src/HOL/Algebra/Elementary_Groups.thy

more options;

section \<open>Elementary Group Constructions\<close>

(*  Title:      HOL/Algebra/Elementary_Groups.thy
    Author:     LC Paulson, ported from HOL Light
*)

theory Elementary_Groups
imports Generated_Groups Multiplicative_Group "HOL-Library.Infinite_Set"
begin

subsection\<open>Direct sum/product lemmas\<close>

locale group_disjoint_sum = group G + AG: subgroup A G + BG: subgroup B G for G (structure) and A B
begin

lemma subset_one: "A \<inter> B \<subseteq> {\<one>} \<longleftrightarrow> A \<inter> B = {\<one>}"
  by  auto

lemma sub_id_iff: "A \<inter> B \<subseteq> {\<one>} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. x \<otimes> y = \<one> \<longrightarrow> x = \<one> \<and> y = \<one>)"
        (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
  have "?lhs = (\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. x \<otimes> inv y = \<one> \<longrightarrow> x = \<one> \<and> inv y = \<one>)"
  proof (intro ballI iffI impI)
    fix x y
    assume "A \<inter> B \<subseteq> {\<one>}" "x \<in> A" "y \<in> B" "x \<otimes> inv y = \<one>"
    then have "y = x"
      using group.inv_equality group_l_invI by fastforce
    then show "x = \<one> \<and> inv y = \<one>"
      using \<open>A \<inter> B \<subseteq> {\<one>}\<close> \<open>x \<in> A\<close> \<open>y \<in> B\<close> by fastforce
  next
    assume "\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. x \<otimes> inv y = \<one> \<longrightarrow> x = \<one> \<and> inv y = \<one>"
    then show "A \<inter> B \<subseteq> {\<one>}"
      by auto
  qed
  also have "\<dots> = ?rhs"
    by (metis BG.mem_carrier BG.subgroup_axioms inv_inv subgroup_def)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma cancel: "A \<inter> B \<subseteq> {\<one>} \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. \<forall>x'\<in>A. \<forall>y'\<in>B. x \<otimes> y = x' \<otimes> y' \<longrightarrow> x = x' \<and> y = y')"
        (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
  have "(\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. x \<otimes> y = \<one> \<longrightarrow> x = \<one> \<and> y = \<one>) = ?rhs"
    (is "?med = _")
  proof (intro ballI iffI impI)
    fix x y x' y'
    assume * [rule_format]: "\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. x \<otimes> y = \<one> \<longrightarrow> x = \<one> \<and> y = \<one>"
      and AB: "x \<in> A" "y \<in> B" "x' \<in> A" "y' \<in> B" and eq: "x \<otimes> y = x' \<otimes> y'"
    then have carr: "x \<in> carrier G" "x' \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G" "y' \<in> carrier G"
      using AG.subset BG.subset by auto
    then have "inv x' \<otimes> x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> inv y') = inv x' \<otimes> (x \<otimes> y) \<otimes> inv y'"
      by (simp add: m_assoc)
    also have "\<dots> = \<one>"
      using carr  by (simp add: eq) (simp add: m_assoc)
    finally have 1: "inv x' \<otimes> x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> inv y') = \<one>" .
    show "x = x' \<and> y = y'"
      using * [OF _ _ 1] AB by simp (metis carr inv_closed inv_inv local.inv_equality)
  next
    fix x y
    assume * [rule_format]: "\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. \<forall>x'\<in>A. \<forall>y'\<in>B. x \<otimes> y = x' \<otimes> y' \<longrightarrow> x = x' \<and> y = y'"
      and xy: "x \<in> A" "y \<in> B" "x \<otimes> y = \<one>"
    show "x = \<one> \<and> y = \<one>"
      by (rule *) (use xy in auto)
  qed
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: sub_id_iff)
qed

lemma commuting_imp_normal1:
  assumes sub: "carrier G \<subseteq> A <#> B"
     and mult: "\<And>x y. \<lbrakk>x \<in> A; y \<in> B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x"
   shows "A \<lhd> G"
proof -
  have AB: "A \<subseteq> carrier G \<and> B \<subseteq> carrier G"
    by (simp add: AG.subset BG.subset)
  have "A #> x = x <# A"
    if x: "x \<in> carrier G" for x
  proof -
    obtain a b where xeq: "x = a \<otimes> b" and "a \<in> A" "b \<in> B" and carr: "a \<in> carrier G" "b \<in> carrier G"
      using x sub AB by (force simp: set_mult_def)
    have Ab: "A <#> {b} = {b} <#> A"
      using AB \<open>a \<in> A\<close> \<open>b \<in> B\<close> mult
      by (force simp: set_mult_def m_assoc subset_iff)
    have "A #> x = A <#> {a \<otimes> b}"
      by (auto simp: l_coset_eq_set_mult r_coset_eq_set_mult xeq)
    also have "\<dots> = A <#> {a} <#> {b}"
      using AB \<open>a \<in> A\<close> \<open>b \<in> B\<close>
      by (auto simp: set_mult_def m_assoc subset_iff)
    also have "\<dots> = {a} <#> A <#> {b}"
      by (metis AG.rcos_const AG.subgroup_axioms \<open>a \<in> A\<close> coset_join3 is_group l_coset_eq_set_mult r_coset_eq_set_mult subgroup.mem_carrier)
    also have "\<dots> = {a} <#> {b} <#> A"
      by (simp add: is_group carr group.set_mult_assoc AB Ab)
    also have "\<dots> = {x} <#> A"
      by (auto simp: set_mult_def xeq)
    finally show "A #> x = x <# A"
      by (simp add: l_coset_eq_set_mult)
  qed
  then show ?thesis
    by (auto simp: normal_def normal_axioms_def AG.subgroup_axioms is_group)
qed

lemma commuting_imp_normal2:
  assumes"carrier G \<subseteq> A <#> B"  "\<And>x y. \<lbrakk>x \<in> A; y \<in> B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x"
  shows "B \<lhd> G"
proof (rule group_disjoint_sum.commuting_imp_normal1)
  show "group_disjoint_sum G B A"
  proof qed
next
  show "carrier G \<subseteq> B <#> A"
    using BG.subgroup_axioms assms commut_normal commuting_imp_normal1 by blast
qed (use assms in auto)


lemma (in group) normal_imp_commuting:
  assumes "A \<lhd> G" "B \<lhd> G" "A \<inter> B \<subseteq> {\<one>}" "x \<in> A" "y \<in> B"
  shows "x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x"
proof -
  interpret AG: normal A G
    using assms by auto
  interpret BG: normal B G
    using assms by auto
  interpret group_disjoint_sum G A B
  proof qed
  have * [rule_format]: "(\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. \<forall>x'\<in>A. \<forall>y'\<in>B. x \<otimes> y = x' \<otimes> y' \<longrightarrow> x = x' \<and> y = y')"
    using cancel assms by (auto simp: normal_def)
  have carr: "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G"
    using assms AG.subset BG.subset by auto
  then show ?thesis
    using * [of x _ _ y] AG.coset_eq [rule_format, of y] BG.coset_eq [rule_format, of x]
    by (clarsimp simp: l_coset_def r_coset_def set_eq_iff) (metis \<open>x \<in> A\<close> \<open>y \<in> B\<close>)
qed

lemma normal_eq_commuting:
  assumes "carrier G \<subseteq> A <#> B" "A \<inter> B \<subseteq> {\<one>}"
  shows "A \<lhd> G \<and> B \<lhd> G \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x)"
  by (metis assms commuting_imp_normal1 commuting_imp_normal2 normal_imp_commuting)

lemma (in group) hom_group_mul_rev:
  assumes "(\<lambda>(x,y). x \<otimes> y) \<in> hom (subgroup_generated G A \<times>\<times> subgroup_generated G B) G"
          (is "?h \<in> hom ?P G")
   and "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G" "x \<in> A" "y \<in> B"
 shows "x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x"
proof -
  interpret P: group_hom ?P G ?h
    by (simp add: assms DirProd_group group_hom.intro group_hom_axioms.intro is_group)
  have xy: "(x,y) \<in> carrier ?P"
    by (auto simp: assms carrier_subgroup_generated generate.incl)
  have "x \<otimes> (x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> y)) = x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> (x \<otimes> y))"
    using P.hom_mult [OF xy xy] by (simp add: m_assoc assms)
  then have "x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> y) = y \<otimes> (x \<otimes> y)"
    using assms by simp
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: assms flip: m_assoc)
qed

lemma hom_group_mul_eq:
   "(\<lambda>(x,y). x \<otimes> y) \<in> hom (subgroup_generated G A \<times>\<times> subgroup_generated G B) G
     \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x)"
         (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
  assume ?lhs then show ?rhs
    using hom_group_mul_rev AG.subset BG.subset by blast
next
  assume R: ?rhs
  have subG: "generate G (carrier G \<inter> A) \<subseteq> carrier G" for A
    by (simp add: generate_incl)
  have *: "x \<otimes> u \<otimes> (y \<otimes> v) = x \<otimes> y \<otimes> (u \<otimes> v)"
    if eq [rule_format]: "\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x"
      and gen: "x \<in> generate G (carrier G \<inter> A)" "y \<in> generate G (carrier G \<inter> B)"
      "u \<in> generate G (carrier G \<inter> A)" "v \<in> generate G (carrier G \<inter> B)"
    for x y u v
  proof -
    have "u \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> u"
      by (metis AG.carrier_subgroup_generated_subgroup BG.carrier_subgroup_generated_subgroup carrier_subgroup_generated eq that(3) that(4))
    then have "x \<otimes> u \<otimes> y = x \<otimes> y \<otimes> u"
      using gen by (simp add: m_assoc subsetD [OF subG])
    then show ?thesis
      using gen by (simp add: subsetD [OF subG] flip: m_assoc)
  qed
  show ?lhs
    using R by (auto simp: hom_def carrier_subgroup_generated subsetD [OF subG] *)
qed


lemma epi_group_mul_eq:
   "(\<lambda>(x,y). x \<otimes> y) \<in> epi (subgroup_generated G A \<times>\<times> subgroup_generated G B) G
     \<longleftrightarrow> A <#> B = carrier G \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x)"
proof -
  have subGA: "generate G (carrier G \<inter> A) \<subseteq> A"
    by (simp add: AG.subgroup_axioms generate_subgroup_incl)
  have subGB: "generate G (carrier G \<inter> B) \<subseteq> B"
    by (simp add: BG.subgroup_axioms generate_subgroup_incl)
  have "(((\<lambda>(x, y). x \<otimes> y) ` (generate G (carrier G \<inter> A) \<times> generate G (carrier G \<inter> B)))) = ((A <#> B))"
    by (auto simp: set_mult_def generate.incl pair_imageI dest: subsetD [OF subGA] subsetD [OF subGB])
  then show ?thesis
    by (auto simp: epi_def hom_group_mul_eq carrier_subgroup_generated)
qed

lemma mon_group_mul_eq:
    "(\<lambda>(x,y). x \<otimes> y) \<in> mon (subgroup_generated G A \<times>\<times> subgroup_generated G B) G
     \<longleftrightarrow> A \<inter> B = {\<one>} \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x)"
proof -
  have subGA: "generate G (carrier G \<inter> A) \<subseteq> A"
    by (simp add: AG.subgroup_axioms generate_subgroup_incl)
  have subGB: "generate G (carrier G \<inter> B) \<subseteq> B"
    by (simp add: BG.subgroup_axioms generate_subgroup_incl)
  show ?thesis
    apply (auto simp: mon_def hom_group_mul_eq simp flip: subset_one)
     apply (simp_all (no_asm_use) add: inj_on_def AG.carrier_subgroup_generated_subgroup BG.carrier_subgroup_generated_subgroup)
    using cancel apply blast+
    done
qed

lemma iso_group_mul_alt:
    "(\<lambda>(x,y). x \<otimes> y) \<in> iso (subgroup_generated G A \<times>\<times> subgroup_generated G B) G
     \<longleftrightarrow> A \<inter> B = {\<one>} \<and> A <#> B = carrier G \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>A. \<forall>y\<in>B. x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x)"
  by (auto simp: iso_iff_mon_epi mon_group_mul_eq epi_group_mul_eq)

lemma iso_group_mul_eq:
    "(\<lambda>(x,y). x \<otimes> y) \<in> iso (subgroup_generated G A \<times>\<times> subgroup_generated G B) G
     \<longleftrightarrow> A \<inter> B = {\<one>} \<and> A <#> B = carrier G \<and> A \<lhd> G \<and> B \<lhd> G"
  by (simp add: iso_group_mul_alt normal_eq_commuting cong: conj_cong)


lemma (in group) iso_group_mul_gen:
  assumes "A \<lhd> G" "B \<lhd> G"
  shows "(\<lambda>(x,y). x \<otimes> y) \<in> iso (subgroup_generated G A \<times>\<times> subgroup_generated G B) G
     \<longleftrightarrow> A \<inter> B \<subseteq> {\<one>} \<and> A <#> B = carrier G"
proof -
  interpret group_disjoint_sum G A B
    using assms by (auto simp: group_disjoint_sum_def normal_def)
  show ?thesis
    by (simp add: subset_one iso_group_mul_eq assms)
qed


lemma iso_group_mul:
  assumes "comm_group G"
  shows "((\<lambda>(x,y). x \<otimes> y) \<in> iso (DirProd (subgroup_generated G A) (subgroup_generated G B)) G
     \<longleftrightarrow> A \<inter> B \<subseteq> {\<one>} \<and> A <#> B = carrier G)"
proof (rule iso_group_mul_gen)
  interpret comm_group
    by (rule assms)
  show "A \<lhd> G"
    by (simp add: AG.subgroup_axioms subgroup_imp_normal)
  show "B \<lhd> G"
    by (simp add: BG.subgroup_axioms subgroup_imp_normal)
qed

end


subsection\<open>The one-element group on a given object\<close>

definition singleton_group :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a monoid"
  where "singleton_group a = \<lparr>carrier = {a}, monoid.mult = (\<lambda>x y. a), one = a\<rparr>"

lemma singleton_group [simp]: "group (singleton_group a)"
  unfolding singleton_group_def by (auto intro: groupI)

lemma singleton_abelian_group [simp]: "comm_group (singleton_group a)"
  by (metis group.group_comm_groupI monoid.simps(1) singleton_group singleton_group_def)

lemma carrier_singleton_group [simp]: "carrier (singleton_group a) = {a}"
  by (auto simp: singleton_group_def)

lemma (in group) hom_into_singleton_iff [simp]:
  "h \<in> hom G (singleton_group a) \<longleftrightarrow> h \<in> carrier G \<rightarrow> {a}"
  by (auto simp: hom_def singleton_group_def)

declare group.hom_into_singleton_iff [simp]

lemma (in group) id_hom_singleton: "id \<in> hom (singleton_group \<one>) G"
  by (simp add: hom_def singleton_group_def)

subsection\<open>Similarly, trivial groups\<close>

definition trivial_group :: "('a, 'b) monoid_scheme \<Rightarrow> bool"
  where "trivial_group G \<equiv> group G \<and> carrier G = {one G}"

lemma trivial_imp_finite_group:
   "trivial_group G \<Longrightarrow> finite(carrier G)"
  by (simp add: trivial_group_def)

lemma trivial_singleton_group [simp]: "trivial_group(singleton_group a)"
  by (metis monoid.simps(2) partial_object.simps(1) singleton_group singleton_group_def trivial_group_def)

lemma (in group) trivial_group_subset:
   "trivial_group G \<longleftrightarrow> carrier G \<subseteq> {one G}"
  using is_group trivial_group_def by fastforce

lemma (in group) trivial_group: "trivial_group G \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>a. carrier G = {a})"
  unfolding trivial_group_def using one_closed is_group by fastforce

lemma (in group) trivial_group_alt:
   "trivial_group G \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>a. carrier G \<subseteq> {a})"
  by (auto simp: trivial_group)

lemma (in group) trivial_group_subgroup_generated:
  assumes "S \<subseteq> {one G}"
  shows "trivial_group(subgroup_generated G S)"
proof -
  have "carrier (subgroup_generated G S) \<subseteq> {\<one>}"
    using generate_empty generate_one subset_singletonD assms
    by (fastforce simp add: carrier_subgroup_generated)
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: group.trivial_group_subset)
qed

lemma (in group) trivial_group_subgroup_generated_eq:
  "trivial_group(subgroup_generated G s) \<longleftrightarrow> carrier G \<inter> s \<subseteq> {one G}"
  apply (rule iffI)
   apply (force simp: trivial_group_def carrier_subgroup_generated generate.incl)
  by (metis subgroup_generated_restrict trivial_group_subgroup_generated)

lemma isomorphic_group_triviality1:
  assumes "G \<cong> H" "group H" "trivial_group G"
  shows "trivial_group H"
  using assms
  by (auto simp: trivial_group_def is_iso_def iso_def group.is_monoid Group.group_def bij_betw_def hom_one)

lemma isomorphic_group_triviality:
  assumes "G \<cong> H" "group G" "group H"
  shows "trivial_group G \<longleftrightarrow> trivial_group H"
  by (meson assms group.iso_sym isomorphic_group_triviality1)

lemma (in group_hom) kernel_from_trivial_group:
   "trivial_group G \<Longrightarrow> kernel G H h = carrier G"
  by (auto simp: trivial_group_def kernel_def)

lemma (in group_hom) image_from_trivial_group:
   "trivial_group G \<Longrightarrow> h ` carrier G = {one H}"
  by (auto simp: trivial_group_def)

lemma (in group_hom) kernel_to_trivial_group:
   "trivial_group H \<Longrightarrow> kernel G H h = carrier G"
  unfolding kernel_def trivial_group_def
  using hom_closed by blast


subsection\<open>The additive group of integers\<close>

definition integer_group
  where "integer_group = \<lparr>carrier = UNIV, monoid.mult = (+), one = (0::int)\<rparr>"

lemma group_integer_group [simp]: "group integer_group"
  unfolding integer_group_def
proof (rule groupI; simp)
  show "\<And>x::int. \<exists>y. y + x = 0"
  by presburger
qed

lemma carrier_integer_group [simp]: "carrier integer_group = UNIV"
  by (auto simp: integer_group_def)

lemma one_integer_group [simp]: "\<one>\<^bsub>integer_group\<^esub> = 0"
  by (auto simp: integer_group_def)

lemma mult_integer_group [simp]: "x \<otimes>\<^bsub>integer_group\<^esub> y = x + y"
  by (auto simp: integer_group_def)

lemma inv_integer_group [simp]: "inv\<^bsub>integer_group\<^esub> x = -x"
  by (rule group.inv_equality [OF group_integer_group]) (auto simp: integer_group_def)

lemma abelian_integer_group: "comm_group integer_group"
  by (rule group.group_comm_groupI [OF group_integer_group]) (auto simp: integer_group_def)

lemma group_nat_pow_integer_group [simp]:
  fixes n::nat and x::int
  shows "pow integer_group x n = int n * x"
  by (induction n) (auto simp: integer_group_def algebra_simps)

lemma group_int_pow_integer_group [simp]:
  fixes n::int and x::int
  shows "pow integer_group x n = n * x"
  by (simp add: int_pow_def2)

lemma (in group) hom_integer_group_pow:
   "x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> pow G x \<in> hom integer_group G"
  by (rule homI) (auto simp: int_pow_mult)

subsection\<open>Additive group of integers modulo n (n = 0 gives just the integers)\<close>

definition integer_mod_group :: "nat \<Rightarrow> int monoid"
  where
  "integer_mod_group n \<equiv>
     if n = 0 then integer_group
     else \<lparr>carrier = {0..<int n}, monoid.mult = (\<lambda>x y. (x+y) mod int n), one = 0\<rparr>"

lemma carrier_integer_mod_group:
  "carrier(integer_mod_group n) = (if n=0 then UNIV else {0..<int n})"
  by (simp add: integer_mod_group_def)

lemma one_integer_mod_group[simp]: "one(integer_mod_group n) = 0"
  by (simp add: integer_mod_group_def)

lemma mult_integer_mod_group[simp]: "monoid.mult(integer_mod_group n) = (\<lambda>x y. (x + y) mod int n)"
  by (simp add: integer_mod_group_def integer_group_def)

lemma group_integer_mod_group [simp]: "group (integer_mod_group n)"
proof -
  have *: "\<exists>y\<ge>0. y < int n \<and> (y + x) mod int n = 0" if "x < int n" "0 \<le> x" for x
  proof (cases "x=0")
    case False
    with that show ?thesis
      by (rule_tac x="int n - x" in exI) auto
  qed (use that in auto)
  show ?thesis
    apply (rule groupI)
        apply (auto simp: integer_mod_group_def Bex_def *, presburger+)
    done
qed

lemma inv_integer_mod_group[simp]:
  "x \<in> carrier (integer_mod_group n) \<Longrightarrow> m_inv(integer_mod_group n) x = (-x) mod int n"
  by (rule group.inv_equality [OF group_integer_mod_group]) (auto simp: integer_mod_group_def add.commute mod_add_right_eq)


lemma pow_integer_mod_group [simp]:
  fixes m::nat
  shows "pow (integer_mod_group n) x m = (int m * x) mod int n"
proof (cases "n=0")
  case False
  show ?thesis
    by (induction m) (auto simp: add.commute mod_add_right_eq distrib_left mult.commute)
qed (simp add: integer_mod_group_def)

lemma int_pow_integer_mod_group:
  "pow (integer_mod_group n) x m = (m * x) mod int n"
proof -
  have "inv\<^bsub>integer_mod_group n\<^esub> (- (m * x) mod int n) = m * x mod int n"
    by (simp add: carrier_integer_mod_group mod_minus_eq)
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: int_pow_def2)
qed

lemma abelian_integer_mod_group [simp]: "comm_group(integer_mod_group n)"
  by (simp add: add.commute group.group_comm_groupI)

lemma integer_mod_group_0 [simp]: "0 \<in> carrier(integer_mod_group n)"
  by (simp add: integer_mod_group_def)

lemma integer_mod_group_1 [simp]: "1 \<in> carrier(integer_mod_group n) \<longleftrightarrow> (n \<noteq> 1)"
  by (auto simp: integer_mod_group_def)

lemma trivial_integer_mod_group: "trivial_group(integer_mod_group n) \<longleftrightarrow> n = 1"
  (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
  assume ?lhs
  then show ?rhs
  by (simp add: trivial_group_def carrier_integer_mod_group set_eq_iff split: if_split_asm) (presburger+)
next
  assume ?rhs
  then show ?lhs
    by (force simp: trivial_group_def carrier_integer_mod_group)
qed


subsection\<open>Cyclic groups\<close>

lemma (in group) subgroup_of_powers:
  "x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> subgroup (range (\<lambda>n::int. x [^] n)) G"
  apply (auto simp: subgroup_def image_iff simp flip: int_pow_mult int_pow_neg)
  apply (metis group.int_pow_diff int_pow_closed is_group r_inv)
  done

lemma (in group) carrier_subgroup_generated_by_singleton:
  assumes "x \<in> carrier G"
  shows "carrier(subgroup_generated G {x}) = (range (\<lambda>n::int. x [^] n))"
proof
  show "carrier (subgroup_generated G {x}) \<subseteq> range (\<lambda>n::int. x [^] n)"
  proof (rule subgroup_generated_minimal)
    show "subgroup (range (\<lambda>n::int. x [^] n)) G"
      using assms subgroup_of_powers by blast
    show "{x} \<subseteq> range (\<lambda>n::int. x [^] n)"
      by clarify (metis assms int_pow_1 range_eqI)
  qed
  have x: "x \<in> carrier (subgroup_generated G {x})"
    using assms subgroup_generated_subset_carrier_subset by auto
  show "range (\<lambda>n::int. x [^] n) \<subseteq> carrier (subgroup_generated G {x})"
  proof clarify
    fix n :: "int"
    show "x [^] n \<in> carrier (subgroup_generated G {x})"
        by (simp add: x subgroup_int_pow_closed subgroup_subgroup_generated)
  qed
qed


definition cyclic_group
  where "cyclic_group G \<equiv> \<exists>x \<in> carrier G. subgroup_generated G {x} = G"

lemma (in group) cyclic_group:
  "cyclic_group G \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>x \<in> carrier G. carrier G = range (\<lambda>n::int. x [^] n))"
proof -
  have "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<in> carrier G; carrier G = range (\<lambda>n::int. x [^] n)\<rbrakk>
         \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>x\<in>carrier G. subgroup_generated G {x} = G"
    by (rule_tac x=x in bexI) (auto simp: generate_pow subgroup_generated_def intro!: monoid.equality)
  then show ?thesis
    unfolding cyclic_group_def
    using carrier_subgroup_generated_by_singleton by fastforce
qed

lemma cyclic_integer_group [simp]: "cyclic_group integer_group"
proof -
  have *: "int n \<in> generate integer_group {1}" for n
  proof (induction n)
    case 0
    then show ?case
    using generate.simps by force
  next
    case (Suc n)
    then show ?case
    by simp (metis generate.simps insert_subset integer_group_def monoid.simps(1) subsetI)
  qed
  have **: "i \<in> generate integer_group {1}" for i
  proof (cases i rule: int_cases)
    case (nonneg n)
    then show ?thesis
      by (simp add: *)
  next
    case (neg n)
    then have "-i \<in> generate integer_group {1}"
      by (metis "*" add.inverse_inverse)
    then have "- (-i) \<in> generate integer_group {1}"
      by (metis UNIV_I group.generate_m_inv_closed group_integer_group integer_group_def inv_integer_group partial_object.select_convs(1) subsetI)
    then show ?thesis
      by simp
  qed
  show ?thesis
    unfolding cyclic_group_def
    by (rule_tac x=1 in bexI)
       (auto simp: carrier_subgroup_generated ** intro: monoid.equality)
qed

lemma nontrivial_integer_group [simp]: "\<not> trivial_group integer_group"
  using integer_mod_group_def trivial_integer_mod_group by presburger


lemma (in group) cyclic_imp_abelian_group:
  "cyclic_group G \<Longrightarrow> comm_group G"
  apply (auto simp: cyclic_group comm_group_def is_group intro!: monoid_comm_monoidI)
  apply (metis add.commute int_pow_mult rangeI)
  done

lemma trivial_imp_cyclic_group:
   "trivial_group G \<Longrightarrow> cyclic_group G"
  by (metis cyclic_group_def group.subgroup_generated_group_carrier insertI1 trivial_group_def)

lemma (in group) cyclic_group_alt:
   "cyclic_group G \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>x. subgroup_generated G {x} = G)"
proof safe
  fix x
  assume *: "subgroup_generated G {x} = G"
  show "cyclic_group G"
  proof (cases "x \<in> carrier G")
    case True
    then show ?thesis
      using \<open>subgroup_generated G {x} = G\<close> cyclic_group_def by blast
  next
    case False
    then show ?thesis
      by (metis "*" Int_empty_right Int_insert_right_if0 carrier_subgroup_generated generate_empty trivial_group trivial_imp_cyclic_group)
  qed
qed (auto simp: cyclic_group_def)

lemma (in group) cyclic_group_generated:
  "cyclic_group (subgroup_generated G {x})"
  using group.cyclic_group_alt group_subgroup_generated subgroup_generated2 by blast

lemma (in group) cyclic_group_epimorphic_image:
  assumes "h \<in> epi G H" "cyclic_group G" "group H"
  shows "cyclic_group H"
proof -
  interpret h: group_hom
    using assms
    by (simp add: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def is_group epi_def)
  obtain x where "x \<in> carrier G" and x: "carrier G = range (\<lambda>n::int. x [^] n)" and eq: "carrier H = h ` carrier G"
    using assms by (auto simp: cyclic_group epi_def)
  have "h ` carrier G = range (\<lambda>n::int. h x [^]\<^bsub>H\<^esub> n)"
    by (metis (no_types, lifting) \<open>x \<in> carrier G\<close> h.hom_int_pow image_cong image_image x)
  then show ?thesis
    using \<open>x \<in> carrier G\<close> eq h.cyclic_group by blast
qed

lemma isomorphic_group_cyclicity:
   "\<lbrakk>G \<cong> H; group G; group H\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> cyclic_group G \<longleftrightarrow> cyclic_group H"
  by (meson ex_in_conv group.cyclic_group_epimorphic_image group.iso_sym is_iso_def iso_iff_mon_epi)


lemma (in group)
  assumes "x \<in> carrier G"
  shows finite_cyclic_subgroup:
        "finite(carrier(subgroup_generated G {x})) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>n::nat. n \<noteq> 0 \<and> x [^] n = \<one>)" (is "?fin \<longleftrightarrow> ?nat1")
    and infinite_cyclic_subgroup:
        "infinite(carrier(subgroup_generated G {x})) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>m n::nat. x [^] m = x [^] n \<longrightarrow> m = n)" (is "\<not> ?fin \<longleftrightarrow> ?nateq")
    and finite_cyclic_subgroup_int:
        "finite(carrier(subgroup_generated G {x})) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>i::int. i \<noteq> 0 \<and> x [^] i = \<one>)" (is "?fin \<longleftrightarrow> ?int1")
    and infinite_cyclic_subgroup_int:
        "infinite(carrier(subgroup_generated G {x})) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>i j::int. x [^] i = x [^] j \<longrightarrow> i = j)" (is "\<not> ?fin \<longleftrightarrow> ?inteq")
proof -
  have 1: "\<not> ?fin" if ?nateq
  proof -
    have "infinite (range (\<lambda>n::nat. x [^] n))"
      using that range_inj_infinite [of "(\<lambda>n::nat. x [^] n)"] by (auto simp: inj_on_def)
    moreover have "range (\<lambda>n::nat. x [^] n) \<subseteq> range (\<lambda>i::int. x [^] i)"
      apply clarify
      by (metis assms group.int_pow_neg int_pow_closed int_pow_neg_int is_group local.inv_equality nat_pow_closed r_inv rangeI)
    ultimately show ?thesis
      using carrier_subgroup_generated_by_singleton [OF assms] finite_subset by auto
  qed
  have 2: "m = n" if mn: "x [^] m = x [^] n" and eq [rule_format]: "?inteq" for m n::nat
    using eq [of "int m" "int n"]
    by (simp add: int_pow_int mn)
  have 3: ?nat1 if non: "\<not> ?inteq"
  proof -
    obtain i j::int where eq: "x [^] i = x [^] j" and "i \<noteq> j"
      using non by auto
    show ?thesis
    proof (cases i j rule: linorder_cases)
      case less
      then have [simp]: "x [^] (j - i) = \<one>"
        by (simp add: eq assms int_pow_diff)
      show ?thesis
        using less by (rule_tac x="nat (j-i)" in exI) auto
    next
      case greater
      then have [simp]: "x [^] (i - j) = \<one>"
        by (simp add: eq assms int_pow_diff)
      then show ?thesis
        using greater by (rule_tac x="nat (i-j)" in exI) auto
    qed (use \<open>i \<noteq> j\<close> in auto)
  qed
  have 4: "\<exists>i::int. (i \<noteq> 0) \<and> x [^] i = \<one>" if "n \<noteq> 0" "x [^] n = \<one>" for n::nat
    apply (rule_tac x="int n" in exI)
    by (simp add: int_pow_int that)
  have 5: "finite (carrier (subgroup_generated G {x}))" if "i \<noteq> 0" and 1: "x [^] i = \<one>" for i::int
  proof -
    obtain n::nat where n: "n > 0" "x [^] n = \<one>"
      using "1" "3" \<open>i \<noteq> 0\<close> by fastforce
    have "x [^] a \<in> ([^]) x ` {0..<n}" for a::int
    proof
      show "x [^] a = x [^] nat (a mod int n)"
        using n
        by simp (metis (no_types, lifting) assms dvd_minus_mod dvd_trans int_pow_eq int_pow_eq_id int_pow_int)
      show "nat (a mod int n) \<in> {0..<n}"
        using n  apply (simp add:  split: split_nat)
        using Euclidean_Division.pos_mod_bound by presburger
    qed
    then have "carrier (subgroup_generated G {x}) \<subseteq> ([^]) x ` {0..<n}"
      using carrier_subgroup_generated_by_singleton [OF assms] by auto
    then show ?thesis
      using finite_surj by blast
  qed
  show "?fin \<longleftrightarrow> ?nat1" "\<not> ?fin \<longleftrightarrow> ?nateq" "?fin \<longleftrightarrow> ?int1" "\<not> ?fin \<longleftrightarrow> ?inteq"
    using 1 2 3 4 5 by meson+
qed

lemma (in group) finite_cyclic_subgroup_order:
   "x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> finite(carrier(subgroup_generated G {x})) \<longleftrightarrow> ord x \<noteq> 0"
  by (simp add: finite_cyclic_subgroup ord_eq_0)

lemma (in group) infinite_cyclic_subgroup_order:
   "x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> infinite (carrier(subgroup_generated G {x})) \<longleftrightarrow> ord x = 0"
  by (simp add: finite_cyclic_subgroup_order)


end