src/ZF/Epsilon.ML
author paulson
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ZF arith
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(*  Title:      ZF/epsilon.ML
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    ID:         $Id$
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    Author:     Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
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    Copyright   1993  University of Cambridge
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Epsilon induction and recursion
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*)
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(*** Basic closure properties ***)
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Goalw [eclose_def] "A <= eclose(A)";
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by (rtac (nat_rec_0 RS equalityD2 RS subset_trans) 1);
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by (rtac (nat_0I RS UN_upper) 1);
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qed "arg_subset_eclose";
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val arg_into_eclose = arg_subset_eclose RS subsetD;
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Goalw [eclose_def,Transset_def] "Transset(eclose(A))";
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by (rtac (subsetI RS ballI) 1);
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by (etac UN_E 1);
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by (rtac (nat_succI RS UN_I) 1);
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by (assume_tac 1);
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by (etac (nat_rec_succ RS ssubst) 1);
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by (etac UnionI 1);
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by (assume_tac 1);
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qed "Transset_eclose";
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(* x : eclose(A) ==> x <= eclose(A) *)
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bind_thm ("eclose_subset",
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    rewrite_rule [Transset_def] Transset_eclose RS bspec);
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(* [| A : eclose(B); c : A |] ==> c : eclose(B) *)
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bind_thm ("ecloseD", eclose_subset RS subsetD);
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val arg_in_eclose_sing = arg_subset_eclose RS singleton_subsetD;
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val arg_into_eclose_sing = arg_in_eclose_sing RS ecloseD;
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(* This is epsilon-induction for eclose(A); see also eclose_induct_down...
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   [| a: eclose(A);  !!x. [| x: eclose(A); ALL y:x. P(y) |] ==> P(x) 
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   |] ==> P(a) 
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*)
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bind_thm ("eclose_induct", Transset_eclose RSN (2, Transset_induct));
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(*Epsilon induction*)
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val prems = Goal
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    "[| !!x. ALL y:x. P(y) ==> P(x) |]  ==>  P(a)";
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by (rtac (arg_in_eclose_sing RS eclose_induct) 1);
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by (eresolve_tac prems 1);
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qed "eps_induct";
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(*Perform epsilon-induction on i. *)
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fun eps_ind_tac a = 
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    EVERY' [res_inst_tac [("a",a)] eps_induct,
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            rename_last_tac a ["1"]];
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(*** Leastness of eclose ***)
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(** eclose(A) is the least transitive set including A as a subset. **)
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Goalw [Transset_def]
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    "[| Transset(X);  A<=X;  n: nat |] ==> \
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\             nat_rec(n, A, %m r. Union(r)) <= X";
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by (etac nat_induct 1);
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by (asm_simp_tac (simpset() addsimps [nat_rec_0]) 1);
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by (asm_simp_tac (simpset() addsimps [nat_rec_succ]) 1);
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by (Blast_tac 1);
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qed "eclose_least_lemma";
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Goalw [eclose_def]
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     "[| Transset(X);  A<=X |] ==> eclose(A) <= X";
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by (rtac (eclose_least_lemma RS UN_least) 1);
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by (REPEAT (assume_tac 1));
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qed "eclose_least";
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(*COMPLETELY DIFFERENT induction principle from eclose_induct!!*)
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val [major,base,step] = Goal
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    "[| a: eclose(b);                                           \
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\       !!y.   [| y: b |] ==> P(y);                             \
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\       !!y z. [| y: eclose(b);  P(y);  z: y |] ==> P(z)        \
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\    |] ==> P(a)";
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by (rtac (major RSN (3, eclose_least RS subsetD RS CollectD2)) 1);
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by (rtac (CollectI RS subsetI) 2);
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by (etac (arg_subset_eclose RS subsetD) 2);
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by (etac base 2);
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by (rewtac Transset_def);
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by (blast_tac (claset() addIs [step,ecloseD]) 1);
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qed "eclose_induct_down";
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Goal "Transset(X) ==> eclose(X) = X";
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by (etac ([eclose_least, arg_subset_eclose] MRS equalityI) 1);
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by (rtac subset_refl 1);
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qed "Transset_eclose_eq_arg";
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(*** Epsilon recursion ***)
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(*Unused...*)
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Goal "[| A: eclose(B);  B: eclose(C) |] ==> A: eclose(C)";
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by (rtac ([Transset_eclose, eclose_subset] MRS eclose_least RS subsetD) 1);
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by (REPEAT (assume_tac 1));
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qed "mem_eclose_trans";
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(*Variant of the previous lemma in a useable form for the sequel*)
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Goal "[| A: eclose({B});  B: eclose({C}) |] ==> A: eclose({C})";
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by (rtac ([Transset_eclose, singleton_subsetI] MRS eclose_least RS subsetD) 1);
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by (REPEAT (assume_tac 1));
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qed "mem_eclose_sing_trans";
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Goalw [Transset_def] "[| Transset(i);  j:i |] ==> Memrel(i)-``{j} = j";
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by (Blast_tac 1);
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qed "under_Memrel";
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(* j : eclose(A) ==> Memrel(eclose(A)) -`` j = j *)
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val under_Memrel_eclose = Transset_eclose RS under_Memrel;
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val wfrec_ssubst = standard (wf_Memrel RS wfrec RS ssubst);
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val [kmemj,jmemi] = goal Epsilon.thy
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    "[| k:eclose({j});  j:eclose({i}) |] ==> \
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\    wfrec(Memrel(eclose({i})), k, H) = wfrec(Memrel(eclose({j})), k, H)";
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by (rtac (kmemj RS eclose_induct) 1);
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by (rtac wfrec_ssubst 1);
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by (rtac wfrec_ssubst 1);
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by (asm_simp_tac (simpset() addsimps [under_Memrel_eclose,
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                                  jmemi RSN (2,mem_eclose_sing_trans)]) 1);
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qed "wfrec_eclose_eq";
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Goal
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    "k: i ==> wfrec(Memrel(eclose({i})),k,H) = wfrec(Memrel(eclose({k})),k,H)";
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by (rtac (arg_in_eclose_sing RS wfrec_eclose_eq) 1);
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by (etac arg_into_eclose_sing 1);
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qed "wfrec_eclose_eq2";
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Goalw [transrec_def]
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    "transrec(a,H) = H(a, lam x:a. transrec(x,H))";
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by (rtac wfrec_ssubst 1);
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by (simp_tac (simpset() addsimps [wfrec_eclose_eq2, arg_in_eclose_sing,
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                              under_Memrel_eclose]) 1);
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qed "transrec";
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(*Avoids explosions in proofs; resolve it with a meta-level definition.*)
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val rew::prems = Goal
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    "[| !!x. f(x)==transrec(x,H) |] ==> f(a) = H(a, lam x:a. f(x))";
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by (rewtac rew);
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by (REPEAT (resolve_tac (prems@[transrec]) 1));
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qed "def_transrec";
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val prems = Goal
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    "[| !!x u. [| x:eclose({a});  u: Pi(x,B) |] ==> H(x,u) : B(x)   \
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\    |]  ==> transrec(a,H) : B(a)";
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by (res_inst_tac [("i", "a")] (arg_in_eclose_sing RS eclose_induct) 1);
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by (stac transrec 1);
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by (REPEAT (ares_tac (prems @ [lam_type]) 1 ORELSE etac bspec 1));
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qed "transrec_type";
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Goal "Ord(i) ==> eclose({i}) <= succ(i)";
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by (etac (Ord_is_Transset RS Transset_succ RS eclose_least) 1);
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by (rtac (succI1 RS singleton_subsetI) 1);
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qed "eclose_sing_Ord";
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val prems = Goal
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    "[| j: i;  Ord(i);  \
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\       !!x u. [| x: i;  u: Pi(x,B) |] ==> H(x,u) : B(x)   \
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\    |]  ==> transrec(j,H) : B(j)";
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by (rtac transrec_type 1);
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by (resolve_tac prems 1);
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by (rtac (Ord_in_Ord RS eclose_sing_Ord RS subsetD RS succE) 1);
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by (DEPTH_SOLVE (ares_tac prems 1 ORELSE eresolve_tac [ssubst,Ord_trans] 1));
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qed "Ord_transrec_type";
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(*** Rank ***)
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(*NOT SUITABLE FOR REWRITING -- RECURSIVE!*)
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Goal "rank(a) = (UN y:a. succ(rank(y)))";
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by (stac (rank_def RS def_transrec) 1);
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by (Simp_tac 1);
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qed "rank";
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Goal "Ord(rank(a))";
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by (eps_ind_tac "a" 1);
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by (stac rank 1);
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by (rtac (Ord_succ RS Ord_UN) 1);
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by (etac bspec 1);
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by (assume_tac 1);
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qed "Ord_rank";
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Addsimps [Ord_rank];
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Goal "Ord(i) ==> rank(i) = i";
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by (etac trans_induct 1);
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by (stac rank 1);
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by (asm_simp_tac (simpset() addsimps [Ord_equality]) 1);
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qed "rank_of_Ord";
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Goal "a:b ==> rank(a) < rank(b)";
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by (res_inst_tac [("a1","b")] (rank RS ssubst) 1);
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by (etac (UN_I RS ltI) 1);
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by (rtac Ord_UN 2);
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by Auto_tac;
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qed "rank_lt";
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Goal "a: eclose(b) ==> rank(a) < rank(b)";
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by (etac eclose_induct_down 1);
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by (etac rank_lt 1);
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by (etac (rank_lt RS lt_trans) 1);
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by (assume_tac 1);
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qed "eclose_rank_lt";
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Goal "a<=b ==> rank(a) le rank(b)";
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by (rtac subset_imp_le 1);
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by (stac rank 1);
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by (stac rank 1);
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by Auto_tac;
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qed "rank_mono";
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Goal "rank(Pow(a)) = succ(rank(a))";
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by (rtac (rank RS trans) 1);
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by (rtac le_anti_sym 1);
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by (rtac UN_upper_le 2);
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by (rtac UN_least_le 1);
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by (auto_tac (claset() addIs [rank_mono], simpset()));
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qed "rank_Pow";
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Goal "rank(0) = 0";
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by (rtac (rank RS trans) 1);
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by (Blast_tac 1);
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qed "rank_0";
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Goal "rank(succ(x)) = succ(rank(x))";
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by (rtac (rank RS trans) 1);
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by (rtac ([UN_least, succI1 RS UN_upper] MRS equalityI) 1);
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by (etac succE 1);
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by (Blast_tac 1);
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by (etac (rank_lt RS leI RS succ_leI RS le_imp_subset) 1);
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qed "rank_succ";
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Addsimps [rank_0, rank_succ];
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Goal "rank(Union(A)) = (UN x:A. rank(x))";
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by (rtac equalityI 1);
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by (rtac (rank_mono RS le_imp_subset RS UN_least) 2);
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by (etac Union_upper 2);
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by (stac rank 1);
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by (rtac UN_least 1);
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by (etac UnionE 1);
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by (rtac subset_trans 1);
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by (etac (RepFunI RS Union_upper) 2);
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   247
by (etac (rank_lt RS succ_leI RS le_imp_subset) 1);
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qed "rank_Union";
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Goal "rank(eclose(a)) = rank(a)";
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by (rtac le_anti_sym 1);
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by (rtac (arg_subset_eclose RS rank_mono) 2);
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by (res_inst_tac [("a1","eclose(a)")] (rank RS ssubst) 1);
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by (rtac (Ord_rank RS UN_least_le) 1);
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   255
by (etac (eclose_rank_lt RS succ_leI) 1);
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qed "rank_eclose";
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Goalw [Pair_def] "rank(a) < rank(<a,b>)";
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by (rtac (consI1 RS rank_lt RS lt_trans) 1);
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by (rtac (consI1 RS consI2 RS rank_lt) 1);
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qed "rank_pair1";
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Goalw [Pair_def] "rank(b) < rank(<a,b>)";
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by (rtac (consI1 RS consI2 RS rank_lt RS lt_trans) 1);
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by (rtac (consI1 RS consI2 RS rank_lt) 1);
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qed "rank_pair2";
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(*Not clear how to remove the P(a) condition, since the "then" part
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  must refer to "a"*)
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Goal "P(a) ==> (THE x. P(x)) = (if (EX!x. P(x)) then a else 0)";
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by (asm_simp_tac (simpset() addsimps [the_0, the_equality2]) 1);
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qed "the_equality_if";
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(*The premise is needed not just to fix i but to ensure f~=0*)
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Goalw [apply_def] "i : domain(f) ==> rank(f`i) < rank(f)";
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by (Clarify_tac 1);
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by (subgoal_tac "rank(y) < rank(f)" 1);
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   278
by (blast_tac (claset() addIs [lt_trans, rank_lt, rank_pair2]) 2);
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by (subgoal_tac "0 < rank(f)" 1);
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   280
by (etac (Ord_rank RS Ord_0_le RS lt_trans1) 2);
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by (asm_simp_tac (simpset() addsimps [the_equality_if]) 1);
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qed "rank_apply";
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(*** Corollaries of leastness ***)
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Goal "A:B ==> eclose(A)<=eclose(B)";
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by (rtac (Transset_eclose RS eclose_least) 1);
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by (etac (arg_into_eclose RS eclose_subset) 1);
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qed "mem_eclose_subset";
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Goal "A<=B ==> eclose(A) <= eclose(B)";
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by (rtac (Transset_eclose RS eclose_least) 1);
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   294
by (etac subset_trans 1);
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   295
by (rtac arg_subset_eclose 1);
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qed "eclose_mono";
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(** Idempotence of eclose **)
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Goal "eclose(eclose(A)) = eclose(A)";
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by (rtac equalityI 1);
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   302
by (rtac ([Transset_eclose, subset_refl] MRS eclose_least) 1);
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   303
by (rtac arg_subset_eclose 1);
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qed "eclose_idem";
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   305
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(** Transfinite recursion for definitions based on the 
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
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    three cases of ordinals **)
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   308
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Goal "transrec2(0,a,b) = a";
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   310
by (rtac (transrec2_def RS def_transrec RS trans) 1);
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   311
by (Simp_tac 1);
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qed "transrec2_0";
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   313
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parents: 4091
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   314
Goal "(THE j. i=j) = i";
5505
paulson
parents: 5268
diff changeset
   315
by (Blast_tac 1);
2469
b50b8c0eec01 Implicit simpsets and clasets for FOL and ZF
paulson
parents: 2033
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   316
qed "THE_eq";
b50b8c0eec01 Implicit simpsets and clasets for FOL and ZF
paulson
parents: 2033
diff changeset
   317
5067
62b6288e6005 isatool fixgoal;
wenzelm
parents: 4091
diff changeset
   318
Goal "transrec2(succ(i),a,b) = b(i, transrec2(i,a,b))";
2469
b50b8c0eec01 Implicit simpsets and clasets for FOL and ZF
paulson
parents: 2033
diff changeset
   319
by (rtac (transrec2_def RS def_transrec RS trans) 1);
8201
a81d18b0a9b1 tidied some proofs
paulson
parents: 8127
diff changeset
   320
by (simp_tac (simpset() addsimps [THE_eq, if_P]) 1);
3016
15763781afb0 Conversion to use blast_tac
paulson
parents: 2637
diff changeset
   321
by (Blast_tac 1);
2469
b50b8c0eec01 Implicit simpsets and clasets for FOL and ZF
paulson
parents: 2033
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   322
qed "transrec2_succ";
b50b8c0eec01 Implicit simpsets and clasets for FOL and ZF
paulson
parents: 2033
diff changeset
   323
5137
60205b0de9b9 Huge tidy-up: removal of leading \!\!
paulson
parents: 5116
diff changeset
   324
Goal "Limit(i) ==> transrec2(i,a,b) = (UN j<i. transrec2(j,a,b))";
2469
b50b8c0eec01 Implicit simpsets and clasets for FOL and ZF
paulson
parents: 2033
diff changeset
   325
by (rtac (transrec2_def RS def_transrec RS trans) 1);
5137
60205b0de9b9 Huge tidy-up: removal of leading \!\!
paulson
parents: 5116
diff changeset
   326
by (Simp_tac 1);
4091
771b1f6422a8 isatool fixclasimp;
wenzelm
parents: 3889
diff changeset
   327
by (blast_tac (claset() addSDs [Limit_has_0] addSEs [succ_LimitE]) 1);
2469
b50b8c0eec01 Implicit simpsets and clasets for FOL and ZF
paulson
parents: 2033
diff changeset
   328
qed "transrec2_Limit";
b50b8c0eec01 Implicit simpsets and clasets for FOL and ZF
paulson
parents: 2033
diff changeset
   329
b50b8c0eec01 Implicit simpsets and clasets for FOL and ZF
paulson
parents: 2033
diff changeset
   330
Addsimps [transrec2_0, transrec2_succ];
3016
15763781afb0 Conversion to use blast_tac
paulson
parents: 2637
diff changeset
   331
6070
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   332
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   333
(** recursor -- better than nat_rec; the succ case has no type requirement! **)
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   334
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   335
(*NOT suitable for rewriting*)
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   336
val lemma = recursor_def RS def_transrec RS trans;
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   337
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   338
Goal "recursor(a,b,0) = a";
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   339
by (rtac (nat_case_0 RS lemma) 1);
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   340
qed "recursor_0";
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   341
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   342
Goal "recursor(a,b,succ(m)) = b(m, recursor(a,b,m))";
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   343
by (rtac lemma 1);
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   344
by (Simp_tac 1);
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   345
qed "recursor_succ";
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   346
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   347
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   348
(** rec: old version for compatibility **)
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   349
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   350
Goalw [rec_def] "rec(0,a,b) = a";
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   351
by (rtac recursor_0 1);
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   352
qed "rec_0";
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   353
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   354
Goalw [rec_def] "rec(succ(m),a,b) = b(m, rec(m,a,b))";
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   355
by (rtac recursor_succ 1);
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   356
qed "rec_succ";
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   357
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   358
Addsimps [rec_0, rec_succ];
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   359
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   360
val major::prems = Goal
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   361
    "[| n: nat;  \
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   362
\       a: C(0);  \
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   363
\       !!m z. [| m: nat;  z: C(m) |] ==> b(m,z): C(succ(m))  \
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   364
\    |] ==> rec(n,a,b) : C(n)";
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   365
by (rtac (major RS nat_induct) 1);
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   366
by (ALLGOALS (asm_simp_tac (simpset() addsimps prems)));
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   367
qed "rec_type";
032babd0120b ZF: the natural numbers as a datatype
paulson
parents: 5809
diff changeset
   368