src/HOL/Partial_Function.thy
author hoelzl
Mon, 03 Dec 2012 18:19:08 +0100
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(* Title:    HOL/Partial_Function.thy
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   Author:   Alexander Krauss, TU Muenchen
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*)
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header {* Partial Function Definitions *}
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theory Partial_Function
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imports Complete_Partial_Order Option
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keywords "partial_function" :: thy_decl
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begin
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ML_file "Tools/Function/function_lib.ML"
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ML_file "Tools/Function/partial_function.ML"
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setup Partial_Function.setup
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subsection {* Axiomatic setup *}
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text {* This techical locale constains the requirements for function
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  definitions with ccpo fixed points. *}
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definition "fun_ord ord f g \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x. ord (f x) (g x))"
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definition "fun_lub L A = (\<lambda>x. L {y. \<exists>f\<in>A. y = f x})"
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definition "img_ord f ord = (\<lambda>x y. ord (f x) (f y))"
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definition "img_lub f g Lub = (\<lambda>A. g (Lub (f ` A)))"
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lemma chain_fun: 
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  assumes A: "chain (fun_ord ord) A"
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  shows "chain ord {y. \<exists>f\<in>A. y = f a}" (is "chain ord ?C")
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proof (rule chainI)
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  fix x y assume "x \<in> ?C" "y \<in> ?C"
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  then obtain f g where fg: "f \<in> A" "g \<in> A" 
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    and [simp]: "x = f a" "y = g a" by blast
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  from chainD[OF A fg]
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  show "ord x y \<or> ord y x" unfolding fun_ord_def by auto
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qed
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lemma call_mono[partial_function_mono]: "monotone (fun_ord ord) ord (\<lambda>f. f t)"
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by (rule monotoneI) (auto simp: fun_ord_def)
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lemma let_mono[partial_function_mono]:
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  "(\<And>x. monotone orda ordb (\<lambda>f. b f x))
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  \<Longrightarrow> monotone orda ordb (\<lambda>f. Let t (b f))"
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by (simp add: Let_def)
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lemma if_mono[partial_function_mono]: "monotone orda ordb F 
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\<Longrightarrow> monotone orda ordb G
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\<Longrightarrow> monotone orda ordb (\<lambda>f. if c then F f else G f)"
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unfolding monotone_def by simp
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definition "mk_less R = (\<lambda>x y. R x y \<and> \<not> R y x)"
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locale partial_function_definitions = 
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  fixes leq :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool"
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  fixes lub :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a"
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  assumes leq_refl: "leq x x"
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  assumes leq_trans: "leq x y \<Longrightarrow> leq y z \<Longrightarrow> leq x z"
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  assumes leq_antisym: "leq x y \<Longrightarrow> leq y x \<Longrightarrow> x = y"
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  assumes lub_upper: "chain leq A \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> leq x (lub A)"
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  assumes lub_least: "chain leq A \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>x. x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> leq x z) \<Longrightarrow> leq (lub A) z"
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lemma partial_function_lift:
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  assumes "partial_function_definitions ord lb"
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  shows "partial_function_definitions (fun_ord ord) (fun_lub lb)" (is "partial_function_definitions ?ordf ?lubf")
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proof -
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  interpret partial_function_definitions ord lb by fact
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  show ?thesis
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  proof
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    fix x show "?ordf x x"
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      unfolding fun_ord_def by (auto simp: leq_refl)
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  next
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    fix x y z assume "?ordf x y" "?ordf y z"
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    thus "?ordf x z" unfolding fun_ord_def 
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      by (force dest: leq_trans)
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  next
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    fix x y assume "?ordf x y" "?ordf y x"
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    thus "x = y" unfolding fun_ord_def
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      by (force intro!: dest: leq_antisym)
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  next
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    fix A f assume f: "f \<in> A" and A: "chain ?ordf A"
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    thus "?ordf f (?lubf A)"
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      unfolding fun_lub_def fun_ord_def
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      by (blast intro: lub_upper chain_fun[OF A] f)
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  next
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    fix A :: "('b \<Rightarrow> 'a) set" and g :: "'b \<Rightarrow> 'a"
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    assume A: "chain ?ordf A" and g: "\<And>f. f \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> ?ordf f g"
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    show "?ordf (?lubf A) g" unfolding fun_lub_def fun_ord_def
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      by (blast intro: lub_least chain_fun[OF A] dest: g[unfolded fun_ord_def])
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   qed
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qed
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lemma ccpo: assumes "partial_function_definitions ord lb"
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  shows "class.ccpo lb ord (mk_less ord)"
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using assms unfolding partial_function_definitions_def mk_less_def
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by unfold_locales blast+
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lemma partial_function_image:
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  assumes "partial_function_definitions ord Lub"
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  assumes inj: "\<And>x y. f x = f y \<Longrightarrow> x = y"
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  assumes inv: "\<And>x. f (g x) = x"
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  shows "partial_function_definitions (img_ord f ord) (img_lub f g Lub)"
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proof -
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  let ?iord = "img_ord f ord"
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  let ?ilub = "img_lub f g Lub"
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  interpret partial_function_definitions ord Lub by fact
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  show ?thesis
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  proof
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    fix A x assume "chain ?iord A" "x \<in> A"
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    then have "chain ord (f ` A)" "f x \<in> f ` A"
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      by (auto simp: img_ord_def intro: chainI dest: chainD)
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    thus "?iord x (?ilub A)"
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      unfolding inv img_lub_def img_ord_def by (rule lub_upper)
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  next
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    fix A x assume "chain ?iord A"
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      and 1: "\<And>z. z \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> ?iord z x"
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    then have "chain ord (f ` A)"
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      by (auto simp: img_ord_def intro: chainI dest: chainD)
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    thus "?iord (?ilub A) x"
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      unfolding inv img_lub_def img_ord_def
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      by (rule lub_least) (auto dest: 1[unfolded img_ord_def])
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  qed (auto simp: img_ord_def intro: leq_refl dest: leq_trans leq_antisym inj)
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qed
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context partial_function_definitions
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begin
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abbreviation "le_fun \<equiv> fun_ord leq"
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abbreviation "lub_fun \<equiv> fun_lub lub"
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abbreviation "fixp_fun \<equiv> ccpo.fixp lub_fun le_fun"
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abbreviation "mono_body \<equiv> monotone le_fun leq"
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abbreviation "admissible \<equiv> ccpo.admissible lub_fun le_fun"
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text {* Interpret manually, to avoid flooding everything with facts about
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  orders *}
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lemma ccpo: "class.ccpo lub_fun le_fun (mk_less le_fun)"
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apply (rule ccpo)
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apply (rule partial_function_lift)
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apply (rule partial_function_definitions_axioms)
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done
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text {* The crucial fixed-point theorem *}
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lemma mono_body_fixp: 
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  "(\<And>x. mono_body (\<lambda>f. F f x)) \<Longrightarrow> fixp_fun F = F (fixp_fun F)"
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by (rule ccpo.fixp_unfold[OF ccpo]) (auto simp: monotone_def fun_ord_def)
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text {* Version with curry/uncurry combinators, to be used by package *}
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lemma fixp_rule_uc:
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  fixes F :: "'c \<Rightarrow> 'c" and
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    U :: "'c \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'a" and
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    C :: "('b \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> 'c"
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  assumes mono: "\<And>x. mono_body (\<lambda>f. U (F (C f)) x)"
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  assumes eq: "f \<equiv> C (fixp_fun (\<lambda>f. U (F (C f))))"
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  assumes inverse: "\<And>f. C (U f) = f"
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  shows "f = F f"
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proof -
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  have "f = C (fixp_fun (\<lambda>f. U (F (C f))))" by (simp add: eq)
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  also have "... = C (U (F (C (fixp_fun (\<lambda>f. U (F (C f)))))))"
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    by (subst mono_body_fixp[of "%f. U (F (C f))", OF mono]) (rule refl)
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  also have "... = F (C (fixp_fun (\<lambda>f. U (F (C f)))))" by (rule inverse)
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  also have "... = F f" by (simp add: eq)
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  finally show "f = F f" .
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qed
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text {* Fixpoint induction rule *}
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lemma fixp_induct_uc:
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  fixes F :: "'c \<Rightarrow> 'c" and
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    U :: "'c \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'a" and
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    C :: "('b \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> 'c" and
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    P :: "('b \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> bool"
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  assumes mono: "\<And>x. mono_body (\<lambda>f. U (F (C f)) x)"
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  assumes eq: "f \<equiv> C (fixp_fun (\<lambda>f. U (F (C f))))"
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  assumes inverse: "\<And>f. U (C f) = f"
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  assumes adm: "ccpo.admissible lub_fun le_fun P"
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  assumes step: "\<And>f. P (U f) \<Longrightarrow> P (U (F f))"
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  shows "P (U f)"
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unfolding eq inverse
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apply (rule ccpo.fixp_induct[OF ccpo adm])
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apply (insert mono, auto simp: monotone_def fun_ord_def)[1]
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by (rule_tac f="C x" in step, simp add: inverse)
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text {* Rules for @{term mono_body}: *}
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lemma const_mono[partial_function_mono]: "monotone ord leq (\<lambda>f. c)"
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by (rule monotoneI) (rule leq_refl)
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end
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subsection {* Flat interpretation: tailrec and option *}
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definition 
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  "flat_ord b x y \<longleftrightarrow> x = b \<or> x = y"
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definition 
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  "flat_lub b A = (if A \<subseteq> {b} then b else (THE x. x \<in> A - {b}))"
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lemma flat_interpretation:
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  "partial_function_definitions (flat_ord b) (flat_lub b)"
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proof
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  fix A x assume 1: "chain (flat_ord b) A" "x \<in> A"
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  show "flat_ord b x (flat_lub b A)"
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  proof cases
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    assume "x = b"
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    thus ?thesis by (simp add: flat_ord_def)
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  next
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    assume "x \<noteq> b"
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    with 1 have "A - {b} = {x}"
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      by (auto elim: chainE simp: flat_ord_def)
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    then have "flat_lub b A = x"
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      by (auto simp: flat_lub_def)
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    thus ?thesis by (auto simp: flat_ord_def)
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  qed
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next
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  fix A z assume A: "chain (flat_ord b) A"
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    and z: "\<And>x. x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> flat_ord b x z"
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  show "flat_ord b (flat_lub b A) z"
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  proof cases
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    assume "A \<subseteq> {b}"
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    thus ?thesis
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      by (auto simp: flat_lub_def flat_ord_def)
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  next
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    assume nb: "\<not> A \<subseteq> {b}"
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    then obtain y where y: "y \<in> A" "y \<noteq> b" by auto
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    with A have "A - {b} = {y}"
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      by (auto elim: chainE simp: flat_ord_def)
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    with nb have "flat_lub b A = y"
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      by (auto simp: flat_lub_def)
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    with z y show ?thesis by auto    
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  qed
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qed (auto simp: flat_ord_def)
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interpretation tailrec!:
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  partial_function_definitions "flat_ord undefined" "flat_lub undefined"
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by (rule flat_interpretation)
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interpretation option!:
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  partial_function_definitions "flat_ord None" "flat_lub None"
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by (rule flat_interpretation)
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abbreviation "option_ord \<equiv> flat_ord None"
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abbreviation "mono_option \<equiv> monotone (fun_ord option_ord) option_ord"
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lemma bind_mono[partial_function_mono]:
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assumes mf: "mono_option B" and mg: "\<And>y. mono_option (\<lambda>f. C y f)"
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shows "mono_option (\<lambda>f. Option.bind (B f) (\<lambda>y. C y f))"
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proof (rule monotoneI)
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  fix f g :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b option" assume fg: "fun_ord option_ord f g"
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  with mf
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  have "option_ord (B f) (B g)" by (rule monotoneD[of _ _ _ f g])
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  then have "option_ord (Option.bind (B f) (\<lambda>y. C y f)) (Option.bind (B g) (\<lambda>y. C y f))"
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    unfolding flat_ord_def by auto    
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  also from mg
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  have "\<And>y'. option_ord (C y' f) (C y' g)"
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    by (rule monotoneD) (rule fg)
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  then have "option_ord (Option.bind (B g) (\<lambda>y'. C y' f)) (Option.bind (B g) (\<lambda>y'. C y' g))"
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    unfolding flat_ord_def by (cases "B g") auto
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  finally (option.leq_trans)
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   265
  show "option_ord (Option.bind (B f) (\<lambda>y. C y f)) (Option.bind (B g) (\<lambda>y'. C y' g))" .
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qed
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lemma flat_lub_in_chain:
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  assumes ch: "chain (flat_ord b) A "
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  assumes lub: "flat_lub b A = a"
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  shows "a = b \<or> a \<in> A"
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proof (cases "A \<subseteq> {b}")
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  case True
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  then have "flat_lub b A = b" unfolding flat_lub_def by simp
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  with lub show ?thesis by simp
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next
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  case False
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  then obtain c where "c \<in> A" and "c \<noteq> b" by auto
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  { fix z assume "z \<in> A"
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    from chainD[OF ch `c \<in> A` this] have "z = c \<or> z = b"
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      unfolding flat_ord_def using `c \<noteq> b` by auto }
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  with False have "A - {b} = {c}" by auto
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   283
  with False have "flat_lub b A = c" by (auto simp: flat_lub_def)
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   284
  with `c \<in> A` lub show ?thesis by simp
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qed
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   286
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lemma option_admissible: "option.admissible (%(f::'a \<Rightarrow> 'b option).
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  (\<forall>x y. f x = Some y \<longrightarrow> P x y))"
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   289
proof (rule ccpo.admissibleI[OF option.ccpo])
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   290
  fix A :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b option) set"
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   291
  assume ch: "chain option.le_fun A"
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    and IH: "\<forall>f\<in>A. \<forall>x y. f x = Some y \<longrightarrow> P x y"
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   293
  from ch have ch': "\<And>x. chain option_ord {y. \<exists>f\<in>A. y = f x}" by (rule chain_fun)
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   294
  show "\<forall>x y. option.lub_fun A x = Some y \<longrightarrow> P x y"
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   295
  proof (intro allI impI)
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   296
    fix x y assume "option.lub_fun A x = Some y"
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   297
    from flat_lub_in_chain[OF ch' this[unfolded fun_lub_def]]
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   298
    have "Some y \<in> {y. \<exists>f\<in>A. y = f x}" by simp
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   299
    then have "\<exists>f\<in>A. f x = Some y" by auto
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   300
    with IH show "P x y" by auto
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  qed
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   302
qed
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   303
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lemma fixp_induct_option:
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  fixes F :: "'c \<Rightarrow> 'c" and
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    U :: "'c \<Rightarrow> 'b \<Rightarrow> 'a option" and
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    C :: "('b \<Rightarrow> 'a option) \<Rightarrow> 'c" and
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    P :: "'b \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool"
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   309
  assumes mono: "\<And>x. mono_option (\<lambda>f. U (F (C f)) x)"
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   310
  assumes eq: "f \<equiv> C (ccpo.fixp (fun_lub (flat_lub None)) (fun_ord option_ord) (\<lambda>f. U (F (C f))))"
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  assumes inverse2: "\<And>f. U (C f) = f"
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  assumes step: "\<And>f x y. (\<And>x y. U f x = Some y \<Longrightarrow> P x y) \<Longrightarrow> U (F f) x = Some y \<Longrightarrow> P x y"
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  assumes defined: "U f x = Some y"
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  shows "P x y"
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  using step defined option.fixp_induct_uc[of U F C, OF mono eq inverse2 option_admissible]
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  by blast
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declaration {* Partial_Function.init "tailrec" @{term tailrec.fixp_fun}
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  @{term tailrec.mono_body} @{thm tailrec.fixp_rule_uc} NONE *}
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declaration {* Partial_Function.init "option" @{term option.fixp_fun}
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  @{term option.mono_body} @{thm option.fixp_rule_uc} 
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  (SOME @{thm fixp_induct_option}) *}
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hide_const (open) chain
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end