src/HOL/NSA/StarDef.thy

move nonstandard analysis theories to NSA directory

(*  Title       : HOL/Hyperreal/StarDef.thy
    ID          : $Id$
    Author      : Jacques D. Fleuriot and Brian Huffman
*)

header {* Construction of Star Types Using Ultrafilters *}

theory StarDef
imports Filter
uses ("transfer.ML")
begin

subsection {* A Free Ultrafilter over the Naturals *}

definition
  FreeUltrafilterNat :: "nat set set"  ("\<U>") where
  "\<U> = (SOME U. freeultrafilter U)"

lemma freeultrafilter_FreeUltrafilterNat: "freeultrafilter \<U>"
apply (unfold FreeUltrafilterNat_def)
apply (rule someI_ex [where P=freeultrafilter])
apply (rule freeultrafilter_Ex)
apply (rule nat_infinite)
done

interpretation FreeUltrafilterNat: freeultrafilter [FreeUltrafilterNat]
by (rule freeultrafilter_FreeUltrafilterNat)

text {* This rule takes the place of the old ultra tactic *}

lemma ultra:
  "\<lbrakk>{n. P n} \<in> \<U>; {n. P n \<longrightarrow> Q n} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> {n. Q n} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp add: Collect_imp_eq
    FreeUltrafilterNat.Un_iff FreeUltrafilterNat.Compl_iff)


subsection {* Definition of @{text star} type constructor *}

definition
  starrel :: "((nat \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<times> (nat \<Rightarrow> 'a)) set" where
  "starrel = {(X,Y). {n. X n = Y n} \<in> \<U>}"

typedef 'a star = "(UNIV :: (nat \<Rightarrow> 'a) set) // starrel"
by (auto intro: quotientI)

definition
  star_n :: "(nat \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> 'a star" where
  "star_n X = Abs_star (starrel `` {X})"

theorem star_cases [case_names star_n, cases type: star]:
  "(\<And>X. x = star_n X \<Longrightarrow> P) \<Longrightarrow> P"
by (cases x, unfold star_n_def star_def, erule quotientE, fast)

lemma all_star_eq: "(\<forall>x. P x) = (\<forall>X. P (star_n X))"
by (auto, rule_tac x=x in star_cases, simp)

lemma ex_star_eq: "(\<exists>x. P x) = (\<exists>X. P (star_n X))"
by (auto, rule_tac x=x in star_cases, auto)

text {* Proving that @{term starrel} is an equivalence relation *}

lemma starrel_iff [iff]: "((X,Y) \<in> starrel) = ({n. X n = Y n} \<in> \<U>)"
by (simp add: starrel_def)

lemma equiv_starrel: "equiv UNIV starrel"
proof (rule equiv.intro)
  show "reflexive starrel" by (simp add: refl_def)
  show "sym starrel" by (simp add: sym_def eq_commute)
  show "trans starrel" by (auto intro: transI elim!: ultra)
qed

lemmas equiv_starrel_iff =
  eq_equiv_class_iff [OF equiv_starrel UNIV_I UNIV_I]

lemma starrel_in_star: "starrel``{x} \<in> star"
by (simp add: star_def quotientI)

lemma star_n_eq_iff: "(star_n X = star_n Y) = ({n. X n = Y n} \<in> \<U>)"
by (simp add: star_n_def Abs_star_inject starrel_in_star equiv_starrel_iff)


subsection {* Transfer principle *}

text {* This introduction rule starts each transfer proof. *}
lemma transfer_start:
  "P \<equiv> {n. Q} \<in> \<U> \<Longrightarrow> Trueprop P \<equiv> Trueprop Q"
by (subgoal_tac "P \<equiv> Q", simp, simp add: atomize_eq)

text {*Initialize transfer tactic.*}
use "transfer.ML"
setup Transfer.setup

text {* Transfer introduction rules. *}

lemma transfer_ex [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>\<And>X. p (star_n X) \<equiv> {n. P n (X n)} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x::'a star. p x \<equiv> {n. \<exists>x. P n x} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: ex_star_eq FreeUltrafilterNat.Collect_ex)

lemma transfer_all [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>\<And>X. p (star_n X) \<equiv> {n. P n (X n)} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x::'a star. p x \<equiv> {n. \<forall>x. P n x} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: all_star_eq FreeUltrafilterNat.Collect_all)

lemma transfer_not [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>p \<equiv> {n. P n} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<not> p \<equiv> {n. \<not> P n} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: FreeUltrafilterNat.Collect_not)

lemma transfer_conj [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>p \<equiv> {n. P n} \<in> \<U>; q \<equiv> {n. Q n} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> p \<and> q \<equiv> {n. P n \<and> Q n} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: FreeUltrafilterNat.Collect_conj)

lemma transfer_disj [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>p \<equiv> {n. P n} \<in> \<U>; q \<equiv> {n. Q n} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> p \<or> q \<equiv> {n. P n \<or> Q n} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: FreeUltrafilterNat.Collect_disj)

lemma transfer_imp [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>p \<equiv> {n. P n} \<in> \<U>; q \<equiv> {n. Q n} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> p \<longrightarrow> q \<equiv> {n. P n \<longrightarrow> Q n} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: imp_conv_disj transfer_disj transfer_not)

lemma transfer_iff [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>p \<equiv> {n. P n} \<in> \<U>; q \<equiv> {n. Q n} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> p = q \<equiv> {n. P n = Q n} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: iff_conv_conj_imp transfer_conj transfer_imp)

lemma transfer_if_bool [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>p \<equiv> {n. P n} \<in> \<U>; x \<equiv> {n. X n} \<in> \<U>; y \<equiv> {n. Y n} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> (if p then x else y) \<equiv> {n. if P n then X n else Y n} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: if_bool_eq_conj transfer_conj transfer_imp transfer_not)

lemma transfer_eq [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>x \<equiv> star_n X; y \<equiv> star_n Y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x = y \<equiv> {n. X n = Y n} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: star_n_eq_iff)

lemma transfer_if [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>p \<equiv> {n. P n} \<in> \<U>; x \<equiv> star_n X; y \<equiv> star_n Y\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> (if p then x else y) \<equiv> star_n (\<lambda>n. if P n then X n else Y n)"
apply (rule eq_reflection)
apply (auto simp add: star_n_eq_iff transfer_not elim!: ultra)
done

lemma transfer_fun_eq [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>\<And>X. f (star_n X) = g (star_n X) 
    \<equiv> {n. F n (X n) = G n (X n)} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk>
      \<Longrightarrow> f = g \<equiv> {n. F n = G n} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: expand_fun_eq transfer_all)

lemma transfer_star_n [transfer_intro]: "star_n X \<equiv> star_n (\<lambda>n. X n)"
by (rule reflexive)

lemma transfer_bool [transfer_intro]: "p \<equiv> {n. p} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp add: atomize_eq)


subsection {* Standard elements *}

definition
  star_of :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a star" where
  "star_of x == star_n (\<lambda>n. x)"

definition
  Standard :: "'a star set" where
  "Standard = range star_of"

text {* Transfer tactic should remove occurrences of @{term star_of} *}
setup {* Transfer.add_const "StarDef.star_of" *}

declare star_of_def [transfer_intro]

lemma star_of_inject: "(star_of x = star_of y) = (x = y)"
by (transfer, rule refl)

lemma Standard_star_of [simp]: "star_of x \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: Standard_def)


subsection {* Internal functions *}

definition
  Ifun :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b) star \<Rightarrow> 'a star \<Rightarrow> 'b star" ("_ \<star> _" [300,301] 300) where
  "Ifun f \<equiv> \<lambda>x. Abs_star
       (\<Union>F\<in>Rep_star f. \<Union>X\<in>Rep_star x. starrel``{\<lambda>n. F n (X n)})"

lemma Ifun_congruent2:
  "congruent2 starrel starrel (\<lambda>F X. starrel``{\<lambda>n. F n (X n)})"
by (auto simp add: congruent2_def equiv_starrel_iff elim!: ultra)

lemma Ifun_star_n: "star_n F \<star> star_n X = star_n (\<lambda>n. F n (X n))"
by (simp add: Ifun_def star_n_def Abs_star_inverse starrel_in_star
    UN_equiv_class2 [OF equiv_starrel equiv_starrel Ifun_congruent2])

text {* Transfer tactic should remove occurrences of @{term Ifun} *}
setup {* Transfer.add_const "StarDef.Ifun" *}

lemma transfer_Ifun [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>f \<equiv> star_n F; x \<equiv> star_n X\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f \<star> x \<equiv> star_n (\<lambda>n. F n (X n))"
by (simp only: Ifun_star_n)

lemma Ifun_star_of [simp]: "star_of f \<star> star_of x = star_of (f x)"
by (transfer, rule refl)

lemma Standard_Ifun [simp]:
  "\<lbrakk>f \<in> Standard; x \<in> Standard\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f \<star> x \<in> Standard"
by (auto simp add: Standard_def)

text {* Nonstandard extensions of functions *}

definition
  starfun :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> ('a star \<Rightarrow> 'b star)"  ("*f* _" [80] 80) where
  "starfun f == \<lambda>x. star_of f \<star> x"

definition
  starfun2 :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'c) \<Rightarrow> ('a star \<Rightarrow> 'b star \<Rightarrow> 'c star)"
    ("*f2* _" [80] 80) where
  "starfun2 f == \<lambda>x y. star_of f \<star> x \<star> y"

declare starfun_def [transfer_unfold]
declare starfun2_def [transfer_unfold]

lemma starfun_star_n: "( *f* f) (star_n X) = star_n (\<lambda>n. f (X n))"
by (simp only: starfun_def star_of_def Ifun_star_n)

lemma starfun2_star_n:
  "( *f2* f) (star_n X) (star_n Y) = star_n (\<lambda>n. f (X n) (Y n))"
by (simp only: starfun2_def star_of_def Ifun_star_n)

lemma starfun_star_of [simp]: "( *f* f) (star_of x) = star_of (f x)"
by (transfer, rule refl)

lemma starfun2_star_of [simp]: "( *f2* f) (star_of x) = *f* f x"
by (transfer, rule refl)

lemma Standard_starfun [simp]: "x \<in> Standard \<Longrightarrow> starfun f x \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: starfun_def)

lemma Standard_starfun2 [simp]:
  "\<lbrakk>x \<in> Standard; y \<in> Standard\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> starfun2 f x y \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: starfun2_def)

lemma Standard_starfun_iff:
  assumes inj: "\<And>x y. f x = f y \<Longrightarrow> x = y"
  shows "(starfun f x \<in> Standard) = (x \<in> Standard)"
proof
  assume "x \<in> Standard"
  thus "starfun f x \<in> Standard" by simp
next
  have inj': "\<And>x y. starfun f x = starfun f y \<Longrightarrow> x = y"
    using inj by transfer
  assume "starfun f x \<in> Standard"
  then obtain b where b: "starfun f x = star_of b"
    unfolding Standard_def ..
  hence "\<exists>x. starfun f x = star_of b" ..
  hence "\<exists>a. f a = b" by transfer
  then obtain a where "f a = b" ..
  hence "starfun f (star_of a) = star_of b" by transfer
  with b have "starfun f x = starfun f (star_of a)" by simp
  hence "x = star_of a" by (rule inj')
  thus "x \<in> Standard"
    unfolding Standard_def by auto
qed

lemma Standard_starfun2_iff:
  assumes inj: "\<And>a b a' b'. f a b = f a' b' \<Longrightarrow> a = a' \<and> b = b'"
  shows "(starfun2 f x y \<in> Standard) = (x \<in> Standard \<and> y \<in> Standard)"
proof
  assume "x \<in> Standard \<and> y \<in> Standard"
  thus "starfun2 f x y \<in> Standard" by simp
next
  have inj': "\<And>x y z w. starfun2 f x y = starfun2 f z w \<Longrightarrow> x = z \<and> y = w"
    using inj by transfer
  assume "starfun2 f x y \<in> Standard"
  then obtain c where c: "starfun2 f x y = star_of c"
    unfolding Standard_def ..
  hence "\<exists>x y. starfun2 f x y = star_of c" by auto
  hence "\<exists>a b. f a b = c" by transfer
  then obtain a b where "f a b = c" by auto
  hence "starfun2 f (star_of a) (star_of b) = star_of c"
    by transfer
  with c have "starfun2 f x y = starfun2 f (star_of a) (star_of b)"
    by simp
  hence "x = star_of a \<and> y = star_of b"
    by (rule inj')
  thus "x \<in> Standard \<and> y \<in> Standard"
    unfolding Standard_def by auto
qed


subsection {* Internal predicates *}

definition unstar :: "bool star \<Rightarrow> bool" where
  [code func del]: "unstar b \<longleftrightarrow> b = star_of True"

lemma unstar_star_n: "unstar (star_n P) = ({n. P n} \<in> \<U>)"
by (simp add: unstar_def star_of_def star_n_eq_iff)

lemma unstar_star_of [simp]: "unstar (star_of p) = p"
by (simp add: unstar_def star_of_inject)

text {* Transfer tactic should remove occurrences of @{term unstar} *}
setup {* Transfer.add_const "StarDef.unstar" *}

lemma transfer_unstar [transfer_intro]:
  "p \<equiv> star_n P \<Longrightarrow> unstar p \<equiv> {n. P n} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: unstar_star_n)

definition
  starP :: "('a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> 'a star \<Rightarrow> bool"  ("*p* _" [80] 80) where
  "*p* P = (\<lambda>x. unstar (star_of P \<star> x))"

definition
  starP2 :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> 'a star \<Rightarrow> 'b star \<Rightarrow> bool"  ("*p2* _" [80] 80) where
  "*p2* P = (\<lambda>x y. unstar (star_of P \<star> x \<star> y))"

declare starP_def [transfer_unfold]
declare starP2_def [transfer_unfold]

lemma starP_star_n: "( *p* P) (star_n X) = ({n. P (X n)} \<in> \<U>)"
by (simp only: starP_def star_of_def Ifun_star_n unstar_star_n)

lemma starP2_star_n:
  "( *p2* P) (star_n X) (star_n Y) = ({n. P (X n) (Y n)} \<in> \<U>)"
by (simp only: starP2_def star_of_def Ifun_star_n unstar_star_n)

lemma starP_star_of [simp]: "( *p* P) (star_of x) = P x"
by (transfer, rule refl)

lemma starP2_star_of [simp]: "( *p2* P) (star_of x) = *p* P x"
by (transfer, rule refl)


subsection {* Internal sets *}

definition
  Iset :: "'a set star \<Rightarrow> 'a star set" where
  "Iset A = {x. ( *p2* op \<in>) x A}"

lemma Iset_star_n:
  "(star_n X \<in> Iset (star_n A)) = ({n. X n \<in> A n} \<in> \<U>)"
by (simp add: Iset_def starP2_star_n)

text {* Transfer tactic should remove occurrences of @{term Iset} *}
setup {* Transfer.add_const "StarDef.Iset" *}

lemma transfer_mem [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>x \<equiv> star_n X; a \<equiv> Iset (star_n A)\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> a \<equiv> {n. X n \<in> A n} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: Iset_star_n)

lemma transfer_Collect [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>\<And>X. p (star_n X) \<equiv> {n. P n (X n)} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> Collect p \<equiv> Iset (star_n (\<lambda>n. Collect (P n)))"
by (simp add: atomize_eq expand_set_eq all_star_eq Iset_star_n)

lemma transfer_set_eq [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>a \<equiv> Iset (star_n A); b \<equiv> Iset (star_n B)\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> a = b \<equiv> {n. A n = B n} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: expand_set_eq transfer_all transfer_iff transfer_mem)

lemma transfer_ball [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>a \<equiv> Iset (star_n A); \<And>X. p (star_n X) \<equiv> {n. P n (X n)} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x\<in>a. p x \<equiv> {n. \<forall>x\<in>A n. P n x} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: Ball_def transfer_all transfer_imp transfer_mem)

lemma transfer_bex [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>a \<equiv> Iset (star_n A); \<And>X. p (star_n X) \<equiv> {n. P n (X n)} \<in> \<U>\<rbrakk>
    \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x\<in>a. p x \<equiv> {n. \<exists>x\<in>A n. P n x} \<in> \<U>"
by (simp only: Bex_def transfer_ex transfer_conj transfer_mem)

lemma transfer_Iset [transfer_intro]:
  "\<lbrakk>a \<equiv> star_n A\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> Iset a \<equiv> Iset (star_n (\<lambda>n. A n))"
by simp

text {* Nonstandard extensions of sets. *}

definition
  starset :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a star set" ("*s* _" [80] 80) where
  "starset A = Iset (star_of A)"

declare starset_def [transfer_unfold]

lemma starset_mem: "(star_of x \<in> *s* A) = (x \<in> A)"
by (transfer, rule refl)

lemma starset_UNIV: "*s* (UNIV::'a set) = (UNIV::'a star set)"
by (transfer UNIV_def, rule refl)

lemma starset_empty: "*s* {} = {}"
by (transfer empty_def, rule refl)

lemma starset_insert: "*s* (insert x A) = insert (star_of x) ( *s* A)"
by (transfer insert_def Un_def, rule refl)

lemma starset_Un: "*s* (A \<union> B) = *s* A \<union> *s* B"
by (transfer Un_def, rule refl)

lemma starset_Int: "*s* (A \<inter> B) = *s* A \<inter> *s* B"
by (transfer Int_def, rule refl)

lemma starset_Compl: "*s* -A = -( *s* A)"
by (transfer Compl_eq, rule refl)

lemma starset_diff: "*s* (A - B) = *s* A - *s* B"
by (transfer set_diff_eq, rule refl)

lemma starset_image: "*s* (f ` A) = ( *f* f) ` ( *s* A)"
by (transfer image_def, rule refl)

lemma starset_vimage: "*s* (f -` A) = ( *f* f) -` ( *s* A)"
by (transfer vimage_def, rule refl)

lemma starset_subset: "( *s* A \<subseteq> *s* B) = (A \<subseteq> B)"
by (transfer subset_eq, rule refl)

lemma starset_eq: "( *s* A = *s* B) = (A = B)"
by (transfer, rule refl)

lemmas starset_simps [simp] =
  starset_mem     starset_UNIV
  starset_empty   starset_insert
  starset_Un      starset_Int
  starset_Compl   starset_diff
  starset_image   starset_vimage
  starset_subset  starset_eq


subsection {* Syntactic classes *}

instantiation star :: (zero) zero
begin

definition
  star_zero_def [code func del]:    "0 \<equiv> star_of 0"

instance ..

end

instantiation star :: (one) one
begin

definition
  star_one_def [code func del]:     "1 \<equiv> star_of 1"

instance ..

end

instantiation star :: (plus) plus
begin

definition
  star_add_def [code func del]:     "(op +) \<equiv> *f2* (op +)"

instance ..

end

instantiation star :: (times) times
begin

definition
  star_mult_def [code func del]:    "(op *) \<equiv> *f2* (op *)"

instance ..

end

instantiation star :: (uminus) uminus
begin

definition
  star_minus_def [code func del]:   "uminus \<equiv> *f* uminus"

instance ..

end

instantiation star :: (minus) minus
begin

definition
  star_diff_def [code func del]:    "(op -) \<equiv> *f2* (op -)"

instance ..

end

instantiation star :: (abs) abs
begin

definition
  star_abs_def:     "abs \<equiv> *f* abs"

instance ..

end

instantiation star :: (sgn) sgn
begin

definition
  star_sgn_def:     "sgn \<equiv> *f* sgn"

instance ..

end

instantiation star :: (inverse) inverse
begin

definition
  star_divide_def:  "(op /) \<equiv> *f2* (op /)"

definition
  star_inverse_def: "inverse \<equiv> *f* inverse"

instance ..

end

instantiation star :: (number) number
begin

definition
  star_number_def:  "number_of b \<equiv> star_of (number_of b)"

instance ..

end

instantiation star :: (Divides.div) Divides.div
begin

definition
  star_div_def:     "(op div) \<equiv> *f2* (op div)"

definition
  star_mod_def:     "(op mod) \<equiv> *f2* (op mod)"

instance ..

end

instantiation star :: (power) power
begin

definition
  star_power_def:   "(op ^) \<equiv> \<lambda>x n. ( *f* (\<lambda>x. x ^ n)) x"

instance ..

end

instantiation star :: (ord) ord
begin

definition
  star_le_def:      "(op \<le>) \<equiv> *p2* (op \<le>)"

definition
  star_less_def:    "(op <) \<equiv> *p2* (op <)"

instance ..

end

lemmas star_class_defs [transfer_unfold] =
  star_zero_def     star_one_def      star_number_def
  star_add_def      star_diff_def     star_minus_def
  star_mult_def     star_divide_def   star_inverse_def
  star_le_def       star_less_def     star_abs_def       star_sgn_def
  star_div_def      star_mod_def      star_power_def

text {* Class operations preserve standard elements *}

lemma Standard_zero: "0 \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_zero_def)

lemma Standard_one: "1 \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_one_def)

lemma Standard_number_of: "number_of b \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_number_def)

lemma Standard_add: "\<lbrakk>x \<in> Standard; y \<in> Standard\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x + y \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_add_def)

lemma Standard_diff: "\<lbrakk>x \<in> Standard; y \<in> Standard\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x - y \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_diff_def)

lemma Standard_minus: "x \<in> Standard \<Longrightarrow> - x \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_minus_def)

lemma Standard_mult: "\<lbrakk>x \<in> Standard; y \<in> Standard\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x * y \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_mult_def)

lemma Standard_divide: "\<lbrakk>x \<in> Standard; y \<in> Standard\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x / y \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_divide_def)

lemma Standard_inverse: "x \<in> Standard \<Longrightarrow> inverse x \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_inverse_def)

lemma Standard_abs: "x \<in> Standard \<Longrightarrow> abs x \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_abs_def)

lemma Standard_div: "\<lbrakk>x \<in> Standard; y \<in> Standard\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x div y \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_div_def)

lemma Standard_mod: "\<lbrakk>x \<in> Standard; y \<in> Standard\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x mod y \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_mod_def)

lemma Standard_power: "x \<in> Standard \<Longrightarrow> x ^ n \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_power_def)

lemmas Standard_simps [simp] =
  Standard_zero  Standard_one  Standard_number_of
  Standard_add  Standard_diff  Standard_minus
  Standard_mult  Standard_divide  Standard_inverse
  Standard_abs  Standard_div  Standard_mod
  Standard_power

text {* @{term star_of} preserves class operations *}

lemma star_of_add: "star_of (x + y) = star_of x + star_of y"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_diff: "star_of (x - y) = star_of x - star_of y"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_minus: "star_of (-x) = - star_of x"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_mult: "star_of (x * y) = star_of x * star_of y"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_divide: "star_of (x / y) = star_of x / star_of y"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_inverse: "star_of (inverse x) = inverse (star_of x)"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_div: "star_of (x div y) = star_of x div star_of y"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_mod: "star_of (x mod y) = star_of x mod star_of y"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_power: "star_of (x ^ n) = star_of x ^ n"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_abs: "star_of (abs x) = abs (star_of x)"
by transfer (rule refl)

text {* @{term star_of} preserves numerals *}

lemma star_of_zero: "star_of 0 = 0"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_one: "star_of 1 = 1"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_number_of: "star_of (number_of x) = number_of x"
by transfer (rule refl)

text {* @{term star_of} preserves orderings *}

lemma star_of_less: "(star_of x < star_of y) = (x < y)"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_le: "(star_of x \<le> star_of y) = (x \<le> y)"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_eq: "(star_of x = star_of y) = (x = y)"
by transfer (rule refl)

text{*As above, for 0*}

lemmas star_of_0_less = star_of_less [of 0, simplified star_of_zero]
lemmas star_of_0_le   = star_of_le   [of 0, simplified star_of_zero]
lemmas star_of_0_eq   = star_of_eq   [of 0, simplified star_of_zero]

lemmas star_of_less_0 = star_of_less [of _ 0, simplified star_of_zero]
lemmas star_of_le_0   = star_of_le   [of _ 0, simplified star_of_zero]
lemmas star_of_eq_0   = star_of_eq   [of _ 0, simplified star_of_zero]

text{*As above, for 1*}

lemmas star_of_1_less = star_of_less [of 1, simplified star_of_one]
lemmas star_of_1_le   = star_of_le   [of 1, simplified star_of_one]
lemmas star_of_1_eq   = star_of_eq   [of 1, simplified star_of_one]

lemmas star_of_less_1 = star_of_less [of _ 1, simplified star_of_one]
lemmas star_of_le_1   = star_of_le   [of _ 1, simplified star_of_one]
lemmas star_of_eq_1   = star_of_eq   [of _ 1, simplified star_of_one]

text{*As above, for numerals*}

lemmas star_of_number_less =
  star_of_less [of "number_of w", standard, simplified star_of_number_of]
lemmas star_of_number_le   =
  star_of_le   [of "number_of w", standard, simplified star_of_number_of]
lemmas star_of_number_eq   =
  star_of_eq   [of "number_of w", standard, simplified star_of_number_of]

lemmas star_of_less_number =
  star_of_less [of _ "number_of w", standard, simplified star_of_number_of]
lemmas star_of_le_number   =
  star_of_le   [of _ "number_of w", standard, simplified star_of_number_of]
lemmas star_of_eq_number   =
  star_of_eq   [of _ "number_of w", standard, simplified star_of_number_of]

lemmas star_of_simps [simp] =
  star_of_add     star_of_diff    star_of_minus
  star_of_mult    star_of_divide  star_of_inverse
  star_of_div     star_of_mod
  star_of_power   star_of_abs
  star_of_zero    star_of_one     star_of_number_of
  star_of_less    star_of_le      star_of_eq
  star_of_0_less  star_of_0_le    star_of_0_eq
  star_of_less_0  star_of_le_0    star_of_eq_0
  star_of_1_less  star_of_1_le    star_of_1_eq
  star_of_less_1  star_of_le_1    star_of_eq_1
  star_of_number_less star_of_number_le star_of_number_eq
  star_of_less_number star_of_le_number star_of_eq_number

subsection {* Ordering and lattice classes *}

instance star :: (order) order
apply (intro_classes)
apply (transfer, rule order_less_le)
apply (transfer, rule order_refl)
apply (transfer, erule (1) order_trans)
apply (transfer, erule (1) order_antisym)
done

instantiation star :: (lower_semilattice) lower_semilattice
begin

definition
  star_inf_def [transfer_unfold]: "inf \<equiv> *f2* inf"

instance
  by default (transfer star_inf_def, auto)+

end

instantiation star :: (upper_semilattice) upper_semilattice
begin

definition
  star_sup_def [transfer_unfold]: "sup \<equiv> *f2* sup"

instance
  by default (transfer star_sup_def, auto)+

end

instance star :: (lattice) lattice ..

instance star :: (distrib_lattice) distrib_lattice
  by default (transfer, auto simp add: sup_inf_distrib1)

lemma Standard_inf [simp]:
  "\<lbrakk>x \<in> Standard; y \<in> Standard\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> inf x y \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_inf_def)

lemma Standard_sup [simp]:
  "\<lbrakk>x \<in> Standard; y \<in> Standard\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> sup x y \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_sup_def)

lemma star_of_inf [simp]: "star_of (inf x y) = inf (star_of x) (star_of y)"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_sup [simp]: "star_of (sup x y) = sup (star_of x) (star_of y)"
by transfer (rule refl)

instance star :: (linorder) linorder
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule linorder_linear)

lemma star_max_def [transfer_unfold]: "max = *f2* max"
apply (rule ext, rule ext)
apply (unfold max_def, transfer, fold max_def)
apply (rule refl)
done

lemma star_min_def [transfer_unfold]: "min = *f2* min"
apply (rule ext, rule ext)
apply (unfold min_def, transfer, fold min_def)
apply (rule refl)
done

lemma Standard_max [simp]:
  "\<lbrakk>x \<in> Standard; y \<in> Standard\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> max x y \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_max_def)

lemma Standard_min [simp]:
  "\<lbrakk>x \<in> Standard; y \<in> Standard\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> min x y \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_min_def)

lemma star_of_max [simp]: "star_of (max x y) = max (star_of x) (star_of y)"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_min [simp]: "star_of (min x y) = min (star_of x) (star_of y)"
by transfer (rule refl)


subsection {* Ordered group classes *}

instance star :: (semigroup_add) semigroup_add
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule add_assoc)

instance star :: (ab_semigroup_add) ab_semigroup_add
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule add_commute)

instance star :: (semigroup_mult) semigroup_mult
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule mult_assoc)

instance star :: (ab_semigroup_mult) ab_semigroup_mult
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule mult_commute)

instance star :: (comm_monoid_add) comm_monoid_add
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule comm_monoid_add_class.zero_plus.add_0)

instance star :: (monoid_mult) monoid_mult
apply (intro_classes)
apply (transfer, rule mult_1_left)
apply (transfer, rule mult_1_right)
done

instance star :: (comm_monoid_mult) comm_monoid_mult
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule mult_1)

instance star :: (cancel_semigroup_add) cancel_semigroup_add
apply (intro_classes)
apply (transfer, erule add_left_imp_eq)
apply (transfer, erule add_right_imp_eq)
done

instance star :: (cancel_ab_semigroup_add) cancel_ab_semigroup_add
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule add_imp_eq)

instance star :: (ab_group_add) ab_group_add
apply (intro_classes)
apply (transfer, rule left_minus)
apply (transfer, rule diff_minus)
done

instance star :: (pordered_ab_semigroup_add) pordered_ab_semigroup_add
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule add_left_mono)

instance star :: (pordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add) pordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add ..

instance star :: (pordered_ab_semigroup_add_imp_le) pordered_ab_semigroup_add_imp_le
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule add_le_imp_le_left)

instance star :: (pordered_comm_monoid_add) pordered_comm_monoid_add ..
instance star :: (pordered_ab_group_add) pordered_ab_group_add ..

instance star :: (pordered_ab_group_add_abs) pordered_ab_group_add_abs 
  by intro_classes (transfer,
    simp add: abs_ge_self abs_leI abs_triangle_ineq)+

instance star :: (ordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add) ordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add ..
instance star :: (lordered_ab_group_add_meet) lordered_ab_group_add_meet ..
instance star :: (lordered_ab_group_add_meet) lordered_ab_group_add_meet ..
instance star :: (lordered_ab_group_add) lordered_ab_group_add ..

instance star :: (lordered_ab_group_add_abs) lordered_ab_group_add_abs
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule abs_lattice)

subsection {* Ring and field classes *}

instance star :: (semiring) semiring
apply (intro_classes)
apply (transfer, rule left_distrib)
apply (transfer, rule right_distrib)
done

instance star :: (semiring_0) semiring_0 
by intro_classes (transfer, simp)+

instance star :: (semiring_0_cancel) semiring_0_cancel ..

instance star :: (comm_semiring) comm_semiring 
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule left_distrib)

instance star :: (comm_semiring_0) comm_semiring_0 ..
instance star :: (comm_semiring_0_cancel) comm_semiring_0_cancel ..

instance star :: (zero_neq_one) zero_neq_one
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule zero_neq_one)

instance star :: (semiring_1) semiring_1 ..
instance star :: (comm_semiring_1) comm_semiring_1 ..

instance star :: (no_zero_divisors) no_zero_divisors
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule no_zero_divisors)

instance star :: (semiring_1_cancel) semiring_1_cancel ..
instance star :: (comm_semiring_1_cancel) comm_semiring_1_cancel ..
instance star :: (ring) ring ..
instance star :: (comm_ring) comm_ring ..
instance star :: (ring_1) ring_1 ..
instance star :: (comm_ring_1) comm_ring_1 ..
instance star :: (ring_no_zero_divisors) ring_no_zero_divisors ..
instance star :: (ring_1_no_zero_divisors) ring_1_no_zero_divisors ..
instance star :: (idom) idom .. 

instance star :: (division_ring) division_ring
apply (intro_classes)
apply (transfer, erule left_inverse)
apply (transfer, erule right_inverse)
done

instance star :: (field) field
apply (intro_classes)
apply (transfer, erule left_inverse)
apply (transfer, rule divide_inverse)
done

instance star :: (division_by_zero) division_by_zero
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule inverse_zero)

instance star :: (pordered_semiring) pordered_semiring
apply (intro_classes)
apply (transfer, erule (1) mult_left_mono)
apply (transfer, erule (1) mult_right_mono)
done

instance star :: (pordered_cancel_semiring) pordered_cancel_semiring ..

instance star :: (ordered_semiring_strict) ordered_semiring_strict
apply (intro_classes)
apply (transfer, erule (1) mult_strict_left_mono)
apply (transfer, erule (1) mult_strict_right_mono)
done

instance star :: (pordered_comm_semiring) pordered_comm_semiring
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule mult_mono1_class.less_eq_less_times_zero.mult_mono1)

instance star :: (pordered_cancel_comm_semiring) pordered_cancel_comm_semiring ..

instance star :: (ordered_comm_semiring_strict) ordered_comm_semiring_strict
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule ordered_comm_semiring_strict_class.plus_less_eq_less_zero_times.mult_strict_left_mono_comm)

instance star :: (pordered_ring) pordered_ring ..
instance star :: (pordered_ring_abs) pordered_ring_abs
  by intro_classes  (transfer, rule abs_eq_mult)
instance star :: (lordered_ring) lordered_ring ..

instance star :: (abs_if) abs_if
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule abs_if)

instance star :: (sgn_if) sgn_if
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule sgn_if)

instance star :: (ordered_ring_strict) ordered_ring_strict ..
instance star :: (pordered_comm_ring) pordered_comm_ring ..

instance star :: (ordered_semidom) ordered_semidom
by (intro_classes, transfer, rule zero_less_one)

instance star :: (ordered_idom) ordered_idom ..
instance star :: (ordered_field) ordered_field ..

subsection {* Power classes *}

text {*
  Proving the class axiom @{thm [source] power_Suc} for type
  @{typ "'a star"} is a little tricky, because it quantifies
  over values of type @{typ nat}. The transfer principle does
  not handle quantification over non-star types in general,
  but we can work around this by fixing an arbitrary @{typ nat}
  value, and then applying the transfer principle.
*}

instance star :: (recpower) recpower
proof
  show "\<And>a::'a star. a ^ 0 = 1"
    by transfer (rule power_0)
next
  fix n show "\<And>a::'a star. a ^ Suc n = a * a ^ n"
    by transfer (rule power_Suc)
qed

subsection {* Number classes *}

lemma star_of_nat_def [transfer_unfold]: "of_nat n = star_of (of_nat n)"
by (induct n, simp_all)

lemma Standard_of_nat [simp]: "of_nat n \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_of_nat_def)

lemma star_of_of_nat [simp]: "star_of (of_nat n) = of_nat n"
by transfer (rule refl)

lemma star_of_int_def [transfer_unfold]: "of_int z = star_of (of_int z)"
by (rule_tac z=z in int_diff_cases, simp)

lemma Standard_of_int [simp]: "of_int z \<in> Standard"
by (simp add: star_of_int_def)

lemma star_of_of_int [simp]: "star_of (of_int z) = of_int z"
by transfer (rule refl)

instance star :: (semiring_char_0) semiring_char_0
by intro_classes (simp only: star_of_nat_def star_of_eq of_nat_eq_iff)

instance star :: (ring_char_0) ring_char_0 ..

instance star :: (number_ring) number_ring
by (intro_classes, simp only: star_number_def star_of_int_def number_of_eq)

subsection {* Finite class *}

lemma starset_finite: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> *s* A = star_of ` A"
by (erule finite_induct, simp_all)

instance star :: (finite) finite
apply (intro_classes)
apply (subst starset_UNIV [symmetric])
apply (subst starset_finite [OF finite])
apply (rule finite_imageI [OF finite])
done

end