section ‹The area of a circle›
theory Circle_Area
imports Complex_Main "HOL-Analysis.Interval_Integral"
begin
lemma plus_emeasure':
assumes "A ∈ sets M" "B ∈ sets M" "A ∩ B ∈ null_sets M"
shows "emeasure M A + emeasure M B = emeasure M (A ∪ B)"
proof-
let ?C = "A ∩ B"
have "A ∪ B = A ∪ (B - ?C)" by blast
with assms have "emeasure M (A ∪ B) = emeasure M A + emeasure M (B - ?C)"
by (subst plus_emeasure) auto
also from assms(3,2) have "emeasure M (B - ?C) = emeasure M B"
by (rule emeasure_Diff_null_set)
finally show ?thesis ..
qed
lemma real_sqrt_square:
"x ≥ 0 ⟹ sqrt (x^2) = (x::real)" by simp
lemma unit_circle_area_aux:
"LBINT x=-1..1. 2 * sqrt (1 - x^2) = pi"
proof-
have "LBINT x=-1..1. 2 * sqrt (1 - x^2) =
LBINT x=ereal (sin (-pi/2))..ereal (sin (pi/2)). 2 * sqrt (1 - x^2)"
by (simp_all add: one_ereal_def)
also have "... = LBINT x=-pi/2..pi/2. cos x *⇩R (2 * sqrt (1 - (sin x)⇧2))"
by (rule interval_integral_substitution_finite[symmetric])
(auto intro: DERIV_subset[OF DERIV_sin] intro!: continuous_intros)
also have "... = LBINT x=-pi/2..pi/2. 2 * cos x * sqrt ((cos x)^2)"
by (simp add: cos_squared_eq field_simps)
also {
fix x assume "x ∈ {-pi/2<..<pi/2}"
hence "cos x ≥ 0" by (intro cos_ge_zero) simp_all
hence "sqrt ((cos x)^2) = cos x" by simp
} note A = this
have "LBINT x=-pi/2..pi/2. 2 * cos x * sqrt ((cos x)^2) = LBINT x=-pi/2..pi/2. 2 * (cos x)^2"
by (intro interval_integral_cong, subst A) (simp_all add: min_def max_def power2_eq_square)
also let ?F = "λx. x + sin x * cos x"
{
fix x A
have "(?F has_real_derivative 1 - (sin x)^2 + (cos x)^2) (at x)"
by (auto simp: power2_eq_square intro!: derivative_eq_intros)
also have "1 - (sin x)^2 + (cos x)^2 = 2 * (cos x)^2" by (simp add: cos_squared_eq)
finally have "(?F has_real_derivative 2 * (cos x)^2) (at x within A)"
by (rule DERIV_subset) simp
}
hence "LBINT x=-pi/2..pi/2. 2 * (cos x)^2 = ?F (pi/2) - ?F (-pi/2)"
by (intro interval_integral_FTC_finite)
(auto simp: has_field_derivative_iff_has_vector_derivative intro!: continuous_intros)
also have "... = pi" by simp
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma unit_circle_area:
"emeasure lborel {z::real×real. norm z ≤ 1} = pi" (is "emeasure _ ?A = _")
proof-
let ?A1 = "{(x,y)∈?A. y ≥ 0}" and ?A2 = "{(x,y)∈?A. y ≤ 0}"
have [measurable]: "(λx. snd (x :: real × real)) ∈ measurable borel borel"
by (simp add: borel_prod[symmetric])
have "?A1 = ?A ∩ {x∈space lborel. snd x ≥ 0}" by auto
also have "?A ∩ {x∈space lborel. snd x ≥ 0} ∈ sets borel"
by (intro sets.Int pred_Collect_borel) simp_all
finally have A1_in_sets: "?A1 ∈ sets lborel" by (subst sets_lborel)
have "?A2 = ?A ∩ {x∈space lborel. snd x ≤ 0}" by auto
also have "... ∈ sets borel"
by (intro sets.Int pred_Collect_borel) simp_all
finally have A2_in_sets: "?A2 ∈ sets lborel" by (subst sets_lborel)
have A12: "?A = ?A1 ∪ ?A2" by auto
have sq_le_1_iff: "⋀x. x⇧2 ≤ 1 ⟷ abs (x::real) ≤ 1"
by (simp add: abs_square_le_1)
have "?A1 ∩ ?A2 = {x. abs x ≤ 1} × {0}" by (auto simp: norm_Pair field_simps sq_le_1_iff)
also have "... ∈ null_sets lborel"
by (subst lborel_prod[symmetric]) (auto simp: lborel.emeasure_pair_measure_Times)
finally have "emeasure lborel ?A = emeasure lborel ?A1 + emeasure lborel ?A2"
by (subst A12, rule plus_emeasure'[OF A1_in_sets A2_in_sets, symmetric])
also have "emeasure lborel ?A1 = ∫⇧+x. ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A1 (x,y) ∂lborel ∂lborel"
by (subst lborel_prod[symmetric], subst lborel.emeasure_pair_measure)
(simp_all only: lborel_prod A1_in_sets)
also have "emeasure lborel ?A2 = ∫⇧+x. ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A2 (x,y) ∂lborel ∂lborel"
by (subst lborel_prod[symmetric], subst lborel.emeasure_pair_measure)
(simp_all only: lborel_prod A2_in_sets)
also have "distr lborel lborel uminus = (lborel :: real measure)"
by (subst (3) lborel_real_affine[of "-1" 0])
(simp_all add: one_ereal_def[symmetric] density_1 cong: distr_cong)
hence "(∫⇧+x. ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A2 (x,y) ∂lborel ∂lborel) =
∫⇧+x. ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A2 (x,y) ∂distr lborel lborel uminus ∂lborel" by simp
also have "... = ∫⇧+x. ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A2 (x,-y) ∂lborel ∂lborel"
apply (intro nn_integral_cong nn_integral_distr, simp)
apply (intro measurable_compose[OF _ borel_measurable_indicator[OF A2_in_sets]], simp)
done
also have "... = ∫⇧+x. ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A1 (x,y) ∂lborel ∂lborel"
by (intro nn_integral_cong) (auto split: split_indicator simp: norm_Pair)
also have "... + ... = (1+1) * ..." by (subst ring_distribs) simp_all
also have "... = ∫⇧+x. 2 * ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A1 (x,y) ∂lborel ∂lborel"
by (subst nn_integral_cmult) simp_all
also {
fix x y :: real assume "x ∉ {-1..1}"
hence "abs x > 1" by auto
also have "norm (x,y) ≥ abs x" by (simp add: norm_Pair)
finally have "(x,y) ∉ ?A1" by auto
}
hence "... = ∫⇧+x. 2 * (∫⇧+y. indicator ?A1 (x,y) ∂lborel) * indicator {-1..1} x ∂lborel"
by (intro nn_integral_cong) (auto split: split_indicator)
also {
fix x :: real assume "x ∈ {-1..1}"
hence x: "1 - x⇧2 ≥ 0" by (simp add: field_simps sq_le_1_iff abs_real_def)
have "⋀y. (y::real) ≥ 0 ⟹ norm (x,y) ≤ 1 ⟷ y ≤ sqrt (1-x⇧2)"
by (subst (5) real_sqrt_square[symmetric], simp, subst real_sqrt_le_iff)
(simp_all add: norm_Pair field_simps)
hence "(∫⇧+y. indicator ?A1 (x,y) ∂lborel) = (∫⇧+y. indicator {0..sqrt (1-x⇧2)} y ∂lborel)"
by (intro nn_integral_cong) (auto split: split_indicator)
also from x have "... = sqrt (1-x⇧2)" using x by simp
finally have "(∫⇧+y. indicator ?A1 (x,y) ∂lborel) = sqrt (1-x⇧2)" .
}
hence "(∫⇧+x. 2 * (∫⇧+y. indicator ?A1 (x,y) ∂lborel) * indicator {-1..1} x ∂lborel) =
∫⇧+x. 2 * sqrt (1-x⇧2) * indicator {-1..1} x ∂lborel"
by (intro nn_integral_cong) (simp split: split_indicator add: ennreal_mult')
also have A: "⋀x. -1 ≤ x ⟹ x ≤ 1 ⟹ ¬x^2 > (1::real)"
by (subst not_less, subst sq_le_1_iff) (simp add: abs_real_def)
have "integrable lborel (λx. 2 * sqrt (1-x⇧2) * indicator {-1..1::real} x)"
by (intro borel_integrable_atLeastAtMost continuous_intros)
hence "(∫⇧+x. 2 * sqrt (1-x⇧2) * indicator {-1..1} x ∂lborel) =
ennreal (∫x. 2 * sqrt (1-x⇧2) * indicator {-1..1} x ∂lborel)"
by (intro nn_integral_eq_integral AE_I2)
(auto split: split_indicator simp: field_simps sq_le_1_iff)
also have "(∫x. 2 * sqrt (1-x⇧2) * indicator {-1..1} x ∂lborel) =
LBINT x:{-1..1}. 2 * sqrt (1-x⇧2)" by (simp add: field_simps)
also have "... = LBINT x=-1..1. 2 * sqrt (1-x⇧2)"
by (subst interval_integral_Icc[symmetric]) (simp_all add: one_ereal_def)
also have "... = pi" by (rule unit_circle_area_aux)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma circle_area:
assumes "R ≥ 0"
shows "emeasure lborel {z::real×real. norm z ≤ R} = R^2 * pi" (is "emeasure _ ?A = _")
proof (cases "R = 0")
assume "R ≠ 0"
with assms have R: "R > 0" by simp
let ?A' = "{z::real×real. norm z ≤ 1}"
have "emeasure lborel ?A = ∫⇧+x. ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A (x,y) ∂lborel ∂lborel"
by (subst lborel_prod[symmetric], subst lborel.emeasure_pair_measure, subst lborel_prod)
simp_all
also have "... = ∫⇧+x. R * ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A (x,R*y) ∂lborel ∂lborel"
proof (rule nn_integral_cong)
fix x from R show "(∫⇧+y. indicator ?A (x,y) ∂lborel) = R * ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A (x,R*y) ∂lborel"
by (subst nn_integral_real_affine[OF _ ‹R ≠ 0›, of _ 0]) simp_all
qed
also have "... = R * ∫⇧+x. ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A (x,R*y) ∂lborel ∂lborel"
using R by (intro nn_integral_cmult) simp_all
also from R have "(∫⇧+x. ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A (x,R*y) ∂lborel ∂lborel) =
R * ∫⇧+x. ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A (R*x,R*y) ∂lborel ∂lborel"
by (subst nn_integral_real_affine[OF _ ‹R ≠ 0›, of _ 0]) simp_all
also {
fix x y
have A: "(R*x, R*y) = R *⇩R (x,y)" by simp
from R have "norm (R*x, R*y) = R * norm (x,y)" by (subst A, subst norm_scaleR) simp_all
with R have "(R*x, R*y) ∈ ?A ⟷ (x, y) ∈ ?A'" by (auto simp: field_simps)
}
hence "(∫⇧+x. ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A (R*x,R*y) ∂lborel ∂lborel) =
∫⇧+x. ∫⇧+y. indicator ?A' (x,y) ∂lborel ∂lborel"
by (intro nn_integral_cong) (simp split: split_indicator)
also have "... = emeasure lborel ?A'"
by (subst lborel_prod[symmetric], subst lborel.emeasure_pair_measure, subst lborel_prod)
simp_all
also have "... = pi" by (rule unit_circle_area)
finally show ?thesis using assms by (simp add: power2_eq_square ennreal_mult mult_ac)
qed simp
end