src/HOL/Infinite_Set.thy
author wenzelm
Thu, 22 Dec 2005 00:28:36 +0100
changeset 18457 356a9f711899
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child 19313 45c9fc22904b
permissions -rw-r--r--
structure ProjectRule; updated auxiliary facts for induct method; tuned proofs;
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
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(*  Title:      HOL/Infnite_Set.thy
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    ID:         $Id$
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    Author:     Stephan Merz 
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*)
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header {* Infnite Sets and Related Concepts*}
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theory Infinite_Set
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imports Hilbert_Choice Binomial
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begin
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subsection "Infinite Sets"
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text {* Some elementary facts about infinite sets, by Stefan Merz. *}
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syntax
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  infinite :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> bool"
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translations
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  "infinite S" == "S \<notin> Finites"
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text {*
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  Infinite sets are non-empty, and if we remove some elements
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  from an infinite set, the result is still infinite.
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*}
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lemma infinite_nonempty:
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  "\<not> (infinite {})"
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by simp
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lemma infinite_remove:
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  "infinite S \<Longrightarrow> infinite (S - {a})"
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by simp
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lemma Diff_infinite_finite:
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  assumes T: "finite T" and S: "infinite S"
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  shows "infinite (S-T)"
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using T
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proof (induct)
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  from S
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  show "infinite (S - {})" by auto
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next
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  fix T x
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  assume ih: "infinite (S-T)"
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  have "S - (insert x T) = (S-T) - {x}"
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    by (rule Diff_insert)
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  with ih
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  show "infinite (S - (insert x T))"
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    by (simp add: infinite_remove)
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qed
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lemma Un_infinite:
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  "infinite S \<Longrightarrow> infinite (S \<union> T)"
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by simp
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lemma infinite_super:
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  assumes T: "S \<subseteq> T" and S: "infinite S"
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  shows "infinite T"
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proof (rule ccontr)
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  assume "\<not>(infinite T)"
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  with T
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  have "finite S" by (simp add: finite_subset)
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  with S
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  show False by simp
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qed
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text {*
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  As a concrete example, we prove that the set of natural
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  numbers is infinite.
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*}
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lemma finite_nat_bounded:
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  assumes S: "finite (S::nat set)"
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  shows "\<exists>k. S \<subseteq> {..<k}" (is "\<exists>k. ?bounded S k")
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using S
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proof (induct)
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  have "?bounded {} 0" by simp
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  thus "\<exists>k. ?bounded {} k" ..
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next
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  fix S x
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  assume "\<exists>k. ?bounded S k"
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  then obtain k where k: "?bounded S k" ..
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  show "\<exists>k. ?bounded (insert x S) k"
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  proof (cases "x<k")
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    case True
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    with k show ?thesis by auto
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  next
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    case False
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    with k have "?bounded S (Suc x)" by auto
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    thus ?thesis by auto
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  qed
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qed
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lemma finite_nat_iff_bounded:
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  "finite (S::nat set) = (\<exists>k. S \<subseteq> {..<k})" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
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proof
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  assume ?lhs
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  thus ?rhs by (rule finite_nat_bounded)
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next
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  assume ?rhs
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  then obtain k where "S \<subseteq> {..<k}" ..
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  thus "finite S"
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    by (rule finite_subset, simp)
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qed
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lemma finite_nat_iff_bounded_le:
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  "finite (S::nat set) = (\<exists>k. S \<subseteq> {..k})" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
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proof
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  assume ?lhs
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  then obtain k where "S \<subseteq> {..<k}" 
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    by (blast dest: finite_nat_bounded)
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  hence "S \<subseteq> {..k}" by auto
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  thus ?rhs ..
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next
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  assume ?rhs
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  then obtain k where "S \<subseteq> {..k}" ..
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  thus "finite S"
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    by (rule finite_subset, simp)
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qed
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lemma infinite_nat_iff_unbounded:
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  "infinite (S::nat set) = (\<forall>m. \<exists>n. m<n \<and> n\<in>S)"
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  (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
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proof
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  assume inf: ?lhs
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  show ?rhs
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  proof (rule ccontr)
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    assume "\<not> ?rhs"
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    then obtain m where m: "\<forall>n. m<n \<longrightarrow> n\<notin>S" by blast
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    hence "S \<subseteq> {..m}"
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      by (auto simp add: sym[OF linorder_not_less])
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    with inf show "False" 
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      by (simp add: finite_nat_iff_bounded_le)
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  qed
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next
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  assume unbounded: ?rhs
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  show ?lhs
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  proof
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    assume "finite S"
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    then obtain m where "S \<subseteq> {..m}"
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      by (auto simp add: finite_nat_iff_bounded_le)
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    hence "\<forall>n. m<n \<longrightarrow> n\<notin>S" by auto
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    with unbounded show "False" by blast
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  qed
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qed
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lemma infinite_nat_iff_unbounded_le:
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  "infinite (S::nat set) = (\<forall>m. \<exists>n. m\<le>n \<and> n\<in>S)"
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  (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
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proof
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  assume inf: ?lhs
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  show ?rhs
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  proof
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    fix m
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    from inf obtain n where "m<n \<and> n\<in>S"
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      by (auto simp add: infinite_nat_iff_unbounded)
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    hence "m\<le>n \<and> n\<in>S" by auto
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    thus "\<exists>n. m \<le> n \<and> n \<in> S" ..
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  qed
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next
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  assume unbounded: ?rhs
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  show ?lhs
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  proof (auto simp add: infinite_nat_iff_unbounded)
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    fix m
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    from unbounded obtain n where "(Suc m)\<le>n \<and> n\<in>S"
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      by blast
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    hence "m<n \<and> n\<in>S" by auto
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    thus "\<exists>n. m < n \<and> n \<in> S" ..
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  qed
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qed
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text {*
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  For a set of natural numbers to be infinite, it is enough
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  to know that for any number larger than some @{text k}, there
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  is some larger number that is an element of the set.
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*}
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lemma unbounded_k_infinite:
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  assumes k: "\<forall>m. k<m \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>n. m<n \<and> n\<in>S)"
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  shows "infinite (S::nat set)"
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proof (auto simp add: infinite_nat_iff_unbounded)
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  fix m show "\<exists>n. m<n \<and> n\<in>S"
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  proof (cases "k<m")
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    case True
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    with k show ?thesis by blast
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  next
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    case False
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    from k obtain n where "Suc k < n \<and> n\<in>S" by auto
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paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   188
    with False have "m<n \<and> n\<in>S" by auto
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   189
    thus ?thesis ..
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   190
  qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   191
qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   192
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   193
theorem nat_infinite [simp]:
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   194
  "infinite (UNIV :: nat set)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   195
by (auto simp add: infinite_nat_iff_unbounded)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   196
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   197
theorem nat_not_finite [elim]:
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   198
  "finite (UNIV::nat set) \<Longrightarrow> R"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   199
by simp
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   200
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   201
text {*
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   202
  Every infinite set contains a countable subset. More precisely
14957
0e94a1ccc6ae tuned document;
wenzelm
parents: 14896
diff changeset
   203
  we show that a set @{text S} is infinite if and only if there exists 
0e94a1ccc6ae tuned document;
wenzelm
parents: 14896
diff changeset
   204
  an injective function from the naturals into @{text S}.
14442
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   205
*}
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   206
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   207
lemma range_inj_infinite:
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   208
  "inj (f::nat \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Longrightarrow> infinite (range f)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   209
proof
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   210
  assume "inj f"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   211
    and  "finite (range f)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   212
  hence "finite (UNIV::nat set)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   213
    by (auto intro: finite_imageD simp del: nat_infinite)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   214
  thus "False" by simp
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   215
qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   216
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   217
text {*
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   218
  The ``only if'' direction is harder because it requires the
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   219
  construction of a sequence of pairwise different elements of
14957
0e94a1ccc6ae tuned document;
wenzelm
parents: 14896
diff changeset
   220
  an infinite set @{text S}. The idea is to construct a sequence of
0e94a1ccc6ae tuned document;
wenzelm
parents: 14896
diff changeset
   221
  non-empty and infinite subsets of @{text S} obtained by successively
0e94a1ccc6ae tuned document;
wenzelm
parents: 14896
diff changeset
   222
  removing elements of @{text S}.
14442
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   223
*}
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   224
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   225
lemma linorder_injI:
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   226
  assumes hyp: "\<forall>x y. x < (y::'a::linorder) \<longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> f y"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   227
  shows "inj f"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   228
proof (rule inj_onI)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   229
  fix x y
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   230
  assume f_eq: "f x = f y"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   231
  show "x = y"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   232
  proof (rule linorder_cases)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   233
    assume "x < y"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   234
    with hyp have "f x \<noteq> f y" by blast
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   235
    with f_eq show ?thesis by simp
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   236
  next
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   237
    assume "x = y"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   238
    thus ?thesis .
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   239
  next
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   240
    assume "y < x"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   241
    with hyp have "f y \<noteq> f x" by blast
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   242
    with f_eq show ?thesis by simp
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   243
  qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   244
qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   245
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   246
lemma infinite_countable_subset:
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   247
  assumes inf: "infinite (S::'a set)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   248
  shows "\<exists>f. inj (f::nat \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<and> range f \<subseteq> S"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   249
proof -
14766
c0401da7726d use plain SOME;
wenzelm
parents: 14565
diff changeset
   250
  def Sseq \<equiv> "nat_rec S (\<lambda>n T. T - {SOME e. e \<in> T})"
c0401da7726d use plain SOME;
wenzelm
parents: 14565
diff changeset
   251
  def pick \<equiv> "\<lambda>n. (SOME e. e \<in> Sseq n)"
14442
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   252
  have Sseq_inf: "\<And>n. infinite (Sseq n)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   253
  proof -
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   254
    fix n
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   255
    show "infinite (Sseq n)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   256
    proof (induct n)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   257
      from inf show "infinite (Sseq 0)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   258
	by (simp add: Sseq_def)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   259
    next
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   260
      fix n
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   261
      assume "infinite (Sseq n)" thus "infinite (Sseq (Suc n))"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   262
	by (simp add: Sseq_def infinite_remove)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   263
    qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   264
  qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   265
  have Sseq_S: "\<And>n. Sseq n \<subseteq> S"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   266
  proof -
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   267
    fix n
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   268
    show "Sseq n \<subseteq> S"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   269
      by (induct n, auto simp add: Sseq_def)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   270
  qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   271
  have Sseq_pick: "\<And>n. pick n \<in> Sseq n"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   272
  proof -
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   273
    fix n
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   274
    show "pick n \<in> Sseq n"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   275
    proof (unfold pick_def, rule someI_ex)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   276
      from Sseq_inf have "infinite (Sseq n)" .
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   277
      hence "Sseq n \<noteq> {}" by auto
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   278
      thus "\<exists>x. x \<in> Sseq n" by auto
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   279
    qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   280
  qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   281
  with Sseq_S have rng: "range pick \<subseteq> S"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   282
    by auto
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   283
  have pick_Sseq_gt: "\<And>n m. pick n \<notin> Sseq (n + Suc m)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   284
  proof -
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   285
    fix n m
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   286
    show "pick n \<notin> Sseq (n + Suc m)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   287
      by (induct m, auto simp add: Sseq_def pick_def)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   288
  qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   289
  have pick_pick: "\<And>n m. pick n \<noteq> pick (n + Suc m)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   290
  proof -
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   291
    fix n m
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   292
    from Sseq_pick have "pick (n + Suc m) \<in> Sseq (n + Suc m)" .
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   293
    moreover from pick_Sseq_gt
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   294
    have "pick n \<notin> Sseq (n + Suc m)" .
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   295
    ultimately show "pick n \<noteq> pick (n + Suc m)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   296
      by auto
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   297
  qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   298
  have inj: "inj pick"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   299
  proof (rule linorder_injI)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   300
    show "\<forall>i j. i<(j::nat) \<longrightarrow> pick i \<noteq> pick j"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   301
    proof (clarify)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   302
      fix i j
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   303
      assume ij: "i<(j::nat)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   304
	and eq: "pick i = pick j"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   305
      from ij obtain k where "j = i + (Suc k)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   306
	by (auto simp add: less_iff_Suc_add)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   307
      with pick_pick have "pick i \<noteq> pick j" by simp
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   308
      with eq show "False" by simp
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   309
    qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   310
  qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   311
  from rng inj show ?thesis by auto
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   312
qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   313
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   314
theorem infinite_iff_countable_subset:
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   315
  "infinite S = (\<exists>f. inj (f::nat \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<and> range f \<subseteq> S)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   316
  (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   317
by (auto simp add: infinite_countable_subset
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   318
                   range_inj_infinite infinite_super)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   319
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   320
text {*
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   321
  For any function with infinite domain and finite range
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   322
  there is some element that is the image of infinitely
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   323
  many domain elements. In particular, any infinite sequence
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   324
  of elements from a finite set contains some element that
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   325
  occurs infinitely often.
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   326
*}
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   327
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   328
theorem inf_img_fin_dom:
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   329
  assumes img: "finite (f`A)" and dom: "infinite A"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   330
  shows "\<exists>y \<in> f`A. infinite (f -` {y})"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   331
proof (rule ccontr)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   332
  assume "\<not> (\<exists>y\<in>f ` A. infinite (f -` {y}))"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   333
  with img have "finite (UN y:f`A. f -` {y})"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   334
    by (blast intro: finite_UN_I)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   335
  moreover have "A \<subseteq> (UN y:f`A. f -` {y})" by auto
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   336
  moreover note dom
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   337
  ultimately show "False"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   338
    by (simp add: infinite_super)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   339
qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   340
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   341
theorems inf_img_fin_domE = inf_img_fin_dom[THEN bexE]
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   342
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   343
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   344
subsection "Infinitely Many and Almost All"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   345
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   346
text {*
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   347
  We often need to reason about the existence of infinitely many
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   348
  (resp., all but finitely many) objects satisfying some predicate,
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   349
  so we introduce corresponding binders and their proof rules.
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   350
*}
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   351
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   352
consts
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   353
  Inf_many :: "('a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> bool"      (binder "INF " 10)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   354
  Alm_all  :: "('a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> bool"      (binder "MOST " 10)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   355
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   356
defs
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   357
  INF_def:  "Inf_many P \<equiv> infinite {x. P x}"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   358
  MOST_def: "Alm_all P \<equiv> \<not>(INF x. \<not> P x)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   359
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   360
syntax (xsymbols)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   361
  "MOST " :: "[idts, bool] \<Rightarrow> bool"       ("(3\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>_./ _)" [0,10] 10)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   362
  "INF "    :: "[idts, bool] \<Rightarrow> bool"     ("(3\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>_./ _)" [0,10] 10)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   363
14565
c6dc17aab88a use more symbols in HTML output
kleing
parents: 14485
diff changeset
   364
syntax (HTML output)
c6dc17aab88a use more symbols in HTML output
kleing
parents: 14485
diff changeset
   365
  "MOST " :: "[idts, bool] \<Rightarrow> bool"       ("(3\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>_./ _)" [0,10] 10)
c6dc17aab88a use more symbols in HTML output
kleing
parents: 14485
diff changeset
   366
  "INF "    :: "[idts, bool] \<Rightarrow> bool"     ("(3\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>_./ _)" [0,10] 10)
c6dc17aab88a use more symbols in HTML output
kleing
parents: 14485
diff changeset
   367
14442
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   368
lemma INF_EX:
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   369
  "(\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x) \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>x. P x)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   370
proof (unfold INF_def, rule ccontr)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   371
  assume inf: "infinite {x. P x}"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   372
    and notP: "\<not>(\<exists>x. P x)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   373
  from notP have "{x. P x} = {}" by simp
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   374
  hence "finite {x. P x}" by simp
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   375
  with inf show "False" by simp
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   376
qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   377
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   378
lemma MOST_iff_finiteNeg:
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
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parents:
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   379
  "(\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x) = finite {x. \<not> P x}"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   380
by (simp add: MOST_def INF_def)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   381
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   382
lemma ALL_MOST:
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   383
  "\<forall>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   384
by (simp add: MOST_iff_finiteNeg)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   385
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   386
lemma INF_mono:
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   387
  assumes inf: "\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x" and q: "\<And>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> Q x"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   388
  shows "\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. Q x"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   389
proof -
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   390
  from inf have "infinite {x. P x}" by (unfold INF_def)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   391
  moreover from q have "{x. P x} \<subseteq> {x. Q x}" by auto
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   392
  ultimately show ?thesis
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   393
    by (simp add: INF_def infinite_super)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   394
qed
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   395
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   396
lemma MOST_mono:
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   397
  "\<lbrakk> \<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. P x; \<And>x. P x \<Longrightarrow> Q x \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>x. Q x"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   398
by (unfold MOST_def, blast intro: INF_mono)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   399
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   400
lemma INF_nat: "(\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>n. P (n::nat)) = (\<forall>m. \<exists>n. m<n \<and> P n)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   401
by (simp add: INF_def infinite_nat_iff_unbounded)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   402
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   403
lemma INF_nat_le: "(\<exists>\<^sub>\<infinity>n. P (n::nat)) = (\<forall>m. \<exists>n. m\<le>n \<and> P n)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   404
by (simp add: INF_def infinite_nat_iff_unbounded_le)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   405
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   406
lemma MOST_nat: "(\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>n. P (n::nat)) = (\<exists>m. \<forall>n. m<n \<longrightarrow> P n)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   407
by (simp add: MOST_def INF_nat)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   408
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   409
lemma MOST_nat_le: "(\<forall>\<^sub>\<infinity>n. P (n::nat)) = (\<exists>m. \<forall>n. m\<le>n \<longrightarrow> P n)"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   410
by (simp add: MOST_def INF_nat_le)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   411
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   412
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   413
subsection "Miscellaneous"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   414
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   415
text {*
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   416
  A few trivial lemmas about sets that contain at most one element.
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   417
  These simplify the reasoning about deterministic automata.
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   418
*}
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   419
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   420
constdefs
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   421
  atmost_one :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> bool"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   422
  "atmost_one S \<equiv> \<forall>x y. x\<in>S \<and> y\<in>S \<longrightarrow> x=y"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   423
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   424
lemma atmost_one_empty: "S={} \<Longrightarrow> atmost_one S"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   425
by (simp add: atmost_one_def)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   426
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   427
lemma atmost_one_singleton: "S = {x} \<Longrightarrow> atmost_one S"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   428
by (simp add: atmost_one_def)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   429
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   430
lemma atmost_one_unique [elim]: "\<lbrakk> atmost_one S; x \<in> S; y \<in> S \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> y=x"
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   431
by (simp add: atmost_one_def)
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   432
04135b0c06ff new theory of infinite sets
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   433
end