src/HOL/NumberTheory/Finite2.thy

use existing exeption Empty;

(*  Title:      HOL/Quadratic_Reciprocity/Finite2.thy
    ID:         $Id$
    Authors:    Jeremy Avigad, David Gray, and Adam Kramer
*)

header {*Finite Sets and Finite Sums*}

theory Finite2
imports IntFact
begin

text{*These are useful for combinatorial and number-theoretic counting
arguments.*}

text{*Note.  This theory is being revised.  See the web page
\url{http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/~avigad/isabelle}.*}

(******************************************************************)
(*                                                                *)
(* Useful properties of sums and products                         *)
(*                                                                *)
(******************************************************************)

subsection {* Useful properties of sums and products *}

lemma setsum_same_function_zcong: 
assumes a: "\<forall>x \<in> S. [f x = g x](mod m)"
shows "[setsum f S = setsum g S] (mod m)"
proof cases
  assume "finite S"
  thus ?thesis using a by induct (simp_all add: zcong_zadd)
next
  assume "infinite S" thus ?thesis by(simp add:setsum_def)
qed

lemma setprod_same_function_zcong:
assumes a: "\<forall>x \<in> S. [f x = g x](mod m)"
shows "[setprod f S = setprod g S] (mod m)"
proof cases
  assume "finite S"
  thus ?thesis using a by induct (simp_all add: zcong_zmult)
next
  assume "infinite S" thus ?thesis by(simp add:setprod_def)
qed

lemma setsum_const: "finite X ==> setsum (%x. (c :: int)) X = c * int(card X)"
  apply (induct set: Finites)
  apply (auto simp add: left_distrib right_distrib int_eq_of_nat)
  done

lemma setsum_const2: "finite X ==> int (setsum (%x. (c :: nat)) X) = 
    int(c) * int(card X)"
  apply (induct set: Finites)
  apply (auto simp add: zadd_zmult_distrib2)
done

lemma setsum_const_mult: "finite A ==> setsum (%x. c * ((f x)::int)) A = 
    c * setsum f A"
  apply (induct set: Finites, auto)
  by (auto simp only: zadd_zmult_distrib2)

(******************************************************************)
(*                                                                *)
(* Cardinality of some explicit finite sets                       *)
(*                                                                *)
(******************************************************************)

subsection {* Cardinality of explicit finite sets *}

lemma finite_surjI: "[| B \<subseteq> f ` A; finite A |] ==> finite B"
by (simp add: finite_subset finite_imageI)

lemma bdd_nat_set_l_finite: "finite { y::nat . y < x}"
apply (rule_tac N = "{y. y < x}" and n = x in bounded_nat_set_is_finite)
by auto

lemma bdd_nat_set_le_finite: "finite { y::nat . y \<le> x  }"
apply (subgoal_tac "{ y::nat . y \<le> x  } = { y::nat . y < Suc x}")
by (auto simp add: bdd_nat_set_l_finite)

lemma  bdd_int_set_l_finite: "finite { x::int . 0 \<le> x & x < n}"
apply (subgoal_tac " {(x :: int). 0 \<le> x & x < n} \<subseteq> 
    int ` {(x :: nat). x < nat n}")
apply (erule finite_surjI)
apply (auto simp add: bdd_nat_set_l_finite image_def)
apply (rule_tac x = "nat x" in exI, simp) 
done

lemma bdd_int_set_le_finite: "finite {x::int. 0 \<le> x & x \<le> n}"
apply (subgoal_tac "{x. 0 \<le> x & x \<le> n} = {x. 0 \<le> x & x < n + 1}")
apply (erule ssubst)
apply (rule bdd_int_set_l_finite)
by auto

lemma bdd_int_set_l_l_finite: "finite {x::int. 0 < x & x < n}"
apply (subgoal_tac "{x::int. 0 < x & x < n} \<subseteq> {x::int. 0 \<le> x & x < n}")
by (auto simp add: bdd_int_set_l_finite finite_subset)

lemma bdd_int_set_l_le_finite: "finite {x::int. 0 < x & x \<le> n}"
apply (subgoal_tac "{x::int. 0 < x & x \<le> n} \<subseteq> {x::int. 0 \<le> x & x \<le> n}")
by (auto simp add: bdd_int_set_le_finite finite_subset)

lemma card_bdd_nat_set_l: "card {y::nat . y < x} = x"
apply (induct_tac x, force)
proof -
  fix n::nat
  assume "card {y. y < n} = n" 
  have "{y. y < Suc n} = insert n {y. y < n}"
    by auto
  then have "card {y. y < Suc n} = card (insert n {y. y < n})"
    by auto
  also have "... = Suc (card {y. y < n})"
    apply (rule card_insert_disjoint)
    by (auto simp add: bdd_nat_set_l_finite)
  finally show "card {y. y < Suc n} = Suc n" 
    by (simp add: prems)
qed

lemma card_bdd_nat_set_le: "card { y::nat. y \<le> x} = Suc x"
apply (subgoal_tac "{ y::nat. y \<le> x} = { y::nat. y < Suc x}")
by (auto simp add: card_bdd_nat_set_l)

lemma card_bdd_int_set_l: "0 \<le> (n::int) ==> card {y. 0 \<le> y & y < n} = nat n"
proof -
  fix n::int
  assume "0 \<le> n"
  have "inj_on (%y. int y) {y. y < nat n}"
    by (auto simp add: inj_on_def)
  hence "card (int ` {y. y < nat n}) = card {y. y < nat n}"
    by (rule card_image)
  also from prems have "int ` {y. y < nat n} = {y. 0 \<le> y & y < n}"
    apply (auto simp add: zless_nat_eq_int_zless image_def)
    apply (rule_tac x = "nat x" in exI)
    by (auto simp add: nat_0_le)
  also have "card {y. y < nat n} = nat n" 
    by (rule card_bdd_nat_set_l)
  finally show "card {y. 0 \<le> y & y < n} = nat n" .
qed

lemma card_bdd_int_set_le: "0 \<le> (n::int) ==> card {y. 0 \<le> y & y \<le> n} = 
  nat n + 1"
apply (subgoal_tac "{y. 0 \<le> y & y \<le> n} = {y. 0 \<le> y & y < n+1}")
apply (insert card_bdd_int_set_l [of "n+1"])
by (auto simp add: nat_add_distrib)

lemma card_bdd_int_set_l_le: "0 \<le> (n::int) ==> 
    card {x. 0 < x & x \<le> n} = nat n"
proof -
  fix n::int
  assume "0 \<le> n"
  have "inj_on (%x. x+1) {x. 0 \<le> x & x < n}"
    by (auto simp add: inj_on_def)
  hence "card ((%x. x+1) ` {x. 0 \<le> x & x < n}) = 
     card {x. 0 \<le> x & x < n}"
    by (rule card_image)
  also from prems have "... = nat n"
    by (rule card_bdd_int_set_l)
  also have "(%x. x + 1) ` {x. 0 \<le> x & x < n} = {x. 0 < x & x<= n}"
    apply (auto simp add: image_def)
    apply (rule_tac x = "x - 1" in exI)
    by arith
  finally show "card {x. 0 < x & x \<le> n} = nat n".
qed

lemma card_bdd_int_set_l_l: "0 < (n::int) ==> 
    card {x. 0 < x & x < n} = nat n - 1"
  apply (subgoal_tac "{x. 0 < x & x < n} = {x. 0 < x & x \<le> n - 1}")
  apply (insert card_bdd_int_set_l_le [of "n - 1"])
  by (auto simp add: nat_diff_distrib)

lemma int_card_bdd_int_set_l_l: "0 < n ==> 
    int(card {x. 0 < x & x < n}) = n - 1"
  apply (auto simp add: card_bdd_int_set_l_l)
  apply (subgoal_tac "Suc 0 \<le> nat n")
  apply (auto simp add: zdiff_int [THEN sym])
  apply (subgoal_tac "0 < nat n", arith)
  by (simp add: zero_less_nat_eq)

lemma int_card_bdd_int_set_l_le: "0 \<le> n ==> 
    int(card {x. 0 < x & x \<le> n}) = n"
  by (auto simp add: card_bdd_int_set_l_le)

(******************************************************************)
(*                                                                *)
(* Cartesian products of finite sets                              *)
(*                                                                *)
(******************************************************************)

subsection {* Cardinality of finite cartesian products *}

(* FIXME could be useful in general but not needed here
lemma insert_Sigma [simp]: "(insert x A) <*> B = ({ x } <*> B) \<union> (A <*> B)"
  by blast
 *)

(******************************************************************)
(*                                                                *)
(* Sums and products over finite sets                             *)
(*                                                                *)
(******************************************************************)

subsection {* Lemmas for counting arguments *}

lemma setsum_bij_eq: "[| finite A; finite B; f ` A \<subseteq> B; inj_on f A; 
    g ` B \<subseteq> A; inj_on g B |] ==> setsum g B = setsum (g \<circ> f) A"
apply (frule_tac h = g and f = f in setsum_reindex)
apply (subgoal_tac "setsum g B = setsum g (f ` A)")
apply (simp add: inj_on_def)
apply (subgoal_tac "card A = card B")
apply (drule_tac A = "f ` A" and B = B in card_seteq)
apply (auto simp add: card_image)
apply (frule_tac A = A and B = B and f = f in card_inj_on_le, auto)
apply (frule_tac A = B and B = A and f = g in card_inj_on_le)
by auto

lemma setprod_bij_eq: "[| finite A; finite B; f ` A \<subseteq> B; inj_on f A; 
    g ` B \<subseteq> A; inj_on g B |] ==> setprod g B = setprod (g \<circ> f) A"
  apply (frule_tac h = g and f = f in setprod_reindex)
  apply (subgoal_tac "setprod g B = setprod g (f ` A)") 
  apply (simp add: inj_on_def)
  apply (subgoal_tac "card A = card B")
  apply (drule_tac A = "f ` A" and B = B in card_seteq)
  apply (auto simp add: card_image)
  apply (frule_tac A = A and B = B and f = f in card_inj_on_le, auto)
by (frule_tac A = B and B = A and f = g in card_inj_on_le, auto)

end