src/HOL/Auth/NS_Public_Bad.thy
author paulson <lp15@cam.ac.uk>
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(*  Title:      HOL/Auth/NS_Public_Bad.thy
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    Author:     Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
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    Copyright   1996  University of Cambridge
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Inductive relation "ns_public" for the Needham-Schroeder Public-Key protocol.
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Flawed version, vulnerable to Lowe's attack.
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From page 260 of
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  Burrows, Abadi and Needham.  A Logic of Authentication.
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  Proc. Royal Soc. 426 (1989)
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*)
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section\<open>Verifying the Needham-Schroeder Public-Key Protocol\<close>
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theory NS_Public_Bad imports Public begin
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inductive_set ns_public :: "event list set"
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  where
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         (*Initial trace is empty*)
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   Nil:  "[] \<in> ns_public"
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         (*The spy MAY say anything he CAN say.  We do not expect him to
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           invent new nonces here, but he can also use NS1.  Common to
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           all similar protocols.*)
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 | Fake: "\<lbrakk>evsf \<in> ns_public;  X \<in> synth (analz (spies evsf))\<rbrakk>
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          \<Longrightarrow> Says Spy B X  # evsf \<in> ns_public"
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         (*Alice initiates a protocol run, sending a nonce to Bob*)
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 | NS1:  "\<lbrakk>evs1 \<in> ns_public;  Nonce NA \<notin> used evs1\<rbrakk>
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          \<Longrightarrow> Says A B (Crypt (pubEK B) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Agent A\<rbrace>)
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                # evs1  \<in>  ns_public"
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         (*Bob responds to Alice's message with a further nonce*)
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 | NS2:  "\<lbrakk>evs2 \<in> ns_public;  Nonce NB \<notin> used evs2;
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           Says A' B (Crypt (pubEK B) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Agent A\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs2\<rbrakk>
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          \<Longrightarrow> Says B A (Crypt (pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace>)
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                # evs2  \<in>  ns_public"
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         (*Alice proves her existence by sending NB back to Bob.*)
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 | NS3:  "\<lbrakk>evs3 \<in> ns_public;
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           Says A  B (Crypt (pubEK B) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Agent A\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs3;
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           Says B' A (Crypt (pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs3\<rbrakk>
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          \<Longrightarrow> Says A B (Crypt (pubEK B) (Nonce NB)) # evs3 \<in> ns_public"
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declare knows_Spy_partsEs [elim]
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declare analz_into_parts [dest]
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declare Fake_parts_insert_in_Un [dest]
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(*A "possibility property": there are traces that reach the end*)
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lemma "\<exists>NB. \<exists>evs \<in> ns_public. Says A B (Crypt (pubEK B) (Nonce NB)) \<in> set evs"
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apply (intro exI bexI)
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apply (rule_tac [2] ns_public.Nil [THEN ns_public.NS1, THEN ns_public.NS2, 
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                                   THEN ns_public.NS3])
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by possibility
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(**** Inductive proofs about ns_public ****)
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(** Theorems of the form X \<notin> parts (spies evs) imply that NOBODY
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    sends messages containing X! **)
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(*Spy never sees another agent's private key! (unless it's bad at start)*)
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lemma Spy_see_priEK [simp]: 
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      "evs \<in> ns_public \<Longrightarrow> (Key (priEK A) \<in> parts (spies evs)) = (A \<in> bad)"
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by (erule ns_public.induct, auto)
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lemma Spy_analz_priEK [simp]: 
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      "evs \<in> ns_public \<Longrightarrow> (Key (priEK A) \<in> analz (spies evs)) = (A \<in> bad)"
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by auto
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(*** Authenticity properties obtained from NS2 ***)
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(*It is impossible to re-use a nonce in both NS1 and NS2, provided the nonce
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  is secret.  (Honest users generate fresh nonces.)*)
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lemma no_nonce_NS1_NS2 [rule_format]: 
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      "evs \<in> ns_public 
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       \<Longrightarrow> Crypt (pubEK C) \<lbrace>NA', Nonce NA\<rbrace> \<in> parts (spies evs) \<longrightarrow>
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           Crypt (pubEK B) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Agent A\<rbrace> \<in> parts (spies evs) \<longrightarrow>  
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           Nonce NA \<in> analz (spies evs)"
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apply (erule ns_public.induct, simp_all)
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apply (blast intro: analz_insertI)+
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done
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(*Unicity for NS1: nonce NA identifies agents A and B*)
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lemma unique_NA: 
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     "\<lbrakk>Crypt(pubEK B)  \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Agent A \<rbrace> \<in> parts(spies evs);  
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       Crypt(pubEK B') \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Agent A'\<rbrace> \<in> parts(spies evs);  
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       Nonce NA \<notin> analz (spies evs); evs \<in> ns_public\<rbrakk>
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      \<Longrightarrow> A=A' \<and> B=B'"
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apply (erule rev_mp, erule rev_mp, erule rev_mp)   
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apply (erule ns_public.induct, simp_all)
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(*Fake, NS1*)
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apply (blast intro!: analz_insertI)+
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done
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(*Secrecy: Spy does not see the nonce sent in msg NS1 if A and B are secure
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  The major premise "Says A B ..." makes it a dest-rule, so we use
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  (erule rev_mp) rather than rule_format. *)
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theorem Spy_not_see_NA: 
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      "\<lbrakk>Says A B (Crypt(pubEK B) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Agent A\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs;
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        A \<notin> bad;  B \<notin> bad;  evs \<in> ns_public\<rbrakk>                     
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       \<Longrightarrow> Nonce NA \<notin> analz (spies evs)"
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apply (erule rev_mp)   
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apply (erule ns_public.induct, simp_all, spy_analz)
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apply (blast dest: unique_NA intro: no_nonce_NS1_NS2)+
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done
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(*Authentication for A: if she receives message 2 and has used NA
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  to start a run, then B has sent message 2.*)
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lemma A_trusts_NS2_lemma [rule_format]: 
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   "\<lbrakk>A \<notin> bad;  B \<notin> bad;  evs \<in> ns_public\<rbrakk>                     
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    \<Longrightarrow> Crypt (pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace> \<in> parts (spies evs) \<longrightarrow>
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        Says A B (Crypt(pubEK B) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Agent A\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs \<longrightarrow>
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        Says B A (Crypt(pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs"
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apply (erule ns_public.induct)
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apply (auto dest: Spy_not_see_NA unique_NA)
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done
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theorem A_trusts_NS2: 
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     "\<lbrakk>Says A  B (Crypt(pubEK B) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Agent A\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs;   
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       Says B' A (Crypt(pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs;
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       A \<notin> bad;  B \<notin> bad;  evs \<in> ns_public\<rbrakk>                     
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      \<Longrightarrow> Says B A (Crypt(pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs"
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by (blast intro: A_trusts_NS2_lemma)
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(*If the encrypted message appears then it originated with Alice in NS1*)
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lemma B_trusts_NS1 [rule_format]:
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     "evs \<in> ns_public                                         
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      \<Longrightarrow> Crypt (pubEK B) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Agent A\<rbrace> \<in> parts (spies evs) \<longrightarrow>
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          Nonce NA \<notin> analz (spies evs) \<longrightarrow>
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          Says A B (Crypt (pubEK B) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Agent A\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs"
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apply (erule ns_public.induct, simp_all)
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(*Fake*)
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apply (blast intro!: analz_insertI)
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done
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(*** Authenticity properties obtained from NS2 ***)
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(*Unicity for NS2: nonce NB identifies nonce NA and agent A
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  [proof closely follows that for unique_NA] *)
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lemma unique_NB [dest]: 
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     "\<lbrakk>Crypt(pubEK A)  \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace> \<in> parts(spies evs);
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       Crypt(pubEK A') \<lbrace>Nonce NA', Nonce NB\<rbrace> \<in> parts(spies evs);
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       Nonce NB \<notin> analz (spies evs); evs \<in> ns_public\<rbrakk>
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     \<Longrightarrow> A=A' \<and> NA=NA'"
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apply (erule rev_mp, erule rev_mp, erule rev_mp)   
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apply (erule ns_public.induct, simp_all)
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(*Fake, NS2*)
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apply (blast intro!: analz_insertI)+
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done
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(*NB remains secret PROVIDED Alice never responds with round 3*)
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theorem Spy_not_see_NB [dest]:
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     "\<lbrakk>Says B A (Crypt (pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs;   
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       \<forall>C. Says A C (Crypt (pubEK C) (Nonce NB)) \<notin> set evs;       
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       A \<notin> bad;  B \<notin> bad;  evs \<in> ns_public\<rbrakk>                      
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     \<Longrightarrow> Nonce NB \<notin> analz (spies evs)"
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apply (erule rev_mp, erule rev_mp)
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apply (erule ns_public.induct, simp_all, spy_analz)
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apply (simp_all add: all_conj_distrib) (*speeds up the next step*)
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apply (blast intro: no_nonce_NS1_NS2)+
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done
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(*Authentication for B: if he receives message 3 and has used NB
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  in message 2, then A has sent message 3--to somebody....*)
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lemma B_trusts_NS3_lemma [rule_format]:
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     "\<lbrakk>A \<notin> bad;  B \<notin> bad;  evs \<in> ns_public\<rbrakk>                    
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      \<Longrightarrow> Crypt (pubEK B) (Nonce NB) \<in> parts (spies evs) \<longrightarrow>
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          Says B A  (Crypt (pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs \<longrightarrow>
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          (\<exists>C. Says A C (Crypt (pubEK C) (Nonce NB)) \<in> set evs)"
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apply (erule ns_public.induct, auto)
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by (blast intro: no_nonce_NS1_NS2)+
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theorem B_trusts_NS3:
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     "\<lbrakk>Says B A  (Crypt (pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs;
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       Says A' B (Crypt (pubEK B) (Nonce NB)) \<in> set evs;             
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       A \<notin> bad;  B \<notin> bad;  evs \<in> ns_public\<rbrakk>                    
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      \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>C. Says A C (Crypt (pubEK C) (Nonce NB)) \<in> set evs"
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by (blast intro: B_trusts_NS3_lemma)
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(*Can we strengthen the secrecy theorem Spy_not_see_NB?  NO*)
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lemma "\<lbrakk>A \<notin> bad;  B \<notin> bad;  evs \<in> ns_public\<rbrakk>            
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       \<Longrightarrow> Says B A (Crypt (pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs  
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           \<longrightarrow> Nonce NB \<notin> analz (spies evs)"
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apply (erule ns_public.induct, simp_all, spy_analz)
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(*NS1: by freshness*)
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apply blast
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(*NS2: by freshness and unicity of NB*)
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apply (blast intro: no_nonce_NS1_NS2)
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(*NS3: unicity of NB identifies A and NA, but not B*)
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apply clarify
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apply (frule_tac A' = A in 
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       Says_imp_knows_Spy [THEN parts.Inj, THEN unique_NB], auto)
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apply (rename_tac evs3 B' C)
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txt\<open>This is the attack!
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@{subgoals[display,indent=0,margin=65]}
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\<close>
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oops
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(*
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THIS IS THE ATTACK!
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Level 8
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!!evs. \<lbrakk>A \<notin> bad; B \<notin> bad; evs \<in> ns_public\<rbrakk>
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       \<Longrightarrow> Says B A (Crypt (pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs \<longrightarrow>
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           Nonce NB \<notin> analz (spies evs)
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 1. !!C B' evs3.
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       \<lbrakk>A \<notin> bad; B \<notin> bad; evs3 \<in> ns_public
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        Says A C (Crypt (pubEK C) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Agent A\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs3;
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        Says B' A (Crypt (pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs3; 
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        C \<in> bad;
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        Says B A (Crypt (pubEK A) \<lbrace>Nonce NA, Nonce NB\<rbrace>) \<in> set evs3;
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        Nonce NB \<notin> analz (spies evs3)\<rbrakk>
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       \<Longrightarrow> False
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*)
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6d3f7c7f70b0 Public-key examples
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end