_cases; cases "d" rule: rev_cases;
- auto simp add: Let_def rev_map nth_default_append)
- have cong: "\<And> x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4. x1 = y1 \<Longrightarrow> x2 = y2 \<Longrightarrow> x3 = y3 \<Longrightarrow> x4 = y4 \<Longrightarrow>
+ using r d
+ by (cases r rule: rev_cases; cases "d" rule: rev_cases;
+ auto simp add: Let_def rev_map nth_default_append)
+ have cong: "\<And>x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4. x1 = y1 \<Longrightarrow> x2 = y2 \<Longrightarrow> x3 = y3 \<Longrightarrow> x4 = y4 \<Longrightarrow>
divide_poly_main lc x1 x2 x3 x4 n = divide_poly_main lc y1 y2 y3 y4 n" by simp
- show ?thesis unfolding id
+ show ?thesis unfolding id
proof (subst Suc(1), simp add: n,
subst minus_poly_rev_list, force simp: len, rule cong[OF _ _ refl], goal_cases)
- case 2
+ case 2
have "monom lcr (length rr) = monom (lcr div lc) (length rr - length dd) * monom lc (length dd)"
by (simp add: mult_monom len True)
- thus ?case unfolding r d Poly_append n ring_distribs
+ then show ?case unfolding r d Poly_append n ring_distribs
by (auto simp: Poly_map smult_monom smult_monom_mult)
qed (auto simp: len monom_Suc smult_monom)
qed
qed simp
-lemma divide_poly_list[code]: "f div g = divide_poly_list f g"
+lemma divide_poly_list[code]: "f div g = divide_poly_list f g"
proof -
note d = divide_poly_def divide_poly_list_def
show ?thesis
@@ -4311,9 +4270,9 @@
show ?thesis unfolding d True by auto
next
case False
- then obtain cg lcg where cg: "coeffs g = cg @ [lcg]" by (cases "coeffs g" rule: rev_cases, auto)
+ then obtain cg lcg where cg: "coeffs g = cg @ [lcg]" by (cases "coeffs g" rule: rev_cases, auto)
with False have id: "(g = 0) = False" "(cg @ [lcg] = []) = False" by auto
- from cg False have lcg: "coeff g (degree g) = lcg"
+ from cg False have lcg: "coeff g (degree g) = lcg"
using last_coeffs_eq_coeff_degree last_snoc by force
with False have lcg0: "lcg \<noteq> 0" by auto
from cg have ltp: "Poly (cg @ [lcg]) = g"