src/HOL/Analysis/Homeomorphism.thy

clarified modules;

(*  Title:      HOL/Analysis/Homeomorphism.thy
    Author: LC Paulson (ported from HOL Light)
*)

section \<open>Homeomorphism Theorems\<close>

theory Homeomorphism
imports Homotopy
begin

lemma homeomorphic_spheres':
  fixes a ::"'a::euclidean_space" and b ::"'b::euclidean_space"
  assumes "0 < \<delta>" and dimeq: "DIM('a) = DIM('b)"
  shows "(sphere a \<delta>) homeomorphic (sphere b \<delta>)"
proof -
  obtain f :: "'a\<Rightarrow>'b" and g where "linear f" "linear g"
     and fg: "\<And>x. norm(f x) = norm x" "\<And>y. norm(g y) = norm y" "\<And>x. g(f x) = x" "\<And>y. f(g y) = y"
    by (blast intro: isomorphisms_UNIV_UNIV [OF dimeq])
  then have "continuous_on UNIV f" "continuous_on UNIV g"
    using linear_continuous_on linear_linear by blast+
  then show ?thesis
    unfolding homeomorphic_minimal
    apply(rule_tac x="\<lambda>x. b + f(x - a)" in exI)
    apply(rule_tac x="\<lambda>x. a + g(x - b)" in exI)
    using assms
    apply (force intro: continuous_intros
                  continuous_on_compose2 [of _ f] continuous_on_compose2 [of _ g] simp: dist_commute dist_norm fg)
    done
qed

lemma homeomorphic_spheres_gen:
    fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space" and b :: "'b::euclidean_space"
  assumes "0 < r" "0 < s" "DIM('a::euclidean_space) = DIM('b::euclidean_space)"
  shows "(sphere a r homeomorphic sphere b s)"
  using assms homeomorphic_trans [OF homeomorphic_spheres homeomorphic_spheres'] by auto

subsection \<open>Homeomorphism of all convex compact sets with nonempty interior\<close>

proposition
  fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
  assumes "compact S" and 0: "0 \<in> rel_interior S"
      and star: "\<And>x. x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> open_segment 0 x \<subseteq> rel_interior S"
    shows starlike_compact_projective1_0:
            "S - rel_interior S homeomorphic sphere 0 1 \<inter> affine hull S"
            (is "?SMINUS homeomorphic ?SPHER")
      and starlike_compact_projective2_0:
            "S homeomorphic cball 0 1 \<inter> affine hull S"
            (is "S homeomorphic ?CBALL")
proof -
  have starI: "(u *\<^sub>R x) \<in> rel_interior S" if "x \<in> S" "0 \<le> u" "u < 1" for x u
  proof (cases "x=0 \<or> u=0")
    case True with 0 show ?thesis by force
  next
    case False with that show ?thesis
      by (auto simp: in_segment intro: star [THEN subsetD])
  qed
  have "0 \<in> S"  using assms rel_interior_subset by auto
  define proj where "proj \<equiv> \<lambda>x::'a. x /\<^sub>R norm x"
  have eqI: "x = y" if "proj x = proj y" "norm x = norm y" for x y
    using that  by (force simp: proj_def)
  then have iff_eq: "\<And>x y. (proj x = proj y \<and> norm x = norm y) \<longleftrightarrow> x = y"
    by blast
  have projI: "x \<in> affine hull S \<Longrightarrow> proj x \<in> affine hull S" for x
    by (metis \<open>0 \<in> S\<close> affine_hull_span_0 hull_inc span_mul proj_def)
  have nproj1 [simp]: "x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> norm(proj x) = 1" for x
    by (simp add: proj_def)
  have proj0_iff [simp]: "proj x = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x = 0" for x
    by (simp add: proj_def)
  have cont_proj: "continuous_on (UNIV - {0}) proj"
    unfolding proj_def by (rule continuous_intros | force)+
  have proj_spherI: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<in> affine hull S; x \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> proj x \<in> ?SPHER"
    by (simp add: projI)
  have "bounded S" "closed S"
    using \<open>compact S\<close> compact_eq_bounded_closed by blast+
  have inj_on_proj: "inj_on proj (S - rel_interior S)"
  proof
    fix x y
    assume x: "x \<in> S - rel_interior S"
       and y: "y \<in> S - rel_interior S" and eq: "proj x = proj y"
    then have xynot: "x \<noteq> 0" "y \<noteq> 0" "x \<in> S" "y \<in> S" "x \<notin> rel_interior S" "y \<notin> rel_interior S"
      using 0 by auto
    consider "norm x = norm y" | "norm x < norm y" | "norm x > norm y" by linarith
    then show "x = y"
    proof cases
      assume "norm x = norm y"
        with iff_eq eq show "x = y" by blast
    next
      assume *: "norm x < norm y"
      have "x /\<^sub>R norm x = norm x *\<^sub>R (x /\<^sub>R norm x) /\<^sub>R norm (norm x *\<^sub>R (x /\<^sub>R norm x))"
        by force
      then have "proj ((norm x / norm y) *\<^sub>R y) = proj x"
        by (metis (no_types) divide_inverse local.proj_def eq scaleR_scaleR)
      then have [simp]: "(norm x / norm y) *\<^sub>R y = x"
        by (rule eqI) (simp add: \<open>y \<noteq> 0\<close>)
      have no: "0 \<le> norm x / norm y" "norm x / norm y < 1"
        using * by (auto simp: field_split_simps)
      then show "x = y"
        using starI [OF \<open>y \<in> S\<close> no] xynot by auto
    next
      assume *: "norm x > norm y"
      have "y /\<^sub>R norm y = norm y *\<^sub>R (y /\<^sub>R norm y) /\<^sub>R norm (norm y *\<^sub>R (y /\<^sub>R norm y))"
        by force
      then have "proj ((norm y / norm x) *\<^sub>R x) = proj y"
        by (metis (no_types) divide_inverse local.proj_def eq scaleR_scaleR)
      then have [simp]: "(norm y / norm x) *\<^sub>R x = y"
        by (rule eqI) (simp add: \<open>x \<noteq> 0\<close>)
      have no: "0 \<le> norm y / norm x" "norm y / norm x < 1"
        using * by (auto simp: field_split_simps)
      then show "x = y"
        using starI [OF \<open>x \<in> S\<close> no] xynot by auto
    qed
  qed
  have "\<exists>surf. homeomorphism (S - rel_interior S) ?SPHER proj surf"
  proof (rule homeomorphism_compact)
    show "compact (S - rel_interior S)"
       using \<open>compact S\<close> compact_rel_boundary by blast
    show "continuous_on (S - rel_interior S) proj"
      using 0 by (blast intro: continuous_on_subset [OF cont_proj])
    show "proj ` (S - rel_interior S) = ?SPHER"
    proof
      show "proj ` (S - rel_interior S) \<subseteq> ?SPHER"
        using 0 by (force simp: hull_inc projI intro: nproj1)
      show "?SPHER \<subseteq> proj ` (S - rel_interior S)"
      proof (clarsimp simp: proj_def)
        fix x
        assume "x \<in> affine hull S" and nox: "norm x = 1"
        then have "x \<noteq> 0" by auto
        obtain d where "0 < d" and dx: "(d *\<^sub>R x) \<in> rel_frontier S"
          and ri: "\<And>e. \<lbrakk>0 \<le> e; e < d\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (e *\<^sub>R x) \<in> rel_interior S"
          using ray_to_rel_frontier [OF \<open>bounded S\<close> 0] \<open>x \<in> affine hull S\<close> \<open>x \<noteq> 0\<close> by auto
        show "x \<in> (\<lambda>x. x /\<^sub>R norm x) ` (S - rel_interior S)"
        proof
          show "x = d *\<^sub>R x /\<^sub>R norm (d *\<^sub>R x)"
            using \<open>0 < d\<close> by (auto simp: nox)
          show "d *\<^sub>R x \<in> S - rel_interior S"
            using dx \<open>closed S\<close> by (auto simp: rel_frontier_def)
        qed
      qed
    qed
  qed (rule inj_on_proj)
  then obtain surf where surf: "homeomorphism (S - rel_interior S) ?SPHER proj surf"
    by blast
  then have cont_surf: "continuous_on (proj ` (S - rel_interior S)) surf"
    by (auto simp: homeomorphism_def)
  have surf_nz: "\<And>x. x \<in> ?SPHER \<Longrightarrow> surf x \<noteq> 0"
    by (metis "0" DiffE homeomorphism_def imageI surf)
  have cont_nosp: "continuous_on (?SPHER) (\<lambda>x. norm x *\<^sub>R ((surf o proj) x))"
  proof (intro continuous_intros)
    show "continuous_on (sphere 0 1 \<inter> affine hull S) proj"
      by (rule continuous_on_subset [OF cont_proj], force)
    show "continuous_on (proj ` (sphere 0 1 \<inter> affine hull S)) surf"
      by (intro continuous_on_subset [OF cont_surf]) (force simp: homeomorphism_image1 [OF surf] dest: proj_spherI)
  qed
  have surfpS: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>norm x = 1; x \<in> affine hull S\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> surf (proj x) \<in> S"
    by (metis (full_types) DiffE \<open>0 \<in> S\<close> homeomorphism_def image_eqI norm_zero proj_spherI real_vector.scale_zero_left scaleR_one surf)
  have *: "\<exists>y. norm y = 1 \<and> y \<in> affine hull S \<and> x = surf (proj y)"
          if "x \<in> S" "x \<notin> rel_interior S" for x
  proof -
    have "proj x \<in> ?SPHER"
      by (metis (full_types) "0" hull_inc proj_spherI that)
    moreover have "surf (proj x) = x"
      by (metis Diff_iff homeomorphism_def surf that)
    ultimately show ?thesis
      by (metis \<open>\<And>x. x \<in> ?SPHER \<Longrightarrow> surf x \<noteq> 0\<close> hull_inc inverse_1 local.proj_def norm_sgn projI scaleR_one sgn_div_norm that(1))
  qed
  have surfp_notin: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>norm x = 1; x \<in> affine hull S\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> surf (proj x) \<notin> rel_interior S"
    by (metis (full_types) DiffE one_neq_zero homeomorphism_def image_eqI norm_zero proj_spherI surf)
  have no_sp_im: "(\<lambda>x. norm x *\<^sub>R surf (proj x)) ` (?SPHER) = S - rel_interior S"
    by (auto simp: surfpS image_def Bex_def surfp_notin *)
  have inj_spher: "inj_on (\<lambda>x. norm x *\<^sub>R surf (proj x)) ?SPHER"
  proof
    fix x y
    assume xy: "x \<in> ?SPHER" "y \<in> ?SPHER"
       and eq: " norm x *\<^sub>R surf (proj x) = norm y *\<^sub>R surf (proj y)"
    then have "norm x = 1" "norm y = 1" "x \<in> affine hull S" "y \<in> affine hull S"
      using 0 by auto
    with eq show "x = y"
      by (simp add: proj_def) (metis surf xy homeomorphism_def)
  qed
  have co01: "compact ?SPHER"
    by (simp add: compact_Int_closed)
  show "?SMINUS homeomorphic ?SPHER"
    using homeomorphic_def surf by blast
  have proj_scaleR: "\<And>a x. 0 < a \<Longrightarrow> proj (a *\<^sub>R x) = proj x"
    by (simp add: proj_def)
  have cont_sp0: "continuous_on (affine hull S - {0}) (surf o proj)"
  proof (rule continuous_on_compose [OF continuous_on_subset [OF cont_proj]])
    show "continuous_on (proj ` (affine hull S - {0})) surf"
      using homeomorphism_image1 proj_spherI surf by (intro continuous_on_subset [OF cont_surf]) fastforce
  qed auto
  obtain B where "B>0" and B: "\<And>x. x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> norm x \<le> B"
    by (metis compact_imp_bounded \<open>compact S\<close> bounded_pos_less less_eq_real_def)
  have cont_nosp: "continuous (at x within ?CBALL) (\<lambda>x. norm x *\<^sub>R surf (proj x))"
         if "norm x \<le> 1" "x \<in> affine hull S" for x
  proof (cases "x=0")
    case True
    have "(norm \<longlongrightarrow> 0) (at 0 within cball 0 1 \<inter> affine hull S)"
      by (simp add: tendsto_norm_zero eventually_at)
    with True show ?thesis 
      apply (simp add: continuous_within)
      apply (rule lim_null_scaleR_bounded [where B=B])
      using B \<open>0 < B\<close> local.proj_def projI surfpS by (auto simp: eventually_at)
  next
    case False
    then have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in at x. (x \<in> affine hull S - {0}) = (x \<in> affine hull S)"
      by (force simp: False eventually_at)
    moreover 
    have "continuous (at x within affine hull S - {0}) (\<lambda>x. surf (proj x))"
      using cont_sp0 False that by (auto simp add: continuous_on_eq_continuous_within)
    ultimately have *: "continuous (at x within affine hull S) (\<lambda>x. surf (proj x))"
      by (simp add: continuous_within Lim_transform_within_set continuous_on_eq_continuous_within)
    show ?thesis
      by (intro continuous_within_subset [where s = "affine hull S", OF _ Int_lower2] continuous_intros *)
  qed
  have cont_nosp2: "continuous_on ?CBALL (\<lambda>x. norm x *\<^sub>R ((surf o proj) x))"
    by (simp add: continuous_on_eq_continuous_within cont_nosp)
  have "norm y *\<^sub>R surf (proj y) \<in> S"  if "y \<in> cball 0 1" and yaff: "y \<in> affine hull S" for y
  proof (cases "y=0")
    case True then show ?thesis
      by (simp add: \<open>0 \<in> S\<close>)
  next
    case False
    then have "norm y *\<^sub>R surf (proj y) = norm y *\<^sub>R surf (proj (y /\<^sub>R norm y))"
      by (simp add: proj_def)
    have "norm y \<le> 1" using that by simp
    have "surf (proj (y /\<^sub>R norm y)) \<in> S"
      using False local.proj_def nproj1 projI surfpS yaff by blast
    then have "surf (proj y) \<in> S"
      by (simp add: False proj_def)
    then show "norm y *\<^sub>R surf (proj y) \<in> S"
      by (metis dual_order.antisym le_less_linear norm_ge_zero rel_interior_subset scaleR_one
                starI subset_eq \<open>norm y \<le> 1\<close>)
  qed
  moreover have "x \<in> (\<lambda>x. norm x *\<^sub>R surf (proj x)) ` (?CBALL)" if "x \<in> S" for x
  proof (cases "x=0")
    case True with that hull_inc  show ?thesis by fastforce
  next
    case False
    then have psp: "proj (surf (proj x)) = proj x"
      by (metis homeomorphism_def hull_inc proj_spherI surf that)
    have nxx: "norm x *\<^sub>R proj x = x"
      by (simp add: False local.proj_def)
    have affineI: "(1 / norm (surf (proj x))) *\<^sub>R x \<in> affine hull S"
      by (metis \<open>0 \<in> S\<close> affine_hull_span_0 hull_inc span_clauses(4) that)
    have sproj_nz: "surf (proj x) \<noteq> 0"
      by (metis False proj0_iff psp)
    then have "proj x = proj (proj x)"
      by (metis False nxx proj_scaleR zero_less_norm_iff)
    moreover have scaleproj: "\<And>a r. r *\<^sub>R proj a = (r / norm a) *\<^sub>R a"
      by (simp add: divide_inverse local.proj_def)
    ultimately have "(norm (surf (proj x)) / norm x) *\<^sub>R x \<notin> rel_interior S"
      by (metis (no_types) sproj_nz divide_self_if hull_inc norm_eq_zero nproj1 projI psp scaleR_one surfp_notin that)
    then have "(norm (surf (proj x)) / norm x) \<ge> 1"
      using starI [OF that] by (meson starI [OF that] le_less_linear norm_ge_zero zero_le_divide_iff)
    then have nole: "norm x \<le> norm (surf (proj x))"
      by (simp add: le_divide_eq_1)
    let ?inx = "x /\<^sub>R norm (surf (proj x))"
    show ?thesis
    proof
      show "x = norm ?inx *\<^sub>R surf (proj ?inx)"
        by (simp add: field_simps) (metis inverse_eq_divide nxx positive_imp_inverse_positive proj_scaleR psp scaleproj sproj_nz zero_less_norm_iff)
      qed (auto simp: field_split_simps nole affineI)
  qed
  ultimately have im_cball: "(\<lambda>x. norm x *\<^sub>R surf (proj x)) ` ?CBALL = S"
    by blast
  have inj_cball: "inj_on (\<lambda>x. norm x *\<^sub>R surf (proj x)) ?CBALL"
  proof
    fix x y
    assume "x \<in> ?CBALL" "y \<in> ?CBALL"
       and eq: "norm x *\<^sub>R surf (proj x) = norm y *\<^sub>R surf (proj y)"
    then have x: "x \<in> affine hull S" and y: "y \<in> affine hull S"
      using 0 by auto
    show "x = y"
    proof (cases "x=0 \<or> y=0")
      case True then show "x = y" using eq proj_spherI surf_nz x y by force
    next
      case False
      with x y have speq: "surf (proj x) = surf (proj y)"
        by (metis eq homeomorphism_apply2 proj_scaleR proj_spherI surf zero_less_norm_iff)
      then have "norm x = norm y"
        by (metis \<open>x \<in> affine hull S\<close> \<open>y \<in> affine hull S\<close> eq proj_spherI real_vector.scale_cancel_right surf_nz)
      moreover have "proj x = proj y"
        by (metis (no_types) False speq homeomorphism_apply2 proj_spherI surf x y)
      ultimately show "x = y"
        using eq eqI by blast
    qed
  qed
  have co01: "compact ?CBALL"
    by (simp add: compact_Int_closed)
  show "S homeomorphic ?CBALL"
    using homeomorphic_compact [OF co01 cont_nosp2 [unfolded o_def] im_cball inj_cball] homeomorphic_sym by blast
qed

corollary
  fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
  assumes "compact S" and a: "a \<in> rel_interior S"
      and star: "\<And>x. x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> open_segment a x \<subseteq> rel_interior S"
    shows starlike_compact_projective1:
            "S - rel_interior S homeomorphic sphere a 1 \<inter> affine hull S"
      and starlike_compact_projective2:
            "S homeomorphic cball a 1 \<inter> affine hull S"
proof -
  have 1: "compact ((+) (-a) ` S)" by (meson assms compact_translation)
  have 2: "0 \<in> rel_interior ((+) (-a) ` S)"
    using a rel_interior_translation [of "- a" S] by (simp cong: image_cong_simp)
  have 3: "open_segment 0 x \<subseteq> rel_interior ((+) (-a) ` S)" if "x \<in> ((+) (-a) ` S)" for x
  proof -
    have "x+a \<in> S" using that by auto
    then have "open_segment a (x+a) \<subseteq> rel_interior S" by (metis star)
    then show ?thesis using open_segment_translation [of a 0 x]
      using rel_interior_translation [of "- a" S] by (fastforce simp add: ac_simps image_iff cong: image_cong_simp)
  qed
  have "S - rel_interior S homeomorphic ((+) (-a) ` S) - rel_interior ((+) (-a) ` S)"
    by (metis rel_interior_translation translation_diff homeomorphic_translation)
  also have "... homeomorphic sphere 0 1 \<inter> affine hull ((+) (-a) ` S)"
    by (rule starlike_compact_projective1_0 [OF 1 2 3])
  also have "... = (+) (-a) ` (sphere a 1 \<inter> affine hull S)"
    by (metis affine_hull_translation left_minus sphere_translation translation_Int)
  also have "... homeomorphic sphere a 1 \<inter> affine hull S"
    using homeomorphic_translation homeomorphic_sym by blast
  finally show "S - rel_interior S homeomorphic sphere a 1 \<inter> affine hull S" .

  have "S homeomorphic ((+) (-a) ` S)"
    by (metis homeomorphic_translation)
  also have "... homeomorphic cball 0 1 \<inter> affine hull ((+) (-a) ` S)"
    by (rule starlike_compact_projective2_0 [OF 1 2 3])
  also have "... = (+) (-a) ` (cball a 1 \<inter> affine hull S)"
    by (metis affine_hull_translation left_minus cball_translation translation_Int)
  also have "... homeomorphic cball a 1 \<inter> affine hull S"
    using homeomorphic_translation homeomorphic_sym by blast
  finally show "S homeomorphic cball a 1 \<inter> affine hull S" .
qed

corollary starlike_compact_projective_special:
  assumes "compact S"
    and cb01: "cball (0::'a::euclidean_space) 1 \<subseteq> S"
    and scale: "\<And>x u. \<lbrakk>x \<in> S; 0 \<le> u; u < 1\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> u *\<^sub>R x \<in> S - frontier S"
  shows "S homeomorphic (cball (0::'a::euclidean_space) 1)"
proof -
  have "ball 0 1 \<subseteq> interior S"
    using cb01 interior_cball interior_mono by blast
  then have 0: "0 \<in> rel_interior S"
    by (meson centre_in_ball subsetD interior_subset_rel_interior le_numeral_extra(2) not_le)
  have [simp]: "affine hull S = UNIV"
    using \<open>ball 0 1 \<subseteq> interior S\<close> by (auto intro!: affine_hull_nonempty_interior)
  have star: "open_segment 0 x \<subseteq> rel_interior S" if "x \<in> S" for x
  proof
    fix p assume "p \<in> open_segment 0 x"
    then obtain u where "x \<noteq> 0" and u: "0 \<le> u" "u < 1" and p: "u *\<^sub>R x = p"
      by (auto simp: in_segment)
    then show "p \<in> rel_interior S"
      using scale [OF that u] closure_subset frontier_def interior_subset_rel_interior by fastforce
  qed
  show ?thesis
    using starlike_compact_projective2_0 [OF \<open>compact S\<close> 0 star] by simp
qed

lemma homeomorphic_convex_lemma:
  fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
  assumes "convex S" "compact S" "convex T" "compact T"
      and affeq: "aff_dim S = aff_dim T"
    shows "(S - rel_interior S) homeomorphic (T - rel_interior T) \<and>
           S homeomorphic T"
proof (cases "rel_interior S = {} \<or> rel_interior T = {}")
  case True
    then show ?thesis
      by (metis Diff_empty affeq \<open>convex S\<close> \<open>convex T\<close> aff_dim_empty homeomorphic_empty rel_interior_eq_empty aff_dim_empty)
next
  case False
  then obtain a b where a: "a \<in> rel_interior S" and b: "b \<in> rel_interior T" by auto
  have starS: "\<And>x. x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> open_segment a x \<subseteq> rel_interior S"
    using rel_interior_closure_convex_segment
          a \<open>convex S\<close> closure_subset subsetCE by blast
  have starT: "\<And>x. x \<in> T \<Longrightarrow> open_segment b x \<subseteq> rel_interior T"
    using rel_interior_closure_convex_segment
          b \<open>convex T\<close> closure_subset subsetCE by blast
  let ?aS = "(+) (-a) ` S" and ?bT = "(+) (-b) ` T"
  have 0: "0 \<in> affine hull ?aS" "0 \<in> affine hull ?bT"
    by (metis a b subsetD hull_inc image_eqI left_minus rel_interior_subset)+
  have subs: "subspace (span ?aS)" "subspace (span ?bT)"
    by (rule subspace_span)+
  moreover
  have "dim (span ((+) (- a) ` S)) = dim (span ((+) (- b) ` T))"
    by (metis 0 aff_dim_translation_eq aff_dim_zero affeq dim_span nat_int)
  ultimately obtain f g where "linear f" "linear g"
                and fim: "f ` span ?aS = span ?bT"
                and gim: "g ` span ?bT = span ?aS"
                and fno: "\<And>x. x \<in> span ?aS \<Longrightarrow> norm(f x) = norm x"
                and gno: "\<And>x. x \<in> span ?bT \<Longrightarrow> norm(g x) = norm x"
                and gf: "\<And>x. x \<in> span ?aS \<Longrightarrow> g(f x) = x"
                and fg: "\<And>x. x \<in> span ?bT \<Longrightarrow> f(g x) = x"
    by (rule isometries_subspaces) blast
  have [simp]: "continuous_on A f" for A
    using \<open>linear f\<close> linear_conv_bounded_linear linear_continuous_on by blast
  have [simp]: "continuous_on B g" for B
    using \<open>linear g\<close> linear_conv_bounded_linear linear_continuous_on by blast
  have eqspanS: "affine hull ?aS = span ?aS"
    by (metis a affine_hull_span_0 subsetD hull_inc image_eqI left_minus rel_interior_subset)
  have eqspanT: "affine hull ?bT = span ?bT"
    by (metis b affine_hull_span_0 subsetD hull_inc image_eqI left_minus rel_interior_subset)
  have "S homeomorphic cball a 1 \<inter> affine hull S"
    by (rule starlike_compact_projective2 [OF \<open>compact S\<close> a starS])
  also have "... homeomorphic (+) (-a) ` (cball a 1 \<inter> affine hull S)"
    by (metis homeomorphic_translation)
  also have "... = cball 0 1 \<inter> (+) (-a) ` (affine hull S)"
    by (auto simp: dist_norm)
  also have "... = cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS"
    using eqspanS affine_hull_translation by blast
  also have "... homeomorphic cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT"
  proof (rule homeomorphicI)
    show fim1: "f ` (cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS) = cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT"
    proof
      show "f ` (cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS) \<subseteq> cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT"
        using fim fno by auto
      show "cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT \<subseteq> f ` (cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS)"
        by clarify (metis IntI fg gim gno image_eqI mem_cball_0)
    qed
    show "g ` (cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT) = cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS"
    proof
      show "g ` (cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT) \<subseteq> cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS"
        using gim gno by auto
      show "cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS \<subseteq> g ` (cball 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT)"
        by clarify (metis IntI fim1 gf image_eqI)
    qed
  qed (auto simp: fg gf)
  also have "... = cball 0 1 \<inter> (+) (-b) ` (affine hull T)"
    using eqspanT affine_hull_translation by blast
  also have "... = (+) (-b) ` (cball b 1 \<inter> affine hull T)"
    by (auto simp: dist_norm)
  also have "... homeomorphic (cball b 1 \<inter> affine hull T)"
    by (metis homeomorphic_translation homeomorphic_sym)
  also have "... homeomorphic T"
    by (metis starlike_compact_projective2 [OF \<open>compact T\<close> b starT] homeomorphic_sym)
  finally have 1: "S homeomorphic T" .

  have "S - rel_interior S homeomorphic sphere a 1 \<inter> affine hull S"
    by (rule starlike_compact_projective1 [OF \<open>compact S\<close> a starS])
  also have "... homeomorphic (+) (-a) ` (sphere a 1 \<inter> affine hull S)"
    by (metis homeomorphic_translation)
  also have "... = sphere 0 1 \<inter> (+) (-a) ` (affine hull S)"
    by (auto simp: dist_norm)
  also have "... = sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS"
    using eqspanS affine_hull_translation by blast
  also have "... homeomorphic sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT"
  proof (rule homeomorphicI)
    show fim1: "f ` (sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS) = sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT"
    proof
      show "f ` (sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS) \<subseteq> sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT"
        using fim fno by auto
      show "sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT \<subseteq> f ` (sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS)"
        by clarify (metis IntI fg gim gno image_eqI mem_sphere_0)
    qed
    show "g ` (sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT) = sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS"
    proof
      show "g ` (sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT) \<subseteq> sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS"
        using gim gno by auto
      show "sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?aS \<subseteq> g ` (sphere 0 1 \<inter> span ?bT)"
        by clarify (metis IntI fim1 gf image_eqI)
    qed
  qed (auto simp: fg gf)
  also have "... = sphere 0 1 \<inter> (+) (-b) ` (affine hull T)"
    using eqspanT affine_hull_translation by blast
  also have "... = (+) (-b) ` (sphere b 1 \<inter> affine hull T)"
    by (auto simp: dist_norm)
  also have "... homeomorphic (sphere b 1 \<inter> affine hull T)"
    by (metis homeomorphic_translation homeomorphic_sym)
  also have "... homeomorphic T - rel_interior T"
    by (metis starlike_compact_projective1 [OF \<open>compact T\<close> b starT] homeomorphic_sym)
  finally have 2: "S - rel_interior S homeomorphic T - rel_interior T" .
  show ?thesis
    using 1 2 by blast
qed

lemma homeomorphic_convex_compact_sets:
  fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
  assumes "convex S" "compact S" "convex T" "compact T"
      and affeq: "aff_dim S = aff_dim T"
    shows "S homeomorphic T"
using homeomorphic_convex_lemma [OF assms] assms
by (auto simp: rel_frontier_def)

lemma homeomorphic_rel_frontiers_convex_bounded_sets:
  fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
  assumes "convex S" "bounded S" "convex T" "bounded T"
      and affeq: "aff_dim S = aff_dim T"
    shows  "rel_frontier S homeomorphic rel_frontier T"
using assms homeomorphic_convex_lemma [of "closure S" "closure T"]
by (simp add: rel_frontier_def convex_rel_interior_closure)


subsection\<open>Homeomorphisms between punctured spheres and affine sets\<close>
text\<open>Including the famous stereoscopic projection of the 3-D sphere to the complex plane\<close>

text\<open>The special case with centre 0 and radius 1\<close>
lemma homeomorphic_punctured_affine_sphere_affine_01:
  assumes "b \<in> sphere 0 1" "affine T" "0 \<in> T" "b \<in> T" "affine p"
      and affT: "aff_dim T = aff_dim p + 1"
    shows "(sphere 0 1 \<inter> T) - {b} homeomorphic p"
proof -
  have [simp]: "norm b = 1" "b\<bullet>b = 1"
    using assms by (auto simp: norm_eq_1)
  have [simp]: "T \<inter> {v. b\<bullet>v = 0} \<noteq> {}"
    using \<open>0 \<in> T\<close> by auto
  have [simp]: "\<not> T \<subseteq> {v. b\<bullet>v = 0}"
    using \<open>norm b = 1\<close> \<open>b \<in> T\<close> by auto
  define f where "f \<equiv> \<lambda>x. 2 *\<^sub>R b + (2 / (1 - b\<bullet>x)) *\<^sub>R (x - b)"
  define g where "g \<equiv> \<lambda>y. b + (4 / (norm y ^ 2 + 4)) *\<^sub>R (y - 2 *\<^sub>R b)"
  have fg[simp]: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<in> T; b\<bullet>x = 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f (g x) = x"
    unfolding f_def g_def by (simp add: algebra_simps field_split_simps add_nonneg_eq_0_iff)
  have no: "(norm (f x))\<^sup>2 = 4 * (1 + b \<bullet> x) / (1 - b \<bullet> x)"
    if "norm x = 1" and "b \<bullet> x \<noteq> 1" for x
    using that sum_sqs_eq [of 1 "b \<bullet> x"]
    apply (simp flip: dot_square_norm add: norm_eq_1 nonzero_eq_divide_eq)
    apply (simp add: f_def vector_add_divide_simps inner_simps)
    apply (auto simp add: field_split_simps inner_commute)
    done
  have [simp]: "\<And>u::real. 8 + u * (u * 8) = u * 16 \<longleftrightarrow> u=1"
    by algebra
  have gf[simp]: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>norm x = 1; b \<bullet> x \<noteq> 1\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> g (f x) = x"
    unfolding g_def no by (auto simp: f_def field_split_simps)
  have g1: "norm (g x) = 1" if "x \<in> T" and "b \<bullet> x = 0" for x
    using that
    apply (simp only: g_def)
    apply (rule power2_eq_imp_eq)
    apply (simp_all add: dot_square_norm [symmetric] divide_simps vector_add_divide_simps)
    apply (simp add: algebra_simps inner_commute)
    done
  have ne1: "b \<bullet> g x \<noteq> 1" if "x \<in> T" and "b \<bullet> x = 0" for x
    using that unfolding g_def
    apply (simp_all add: dot_square_norm [symmetric] divide_simps vector_add_divide_simps add_nonneg_eq_0_iff)
    apply (auto simp: algebra_simps)
    done
  have "subspace T"
    by (simp add: assms subspace_affine)
  have gT: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<in> T; b \<bullet> x = 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> g x \<in> T"
    unfolding g_def
    by (blast intro: \<open>subspace T\<close> \<open>b \<in> T\<close> subspace_add subspace_mul subspace_diff)
  have "f ` {x. norm x = 1 \<and> b\<bullet>x \<noteq> 1} \<subseteq> {x. b\<bullet>x = 0}"
    unfolding f_def using \<open>norm b = 1\<close> norm_eq_1
    by (force simp: field_simps inner_add_right inner_diff_right)
  moreover have "f ` T \<subseteq> T"
    unfolding f_def using assms \<open>subspace T\<close>
    by (auto simp add: inner_add_right inner_diff_right mem_affine_3_minus subspace_mul)
  moreover have "{x. b\<bullet>x = 0} \<inter> T \<subseteq> f ` ({x. norm x = 1 \<and> b\<bullet>x \<noteq> 1} \<inter> T)"
    by clarify (metis (mono_tags) IntI ne1 fg gT g1 imageI mem_Collect_eq)
  ultimately have imf: "f ` ({x. norm x = 1 \<and> b\<bullet>x \<noteq> 1} \<inter> T) = {x. b\<bullet>x = 0} \<inter> T"
    by blast
  have no4: "\<And>y. b\<bullet>y = 0 \<Longrightarrow> norm ((y\<bullet>y + 4) *\<^sub>R b + 4 *\<^sub>R (y - 2 *\<^sub>R b)) = y\<bullet>y + 4"
    apply (rule power2_eq_imp_eq)
    apply (simp_all flip: dot_square_norm)
    apply (auto simp: power2_eq_square algebra_simps inner_commute)
    done
  have [simp]: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>norm x = 1; b \<bullet> x \<noteq> 1\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> b \<bullet> f x = 0"
    by (simp add: f_def algebra_simps field_split_simps)
  have [simp]: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<in> T; norm x = 1; b \<bullet> x \<noteq> 1\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f x \<in> T"
    unfolding f_def
    by (blast intro: \<open>subspace T\<close> \<open>b \<in> T\<close> subspace_add subspace_mul subspace_diff)
  have "g ` {x. b\<bullet>x = 0} \<subseteq> {x. norm x = 1 \<and> b\<bullet>x \<noteq> 1}"
    unfolding g_def
    apply (clarsimp simp: no4 vector_add_divide_simps divide_simps add_nonneg_eq_0_iff dot_square_norm [symmetric])
    apply (auto simp: algebra_simps)
    done
  moreover have "g ` T \<subseteq> T"
    unfolding g_def
    by (blast intro: \<open>subspace T\<close> \<open>b \<in> T\<close> subspace_add subspace_mul subspace_diff)
  moreover have "{x. norm x = 1 \<and> b\<bullet>x \<noteq> 1} \<inter> T \<subseteq> g ` ({x. b\<bullet>x = 0} \<inter> T)"
    by clarify (metis (mono_tags, lifting) IntI gf image_iff imf mem_Collect_eq)
  ultimately have img: "g ` ({x. b\<bullet>x = 0} \<inter> T) = {x. norm x = 1 \<and> b\<bullet>x \<noteq> 1} \<inter> T"
    by blast
  have aff: "affine ({x. b\<bullet>x = 0} \<inter> T)"
    by (blast intro: affine_hyperplane assms)
  have contf: "continuous_on ({x. norm x = 1 \<and> b\<bullet>x \<noteq> 1} \<inter> T) f"
    unfolding f_def by (rule continuous_intros | force)+
  have contg: "continuous_on ({x. b\<bullet>x = 0} \<inter> T) g"
    unfolding g_def by (rule continuous_intros | force simp: add_nonneg_eq_0_iff)+
  have "(sphere 0 1 \<inter> T) - {b} = {x. norm x = 1 \<and> (b\<bullet>x \<noteq> 1)} \<inter> T"
    using  \<open>norm b = 1\<close> by (auto simp: norm_eq_1) (metis vector_eq  \<open>b\<bullet>b = 1\<close>)
  also have "... homeomorphic {x. b\<bullet>x = 0} \<inter> T"
    by (rule homeomorphicI [OF imf img contf contg]) auto
  also have "... homeomorphic p"
  proof (rule homeomorphic_affine_sets [OF aff \<open>affine p\<close>])
    show "aff_dim ({x. b \<bullet> x = 0} \<inter> T) = aff_dim p"
      by (simp add: Int_commute aff_dim_affine_Int_hyperplane [OF \<open>affine T\<close>] affT)
  qed
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

theorem homeomorphic_punctured_affine_sphere_affine:
  fixes a :: "'a :: euclidean_space"
  assumes "0 < r" "b \<in> sphere a r" "affine T" "a \<in> T" "b \<in> T" "affine p"
      and aff: "aff_dim T = aff_dim p + 1"
    shows "(sphere a r \<inter> T) - {b} homeomorphic p"
proof -
  have "a \<noteq> b" using assms by auto
  then have inj: "inj (\<lambda>x::'a. x /\<^sub>R norm (a - b))"
    by (simp add: inj_on_def)
  have "((sphere a r \<inter> T) - {b}) homeomorphic
        (+) (-a) ` ((sphere a r \<inter> T) - {b})"
    by (rule homeomorphic_translation)
  also have "... homeomorphic (*\<^sub>R) (inverse r) ` (+) (- a) ` (sphere a r \<inter> T - {b})"
    by (metis \<open>0 < r\<close> homeomorphic_scaling inverse_inverse_eq inverse_zero less_irrefl)
  also have "... = sphere 0 1 \<inter> ((*\<^sub>R) (inverse r) ` (+) (- a) ` T) - {(b - a) /\<^sub>R r}"
    using assms by (auto simp: dist_norm norm_minus_commute divide_simps)
  also have "... homeomorphic p"
    using assms affine_translation [symmetric, of "- a"] aff_dim_translation_eq [of "- a"]
    by (intro homeomorphic_punctured_affine_sphere_affine_01) (auto simp: dist_norm norm_minus_commute affine_scaling inj)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

corollary homeomorphic_punctured_sphere_affine:
  fixes a :: "'a :: euclidean_space"
  assumes "0 < r" and b: "b \<in> sphere a r"
      and "affine T" and affS: "aff_dim T + 1 = DIM('a)"
    shows "(sphere a r - {b}) homeomorphic T"
  using homeomorphic_punctured_affine_sphere_affine [of r b a UNIV T] assms by auto

corollary homeomorphic_punctured_sphere_hyperplane:
  fixes a :: "'a :: euclidean_space"
  assumes "0 < r" and b: "b \<in> sphere a r"
    and "c \<noteq> 0"
  shows "(sphere a r - {b}) homeomorphic {x::'a. c \<bullet> x = d}"
  using assms
  by (intro homeomorphic_punctured_sphere_affine) (auto simp: affine_hyperplane of_nat_diff)

proposition homeomorphic_punctured_sphere_affine_gen:
  fixes a :: "'a :: euclidean_space"
  assumes "convex S" "bounded S" and a: "a \<in> rel_frontier S"
      and "affine T" and affS: "aff_dim S = aff_dim T + 1"
    shows "rel_frontier S - {a} homeomorphic T"
proof -
  obtain U :: "'a set" where "affine U" "convex U" and affdS: "aff_dim U = aff_dim S"
    using choose_affine_subset [OF affine_UNIV aff_dim_geq]
    by (meson aff_dim_affine_hull affine_affine_hull affine_imp_convex)
  have "S \<noteq> {}" using assms by auto
  then obtain z where "z \<in> U"
    by (metis aff_dim_negative_iff equals0I affdS)
  then have bne: "ball z 1 \<inter> U \<noteq> {}" by force
  then have [simp]: "aff_dim(ball z 1 \<inter> U) = aff_dim U"
    using aff_dim_convex_Int_open [OF \<open>convex U\<close> open_ball]
    by (fastforce simp add: Int_commute)
  have "rel_frontier S homeomorphic rel_frontier (ball z 1 \<inter> U)"
    by (rule homeomorphic_rel_frontiers_convex_bounded_sets)
       (auto simp: \<open>affine U\<close> affine_imp_convex convex_Int affdS assms)
  also have "... = sphere z 1 \<inter> U"
    using convex_affine_rel_frontier_Int [of "ball z 1" U]
    by (simp add: \<open>affine U\<close> bne)
  finally have "rel_frontier S homeomorphic sphere z 1 \<inter> U" . 
  then obtain h k where him: "h ` rel_frontier S = sphere z 1 \<inter> U"
                    and kim: "k ` (sphere z 1 \<inter> U) = rel_frontier S"
                    and hcon: "continuous_on (rel_frontier S) h"
                    and kcon: "continuous_on (sphere z 1 \<inter> U) k"
                    and kh:  "\<And>x. x \<in> rel_frontier S \<Longrightarrow> k(h(x)) = x"
                    and hk:  "\<And>y. y \<in> sphere z 1 \<inter> U \<Longrightarrow> h(k(y)) = y"
    unfolding homeomorphic_def homeomorphism_def by auto
  have "rel_frontier S - {a} homeomorphic (sphere z 1 \<inter> U) - {h a}"
  proof (rule homeomorphicI)
    show h: "h ` (rel_frontier S - {a}) = sphere z 1 \<inter> U - {h a}"
      using him a kh by auto metis
    show "k ` (sphere z 1 \<inter> U - {h a}) = rel_frontier S - {a}"
      by (force simp: h [symmetric] image_comp o_def kh)
  qed (auto intro: continuous_on_subset hcon kcon simp: kh hk)
  also have "... homeomorphic T"
    by (rule homeomorphic_punctured_affine_sphere_affine)
       (use a him in \<open>auto simp: affS affdS \<open>affine T\<close> \<open>affine U\<close> \<open>z \<in> U\<close>\<close>)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed


text\<open> When dealing with AR, ANR and ANR later, it's useful to know that every set
  is homeomorphic to a closed subset of a convex set, and
  if the set is locally compact we can take the convex set to be the universe.\<close>

proposition homeomorphic_closedin_convex:
  fixes S :: "'m::euclidean_space set"
  assumes "aff_dim S < DIM('n)"
  obtains U and T :: "'n::euclidean_space set"
     where "convex U" "U \<noteq> {}" "closedin (top_of_set U) T"
           "S homeomorphic T"
proof (cases "S = {}")
  case True then show ?thesis
    by (rule_tac U=UNIV and T="{}" in that) auto
next
  case False
  then obtain a where "a \<in> S" by auto
  obtain i::'n where i: "i \<in> Basis" "i \<noteq> 0"
    using SOME_Basis Basis_zero by force
  have "0 \<in> affine hull ((+) (- a) ` S)"
    by (simp add: \<open>a \<in> S\<close> hull_inc)
  then have "dim ((+) (- a) ` S) = aff_dim ((+) (- a) ` S)"
    by (simp add: aff_dim_zero)
  also have "... < DIM('n)"
    by (simp add: aff_dim_translation_eq_subtract assms cong: image_cong_simp)
  finally have dd: "dim ((+) (- a) ` S) < DIM('n)"
    by linarith
  have span: "span {x. i \<bullet> x = 0} = {x. i \<bullet> x = 0}"
    using span_eq_iff [symmetric, of "{x. i \<bullet> x = 0}"] subspace_hyperplane [of i] by simp
  have "dim ((+) (- a) ` S) \<le> dim {x. i \<bullet> x = 0}"
    using dd by (simp add: dim_hyperplane [OF \<open>i \<noteq> 0\<close>])
  then obtain T where "subspace T" and Tsub: "T \<subseteq> {x. i \<bullet> x = 0}"
    and dimT: "dim T = dim ((+) (- a) ` S)"
    by (rule choose_subspace_of_subspace) (simp add: span)
  have "subspace (span ((+) (- a) ` S))"
    using subspace_span by blast
  then obtain h k where "linear h" "linear k"
               and heq: "h ` span ((+) (- a) ` S) = T"
               and keq:"k ` T = span ((+) (- a) ` S)"
               and hinv [simp]:  "\<And>x. x \<in> span ((+) (- a) ` S) \<Longrightarrow> k(h x) = x"
               and kinv [simp]:  "\<And>x. x \<in> T \<Longrightarrow> h(k x) = x"
    by (auto simp: dimT intro: isometries_subspaces [OF _ \<open>subspace T\<close>] dimT)
  have hcont: "continuous_on A h" and kcont: "continuous_on B k" for A B
    using \<open>linear h\<close> \<open>linear k\<close> linear_continuous_on linear_conv_bounded_linear by blast+
  have ihhhh[simp]: "\<And>x. x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> i \<bullet> h (x - a) = 0"
    using Tsub [THEN subsetD] heq span_superset by fastforce
  have "sphere 0 1 - {i} homeomorphic {x. i \<bullet> x = 0}"
  proof (rule homeomorphic_punctured_sphere_affine)
    show "affine {x. i \<bullet> x = 0}"
      by (auto simp: affine_hyperplane)
    show "aff_dim {x. i \<bullet> x = 0} + 1 = int DIM('n)"
      using i by clarsimp (metis DIM_positive Suc_pred add.commute of_nat_Suc)
  qed (use i in auto)
  then obtain f g where fg: "homeomorphism (sphere 0 1 - {i}) {x. i \<bullet> x = 0} f g"
    by (force simp: homeomorphic_def)
  show ?thesis
  proof
    have "h ` (+) (- a) ` S \<subseteq> T"
      using heq span_superset span_linear_image by blast
    then have "g ` h ` (+) (- a) ` S \<subseteq> g ` {x. i \<bullet> x = 0}"
      using Tsub by (simp add: image_mono)
    also have "... \<subseteq> sphere 0 1 - {i}"
      by (simp add: fg [unfolded homeomorphism_def])
    finally have gh_sub_sph: "(g \<circ> h) ` (+) (- a) ` S \<subseteq> sphere 0 1 - {i}"
      by (metis image_comp)
    then have gh_sub_cb: "(g \<circ> h) ` (+) (- a) ` S \<subseteq> cball 0 1"
      by (metis Diff_subset order_trans sphere_cball)
    have [simp]: "\<And>u. u \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> norm (g (h (u - a))) = 1"
      using gh_sub_sph [THEN subsetD] by (auto simp: o_def)
    show "convex (ball 0 1 \<union> (g \<circ> h) ` (+) (- a) ` S)"
      by (meson ball_subset_cball convex_intermediate_ball gh_sub_cb sup.bounded_iff sup.cobounded1)
    show "closedin (top_of_set (ball 0 1 \<union> (g \<circ> h) ` (+) (- a) ` S)) ((g \<circ> h) ` (+) (- a) ` S)"
      unfolding closedin_closed
      by (rule_tac x="sphere 0 1" in exI) auto
    have ghcont: "continuous_on ((\<lambda>x. x - a) ` S) (\<lambda>x. g (h x))"
      by (rule continuous_on_compose2 [OF homeomorphism_cont2 [OF fg] hcont], force)
    have kfcont: "continuous_on ((\<lambda>x. g (h (x - a))) ` S) (\<lambda>x. k (f x))"
    proof (rule continuous_on_compose2 [OF kcont])
      show "continuous_on ((\<lambda>x. g (h (x - a))) ` S) f"
        using homeomorphism_cont1 [OF fg] gh_sub_sph by (fastforce intro: continuous_on_subset)
    qed auto
    have "S homeomorphic (+) (- a) ` S"
      by (fact homeomorphic_translation)
    also have "\<dots> homeomorphic (g \<circ> h) ` (+) (- a) ` S"
      apply (simp add: homeomorphic_def homeomorphism_def cong: image_cong_simp)
      apply (rule_tac x="g \<circ> h" in exI)
      apply (rule_tac x="k \<circ> f" in exI)
      apply (auto simp: ghcont kfcont span_base homeomorphism_apply2 [OF fg] image_comp cong: image_cong_simp)
      done
    finally show "S homeomorphic (g \<circ> h) ` (+) (- a) ` S" .
  qed auto
qed

subsection\<open>Locally compact sets in an open set\<close>

text\<open> Locally compact sets are closed in an open set and are homeomorphic
  to an absolutely closed set if we have one more dimension to play with.\<close>

lemma locally_compact_open_Int_closure:
  fixes S :: "'a :: metric_space set"
  assumes "locally compact S"
  obtains T where "open T" "S = T \<inter> closure S"
proof -
  have "\<forall>x\<in>S. \<exists>T v u. u = S \<inter> T \<and> x \<in> u \<and> u \<subseteq> v \<and> v \<subseteq> S \<and> open T \<and> compact v"
    by (metis assms locally_compact openin_open)
  then obtain t v where
        tv: "\<And>x. x \<in> S
             \<Longrightarrow> v x \<subseteq> S \<and> open (t x) \<and> compact (v x) \<and> (\<exists>u. x \<in> u \<and> u \<subseteq> v x \<and> u = S \<inter> t x)"
    by metis
  then have o: "open (\<Union>(t ` S))"
    by blast
  have "S = \<Union> (v ` S)"
    using tv by blast
  also have "... = \<Union>(t ` S) \<inter> closure S"
  proof
    show "\<Union>(v ` S) \<subseteq> \<Union>(t ` S) \<inter> closure S"
      by clarify (meson IntD2 IntI UN_I closure_subset subsetD tv)
    have "t x \<inter> closure S \<subseteq> v x" if "x \<in> S" for x
    proof -
      have "t x \<inter> closure S \<subseteq> closure (t x \<inter> S)"
        by (simp add: open_Int_closure_subset that tv)
      also have "... \<subseteq> v x"
        by (metis Int_commute closure_minimal compact_imp_closed that tv)
      finally show ?thesis .
    qed
    then show "\<Union>(t ` S) \<inter> closure S \<subseteq> \<Union>(v ` S)"
      by blast
  qed
  finally have e: "S = \<Union>(t ` S) \<inter> closure S" .
  show ?thesis
    by (rule that [OF o e])
qed


lemma locally_compact_closedin_open:
    fixes S :: "'a :: metric_space set"
    assumes "locally compact S"
    obtains T where "open T" "closedin (top_of_set T) S"
  by (metis locally_compact_open_Int_closure [OF assms] closed_closure closedin_closed_Int)


lemma locally_compact_homeomorphism_projection_closed:
  assumes "locally compact S"
  obtains T and f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a :: euclidean_space \<times> 'b :: euclidean_space"
  where "closed T" "homeomorphism S T f fst"
proof (cases "closed S")
  case True
  show ?thesis
  proof
    show "homeomorphism S (S \<times> {0}) (\<lambda>x. (x, 0)) fst"
      by (auto simp: homeomorphism_def continuous_intros)
  qed (use True closed_Times in auto)
next
  case False
    obtain U where "open U" and US: "U \<inter> closure S = S"
      by (metis locally_compact_open_Int_closure [OF assms])
    with False have Ucomp: "-U \<noteq> {}"
      using closure_eq by auto
    have [simp]: "closure (- U) = -U"
      by (simp add: \<open>open U\<close> closed_Compl)
    define f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<times> 'b" where "f \<equiv> \<lambda>x. (x, One /\<^sub>R setdist {x} (- U))"
    have "continuous_on U (\<lambda>x. (x, One /\<^sub>R setdist {x} (- U)))"
    proof (intro continuous_intros continuous_on_setdist)
      show "\<forall>x\<in>U. setdist {x} (- U) \<noteq> 0"
        by (simp add: Ucomp setdist_eq_0_sing_1)
    qed
    then have homU: "homeomorphism U (f`U) f fst"
      by (auto simp: f_def homeomorphism_def image_iff continuous_intros)
    have cloS: "closedin (top_of_set U) S"
      by (metis US closed_closure closedin_closed_Int)
    have cont: "isCont ((\<lambda>x. setdist {x} (- U)) o fst) z" for z :: "'a \<times> 'b"
      by (rule continuous_at_compose continuous_intros continuous_at_setdist)+
    have setdist1D: "setdist {a} (- U) *\<^sub>R b = One \<Longrightarrow> setdist {a} (- U) \<noteq> 0" for a::'a and b::'b
      by force
    have *: "r *\<^sub>R b = One \<Longrightarrow> b = (1 / r) *\<^sub>R One" for r and b::'b
      by (metis One_non_0 nonzero_divide_eq_eq real_vector.scale_eq_0_iff real_vector.scale_scale scaleR_one)
    have "\<And>a b::'b. setdist {a} (- U) *\<^sub>R b = One \<Longrightarrow> (a,b) \<in> (\<lambda>x. (x, (1 / setdist {x} (- U)) *\<^sub>R One)) ` U"
      by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) "*" ComplI image_eqI setdist1D setdist_sing_in_set)
    then have "f ` U = (\<lambda>z. (setdist {fst z} (- U) *\<^sub>R snd z)) -` {One}"
      by (auto simp: f_def setdist_eq_0_sing_1 field_simps Ucomp)
    then have clfU: "closed (f ` U)"
      by (force intro: continuous_intros cont [unfolded o_def] continuous_closed_vimage)
    have "closed (f ` S)"
      by (metis closedin_closed_trans [OF _ clfU] homeomorphism_imp_closed_map [OF homU cloS])
    then show ?thesis
      by (metis US homU homeomorphism_of_subsets inf_sup_ord(1) that)
qed

lemma locally_compact_closed_Int_open:
  fixes S :: "'a :: euclidean_space set"
  shows "locally compact S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>U V. closed U \<and> open V \<and> S = U \<inter> V)" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
  show "?lhs \<Longrightarrow> ?rhs"
    by (metis closed_closure inf_commute locally_compact_open_Int_closure)
  show "?rhs \<Longrightarrow> ?lhs"
    by (meson closed_imp_locally_compact locally_compact_Int open_imp_locally_compact)
qed

lemma lowerdim_embeddings:
  assumes  "DIM('a) < DIM('b)"
  obtains f :: "'a::euclidean_space*real \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space" 
      and g :: "'b \<Rightarrow> 'a*real"
      and j :: 'b
  where "linear f" "linear g" "\<And>z. g (f z) = z" "j \<in> Basis" "\<And>x. f(x,0) \<bullet> j = 0"
proof -
  let ?B = "Basis :: ('a*real) set"
  have b01: "(0,1) \<in> ?B"
    by (simp add: Basis_prod_def)
  have "DIM('a * real) \<le> DIM('b)"
    by (simp add: Suc_leI assms)
  then obtain basf :: "'a*real \<Rightarrow> 'b" where sbf: "basf ` ?B \<subseteq> Basis" and injbf: "inj_on basf Basis"
    by (metis finite_Basis card_le_inj)
  define basg:: "'b \<Rightarrow> 'a * real" where
    "basg \<equiv> \<lambda>i. if i \<in> basf ` Basis then inv_into Basis basf i else (0,1)"
  have bgf[simp]: "basg (basf i) = i" if "i \<in> Basis" for i
    using inv_into_f_f injbf that by (force simp: basg_def)
  have sbg: "basg ` Basis \<subseteq> ?B" 
    by (force simp: basg_def injbf b01)
  define f :: "'a*real \<Rightarrow> 'b" where "f \<equiv> \<lambda>u. \<Sum>j\<in>Basis. (u \<bullet> basg j) *\<^sub>R j"
  define g :: "'b \<Rightarrow> 'a*real" where "g \<equiv> \<lambda>z. (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (z \<bullet> basf i) *\<^sub>R i)" 
  show ?thesis
  proof
    show "linear f"
      unfolding f_def
      by (intro linear_compose_sum linearI ballI) (auto simp: algebra_simps)
    show "linear g"
      unfolding g_def
      by (intro linear_compose_sum linearI ballI) (auto simp: algebra_simps)
    have *: "(\<Sum>a \<in> Basis. a \<bullet> basf b * (x \<bullet> basg a)) = x \<bullet> b" if "b \<in> Basis" for x b
      using sbf that by auto
    show gf: "g (f x) = x" for x      
    proof (rule euclidean_eqI)
      show "\<And>b. b \<in> Basis \<Longrightarrow> g (f x) \<bullet> b = x \<bullet> b"
        using f_def g_def sbf by auto
    qed
    show "basf(0,1) \<in> Basis"
      using b01 sbf by auto
    then show "f(x,0) \<bullet> basf(0,1) = 0" for x
      unfolding f_def inner_sum_left
      using b01 inner_not_same_Basis 
      by (fastforce intro: comm_monoid_add_class.sum.neutral)
  qed
qed

proposition locally_compact_homeomorphic_closed:
  fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
  assumes "locally compact S" and dimlt: "DIM('a) < DIM('b)"
  obtains T :: "'b::euclidean_space set" where "closed T" "S homeomorphic T"
proof -
  obtain U:: "('a*real)set" and h
    where "closed U" and homU: "homeomorphism S U h fst"
    using locally_compact_homeomorphism_projection_closed assms by metis
  obtain f :: "'a*real \<Rightarrow> 'b" and g :: "'b \<Rightarrow> 'a*real"
    where "linear f" "linear g" and gf [simp]: "\<And>z. g (f z) = z"
    using lowerdim_embeddings [OF dimlt] by metis 
  then have "inj f"
    by (metis injI)
  have gfU: "g ` f ` U = U"
    by (simp add: image_comp o_def)
  have "S homeomorphic U"
    using homU homeomorphic_def by blast
  also have "... homeomorphic f ` U"
  proof (rule homeomorphicI [OF refl gfU])
    show "continuous_on U f"
      by (meson \<open>inj f\<close> \<open>linear f\<close> homeomorphism_cont2 linear_homeomorphism_image)
    show "continuous_on (f ` U) g"
      using \<open>linear g\<close> linear_continuous_on linear_conv_bounded_linear by blast
  qed (auto simp: o_def)
  finally show ?thesis
    using \<open>closed U\<close> \<open>inj f\<close> \<open>linear f\<close> closed_injective_linear_image that by blast
qed


lemma homeomorphic_convex_compact_lemma:
  fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
  assumes "convex S"
    and "compact S"
    and "cball 0 1 \<subseteq> S"
  shows "S homeomorphic (cball (0::'a) 1)"
proof (rule starlike_compact_projective_special[OF assms(2-3)])
  fix x u
  assume "x \<in> S" and "0 \<le> u" and "u < (1::real)"
  have "open (ball (u *\<^sub>R x) (1 - u))"
    by (rule open_ball)
  moreover have "u *\<^sub>R x \<in> ball (u *\<^sub>R x) (1 - u)"
    unfolding centre_in_ball using \<open>u < 1\<close> by simp
  moreover have "ball (u *\<^sub>R x) (1 - u) \<subseteq> S"
  proof
    fix y
    assume "y \<in> ball (u *\<^sub>R x) (1 - u)"
    then have "dist (u *\<^sub>R x) y < 1 - u"
      unfolding mem_ball .
    with \<open>u < 1\<close> have "inverse (1 - u) *\<^sub>R (y - u *\<^sub>R x) \<in> cball 0 1"
      by (simp add: dist_norm inverse_eq_divide norm_minus_commute)
    with assms(3) have "inverse (1 - u) *\<^sub>R (y - u *\<^sub>R x) \<in> S" ..
    with assms(1) have "(1 - u) *\<^sub>R ((y - u *\<^sub>R x) /\<^sub>R (1 - u)) + u *\<^sub>R x \<in> S"
      using \<open>x \<in> S\<close> \<open>0 \<le> u\<close> \<open>u < 1\<close> [THEN less_imp_le] by (rule convexD_alt)
    then show "y \<in> S" using \<open>u < 1\<close>
      by simp
  qed
  ultimately have "u *\<^sub>R x \<in> interior S" ..
  then show "u *\<^sub>R x \<in> S - frontier S"
    using frontier_def and interior_subset by auto
qed

proposition homeomorphic_convex_compact_cball:
  fixes e :: real
    and S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
  assumes S: "convex S" "compact S" "interior S \<noteq> {}" and "e > 0"
  shows "S homeomorphic (cball (b::'a) e)"
proof (rule homeomorphic_trans[OF _ homeomorphic_balls(2)])
  obtain a where "a \<in> interior S"
    using assms by auto
  then show "S homeomorphic cball (0::'a) 1"
    by (metis (no_types) aff_dim_cball S compact_cball convex_cball 
        homeomorphic_convex_lemma interior_rel_interior_gen zero_less_one)
qed (use \<open>e>0\<close> in auto)

corollary homeomorphic_convex_compact:
  fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
    and T :: "'a set"
  assumes "convex S" "compact S" "interior S \<noteq> {}"
    and "convex T" "compact T" "interior T \<noteq> {}"
  shows "S homeomorphic T"
  using assms
  by (meson zero_less_one homeomorphic_trans homeomorphic_convex_compact_cball homeomorphic_sym)

lemma homeomorphic_closed_intervals:
  fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space" and b and c :: "'a::euclidean_space" and d
  assumes "box a b \<noteq> {}" and "box c d \<noteq> {}"
    shows "(cbox a b) homeomorphic (cbox c d)"
  by (simp add: assms homeomorphic_convex_compact)

lemma homeomorphic_closed_intervals_real:
  fixes a::real and b and c::real and d
  assumes "a<b" and "c<d"
  shows "{a..b} homeomorphic {c..d}"
  using assms by (auto intro: homeomorphic_convex_compact)

subsection\<open>Covering spaces and lifting results for them\<close>

definition\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> covering_space
           :: "'a::topological_space set \<Rightarrow> ('a \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> 'b::topological_space set \<Rightarrow> bool"
  where
  "covering_space c p S \<equiv>
       continuous_on c p \<and> p ` c = S \<and>
       (\<forall>x \<in> S. \<exists>T. x \<in> T \<and> openin (top_of_set S) T \<and>
                    (\<exists>v. \<Union>v = c \<inter> p -` T \<and>
                        (\<forall>u \<in> v. openin (top_of_set c) u) \<and>
                        pairwise disjnt v \<and>
                        (\<forall>u \<in> v. \<exists>q. homeomorphism u T p q)))"

lemma covering_space_imp_continuous: "covering_space c p S \<Longrightarrow> continuous_on c p"
  by (simp add: covering_space_def)

lemma covering_space_imp_surjective: "covering_space c p S \<Longrightarrow> p ` c = S"
  by (simp add: covering_space_def)

lemma homeomorphism_imp_covering_space: "homeomorphism S T f g \<Longrightarrow> covering_space S f T"
  apply (clarsimp simp add: homeomorphism_def covering_space_def)
  apply (rule_tac x=T in exI, simp)
  apply (rule_tac x="{S}" in exI, auto)
  done

lemma covering_space_local_homeomorphism:
  assumes "covering_space c p S" "x \<in> c"
  obtains T u q where "x \<in> T" "openin (top_of_set c) T"
                      "p x \<in> u" "openin (top_of_set S) u"
                      "homeomorphism T u p q"
  using assms
  by (clarsimp simp add: covering_space_def) (metis IntI UnionE vimage_eq) 


lemma covering_space_local_homeomorphism_alt:
  assumes p: "covering_space c p S" and "y \<in> S"
  obtains x T U q where "p x = y"
                        "x \<in> T" "openin (top_of_set c) T"
                        "y \<in> U" "openin (top_of_set S) U"
                          "homeomorphism T U p q"
proof -
  obtain x where "p x = y" "x \<in> c"
    using assms covering_space_imp_surjective by blast
  show ?thesis
    using that \<open>p x = y\<close> by (auto intro: covering_space_local_homeomorphism [OF p \<open>x \<in> c\<close>])
qed

proposition covering_space_open_map:
  fixes S :: "'a :: metric_space set" and T :: "'b :: metric_space set"
  assumes p: "covering_space c p S" and T: "openin (top_of_set c) T"
    shows "openin (top_of_set S) (p ` T)"
proof -
  have pce: "p ` c = S"
   and covs:
       "\<And>x. x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow>
            \<exists>X VS. x \<in> X \<and> openin (top_of_set S) X \<and>
                  \<Union>VS = c \<inter> p -` X \<and>
                  (\<forall>u \<in> VS. openin (top_of_set c) u) \<and>
                  pairwise disjnt VS \<and>
                  (\<forall>u \<in> VS. \<exists>q. homeomorphism u X p q)"
    using p by (auto simp: covering_space_def)
  have "T \<subseteq> c"  by (metis openin_euclidean_subtopology_iff T)
  have "\<exists>X. openin (top_of_set S) X \<and> y \<in> X \<and> X \<subseteq> p ` T"
          if "y \<in> p ` T" for y
  proof -
    have "y \<in> S" using \<open>T \<subseteq> c\<close> pce that by blast
    obtain U VS where "y \<in> U" and U: "openin (top_of_set S) U"
                  and VS: "\<Union>VS = c \<inter> p -` U"
                  and openVS: "\<forall>V \<in> VS. openin (top_of_set c) V"
                  and homVS: "\<And>V. V \<in> VS \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>q. homeomorphism V U p q"
      using covs [OF \<open>y \<in> S\<close>] by auto
    obtain x where "x \<in> c" "p x \<in> U" "x \<in> T" "p x = y"
      using T [unfolded openin_euclidean_subtopology_iff] \<open>y \<in> U\<close> \<open>y \<in> p ` T\<close> by blast
    with VS obtain V where "x \<in> V" "V \<in> VS" by auto
    then obtain q where q: "homeomorphism V U p q" using homVS by blast
    then have ptV: "p ` (T \<inter> V) = U \<inter> q -` (T \<inter> V)"
      using VS \<open>V \<in> VS\<close> by (auto simp: homeomorphism_def)
    have ocv: "openin (top_of_set c) V"
      by (simp add: \<open>V \<in> VS\<close> openVS)
    have "openin (top_of_set (q ` U)) (T \<inter> V)"
      using q unfolding homeomorphism_def
      by (metis T inf.absorb_iff2 ocv openin_imp_subset openin_subtopology_Int subtopology_subtopology)
    then have "openin (top_of_set U) (U \<inter> q -` (T \<inter> V))"
      using continuous_on_open homeomorphism_def q by blast
    then have os: "openin (top_of_set S) (U \<inter> q -` (T \<inter> V))"
      using openin_trans [of U] by (simp add: Collect_conj_eq U)
    show ?thesis
    proof (intro exI conjI)
      show "openin (top_of_set S) (p ` (T \<inter> V))"
        by (simp only: ptV os)
    qed (use \<open>p x = y\<close> \<open>x \<in> V\<close> \<open>x \<in> T\<close> in auto)
  qed
  with openin_subopen show ?thesis by blast
qed

lemma covering_space_lift_unique_gen:
  fixes f :: "'a::topological_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::topological_space"
  fixes g1 :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'c::real_normed_vector"
  assumes cov: "covering_space c p S"
      and eq: "g1 a = g2 a"
      and f: "continuous_on T f"  "f ` T \<subseteq> S"
      and g1: "continuous_on T g1"  "g1 ` T \<subseteq> c"
      and fg1: "\<And>x. x \<in> T \<Longrightarrow> f x = p(g1 x)"
      and g2: "continuous_on T g2"  "g2 ` T \<subseteq> c"
      and fg2: "\<And>x. x \<in> T \<Longrightarrow> f x = p(g2 x)"
      and u_compt: "U \<in> components T" and "a \<in> U" "x \<in> U"
    shows "g1 x = g2 x"
proof -
  have "U \<subseteq> T" by (rule in_components_subset [OF u_compt])
  define G12 where "G12 \<equiv> {x \<in> U. g1 x - g2 x = 0}"
  have "connected U" by (rule in_components_connected [OF u_compt])
  have contu: "continuous_on U g1" "continuous_on U g2"
       using \<open>U \<subseteq> T\<close> continuous_on_subset g1 g2 by blast+
  have o12: "openin (top_of_set U) G12"
  unfolding G12_def
  proof (subst openin_subopen, clarify)
    fix z
    assume z: "z \<in> U" "g1 z - g2 z = 0"
    obtain v w q where "g1 z \<in> v" and ocv: "openin (top_of_set c) v"
      and "p (g1 z) \<in> w" and osw: "openin (top_of_set S) w"
      and hom: "homeomorphism v w p q"
    proof (rule covering_space_local_homeomorphism [OF cov])
      show "g1 z \<in> c"
        using \<open>U \<subseteq> T\<close> \<open>z \<in> U\<close> g1(2) by blast
    qed auto
    have "g2 z \<in> v" using \<open>g1 z \<in> v\<close> z by auto
    have gg: "U \<inter> g -` v = U \<inter> g -` (v \<inter> g ` U)" for g
      by auto
    have "openin (top_of_set (g1 ` U)) (v \<inter> g1 ` U)"
      using ocv \<open>U \<subseteq> T\<close> g1 by (fastforce simp add: openin_open)
    then have 1: "openin (top_of_set U) (U \<inter> g1 -` v)"
      unfolding gg by (blast intro: contu continuous_on_open [THEN iffD1, rule_format])
    have "openin (top_of_set (g2 ` U)) (v \<inter> g2 ` U)"
      using ocv \<open>U \<subseteq> T\<close> g2 by (fastforce simp add: openin_open)
    then have 2: "openin (top_of_set U) (U \<inter> g2 -` v)"
      unfolding gg by (blast intro: contu continuous_on_open [THEN iffD1, rule_format])
    let ?T = "(U \<inter> g1 -` v) \<inter> (U \<inter> g2 -` v)"
    show "\<exists>T. openin (top_of_set U) T \<and> z \<in> T \<and> T \<subseteq> {z \<in> U. g1 z - g2 z = 0}"
    proof (intro exI conjI)
      show "openin (top_of_set U) ?T"
        using "1" "2" by blast
      show "z \<in> ?T"
        using z by (simp add: \<open>g1 z \<in> v\<close> \<open>g2 z \<in> v\<close>)
      show "?T \<subseteq> {z \<in> U. g1 z - g2 z = 0}"
        using hom 
        by (clarsimp simp: homeomorphism_def) (metis \<open>U \<subseteq> T\<close> fg1 fg2 subsetD)
    qed
  qed
  have c12: "closedin (top_of_set U) G12"
    unfolding G12_def
    by (intro continuous_intros continuous_closedin_preimage_constant contu)
  have "G12 = {} \<or> G12 = U"
    by (intro connected_clopen [THEN iffD1, rule_format] \<open>connected U\<close> conjI o12 c12)
  with eq \<open>a \<in> U\<close> have "\<And>x. x \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> g1 x - g2 x = 0" by (auto simp: G12_def)
  then show ?thesis
    using \<open>x \<in> U\<close> by force
qed

proposition covering_space_lift_unique:
  fixes f :: "'a::topological_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::topological_space"
  fixes g1 :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'c::real_normed_vector"
  assumes "covering_space c p S"
          "g1 a = g2 a"
          "continuous_on T f"  "f ` T \<subseteq> S"
          "continuous_on T g1"  "g1 ` T \<subseteq> c"  "\<And>x. x \<in> T \<Longrightarrow> f x = p(g1 x)"
          "continuous_on T g2"  "g2 ` T \<subseteq> c"  "\<And>x. x \<in> T \<Longrightarrow> f x = p(g2 x)"
          "connected T"  "a \<in> T"   "x \<in> T"
   shows "g1 x = g2 x"
  using covering_space_lift_unique_gen [of c p S] in_components_self assms ex_in_conv
  by blast

lemma covering_space_locally:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes loc: "locally \<phi> C" and cov: "covering_space C p S"
      and pim: "\<And>T. \<lbrakk>T \<subseteq> C; \<phi> T\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<psi>(p ` T)"
    shows "locally \<psi> S"
proof -
  have "locally \<psi> (p ` C)"
  proof (rule locally_open_map_image [OF loc])
    show "continuous_on C p"
      using cov covering_space_imp_continuous by blast
    show "\<And>T. openin (top_of_set C) T \<Longrightarrow> openin (top_of_set (p ` C)) (p ` T)"
      using cov covering_space_imp_surjective covering_space_open_map by blast
  qed (simp add: pim)
  then show ?thesis
    using covering_space_imp_surjective [OF cov] by metis
qed


proposition covering_space_locally_eq:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S"
      and pim: "\<And>T. \<lbrakk>T \<subseteq> C; \<phi> T\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<psi>(p ` T)"
      and qim: "\<And>q U. \<lbrakk>U \<subseteq> S; continuous_on U q; \<psi> U\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<phi>(q ` U)"
    shows "locally \<psi> S \<longleftrightarrow> locally \<phi> C"
         (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
  assume L: ?lhs
  show ?rhs
  proof (rule locallyI)
    fix V x
    assume V: "openin (top_of_set C) V" and "x \<in> V"
    have "p x \<in> p ` C"
      by (metis IntE V \<open>x \<in> V\<close> imageI openin_open)
    then obtain T \<V> where "p x \<in> T"
                      and opeT: "openin (top_of_set S) T"
                      and veq: "\<Union>\<V> = C \<inter> p -` T"
                      and ope: "\<forall>U\<in>\<V>. openin (top_of_set C) U"
                      and hom: "\<forall>U\<in>\<V>. \<exists>q. homeomorphism U T p q"
      using cov unfolding covering_space_def by (blast intro: that)
    have "x \<in> \<Union>\<V>"
      using V veq \<open>p x \<in> T\<close> \<open>x \<in> V\<close> openin_imp_subset by fastforce
    then obtain U where "x \<in> U" "U \<in> \<V>"
      by blast
    then obtain q where opeU: "openin (top_of_set C) U" and q: "homeomorphism U T p q"
      using ope hom by blast
    with V have "openin (top_of_set C) (U \<inter> V)"
      by blast
    then have UV: "openin (top_of_set S) (p ` (U \<inter> V))"
      using cov covering_space_open_map by blast
    obtain W W' where opeW: "openin (top_of_set S) W" and "\<psi> W'" "p x \<in> W" "W \<subseteq> W'" and W'sub: "W' \<subseteq> p ` (U \<inter> V)"
      using locallyE [OF L UV] \<open>x \<in> U\<close> \<open>x \<in> V\<close> by blast
    then have "W \<subseteq> T"
      by (metis Int_lower1 q homeomorphism_image1 image_Int_subset order_trans)
    show "\<exists>U Z. openin (top_of_set C) U \<and>
                 \<phi> Z \<and> x \<in> U \<and> U \<subseteq> Z \<and> Z \<subseteq> V"
    proof (intro exI conjI)
      have "openin (top_of_set T) W"
        by (meson opeW opeT openin_imp_subset openin_subset_trans \<open>W \<subseteq> T\<close>)
      then have "openin (top_of_set U) (q ` W)"
        by (meson homeomorphism_imp_open_map homeomorphism_symD q)
      then show "openin (top_of_set C) (q ` W)"
        using opeU openin_trans by blast
      show "\<phi> (q ` W')"
        by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) Int_subset_iff UV W'sub \<open>\<psi> W'\<close> continuous_on_subset dual_order.trans homeomorphism_def image_Int_subset openin_imp_subset q qim)
      show "x \<in> q ` W"
        by (metis \<open>p x \<in> W\<close> \<open>x \<in> U\<close> homeomorphism_def imageI q)
      show "q ` W \<subseteq> q ` W'"
        using \<open>W \<subseteq> W'\<close> by blast
      have "W' \<subseteq> p ` V"
        using W'sub by blast
      then show "q ` W' \<subseteq> V"
        using W'sub homeomorphism_apply1 [OF q] by auto
      qed
  qed
next
  assume ?rhs
  then show ?lhs
    using cov covering_space_locally pim by blast
qed

lemma covering_space_locally_compact_eq:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes "covering_space C p S"
  shows "locally compact S \<longleftrightarrow> locally compact C"
proof (rule covering_space_locally_eq [OF assms])
  show "\<And>T. \<lbrakk>T \<subseteq> C; compact T\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> compact (p ` T)"
    by (meson assms compact_continuous_image continuous_on_subset covering_space_imp_continuous)
qed (use compact_continuous_image in blast)

lemma covering_space_locally_connected_eq:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes "covering_space C p S"
    shows "locally connected S \<longleftrightarrow> locally connected C"
proof (rule covering_space_locally_eq [OF assms])
  show "\<And>T. \<lbrakk>T \<subseteq> C; connected T\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> connected (p ` T)"
    by (meson connected_continuous_image assms continuous_on_subset covering_space_imp_continuous)
qed (use connected_continuous_image in blast)

lemma covering_space_locally_path_connected_eq:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes "covering_space C p S"
    shows "locally path_connected S \<longleftrightarrow> locally path_connected C"
proof (rule covering_space_locally_eq [OF assms])
  show "\<And>T. \<lbrakk>T \<subseteq> C; path_connected T\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> path_connected (p ` T)"
    by (meson path_connected_continuous_image assms continuous_on_subset covering_space_imp_continuous)
qed (use path_connected_continuous_image in blast)


lemma covering_space_locally_compact:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes "locally compact C" "covering_space C p S"
  shows "locally compact S"
  using assms covering_space_locally_compact_eq by blast


lemma covering_space_locally_connected:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes "locally connected C" "covering_space C p S"
  shows "locally connected S"
  using assms covering_space_locally_connected_eq by blast

lemma covering_space_locally_path_connected:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes "locally path_connected C" "covering_space C p S"
  shows "locally path_connected S"
  using assms covering_space_locally_path_connected_eq by blast

proposition covering_space_lift_homotopy:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
    and h :: "real \<times> 'c::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S"
      and conth: "continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> U) h"
      and him: "h ` ({0..1} \<times> U) \<subseteq> S"
      and heq: "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> h (0,y) = p(f y)"
      and contf: "continuous_on U f" and fim: "f ` U \<subseteq> C"
    obtains k where "continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> U) k"
                    "k ` ({0..1} \<times> U) \<subseteq> C"
                    "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> k(0, y) = f y"
                    "\<And>z. z \<in> {0..1} \<times> U \<Longrightarrow> h z = p(k z)"
proof -
  have "\<exists>V k. openin (top_of_set U) V \<and> y \<in> V \<and>
              continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> V) k \<and> k ` ({0..1} \<times> V) \<subseteq> C \<and>
              (\<forall>z \<in> V. k(0, z) = f z) \<and> (\<forall>z \<in> {0..1} \<times> V. h z = p(k z))"
        if "y \<in> U" for y
  proof -
    obtain UU where UU: "\<And>s. s \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> s \<in> (UU s) \<and> openin (top_of_set S) (UU s) \<and>
                                        (\<exists>\<V>. \<Union>\<V> = C \<inter> p -` UU s \<and>
                                            (\<forall>U \<in> \<V>. openin (top_of_set C) U) \<and>
                                            pairwise disjnt \<V> \<and>
                                            (\<forall>U \<in> \<V>. \<exists>q. homeomorphism U (UU s) p q))"
      using cov unfolding covering_space_def by (metis (mono_tags))
    then have ope: "\<And>s. s \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> s \<in> (UU s) \<and> openin (top_of_set S) (UU s)"
      by blast
    have "\<exists>k n i. open k \<and> open n \<and>
                  t \<in> k \<and> y \<in> n \<and> i \<in> S \<and> h ` (({0..1} \<inter> k) \<times> (U \<inter> n)) \<subseteq> UU i" if "t \<in> {0..1}" for t
    proof -
      have hinS: "h (t, y) \<in> S"
        using \<open>y \<in> U\<close> him that by blast
      then have "(t,y) \<in> ({0..1} \<times> U) \<inter> h -` UU(h(t, y))"
        using \<open>y \<in> U\<close> \<open>t \<in> {0..1}\<close>  by (auto simp: ope)
      moreover have ope_01U: "openin (top_of_set ({0..1} \<times> U)) (({0..1} \<times> U) \<inter> h -` UU(h(t, y)))"
        using hinS ope continuous_on_open_gen [OF him] conth by blast
      ultimately obtain V W where opeV: "open V" and "t \<in> {0..1} \<inter> V" "t \<in> {0..1} \<inter> V"
                              and opeW: "open W" and "y \<in> U" "y \<in> W"
                              and VW: "({0..1} \<inter> V) \<times> (U \<inter> W)  \<subseteq> (({0..1} \<times> U) \<inter> h -` UU(h(t, y)))"
        by (rule Times_in_interior_subtopology) (auto simp: openin_open)
      then show ?thesis
        using hinS by blast
    qed
    then obtain K NN X where
              K: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> open (K t)"
          and NN: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> open (NN t)"
          and inUS: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> t \<in> K t \<and> y \<in> NN t \<and> X t \<in> S"
          and him: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> h ` (({0..1} \<inter> K t) \<times> (U \<inter> NN t)) \<subseteq> UU (X t)"
    by (metis (mono_tags))
    obtain \<T> where "\<T> \<subseteq> ((\<lambda>i. K i \<times> NN i)) ` {0..1}" "finite \<T>" "{0::real..1} \<times> {y} \<subseteq> \<Union>\<T>"
    proof (rule compactE)
      show "compact ({0::real..1} \<times> {y})"
        by (simp add: compact_Times)
      show "{0..1} \<times> {y} \<subseteq> (\<Union>i\<in>{0..1}. K i \<times> NN i)"
        using K inUS by auto
      show "\<And>B. B \<in> (\<lambda>i. K i \<times> NN i) ` {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> open B"
        using K NN by (auto simp: open_Times)
    qed blast
    then obtain tk where "tk \<subseteq> {0..1}" "finite tk"
                     and tk: "{0::real..1} \<times> {y} \<subseteq> (\<Union>i \<in> tk. K i \<times> NN i)"
      by (metis (no_types, lifting) finite_subset_image)
    then have "tk \<noteq> {}"
      by auto
    define n where "n = \<Inter>(NN ` tk)"
    have "y \<in> n" "open n"
      using inUS NN \<open>tk \<subseteq> {0..1}\<close> \<open>finite tk\<close>
      by (auto simp: n_def open_INT subset_iff)
    obtain \<delta> where "0 < \<delta>" and \<delta>: "\<And>T. \<lbrakk>T \<subseteq> {0..1}; diameter T < \<delta>\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>B\<in>K ` tk. T \<subseteq> B"
    proof (rule Lebesgue_number_lemma [of "{0..1}" "K ` tk"])
      show "K ` tk \<noteq> {}"
        using \<open>tk \<noteq> {}\<close> by auto
      show "{0..1} \<subseteq> \<Union>(K ` tk)"
        using tk by auto
      show "\<And>B. B \<in> K ` tk \<Longrightarrow> open B"
        using \<open>tk \<subseteq> {0..1}\<close> K by auto
    qed auto
    obtain N::nat where N: "N > 1 / \<delta>"
      using reals_Archimedean2 by blast
    then have "N > 0"
      using \<open>0 < \<delta>\<close> order.asym by force
    have *: "\<exists>V k. openin (top_of_set U) V \<and> y \<in> V \<and>
                   continuous_on ({0..of_nat n / N} \<times> V) k \<and>
                   k ` ({0..of_nat n / N} \<times> V) \<subseteq> C \<and>
                   (\<forall>z\<in>V. k (0, z) = f z) \<and>
                   (\<forall>z\<in>{0..of_nat n / N} \<times> V. h z = p (k z))" if "n \<le> N" for n
      using that
    proof (induction n)
      case 0
      show ?case
        apply (rule_tac x=U in exI)
        apply (rule_tac x="f \<circ> snd" in exI)
        apply (intro conjI \<open>y \<in> U\<close> continuous_intros continuous_on_subset [OF contf])
        using fim  apply (auto simp: heq)
        done
    next
      case (Suc n)
      then obtain V k where opeUV: "openin (top_of_set U) V"
                        and "y \<in> V"
                        and contk: "continuous_on ({0..n/N} \<times> V) k"
                        and kim: "k ` ({0..n/N} \<times> V) \<subseteq> C"
                        and keq: "\<And>z. z \<in> V \<Longrightarrow> k (0, z) = f z"
                        and heq: "\<And>z. z \<in> {0..n/N} \<times> V \<Longrightarrow> h z = p (k z)"
        using Suc_leD by auto
      have "n \<le> N"
        using Suc.prems by auto
      obtain t where "t \<in> tk" and t: "{n/N .. (1 + real n) / N} \<subseteq> K t"
      proof (rule bexE [OF \<delta>])
        show "{n/N .. (1 + real n) / N} \<subseteq> {0..1}"
          using Suc.prems by (auto simp: field_split_simps)
        show diameter_less: "diameter {n/N .. (1 + real n) / N} < \<delta>"
          using \<open>0 < \<delta>\<close> N by (auto simp: field_split_simps)
      qed blast
      have t01: "t \<in> {0..1}"
        using \<open>t \<in> tk\<close> \<open>tk \<subseteq> {0..1}\<close> by blast
      obtain \<V> where \<V>: "\<Union>\<V> = C \<inter> p -` UU (X t)"
                 and opeC: "\<And>U. U \<in> \<V> \<Longrightarrow> openin (top_of_set C) U"
                 and "pairwise disjnt \<V>"
                 and homuu: "\<And>U. U \<in> \<V> \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>q. homeomorphism U (UU (X t)) p q"
        using inUS [OF t01] UU by meson
      have n_div_N_in: "n/N \<in> {n/N .. (1 + real n) / N}"
        using N by (auto simp: field_split_simps)
      with t have nN_in_kkt: "n/N \<in> K t"
        by blast
      have "k (n/N, y) \<in> C \<inter> p -` UU (X t)"
      proof (simp, rule conjI)
        show "k (n/N, y) \<in> C"
          using \<open>y \<in> V\<close> kim keq by force
        have "p (k (n/N, y)) = h (n/N, y)"
          by (simp add: \<open>y \<in> V\<close> heq)
        also have "... \<in> h ` (({0..1} \<inter> K t) \<times> (U \<inter> NN t))"
           using \<open>y \<in> V\<close> t01 \<open>n \<le> N\<close>
           by (simp add: nN_in_kkt \<open>y \<in> U\<close> inUS field_split_simps)
        also have "... \<subseteq> UU (X t)"
          using him t01 by blast
        finally show "p (k (n/N, y)) \<in> UU (X t)" .
      qed
      with \<V> have "k (n/N, y) \<in> \<Union>\<V>"
        by blast
      then obtain W where W: "k (n/N, y) \<in> W" and "W \<in> \<V>"
        by blast
      then obtain p' where opeC': "openin (top_of_set C) W"
                       and hom': "homeomorphism W (UU (X t)) p p'"
        using homuu opeC by blast
      then have "W \<subseteq> C"
        using openin_imp_subset by blast
      define W' where "W' = UU(X t)"
      have opeVW: "openin (top_of_set V) (V \<inter> (k \<circ> Pair (n / N)) -` W)"
      proof (rule continuous_openin_preimage [OF _ _ opeC'])
        show "continuous_on V (k \<circ> Pair (n/N))"
          by (intro continuous_intros continuous_on_subset [OF contk], auto)
        show "(k \<circ> Pair (n/N)) ` V \<subseteq> C"
          using kim by (auto simp: \<open>y \<in> V\<close> W)
      qed
      obtain N' where opeUN': "openin (top_of_set U) N'"
                and "y \<in> N'" and kimw: "k ` ({(n/N)} \<times> N') \<subseteq> W"
      proof
        show "openin (top_of_set U) (V \<inter> (k \<circ> Pair (n/N)) -` W)"
          using opeUV opeVW openin_trans by blast
      qed (use \<open>y \<in> V\<close> W in \<open>force+\<close>)
      obtain Q Q' where opeUQ: "openin (top_of_set U) Q"
                    and cloUQ': "closedin (top_of_set U) Q'"
                    and "y \<in> Q" "Q \<subseteq> Q'"
                    and Q': "Q' \<subseteq> (U \<inter> NN(t)) \<inter> N' \<inter> V"
      proof -
        obtain VO VX where "open VO" "open VX" and VO: "V = U \<inter> VO" and VX: "N' = U \<inter> VX"
          using opeUV opeUN' by (auto simp: openin_open)
        then have "open (NN(t) \<inter> VO \<inter> VX)"
          using NN t01 by blast
        then obtain e where "e > 0" and e: "cball y e \<subseteq> NN(t) \<inter> VO \<inter> VX"
          by (metis Int_iff \<open>N' = U \<inter> VX\<close> \<open>V = U \<inter> VO\<close> \<open>y \<in> N'\<close> \<open>y \<in> V\<close> inUS open_contains_cball t01)
        show ?thesis
        proof
          show "openin (top_of_set U) (U \<inter> ball y e)"
            by blast
          show "closedin (top_of_set U) (U \<inter> cball y e)"
            using e by (auto simp: closedin_closed)
        qed (use \<open>y \<in> U\<close> \<open>e > 0\<close> VO VX e in auto)
      qed
      then have "y \<in> Q'" "Q \<subseteq> (U \<inter> NN(t)) \<inter> N' \<inter> V"
        by blast+
      have neq: "{0..n/N} \<union> {n/N..(1 + real n) / N} = {0..(1 + real n) / N}"
        apply (auto simp: field_split_simps)
        by (metis not_less of_nat_0_le_iff of_nat_0_less_iff order_trans zero_le_mult_iff)
      then have neqQ': "{0..n/N} \<times> Q' \<union> {n/N..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q' = {0..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q'"
        by blast
      have cont: "continuous_on ({0..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q') (\<lambda>x. if x \<in> {0..n/N} \<times> Q' then k x else (p' \<circ> h) x)"
        unfolding neqQ' [symmetric]
      proof (rule continuous_on_cases_local, simp_all add: neqQ' del: comp_apply)
        have "\<exists>T. closed T \<and> {0..n/N} \<times> Q' = {0..(1+n)/N} \<times> Q' \<inter> T"
          using n_div_N_in 
          by (rule_tac x="{0 .. n/N} \<times> UNIV" in exI) (auto simp: closed_Times)
        then show "closedin (top_of_set ({0..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q')) ({0..n/N} \<times> Q')"
          by (simp add: closedin_closed)
        have "\<exists>T. closed T \<and> {n/N..(1+n)/N} \<times> Q' = {0..(1+n)/N} \<times> Q' \<inter> T"
          by (rule_tac x="{n/N..(1+n)/N} \<times> UNIV" in exI) (auto simp: closed_Times order_trans [rotated])
        then show "closedin (top_of_set ({0..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q')) ({n/N..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q')"
          by (simp add: closedin_closed)
        show "continuous_on ({0..n/N} \<times> Q') k"
          using Q' by (auto intro: continuous_on_subset [OF contk])
        have "continuous_on ({n/N..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q') h"
        proof (rule continuous_on_subset [OF conth])
          show "{n/N..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q' \<subseteq> {0..1} \<times> U"
          proof (clarsimp, intro conjI)
            fix a b
            assume "b \<in> Q'" and a: "n/N \<le> a" "a \<le> (1 + real n) / N"
            have "0 \<le> n/N" "(1 + real n) / N \<le> 1"
              using a Suc.prems by (auto simp: divide_simps)
            with a show "0 \<le> a"  "a \<le> 1"
              by linarith+
            show "b \<in> U"
              using \<open>b \<in> Q'\<close> cloUQ' closedin_imp_subset by blast
          qed
        qed
        moreover have "continuous_on (h ` ({n/N..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q')) p'"
        proof (rule continuous_on_subset [OF homeomorphism_cont2 [OF hom']])
          have "h ` ({n/N..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q') \<subseteq> h ` (({0..1} \<inter> K t) \<times> (U \<inter> NN t))"
          proof (rule image_mono)
            show "{n/N..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q' \<subseteq> ({0..1} \<inter> K t) \<times> (U \<inter> NN t)"
            proof (clarsimp, intro conjI)
              fix a::real and b
              assume "b \<in> Q'" "n/N \<le> a" "a \<le> (1 + real n) / N"
              show "0 \<le> a"
                by (meson \<open>n/N \<le> a\<close> divide_nonneg_nonneg of_nat_0_le_iff order_trans)
              show "a \<le> 1"
                using Suc.prems \<open>a \<le> (1 + real n) / N\<close> order_trans by force
              show "a \<in> K t"
                using \<open>a \<le> (1 + real n) / N\<close> \<open>n/N \<le> a\<close> t by auto
              show "b \<in> U"
                using \<open>b \<in> Q'\<close> cloUQ' closedin_imp_subset by blast
              show "b \<in> NN t"
                using Q' \<open>b \<in> Q'\<close> by auto
            qed
          qed
          with him show "h ` ({n/N..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q') \<subseteq> UU (X t)"
            using t01 by blast
        qed
        ultimately show "continuous_on ({n/N..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q') (p' \<circ> h)"
          by (rule continuous_on_compose)
        have "k (n/N, b) = p' (h (n/N, b))" if "b \<in> Q'" for b
        proof -
          have "k (n/N, b) \<in> W"
            using that Q' kimw  by force
          then have "k (n/N, b) = p' (p (k (n/N, b)))"
            by (simp add:  homeomorphism_apply1 [OF hom'])
          then show ?thesis
            using Q' that by (force simp: heq)
        qed
        then show "\<And>x. x \<in> {n/N..(1 + real n) / N} \<times> Q' \<and>
                  x \<in> {0..n/N} \<times> Q' \<Longrightarrow> k x = (p' \<circ> h) x"
          by auto
      qed
      have h_in_UU: "h (x, y) \<in> UU (X t)" if "y \<in> Q" "\<not> x \<le> n/N" "0 \<le> x" "x \<le> (1 + real n) / N" for x y
      proof -
        have "x \<le> 1"
          using Suc.prems that order_trans by force
        moreover have "x \<in> K t"
          by (meson atLeastAtMost_iff le_less not_le subset_eq t that)
        moreover have "y \<in> U"
          using \<open>y \<in> Q\<close> opeUQ openin_imp_subset by blast
        moreover have "y \<in> NN t"
          using Q' \<open>Q \<subseteq> Q'\<close> \<open>y \<in> Q\<close> by auto
        ultimately have "(x, y) \<in> (({0..1} \<inter> K t) \<times> (U \<inter> NN t))"
          using that by auto
        then have "h (x, y) \<in> h ` (({0..1} \<inter> K t) \<times> (U \<inter> NN t))"
          by blast
        also have "... \<subseteq> UU (X t)"
          by (metis him t01)
        finally show ?thesis .
      qed
      let ?k = "(\<lambda>x. if x \<in> {0..n/N} \<times> Q' then k x else (p' \<circ> h) x)"
      show ?case
      proof (intro exI conjI)
        show "continuous_on ({0..real (Suc n) / N} \<times> Q) ?k"
          using \<open>Q \<subseteq> Q'\<close> by (auto intro: continuous_on_subset [OF cont])
        have "\<And>x y. \<lbrakk>x \<le> n/N; y \<in> Q'; 0 \<le> x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> k (x, y) \<in> C"
          using kim Q' by force
        moreover have "p' (h (x, y)) \<in> C" if "y \<in> Q" "\<not> x \<le> n/N" "0 \<le> x" "x \<le> (1 + real n) / N" for x y
        proof (rule \<open>W \<subseteq> C\<close> [THEN subsetD])
          show "p' (h (x, y)) \<in> W"
            using homeomorphism_image2 [OF hom', symmetric]  h_in_UU  Q' \<open>Q \<subseteq> Q'\<close> \<open>W \<subseteq> C\<close> that by auto
        qed
        ultimately show "?k ` ({0..real (Suc n) / N} \<times> Q) \<subseteq> C"
          using Q' \<open>Q \<subseteq> Q'\<close> by force
        show "\<forall>z\<in>Q. ?k (0, z) = f z"
          using Q' keq  \<open>Q \<subseteq> Q'\<close> by auto
        show "\<forall>z \<in> {0..real (Suc n) / N} \<times> Q. h z = p(?k z)"
          using \<open>Q \<subseteq> U \<inter> NN t \<inter> N' \<inter> V\<close> heq Q' \<open>Q \<subseteq> Q'\<close> 
            by (auto simp: homeomorphism_apply2 [OF hom'] dest: h_in_UU)
        qed (auto simp: \<open>y \<in> Q\<close> opeUQ)
    qed
    show ?thesis
      using *[OF order_refl] N \<open>0 < \<delta>\<close> by (simp add: split: if_split_asm)
  qed
  then obtain V fs where opeV: "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> openin (top_of_set U) (V y)"
          and V: "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> V y"
          and contfs: "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> V y) (fs y)"
          and *: "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> (fs y) ` ({0..1} \<times> V y) \<subseteq> C \<and>
                            (\<forall>z \<in> V y. fs y (0, z) = f z) \<and>
                            (\<forall>z \<in> {0..1} \<times> V y. h z = p(fs y z))"
    by (metis (mono_tags))
  then have VU: "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> V y \<subseteq> U"
    by (meson openin_imp_subset)
  obtain k where contk: "continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> U) k"
             and k: "\<And>x i. \<lbrakk>i \<in> U; x \<in> {0..1} \<times> U \<inter> {0..1} \<times> V i\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> k x = fs i x"
  proof (rule pasting_lemma_exists)
    let ?X = "top_of_set ({0..1::real} \<times> U)"
    show "topspace ?X \<subseteq> (\<Union>i\<in>U. {0..1} \<times> V i)"
      using V by force
    show "\<And>i. i \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> openin (top_of_set ({0..1} \<times> U)) ({0..1} \<times> V i)"
      by (simp add: Abstract_Topology.openin_Times opeV)
    show "\<And>i. i \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> continuous_map
              (subtopology (top_of_set ({0..1} \<times> U)) ({0..1} \<times> V i)) euclidean (fs i)"
      by (metis contfs subtopology_subtopology continuous_map_iff_continuous Times_Int_Times VU inf.absorb_iff2 inf.idem)
    show "fs i x = fs j x"  if "i \<in> U" "j \<in> U" and x: "x \<in> topspace ?X \<inter> {0..1} \<times> V i \<inter> {0..1} \<times> V j"
         for i j x
    proof -
      obtain u y where "x = (u, y)" "y \<in> V i" "y \<in> V j" "0 \<le> u" "u \<le> 1"
        using x by auto
      show ?thesis
      proof (rule covering_space_lift_unique [OF cov, of _ "(0,y)" _ "{0..1} \<times> {y}" h])
        show "fs i (0, y) = fs j (0, y)"
          using*V by (simp add: \<open>y \<in> V i\<close> \<open>y \<in> V j\<close> that)
        show conth_y: "continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> {y}) h"
          using VU \<open>y \<in> V j\<close> that by (auto intro: continuous_on_subset [OF conth])
        show "h ` ({0..1} \<times> {y}) \<subseteq> S"
          using \<open>y \<in> V i\<close> assms(3) VU that by fastforce
        show "continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> {y}) (fs i)"
          using continuous_on_subset [OF contfs] \<open>i \<in> U\<close>
          by (simp add: \<open>y \<in> V i\<close> subset_iff)
        show "fs i ` ({0..1} \<times> {y}) \<subseteq> C"
          using "*" \<open>y \<in> V i\<close> \<open>i \<in> U\<close> by fastforce
        show "\<And>x. x \<in> {0..1} \<times> {y} \<Longrightarrow> h x = p (fs i x)"
          using "*" \<open>y \<in> V i\<close> \<open>i \<in> U\<close> by blast
        show "continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> {y}) (fs j)"
          using continuous_on_subset [OF contfs] \<open>j \<in> U\<close>
          by (simp add: \<open>y \<in> V j\<close> subset_iff)
        show "fs j ` ({0..1} \<times> {y}) \<subseteq> C"
          using "*" \<open>y \<in> V j\<close> \<open>j \<in> U\<close> by fastforce
        show "\<And>x. x \<in> {0..1} \<times> {y} \<Longrightarrow> h x = p (fs j x)"
          using "*" \<open>y \<in> V j\<close> \<open>j \<in> U\<close> by blast
        show "connected ({0..1::real} \<times> {y})"
          using connected_Icc connected_Times connected_sing by blast
        show "(0, y) \<in> {0..1::real} \<times> {y}"
          by force
        show "x \<in> {0..1} \<times> {y}"
          using \<open>x = (u, y)\<close> x by blast
      qed
    qed
  qed force
  show ?thesis
  proof
    show "k ` ({0..1} \<times> U) \<subseteq> C"
      using V*k VU by fastforce
    show "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> k (0, y) = f y"
      by (simp add: V*k)
    show "\<And>z. z \<in> {0..1} \<times> U \<Longrightarrow> h z = p (k z)"
      using V*k by auto
  qed (auto simp: contk)
qed

corollary covering_space_lift_homotopy_alt:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
    and h :: "'c::real_normed_vector \<times> real \<Rightarrow> 'b"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S"
      and conth: "continuous_on (U \<times> {0..1}) h"
      and him: "h ` (U \<times> {0..1}) \<subseteq> S"
      and heq: "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> h (y,0) = p(f y)"
      and contf: "continuous_on U f" and fim: "f ` U \<subseteq> C"
  obtains k where "continuous_on (U \<times> {0..1}) k"
                  "k ` (U \<times> {0..1}) \<subseteq> C"
                  "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> k(y, 0) = f y"
                  "\<And>z. z \<in> U \<times> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> h z = p(k z)"
proof -
  have "continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> U) (h \<circ> (\<lambda>z. (snd z, fst z)))"
    by (intro continuous_intros continuous_on_subset [OF conth]) auto
  then obtain k where contk: "continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> U) k"
                  and kim:  "k ` ({0..1} \<times> U) \<subseteq> C"
                  and k0: "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> k(0, y) = f y"
                  and heqp: "\<And>z. z \<in> {0..1} \<times> U \<Longrightarrow> (h \<circ> (\<lambda>z. Pair (snd z) (fst z))) z = p(k z)"
    apply (rule covering_space_lift_homotopy [OF cov _ _ _ contf fim])
    using him  by (auto simp: contf heq)
  show ?thesis
  proof
    show "continuous_on (U \<times> {0..1}) (k \<circ> (\<lambda>z. (snd z, fst z)))"
      by (intro continuous_intros continuous_on_subset [OF contk]) auto
  qed (use kim heqp in \<open>auto simp: k0\<close>)
qed

corollary covering_space_lift_homotopic_function:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector" and g:: "'c::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'a"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S"
      and contg: "continuous_on U g"
      and gim: "g ` U \<subseteq> C"
      and pgeq: "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> p(g y) = f y"
      and hom: "homotopic_with_canon (\<lambda>x. True) U S f f'"
    obtains g' where "continuous_on U g'" "image g' U \<subseteq> C" "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> p(g' y) = f' y"
proof -
  obtain h where conth: "continuous_on ({0..1::real} \<times> U) h"
             and him: "h ` ({0..1} \<times> U) \<subseteq> S"
             and h0:  "\<And>x. h(0, x) = f x"
             and h1: "\<And>x. h(1, x) = f' x"
    using hom by (auto simp: homotopic_with_def)
  have "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> h (0, y) = p (g y)"
    by (simp add: h0 pgeq)
  then obtain k where contk: "continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> U) k"
                  and kim: "k ` ({0..1} \<times> U) \<subseteq> C"
                  and k0: "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> k(0, y) = g y"
                  and heq: "\<And>z. z \<in> {0..1} \<times> U \<Longrightarrow> h z = p(k z)"
    using covering_space_lift_homotopy [OF cov conth him _ contg gim] by metis
  show ?thesis
  proof
    show "continuous_on U (k \<circ> Pair 1)"
      by (meson contk atLeastAtMost_iff continuous_on_o_Pair order_refl zero_le_one)
    show "(k \<circ> Pair 1) ` U \<subseteq> C"
      using kim by auto
    show "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> p ((k \<circ> Pair 1) y) = f' y"
      by (auto simp: h1 heq [symmetric])
  qed
qed

corollary covering_space_lift_inessential_function:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector" and U :: "'c::real_normed_vector set"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S"
      and hom: "homotopic_with_canon (\<lambda>x. True) U S f (\<lambda>x. a)"
  obtains g where "continuous_on U g" "g ` U \<subseteq> C" "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> p(g y) = f y"
proof (cases "U = {}")
  case True
  then show ?thesis
    using that continuous_on_empty by blast
next
  case False
  then obtain b where b: "b \<in> C" "p b = a"
    using covering_space_imp_surjective [OF cov] homotopic_with_imp_subset2 [OF hom]
    by auto
  then have gim: "(\<lambda>y. b) ` U \<subseteq> C"
    by blast
  show ?thesis
  proof (rule covering_space_lift_homotopic_function [OF cov continuous_on_const gim])
    show "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> p b = a"
      using b by auto
  qed (use that homotopic_with_symD [OF hom] in auto)
qed

subsection\<open> Lifting of general functions to covering space\<close>

proposition covering_space_lift_path_strong:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
    and f :: "'c::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S" and "a \<in> C"
      and "path g" and pag: "path_image g \<subseteq> S" and pas: "pathstart g = p a"
    obtains h where "path h" "path_image h \<subseteq> C" "pathstart h = a"
                and "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(h t) = g t"
proof -
  obtain k:: "real \<times> 'c \<Rightarrow> 'a"
    where contk: "continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> {undefined}) k"
      and kim: "k ` ({0..1} \<times> {undefined}) \<subseteq> C"
      and k0:  "k (0, undefined) = a"
      and pk: "\<And>z. z \<in> {0..1} \<times> {undefined} \<Longrightarrow> p(k z) = (g \<circ> fst) z"
  proof (rule covering_space_lift_homotopy [OF cov, of "{undefined}" "g \<circ> fst"])
    show "continuous_on ({0..1::real} \<times> {undefined::'c}) (g \<circ> fst)"
      using \<open>path g\<close> by (intro continuous_intros) (simp add: path_def)
    show "(g \<circ> fst) ` ({0..1} \<times> {undefined}) \<subseteq> S"
      using pag by (auto simp: path_image_def)
    show "(g \<circ> fst) (0, y) = p a" if "y \<in> {undefined}" for y::'c
      by (metis comp_def fst_conv pas pathstart_def)
  qed (use assms in auto)
  show ?thesis
  proof
    show "path (k \<circ> (\<lambda>t. Pair t undefined))"
      unfolding path_def
      by (intro continuous_on_compose continuous_intros continuous_on_subset [OF contk]) auto
    show "path_image (k \<circ> (\<lambda>t. (t, undefined))) \<subseteq> C"
      using kim by (auto simp: path_image_def)
    show "pathstart (k \<circ> (\<lambda>t. (t, undefined))) = a"
      by (auto simp: pathstart_def k0)
    show "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p ((k \<circ> (\<lambda>t. (t, undefined))) t) = g t"
      by (auto simp: pk)
  qed
qed

corollary covering_space_lift_path:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S" and "path g" and pig: "path_image g \<subseteq> S"
  obtains h where "path h" "path_image h \<subseteq> C" "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(h t) = g t"
proof -
  obtain a where "a \<in> C" "pathstart g = p a"
    by (metis pig cov covering_space_imp_surjective imageE pathstart_in_path_image subsetCE)
  show ?thesis
    using covering_space_lift_path_strong [OF cov \<open>a \<in> C\<close> \<open>path g\<close> pig]
    by (metis \<open>pathstart g = p a\<close> that)
qed

  
proposition covering_space_lift_homotopic_paths:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S"
      and "path g1" and pig1: "path_image g1 \<subseteq> S"
      and "path g2" and pig2: "path_image g2 \<subseteq> S"
      and hom: "homotopic_paths S g1 g2"
      and "path h1" and pih1: "path_image h1 \<subseteq> C" and ph1: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(h1 t) = g1 t"
      and "path h2" and pih2: "path_image h2 \<subseteq> C" and ph2: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(h2 t) = g2 t"
      and h1h2: "pathstart h1 = pathstart h2"
    shows "homotopic_paths C h1 h2"
proof -
  obtain h :: "real \<times> real \<Rightarrow> 'b"
     where conth: "continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> {0..1}) h"
       and him: "h ` ({0..1} \<times> {0..1}) \<subseteq> S"
       and h0: "\<And>x. h (0, x) = g1 x" and h1: "\<And>x. h (1, x) = g2 x"
       and heq0: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> h (t, 0) = g1 0"
       and heq1: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> h (t, 1) = g1 1"
    using hom by (auto simp: homotopic_paths_def homotopic_with_def pathstart_def pathfinish_def)
  obtain k where contk: "continuous_on ({0..1} \<times> {0..1}) k"
             and kim: "k ` ({0..1} \<times> {0..1}) \<subseteq> C"
             and kh2: "\<And>y. y \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> k (y, 0) = h2 0"
             and hpk: "\<And>z. z \<in> {0..1} \<times> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> h z = p (k z)"
  proof (rule covering_space_lift_homotopy_alt [OF cov conth him])
    show "\<And>y. y \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> h (y, 0) = p (h2 0)"
      by (metis atLeastAtMost_iff h1h2 heq0 order_refl pathstart_def ph1 zero_le_one)
  qed (use path_image_def pih2 in \<open>fastforce+\<close>)
  have contg1: "continuous_on {0..1} g1" and contg2: "continuous_on {0..1} g2"
    using \<open>path g1\<close> \<open>path g2\<close> path_def by blast+
  have g1im: "g1 ` {0..1} \<subseteq> S" and g2im: "g2 ` {0..1} \<subseteq> S"
    using path_image_def pig1 pig2 by auto
  have conth1: "continuous_on {0..1} h1" and conth2: "continuous_on {0..1} h2"
    using \<open>path h1\<close> \<open>path h2\<close> path_def by blast+
  have h1im: "h1 ` {0..1} \<subseteq> C" and h2im: "h2 ` {0..1} \<subseteq> C"
    using path_image_def pih1 pih2 by auto
  show ?thesis
    unfolding homotopic_paths pathstart_def pathfinish_def
  proof (intro exI conjI ballI)
    show keqh1: "k(0, x) = h1 x" if "x \<in> {0..1}" for x
    proof (rule covering_space_lift_unique [OF cov _ contg1 g1im])
      show "k (0,0) = h1 0"
        by (metis atLeastAtMost_iff h1h2 kh2 order_refl pathstart_def zero_le_one)
      show "continuous_on {0..1} (\<lambda>a. k (0, a))"
        by (intro continuous_intros continuous_on_compose2 [OF contk]) auto
      show "\<And>x. x \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> g1 x = p (k (0, x))"
        by (metis atLeastAtMost_iff h0 hpk zero_le_one mem_Sigma_iff order_refl)
    qed (use conth1 h1im kim that in \<open>auto simp: ph1\<close>)
    show "k(1, x) = h2 x" if "x \<in> {0..1}" for x
    proof (rule covering_space_lift_unique [OF cov _ contg2 g2im])
      show "k (1,0) = h2 0"
        by (metis atLeastAtMost_iff kh2 order_refl zero_le_one)
      show "continuous_on {0..1} (\<lambda>a. k (1, a))"
        by (intro continuous_intros continuous_on_compose2 [OF contk]) auto
      show "\<And>x. x \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> g2 x = p (k (1, x))"
        by (metis atLeastAtMost_iff h1 hpk mem_Sigma_iff order_refl zero_le_one)
    qed (use conth2 h2im kim that in \<open>auto simp: ph2\<close>)
    show "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> (k \<circ> Pair t) 0 = h1 0"
      by (metis comp_apply h1h2 kh2 pathstart_def)
    show "(k \<circ> Pair t) 1 = h1 1" if "t \<in> {0..1}" for t
    proof (rule covering_space_lift_unique
           [OF cov, of "\<lambda>a. (k \<circ> Pair a) 1" 0 "\<lambda>a. h1 1" "{0..1}"  "\<lambda>x. g1 1"])
      show "(k \<circ> Pair 0) 1 = h1 1"
        using keqh1 by auto
      show "continuous_on {0..1} (\<lambda>a. (k \<circ> Pair a) 1)"
        by (auto intro!: continuous_intros continuous_on_compose2 [OF contk]) 
      show "\<And>x. x \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> g1 1 = p ((k \<circ> Pair x) 1)"
        using heq1 hpk by auto
    qed (use contk kim g1im h1im that in \<open>auto simp: ph1\<close>)
  qed (use contk kim in auto)
qed


corollary covering_space_monodromy:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S"
      and "path g1" and pig1: "path_image g1 \<subseteq> S"
      and "path g2" and pig2: "path_image g2 \<subseteq> S"
      and hom: "homotopic_paths S g1 g2"
      and "path h1" and pih1: "path_image h1 \<subseteq> C" and ph1: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(h1 t) = g1 t"
      and "path h2" and pih2: "path_image h2 \<subseteq> C" and ph2: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(h2 t) = g2 t"
      and h1h2: "pathstart h1 = pathstart h2"
    shows "pathfinish h1 = pathfinish h2"
  using covering_space_lift_homotopic_paths [OF assms] homotopic_paths_imp_pathfinish
  by blast


corollary covering_space_lift_homotopic_path:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S"
      and hom: "homotopic_paths S f f'"
      and "path g" and pig: "path_image g \<subseteq> C"
      and a: "pathstart g = a" and b: "pathfinish g = b"
      and pgeq: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(g t) = f t"
  obtains g' where "path g'" "path_image g' \<subseteq> C"
                   "pathstart g' = a" "pathfinish g' = b" "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(g' t) = f' t"
proof (rule covering_space_lift_path_strong [OF cov, of a f'])
  show "a \<in> C"
    using a pig by auto
  show "path f'" "path_image f' \<subseteq> S"
    using hom homotopic_paths_imp_path homotopic_paths_imp_subset by blast+
  show "pathstart f' = p a"
    by (metis a atLeastAtMost_iff hom homotopic_paths_imp_pathstart order_refl pathstart_def pgeq zero_le_one)
qed (metis (mono_tags, lifting) assms cov covering_space_monodromy hom homotopic_paths_imp_path homotopic_paths_imp_subset pgeq pig)


proposition covering_space_lift_general:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
    and f :: "'c::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S" and "a \<in> C" "z \<in> U"
      and U: "path_connected U" "locally path_connected U"
      and contf: "continuous_on U f" and fim: "f ` U \<subseteq> S"
      and feq: "f z = p a"
      and hom: "\<And>r. \<lbrakk>path r; path_image r \<subseteq> U; pathstart r = z; pathfinish r = z\<rbrakk>
                     \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>q. path q \<and> path_image q \<subseteq> C \<and>
                             pathstart q = a \<and> pathfinish q = a \<and>
                             homotopic_paths S (f \<circ> r) (p \<circ> q)"
  obtains g where "continuous_on U g" "g ` U \<subseteq> C" "g z = a" "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> p(g y) = f y"
proof -
  have *: "\<exists>g h. path g \<and> path_image g \<subseteq> U \<and>
                 pathstart g = z \<and> pathfinish g = y \<and>
                 path h \<and> path_image h \<subseteq> C \<and> pathstart h = a \<and>
                 (\<forall>t \<in> {0..1}. p(h t) = f(g t))"
          if "y \<in> U" for y
  proof -
    obtain g where "path g" "path_image g \<subseteq> U" and pastg: "pathstart g = z"
               and pafig: "pathfinish g = y"
      using U \<open>z \<in> U\<close> \<open>y \<in> U\<close> by (force simp: path_connected_def)
    obtain h where "path h" "path_image h \<subseteq> C" "pathstart h = a"
               and "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(h t) = (f \<circ> g) t"
    proof (rule covering_space_lift_path_strong [OF cov \<open>a \<in> C\<close>])
      show "path (f \<circ> g)"
        using \<open>path g\<close> \<open>path_image g \<subseteq> U\<close> contf continuous_on_subset path_continuous_image by blast
      show "path_image (f \<circ> g) \<subseteq> S"
        by (metis \<open>path_image g \<subseteq> U\<close> fim image_mono path_image_compose subset_trans)
      show "pathstart (f \<circ> g) = p a"
        by (simp add: feq pastg pathstart_compose)
    qed auto
    then show ?thesis
      by (metis \<open>path g\<close> \<open>path_image g \<subseteq> U\<close> comp_apply pafig pastg)
  qed
  have "\<exists>l. \<forall>g h. path g \<and> path_image g \<subseteq> U \<and> pathstart g = z \<and> pathfinish g = y \<and>
                  path h \<and> path_image h \<subseteq> C \<and> pathstart h = a \<and>
                  (\<forall>t \<in> {0..1}. p(h t) = f(g t))  \<longrightarrow> pathfinish h = l" for y
  proof -
    have "pathfinish h = pathfinish h'"
         if g: "path g" "path_image g \<subseteq> U" "pathstart g = z" "pathfinish g = y"
            and h: "path h" "path_image h \<subseteq> C" "pathstart h = a"
            and phg: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(h t) = f(g t)"
            and g': "path g'" "path_image g' \<subseteq> U" "pathstart g' = z" "pathfinish g' = y"
            and h': "path h'" "path_image h' \<subseteq> C" "pathstart h' = a"
            and phg': "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(h' t) = f(g' t)"
         for g h g' h'
    proof -
      obtain q where "path q" and piq: "path_image q \<subseteq> C" and pastq: "pathstart q = a" and pafiq: "pathfinish q = a"
                 and homS: "homotopic_paths S (f \<circ> g +++ reversepath g') (p \<circ> q)"
        using g g' hom [of "g +++ reversepath g'"] by (auto simp:  subset_path_image_join)
              have papq: "path (p \<circ> q)"
                using homS homotopic_paths_imp_path by blast
              have pipq: "path_image (p \<circ> q) \<subseteq> S"
                using homS homotopic_paths_imp_subset by blast
      obtain q' where "path q'" "path_image q' \<subseteq> C"
                and "pathstart q' = pathstart q" "pathfinish q' = pathfinish q"
                and pq'_eq: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p (q' t) = (f \<circ> g +++ reversepath g') t"
        using covering_space_lift_homotopic_path [OF cov homotopic_paths_sym [OF homS] \<open>path q\<close> piq refl refl]
        by auto
      have "q' t = (h \<circ> (*\<^sub>R) 2) t" if "0 \<le> t" "t \<le> 1/2" for t
      proof (rule covering_space_lift_unique [OF cov, of q' 0 "h \<circ> (*\<^sub>R) 2" "{0..1/2}" "f \<circ> g \<circ> (*\<^sub>R) 2" t])
        show "q' 0 = (h \<circ> (*\<^sub>R) 2) 0"
          by (metis \<open>pathstart q' = pathstart q\<close> comp_def h(3) pastq pathstart_def pth_4(2))
        show "continuous_on {0..1/2} (f \<circ> g \<circ> (*\<^sub>R) 2)"
        proof (intro continuous_intros continuous_on_path [OF \<open>path g\<close>] continuous_on_subset [OF contf])
          show "g ` (*\<^sub>R) 2 ` {0..1/2} \<subseteq> U"
            using g path_image_def by fastforce
        qed auto
        show "(f \<circ> g \<circ> (*\<^sub>R) 2) ` {0..1/2} \<subseteq> S"
          using g(2) path_image_def fim by fastforce
        show "(h \<circ> (*\<^sub>R) 2) ` {0..1/2} \<subseteq> C"
          using h path_image_def by fastforce
        show "q' ` {0..1/2} \<subseteq> C"
          using \<open>path_image q' \<subseteq> C\<close> path_image_def by fastforce
        show "\<And>x. x \<in> {0..1/2} \<Longrightarrow> (f \<circ> g \<circ> (*\<^sub>R) 2) x = p (q' x)"
          by (auto simp: joinpaths_def pq'_eq)
        show "\<And>x. x \<in> {0..1/2} \<Longrightarrow> (f \<circ> g \<circ> (*\<^sub>R) 2) x = p ((h \<circ> (*\<^sub>R) 2) x)"
          by (simp add: phg)
        show "continuous_on {0..1/2} q'"
          by (simp add: continuous_on_path \<open>path q'\<close>)
        show "continuous_on {0..1/2} (h \<circ> (*\<^sub>R) 2)"
          by (intro continuous_intros continuous_on_path [OF \<open>path h\<close>]) auto
      qed (use that in auto)
      moreover have "q' t = (reversepath h' \<circ> (\<lambda>t. 2 *\<^sub>R t - 1)) t" if "1/2 < t" "t \<le> 1" for t
      proof (rule covering_space_lift_unique [OF cov, of q' 1 "reversepath h' \<circ> (\<lambda>t. 2 *\<^sub>R t - 1)" "{1/2<..1}" "f \<circ> reversepath g' \<circ> (\<lambda>t. 2 *\<^sub>R t - 1)" t])
        show "q' 1 = (reversepath h' \<circ> (\<lambda>t. 2 *\<^sub>R t - 1)) 1"
          using h' \<open>pathfinish q' = pathfinish q\<close> pafiq
          by (simp add: pathstart_def pathfinish_def reversepath_def)
        show "continuous_on {1/2<..1} (f \<circ> reversepath g' \<circ> (\<lambda>t. 2 *\<^sub>R t - 1))"
        proof (intro continuous_intros continuous_on_path \<open>path g'\<close> continuous_on_subset [OF contf])
          show "reversepath g' ` (\<lambda>t. 2 *\<^sub>R t - 1) ` {1/2<..1} \<subseteq> U"
            using g' by (auto simp: path_image_def reversepath_def)
        qed (use g' in auto)
        show "(f \<circ> reversepath g' \<circ> (\<lambda>t. 2 *\<^sub>R t - 1)) ` {1/2<..1} \<subseteq> S"
          using g'(2) path_image_def fim by (auto simp: image_subset_iff path_image_def reversepath_def)
        show "q' ` {1/2<..1} \<subseteq> C"
          using \<open>path_image q' \<subseteq> C\<close> path_image_def by fastforce
        show "(reversepath h' \<circ> (\<lambda>t. 2 *\<^sub>R t - 1)) ` {1/2<..1} \<subseteq> C"
          using h' by (simp add: path_image_def reversepath_def subset_eq)
        show "\<And>x. x \<in> {1/2<..1} \<Longrightarrow> (f \<circ> reversepath g' \<circ> (\<lambda>t. 2 *\<^sub>R t - 1)) x = p (q' x)"
          by (auto simp: joinpaths_def pq'_eq)
        show "\<And>x. x \<in> {1/2<..1} \<Longrightarrow>
                  (f \<circ> reversepath g' \<circ> (\<lambda>t. 2 *\<^sub>R t - 1)) x = p ((reversepath h' \<circ> (\<lambda>t. 2 *\<^sub>R t - 1)) x)"
          by (simp add: phg' reversepath_def)
        show "continuous_on {1/2<..1} q'"
          by (auto intro: continuous_on_path [OF \<open>path q'\<close>])
        show "continuous_on {1/2<..1} (reversepath h' \<circ> (\<lambda>t. 2 *\<^sub>R t - 1))"
          by (intro continuous_intros continuous_on_path \<open>path h'\<close>) (use h' in auto)
      qed (use that in auto)
      ultimately have "q' t = (h +++ reversepath h') t" if "0 \<le> t" "t \<le> 1" for t
        using that by (simp add: joinpaths_def)
      then have "path(h +++ reversepath h')"
        by (auto intro: path_eq [OF \<open>path q'\<close>])
      then show ?thesis
        by (auto simp: \<open>path h\<close> \<open>path h'\<close>)
    qed
    then show ?thesis by metis
  qed
  then obtain l :: "'c \<Rightarrow> 'a"
          where l: "\<And>y g h. \<lbrakk>path g; path_image g \<subseteq> U; pathstart g = z; pathfinish g = y;
                             path h; path_image h \<subseteq> C; pathstart h = a;
                             \<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(h t) = f(g t)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> pathfinish h = l y"
    by metis
  show ?thesis
  proof
    show pleq: "p (l y) = f y" if "y \<in> U" for y
      using*[OF \<open>y \<in> U\<close>]  by (metis l atLeastAtMost_iff order_refl pathfinish_def zero_le_one)
    show "l z = a"
      using l [of "linepath z z" z "linepath a a"] by (auto simp: assms)
    show LC: "l ` U \<subseteq> C"
      by (clarify dest!: *) (metis (full_types) l pathfinish_in_path_image subsetCE)
    have "\<exists>T. openin (top_of_set U) T \<and> y \<in> T \<and> T \<subseteq> U \<inter> l -` X"
         if X: "openin (top_of_set C) X" and "y \<in> U" "l y \<in> X" for X y
    proof -
      have "X \<subseteq> C"
        using X openin_euclidean_subtopology_iff by blast
      have "f y \<in> S"
        using fim \<open>y \<in> U\<close> by blast
      then obtain W \<V>
              where WV: "f y \<in> W \<and> openin (top_of_set S) W \<and>
                         (\<Union>\<V> = C \<inter> p -` W \<and>
                          (\<forall>U \<in> \<V>. openin (top_of_set C) U) \<and>
                          pairwise disjnt \<V> \<and>
                          (\<forall>U \<in> \<V>. \<exists>q. homeomorphism U W p q))"
        using cov by (force simp: covering_space_def)
      then have "l y \<in> \<Union>\<V>"
        using \<open>X \<subseteq> C\<close> pleq that by auto
      then obtain W' where "l y \<in> W'" and "W' \<in> \<V>"
        by blast
      with WV obtain p' where opeCW': "openin (top_of_set C) W'"
                          and homUW': "homeomorphism W' W p p'"
        by blast
      then have contp': "continuous_on W p'" and p'im: "p' ` W \<subseteq> W'"
        using homUW' homeomorphism_image2 homeomorphism_cont2 by fastforce+
      obtain V where "y \<in> V" "y \<in> U" and fimW: "f ` V \<subseteq> W" "V \<subseteq> U"
                 and "path_connected V" and opeUV: "openin (top_of_set U) V"
      proof -
        have "openin (top_of_set U) (U \<inter> f -` W)"
          using WV contf continuous_on_open_gen fim by auto
        then obtain UO where "openin (top_of_set U) UO \<and> path_connected UO \<and> y \<in> UO \<and> UO \<subseteq> U \<inter> f -` W"
          using U WV \<open>y \<in> U\<close> unfolding locally_path_connected by (meson IntI vimage_eq)
        then show ?thesis
          by (meson \<open>y \<in> U\<close> image_subset_iff_subset_vimage le_inf_iff that)
      qed
      have "W' \<subseteq> C" "W \<subseteq> S"
        using opeCW' WV openin_imp_subset by auto
      have p'im: "p' ` W \<subseteq> W'"
        using homUW' homeomorphism_image2 by fastforce
      show ?thesis
      proof (intro exI conjI)
        have "openin (top_of_set S) (W \<inter> p' -` (W' \<inter> X))"
        proof (rule openin_trans)
          show "openin (top_of_set W) (W \<inter> p' -` (W' \<inter> X))"
            using X \<open>W' \<subseteq> C\<close> by (intro continuous_openin_preimage [OF contp' p'im]) (auto simp: openin_open)
          show "openin (top_of_set S) W"
            using WV by blast
        qed
        then show "openin (top_of_set U) (V \<inter> (U \<inter> (f -` (W \<inter> (p' -` (W' \<inter> X))))))"
          by (blast intro: opeUV openin_subtopology_self continuous_openin_preimage [OF contf fim])
         have "p' (f y) \<in> X"
          using \<open>l y \<in> W'\<close> homeomorphism_apply1 [OF homUW'] pleq \<open>y \<in> U\<close> \<open>l y \<in> X\<close> by fastforce
        then show "y \<in> V \<inter> (U \<inter> f -` (W \<inter> p' -` (W' \<inter> X)))"
          using \<open>y \<in> U\<close> \<open>y \<in> V\<close> WV p'im by auto
        show "V \<inter> (U \<inter> f -` (W \<inter> p' -` (W' \<inter> X))) \<subseteq> U \<inter> l -` X"
        proof (intro subsetI IntI; clarify)
          fix y'
          assume y': "y' \<in> V" "y' \<in> U" "f y' \<in> W" "p' (f y') \<in> W'" "p' (f y') \<in> X"
          then obtain \<gamma> where "path \<gamma>" "path_image \<gamma> \<subseteq> V" "pathstart \<gamma> = y" "pathfinish \<gamma> = y'"
            by (meson \<open>path_connected V\<close> \<open>y \<in> V\<close> path_connected_def)
          obtain pp qq where pp: "path pp" "path_image pp \<subseteq> U" "pathstart pp = z" "pathfinish pp = y"
                         and qq: "path qq" "path_image qq \<subseteq> C" "pathstart qq = a"
                         and pqqeq: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p(qq t) = f(pp t)"
            using*[OF \<open>y \<in> U\<close>] by blast
          have finW: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>0 \<le> x; x \<le> 1\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f (\<gamma> x) \<in> W"
            using \<open>path_image \<gamma> \<subseteq> V\<close> by (auto simp: image_subset_iff path_image_def fimW [THEN subsetD])
          have "pathfinish (qq +++ (p' \<circ> f \<circ> \<gamma>)) = l y'"
          proof (rule l [of "pp +++ \<gamma>" y' "qq +++ (p' \<circ> f \<circ> \<gamma>)"])
            show "path (pp +++ \<gamma>)"
              by (simp add: \<open>path \<gamma>\<close> \<open>path pp\<close> \<open>pathfinish pp = y\<close> \<open>pathstart \<gamma> = y\<close>)
            show "path_image (pp +++ \<gamma>) \<subseteq> U"
              using \<open>V \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>path_image \<gamma> \<subseteq> V\<close> \<open>path_image pp \<subseteq> U\<close> not_in_path_image_join by blast
            show "pathstart (pp +++ \<gamma>) = z"
              by (simp add: \<open>pathstart pp = z\<close>)
            show "pathfinish (pp +++ \<gamma>) = y'"
              by (simp add: \<open>pathfinish \<gamma> = y'\<close>)
            have "pathfinish qq = l y"
              using \<open>path pp\<close> \<open>path qq\<close> \<open>path_image pp \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>path_image qq \<subseteq> C\<close> \<open>pathfinish pp = y\<close> \<open>pathstart pp = z\<close> \<open>pathstart qq = a\<close> l pqqeq by blast
            also have "... = p' (f y)"
              using \<open>l y \<in> W'\<close> homUW' homeomorphism_apply1 pleq that(2) by fastforce
            finally have "pathfinish qq = p' (f y)" .
            then have paqq: "pathfinish qq = pathstart (p' \<circ> f \<circ> \<gamma>)"
              by (simp add: \<open>pathstart \<gamma> = y\<close> pathstart_compose)
            have "continuous_on (path_image \<gamma>) (p' \<circ> f)"
            proof (rule continuous_on_compose)
              show "continuous_on (path_image \<gamma>) f"
                using \<open>path_image \<gamma> \<subseteq> V\<close> \<open>V \<subseteq> U\<close> contf continuous_on_subset by blast
              show "continuous_on (f ` path_image \<gamma>) p'"
              proof (rule continuous_on_subset [OF contp'])
                show "f ` path_image \<gamma> \<subseteq> W"
                  by (auto simp: path_image_def pathfinish_def pathstart_def finW)
              qed
            qed
            then show "path (qq +++ (p' \<circ> f \<circ> \<gamma>))"
              using \<open>path \<gamma>\<close> \<open>path qq\<close> paqq path_continuous_image path_join_imp by blast
            show "path_image (qq +++ (p' \<circ> f \<circ> \<gamma>)) \<subseteq> C"
            proof (rule subset_path_image_join)
              show "path_image qq \<subseteq> C"
                by (simp add: \<open>path_image qq \<subseteq> C\<close>)
              show "path_image (p' \<circ> f \<circ> \<gamma>) \<subseteq> C"
                by (metis \<open>W' \<subseteq> C\<close> \<open>path_image \<gamma> \<subseteq> V\<close> dual_order.trans fimW(1) image_comp image_mono p'im path_image_compose)
            qed
            show "pathstart (qq +++ (p' \<circ> f \<circ> \<gamma>)) = a"
              by (simp add: \<open>pathstart qq = a\<close>)
            show "p ((qq +++ (p' \<circ> f \<circ> \<gamma>)) \<xi>) = f ((pp +++ \<gamma>) \<xi>)" if \<xi>: "\<xi> \<in> {0..1}" for \<xi>
            proof (simp add: joinpaths_def, safe)
              show "p (qq (2*\<xi>)) = f (pp (2*\<xi>))" if "\<xi>*2 \<le> 1"
                using \<open>\<xi> \<in> {0..1}\<close> pqqeq that by auto
              show "p (p' (f (\<gamma> (2*\<xi> - 1)))) = f (\<gamma> (2*\<xi> - 1))" if "\<not> \<xi>*2 \<le> 1"
                using that \<xi> by (auto intro: homeomorphism_apply2 [OF homUW' finW])
            qed
          qed
          with \<open>pathfinish \<gamma> = y'\<close>  \<open>p' (f y') \<in> X\<close> show "y' \<in> l -` X"
            unfolding pathfinish_join by (simp add: pathfinish_def)
        qed
      qed
    qed
    then show "continuous_on U l"
      by (metis IntD1 IntD2 vimage_eq openin_subopen continuous_on_open_gen [OF LC])
  qed
qed

corollary covering_space_lift_stronger:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
    and f :: "'c::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S" "a \<in> C" "z \<in> U"
      and U: "path_connected U" "locally path_connected U"
      and contf: "continuous_on U f" and fim: "f ` U \<subseteq> S"
      and feq: "f z = p a"
      and hom: "\<And>r. \<lbrakk>path r; path_image r \<subseteq> U; pathstart r = z; pathfinish r = z\<rbrakk>
                     \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>b. homotopic_paths S (f \<circ> r) (linepath b b)"
  obtains g where "continuous_on U g" "g ` U \<subseteq> C" "g z = a" "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> p(g y) = f y"
proof (rule covering_space_lift_general [OF cov U contf fim feq])
  fix r
  assume "path r" "path_image r \<subseteq> U" "pathstart r = z" "pathfinish r = z"
  then obtain b where b: "homotopic_paths S (f \<circ> r) (linepath b b)"
    using hom by blast
  then have "f (pathstart r) = b"
    by (metis homotopic_paths_imp_pathstart pathstart_compose pathstart_linepath)
  then have "homotopic_paths S (f \<circ> r) (linepath (f z) (f z))"
    by (simp add: b \<open>pathstart r = z\<close>)
  then have "homotopic_paths S (f \<circ> r) (p \<circ> linepath a a)"
    by (simp add: o_def feq linepath_def)
  then show "\<exists>q. path q \<and>
                  path_image q \<subseteq> C \<and>
                  pathstart q = a \<and> pathfinish q = a \<and> homotopic_paths S (f \<circ> r) (p \<circ> q)"
    by (force simp: \<open>a \<in> C\<close>)
qed auto

corollary covering_space_lift_strong:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
    and f :: "'c::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S" "a \<in> C" "z \<in> U"
      and scU: "simply_connected U" and lpcU: "locally path_connected U"
      and contf: "continuous_on U f" and fim: "f ` U \<subseteq> S"
      and feq: "f z = p a"
  obtains g where "continuous_on U g" "g ` U \<subseteq> C" "g z = a" "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> p(g y) = f y"
proof (rule covering_space_lift_stronger [OF cov _ lpcU contf fim feq])
  show "path_connected U"
    using scU simply_connected_eq_contractible_loop_some by blast
  fix r
  assume r: "path r" "path_image r \<subseteq> U" "pathstart r = z" "pathfinish r = z"
  have "linepath (f z) (f z) = f \<circ> linepath z z"
    by (simp add: o_def linepath_def)
  then have "homotopic_paths S (f \<circ> r) (linepath (f z) (f z))"
    by (metis r contf fim homotopic_paths_continuous_image scU simply_connected_eq_contractible_path)
  then show "\<exists>b. homotopic_paths S (f \<circ> r) (linepath b b)"
    by blast
qed blast

corollary covering_space_lift:
  fixes p :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
    and f :: "'c::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b"
  assumes cov: "covering_space C p S"
      and U: "simply_connected U"  "locally path_connected U"
      and contf: "continuous_on U f" and fim: "f ` U \<subseteq> S"
    obtains g where "continuous_on U g" "g ` U \<subseteq> C" "\<And>y. y \<in> U \<Longrightarrow> p(g y) = f y"
proof (cases "U = {}")
  case True
  with that show ?thesis by auto
next
  case False
  then obtain z where "z \<in> U" by blast
  then obtain a where "a \<in> C" "f z = p a"
    by (metis cov covering_space_imp_surjective fim image_iff image_subset_iff)
  then show ?thesis
    by (metis that covering_space_lift_strong [OF cov _ \<open>z \<in> U\<close> U contf fim])
qed

subsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>Homeomorphisms of arc images\<close>

lemma homeomorphism_arc:
  fixes g :: "real \<Rightarrow> 'a::t2_space"
  assumes "arc g"
  obtains h where "homeomorphism {0..1} (path_image g) g h"
using assms by (force simp: arc_def homeomorphism_compact path_def path_image_def)

lemma homeomorphic_arc_image_interval:
  fixes g :: "real \<Rightarrow> 'a::t2_space" and a::real
  assumes "arc g" "a < b"
  shows "(path_image g) homeomorphic {a..b}"
proof -
  have "(path_image g) homeomorphic {0..1::real}"
    by (meson assms(1) homeomorphic_def homeomorphic_sym homeomorphism_arc)
  also have "\<dots> homeomorphic {a..b}"
    using assms by (force intro: homeomorphic_closed_intervals_real)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma homeomorphic_arc_images:
  fixes g :: "real \<Rightarrow> 'a::t2_space" and h :: "real \<Rightarrow> 'b::t2_space"
  assumes "arc g" "arc h"
  shows "(path_image g) homeomorphic (path_image h)"
proof -
  have "(path_image g) homeomorphic {0..1::real}"
    by (meson assms homeomorphic_def homeomorphic_sym homeomorphism_arc)
  also have "\<dots> homeomorphic (path_image h)"
    by (meson assms homeomorphic_def homeomorphism_arc)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

end