src/HOL/ex/Gauge_Integration.thy
author nipkow
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(*  Author:     Jacques D. Fleuriot, University of Edinburgh
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    Conversion to Isar and new proofs by Lawrence C Paulson, 2004
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    Replaced by ~~/src/HOL/Multivariate_Analysis/Real_Integral.thy .
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*)
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header{*Theory of Integration on real intervals*}
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theory Gauge_Integration
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imports Complex_Main
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begin
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text {*
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\textbf{Attention}: This theory defines the Integration on real
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intervals.  This is just a example theory for historical / expository interests.
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A better replacement is found in the Multivariate Analysis library. This defines
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the gauge integral on real vector spaces and in the Real Integral theory
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is a specialization to the integral on arbitrary real intervals.  The
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Multivariate Analysis package also provides a better support for analysis on
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integrals.
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*}
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text{*We follow John Harrison in formalizing the Gauge integral.*}
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subsection {* Gauges *}
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definition
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  gauge :: "[real set, real => real] => bool" where
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  "gauge E g = (\<forall>x\<in>E. 0 < g(x))"
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subsection {* Gauge-fine divisions *}
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inductive
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  fine :: "[real \<Rightarrow> real, real \<times> real, (real \<times> real \<times> real) list] \<Rightarrow> bool"
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for
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  \<delta> :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
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where
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  fine_Nil:
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    "fine \<delta> (a, a) []"
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| fine_Cons:
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    "\<lbrakk>fine \<delta> (b, c) D; a < b; a \<le> x; x \<le> b; b - a < \<delta> x\<rbrakk>
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      \<Longrightarrow> fine \<delta> (a, c) ((a, x, b) # D)"
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lemmas fine_induct [induct set: fine] =
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  fine.induct [of "\<delta>" "(a,b)" "D" "split P", unfolded split_conv] for \<delta> a b D P
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lemma fine_single:
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  "\<lbrakk>a < b; a \<le> x; x \<le> b; b - a < \<delta> x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> fine \<delta> (a, b) [(a, x, b)]"
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by (rule fine_Cons [OF fine_Nil])
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lemma fine_append:
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  "\<lbrakk>fine \<delta> (a, b) D; fine \<delta> (b, c) D'\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> fine \<delta> (a, c) (D @ D')"
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by (induct set: fine, simp, simp add: fine_Cons)
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lemma fine_imp_le: "fine \<delta> (a, b) D \<Longrightarrow> a \<le> b"
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by (induct set: fine, simp_all)
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lemma nonempty_fine_imp_less: "\<lbrakk>fine \<delta> (a, b) D; D \<noteq> []\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a < b"
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apply (induct set: fine, simp)
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apply (drule fine_imp_le, simp)
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done
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lemma fine_Nil_iff: "fine \<delta> (a, b) [] \<longleftrightarrow> a = b"
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by (auto elim: fine.cases intro: fine.intros)
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lemma fine_same_iff: "fine \<delta> (a, a) D \<longleftrightarrow> D = []"
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proof
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  assume "fine \<delta> (a, a) D" thus "D = []"
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    by (metis nonempty_fine_imp_less less_irrefl)
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next
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  assume "D = []" thus "fine \<delta> (a, a) D"
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    by (simp add: fine_Nil)
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qed
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lemma empty_fine_imp_eq: "\<lbrakk>fine \<delta> (a, b) D; D = []\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a = b"
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by (simp add: fine_Nil_iff)
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lemma mem_fine:
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  "\<lbrakk>fine \<delta> (a, b) D; (u, x, v) \<in> set D\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> u < v \<and> u \<le> x \<and> x \<le> v"
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by (induct set: fine, simp, force)
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lemma mem_fine2: "\<lbrakk>fine \<delta> (a, b) D; (u, z, v) \<in> set D\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a \<le> u \<and> v \<le> b"
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apply (induct arbitrary: z u v set: fine, auto)
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apply (simp add: fine_imp_le)
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apply (erule order_trans [OF less_imp_le], simp)
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done
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lemma mem_fine3: "\<lbrakk>fine \<delta> (a, b) D; (u, z, v) \<in> set D\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> v - u < \<delta> z"
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by (induct arbitrary: z u v set: fine) auto
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lemma BOLZANO:
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  fixes P :: "real \<Rightarrow> real \<Rightarrow> bool"
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  assumes 1: "a \<le> b"
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  assumes 2: "\<And>a b c. \<lbrakk>P a b; P b c; a \<le> b; b \<le> c\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P a c"
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  assumes 3: "\<And>x. \<exists>d>0. \<forall>a b. a \<le> x & x \<le> b & (b-a) < d \<longrightarrow> P a b"
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  shows "P a b"
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  using 1 2 3 by (rule Bolzano)
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text{*We can always find a division that is fine wrt any gauge*}
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lemma fine_exists:
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  assumes "a \<le> b" and "gauge {a..b} \<delta>" shows "\<exists>D. fine \<delta> (a, b) D"
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proof -
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  {
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    fix u v :: real assume "u \<le> v"
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    have "a \<le> u \<Longrightarrow> v \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>D. fine \<delta> (u, v) D"
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      apply (induct u v rule: BOLZANO, rule `u \<le> v`)
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       apply (simp, fast intro: fine_append)
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      apply (case_tac "a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b")
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       apply (rule_tac x="\<delta> x" in exI)
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       apply (rule conjI)
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        apply (simp add: `gauge {a..b} \<delta>` [unfolded gauge_def])
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       apply (clarify, rename_tac u v)
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       apply (case_tac "u = v")
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        apply (fast intro: fine_Nil)
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       apply (subgoal_tac "u < v", fast intro: fine_single, simp)
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      apply (rule_tac x="1" in exI, clarsimp)
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      done
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  }
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  with `a \<le> b` show ?thesis by auto
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qed
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lemma fine_covers_all:
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  assumes "fine \<delta> (a, c) D" and "a < x" and "x \<le> c"
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  shows "\<exists> N < length D. \<forall> d t e. D ! N = (d,t,e) \<longrightarrow> d < x \<and> x \<le> e"
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  using assms
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proof (induct set: fine)
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  case (2 b c D a t)
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  thus ?case
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  proof (cases "b < x")
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    case True
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    with 2 obtain N where *: "N < length D"
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      and **: "\<And> d t e. D ! N = (d,t,e) \<Longrightarrow> d < x \<and> x \<le> e" by auto
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   137
    hence "Suc N < length ((a,t,b)#D) \<and>
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   138
           (\<forall> d t' e. ((a,t,b)#D) ! Suc N = (d,t',e) \<longrightarrow> d < x \<and> x \<le> e)" by auto
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   139
    thus ?thesis by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
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   140
  next
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   141
    case False with 2
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   142
    have "0 < length ((a,t,b)#D) \<and>
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   143
           (\<forall> d t' e. ((a,t,b)#D) ! 0 = (d,t',e) \<longrightarrow> d < x \<and> x \<le> e)" by auto
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   144
    thus ?thesis by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
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   145
  qed
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   146
qed auto
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   147
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   148
lemma fine_append_split:
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   149
  assumes "fine \<delta> (a,b) D" and "D2 \<noteq> []" and "D = D1 @ D2"
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   150
  shows "fine \<delta> (a,fst (hd D2)) D1" (is "?fine1")
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   151
  and "fine \<delta> (fst (hd D2), b) D2" (is "?fine2")
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   152
proof -
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   153
  from assms
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   154
  have "?fine1 \<and> ?fine2"
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   155
  proof (induct arbitrary: D1 D2)
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   156
    case (2 b c D a' x D1 D2)
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   157
    note induct = this
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   158
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
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   159
    thus ?case
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   160
    proof (cases D1)
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   161
      case Nil
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   162
      hence "fst (hd D2) = a'" using 2 by auto
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   163
      with fine_Cons[OF `fine \<delta> (b,c) D` induct(3,4,5)] Nil induct
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   164
      show ?thesis by (auto intro: fine_Nil)
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   165
    next
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   166
      case (Cons d1 D1')
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   167
      with induct(2)[OF `D2 \<noteq> []`, of D1'] induct(8)
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   168
      have "fine \<delta> (b, fst (hd D2)) D1'" and "fine \<delta> (fst (hd D2), c) D2" and
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   169
        "d1 = (a', x, b)" by auto
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   170
      with fine_Cons[OF this(1) induct(3,4,5), OF induct(6)] Cons
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   171
      show ?thesis by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
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   172
    qed
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   173
  qed auto
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   174
  thus ?fine1 and ?fine2 by auto
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   175
qed
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   176
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   177
lemma fine_\<delta>_expand:
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   178
  assumes "fine \<delta> (a,b) D"
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   179
  and "\<And>x. a \<le> x \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> \<delta> x \<le> \<delta>' x"
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   180
  shows "fine \<delta>' (a,b) D"
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   181
using assms proof induct
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   182
  case 1 show ?case by (rule fine_Nil)
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   183
next
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   184
  case (2 b c D a x)
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   185
  show ?case
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   186
  proof (rule fine_Cons)
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   187
    show "fine \<delta>' (b,c) D" using 2 by auto
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   188
    from fine_imp_le[OF 2(1)] 2(6) `x \<le> b`
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   189
    show "b - a < \<delta>' x"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
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   190
      using 2(7)[OF `a \<le> x`] by auto
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   191
  qed (auto simp add: 2)
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   192
qed
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diff changeset
   193
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   194
lemma fine_single_boundaries:
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   195
  assumes "fine \<delta> (a,b) D" and "D = [(d, t, e)]"
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   196
  shows "a = d \<and> b = e"
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   197
using assms proof induct
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   198
  case (2 b c  D a x)
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   199
  hence "D = []" and "a = d" and "b = e" by auto
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   200
  moreover
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   201
  from `fine \<delta> (b,c) D` `D = []` have "b = c"
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   202
    by (rule empty_fine_imp_eq)
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   203
  ultimately show ?case by simp
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   204
qed auto
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   205
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   206
lemma fine_listsum_eq_diff:
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   207
  fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
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   208
  shows "fine \<delta> (a, b) D \<Longrightarrow> (\<Sum>(u, x, v)\<leftarrow>D. f v - f u) = f b - f a"
e8888458dce3 Moved old Integration to examples.
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   209
by (induct set: fine) simp_all
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   210
e8888458dce3 Moved old Integration to examples.
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   211
text{*Lemmas about combining gauges*}
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   212
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   213
lemma gauge_min:
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   214
     "[| gauge(E) g1; gauge(E) g2 |]
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   215
      ==> gauge(E) (%x. min (g1(x)) (g2(x)))"
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   216
by (simp add: gauge_def)
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   217
e8888458dce3 Moved old Integration to examples.
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   218
lemma fine_min:
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   219
      "fine (%x. min (g1(x)) (g2(x))) (a,b) D
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   220
       ==> fine(g1) (a,b) D & fine(g2) (a,b) D"
e8888458dce3 Moved old Integration to examples.
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   221
apply (erule fine.induct)
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   222
apply (simp add: fine_Nil)
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   223
apply (simp add: fine_Cons)
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   224
done
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c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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   225
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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   226
subsection {* Riemann sum *}
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   227
21404
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   228
definition
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   229
  rsum :: "[(real \<times> real \<times> real) list, real \<Rightarrow> real] \<Rightarrow> real" where
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   230
  "rsum D f = (\<Sum>(u, x, v)\<leftarrow>D. f x * (v - u))"
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   231
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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   232
lemma rsum_Nil [simp]: "rsum [] f = 0"
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   233
unfolding rsum_def by simp
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   234
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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   235
lemma rsum_Cons [simp]: "rsum ((u, x, v) # D) f = f x * (v - u) + rsum D f"
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   236
unfolding rsum_def by simp
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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   237
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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   238
lemma rsum_zero [simp]: "rsum D (\<lambda>x. 0) = 0"
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   239
by (induct D, auto)
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   240
31259
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   241
lemma rsum_left_distrib: "rsum D f * c = rsum D (\<lambda>x. f x * c)"
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   242
by (induct D, auto simp add: algebra_simps)
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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diff changeset
   243
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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   244
lemma rsum_right_distrib: "c * rsum D f = rsum D (\<lambda>x. c * f x)"
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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   245
by (induct D, auto simp add: algebra_simps)
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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diff changeset
   246
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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   247
lemma rsum_add: "rsum D (\<lambda>x. f x + g x) =  rsum D f + rsum D g"
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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   248
by (induct D, auto simp add: algebra_simps)
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diff changeset
   249
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   250
lemma rsum_append: "rsum (D1 @ D2) f = rsum D1 f + rsum D2 f"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
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diff changeset
   251
unfolding rsum_def map_append listsum_append ..
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
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diff changeset
   252
31259
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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diff changeset
   253
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
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   254
subsection {* Gauge integrability (definite) *}
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   255
21404
eb85850d3eb7 more robust syntax for definition/abbreviation/notation;
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   256
definition
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   257
  Integral :: "[(real*real),real=>real,real] => bool" where
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26bdfb7b680b dropped superfluous [code del]s
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diff changeset
   258
  "Integral = (%(a,b) f k. \<forall>e > 0.
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   259
                               (\<exists>\<delta>. gauge {a .. b} \<delta> &
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   260
                               (\<forall>D. fine \<delta> (a,b) D -->
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diff changeset
   261
                                         \<bar>rsum D f - k\<bar> < e)))"
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49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
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diff changeset
   262
35441
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   263
lemma Integral_eq:
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diff changeset
   264
  "Integral (a, b) f k \<longleftrightarrow>
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diff changeset
   265
    (\<forall>e>0. \<exists>\<delta>. gauge {a..b} \<delta> \<and> (\<forall>D. fine \<delta> (a,b) D \<longrightarrow> \<bar>rsum D f - k\<bar> < e))"
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diff changeset
   266
unfolding Integral_def by simp
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
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diff changeset
   267
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
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   268
lemma IntegralI:
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   269
  assumes "\<And>e. 0 < e \<Longrightarrow>
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diff changeset
   270
    \<exists>\<delta>. gauge {a..b} \<delta> \<and> (\<forall>D. fine \<delta> (a, b) D \<longrightarrow> \<bar>rsum D f - k\<bar> < e)"
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diff changeset
   271
  shows "Integral (a, b) f k"
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   272
using assms unfolding Integral_def by auto
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diff changeset
   273
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
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diff changeset
   274
lemma IntegralE:
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   275
  assumes "Integral (a, b) f k" and "0 < e"
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   276
  obtains \<delta> where "gauge {a..b} \<delta>" and "\<forall>D. fine \<delta> (a, b) D \<longrightarrow> \<bar>rsum D f - k\<bar> < e"
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diff changeset
   277
using assms unfolding Integral_def by auto
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diff changeset
   278
31252
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
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diff changeset
   279
lemma Integral_def2:
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   280
  "Integral = (%(a,b) f k. \<forall>e>0. (\<exists>\<delta>. gauge {a..b} \<delta> &
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   281
                               (\<forall>D. fine \<delta> (a,b) D -->
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diff changeset
   282
                                         \<bar>rsum D f - k\<bar> \<le> e)))"
31252
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diff changeset
   283
unfolding Integral_def
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diff changeset
   284
apply (safe intro!: ext)
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diff changeset
   285
apply (fast intro: less_imp_le)
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diff changeset
   286
apply (drule_tac x="e/2" in spec)
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   287
apply force
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   288
done
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   289
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   290
text{*The integral is unique if it exists*}
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   291
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   292
lemma Integral_unique:
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   293
  assumes le: "a \<le> b"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   294
  assumes 1: "Integral (a, b) f k1"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   295
  assumes 2: "Integral (a, b) f k2"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   296
  shows "k1 = k2"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   297
proof (rule ccontr)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   298
  assume "k1 \<noteq> k2"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   299
  hence e: "0 < \<bar>k1 - k2\<bar> / 2" by simp
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   300
  obtain d1 where "gauge {a..b} d1" and
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   301
    d1: "\<forall>D. fine d1 (a, b) D \<longrightarrow> \<bar>rsum D f - k1\<bar> < \<bar>k1 - k2\<bar> / 2"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   302
    using 1 e by (rule IntegralE)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   303
  obtain d2 where "gauge {a..b} d2" and
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   304
    d2: "\<forall>D. fine d2 (a, b) D \<longrightarrow> \<bar>rsum D f - k2\<bar> < \<bar>k1 - k2\<bar> / 2"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   305
    using 2 e by (rule IntegralE)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   306
  have "gauge {a..b} (\<lambda>x. min (d1 x) (d2 x))"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   307
    using `gauge {a..b} d1` and `gauge {a..b} d2`
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   308
    by (rule gauge_min)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   309
  then obtain D where "fine (\<lambda>x. min (d1 x) (d2 x)) (a, b) D"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   310
    using fine_exists [OF le] by fast
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   311
  hence "fine d1 (a, b) D" and "fine d2 (a, b) D"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   312
    by (auto dest: fine_min)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   313
  hence "\<bar>rsum D f - k1\<bar> < \<bar>k1 - k2\<bar> / 2" and "\<bar>rsum D f - k2\<bar> < \<bar>k1 - k2\<bar> / 2"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   314
    using d1 d2 by simp_all
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   315
  hence "\<bar>rsum D f - k1\<bar> + \<bar>rsum D f - k2\<bar> < \<bar>k1 - k2\<bar> / 2 + \<bar>k1 - k2\<bar> / 2"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   316
    by (rule add_strict_mono)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   317
  thus False by auto
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   318
qed
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   319
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   320
lemma Integral_zero: "Integral(a,a) f 0"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   321
apply (rule IntegralI)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   322
apply (rule_tac x = "\<lambda>x. 1" in exI)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   323
apply (simp add: fine_same_iff gauge_def)
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   324
done
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   325
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   326
lemma Integral_same_iff [simp]: "Integral (a, a) f k \<longleftrightarrow> k = 0"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   327
  by (auto intro: Integral_zero Integral_unique)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   328
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   329
lemma Integral_zero_fun: "Integral (a,b) (\<lambda>x. 0) 0"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   330
apply (rule IntegralI)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   331
apply (rule_tac x="\<lambda>x. 1" in exI, simp add: gauge_def)
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   332
done
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   333
31259
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
huffman
parents: 31257
diff changeset
   334
lemma fine_rsum_const: "fine \<delta> (a,b) D \<Longrightarrow> rsum D (\<lambda>x. c) = (c * (b - a))"
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
huffman
parents: 31257
diff changeset
   335
unfolding rsum_def
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
huffman
parents: 31257
diff changeset
   336
by (induct set: fine, auto simp add: algebra_simps)
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   337
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   338
lemma Integral_mult_const: "a \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> Integral(a,b) (\<lambda>x. c) (c * (b - a))"
31259
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
huffman
parents: 31257
diff changeset
   339
apply (cases "a = b", simp)
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   340
apply (rule IntegralI)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   341
apply (rule_tac x = "\<lambda>x. b - a" in exI)
31259
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
huffman
parents: 31257
diff changeset
   342
apply (rule conjI, simp add: gauge_def)
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
huffman
parents: 31257
diff changeset
   343
apply (clarify)
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
huffman
parents: 31257
diff changeset
   344
apply (subst fine_rsum_const, assumption, simp)
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   345
done
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   346
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   347
lemma Integral_eq_diff_bounds: "a \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> Integral(a,b) (\<lambda>x. 1) (b - a)"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   348
  using Integral_mult_const [of a b 1] by simp
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   349
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   350
lemma Integral_mult:
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   351
     "[| a \<le> b; Integral(a,b) f k |] ==> Integral(a,b) (%x. c * f x) (c * k)"
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   352
apply (auto simp add: order_le_less)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   353
apply (cases "c = 0", simp add: Integral_zero_fun)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   354
apply (rule IntegralI)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   355
apply (erule_tac e="e / \<bar>c\<bar>" in IntegralE, simp add: divide_pos_pos)
31259
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
huffman
parents: 31257
diff changeset
   356
apply (rule_tac x="\<delta>" in exI, clarify)
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
huffman
parents: 31257
diff changeset
   357
apply (drule_tac x="D" in spec, clarify)
31257
547bf9819d6c clean up some rsum proofs
huffman
parents: 31253
diff changeset
   358
apply (simp add: pos_less_divide_eq abs_mult [symmetric]
547bf9819d6c clean up some rsum proofs
huffman
parents: 31253
diff changeset
   359
                 algebra_simps rsum_right_distrib)
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   360
done
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   361
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   362
lemma Integral_add:
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   363
  assumes "Integral (a, b) f x1"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   364
  assumes "Integral (b, c) f x2"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   365
  assumes "a \<le> b" and "b \<le> c"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   366
  shows "Integral (a, c) f (x1 + x2)"
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   367
proof (cases "a < b \<and> b < c", rule IntegralI)
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   368
  fix \<epsilon> :: real assume "0 < \<epsilon>"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   369
  hence "0 < \<epsilon> / 2" by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   370
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   371
  assume "a < b \<and> b < c"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   372
  hence "a < b" and "b < c" by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   373
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   374
  obtain \<delta>1 where \<delta>1_gauge: "gauge {a..b} \<delta>1"
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   375
    and I1: "\<And> D. fine \<delta>1 (a,b) D \<Longrightarrow> \<bar> rsum D f - x1 \<bar> < (\<epsilon> / 2)"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   376
    using IntegralE [OF `Integral (a, b) f x1` `0 < \<epsilon>/2`] by auto
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   377
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   378
  obtain \<delta>2 where \<delta>2_gauge: "gauge {b..c} \<delta>2"
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   379
    and I2: "\<And> D. fine \<delta>2 (b,c) D \<Longrightarrow> \<bar> rsum D f - x2 \<bar> < (\<epsilon> / 2)"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   380
    using IntegralE [OF `Integral (b, c) f x2` `0 < \<epsilon>/2`] by auto
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   381
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   382
  def \<delta> \<equiv> "\<lambda> x. if x < b then min (\<delta>1 x) (b - x)
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   383
           else if x = b then min (\<delta>1 b) (\<delta>2 b)
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   384
                         else min (\<delta>2 x) (x - b)"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   385
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   386
  have "gauge {a..c} \<delta>"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   387
    using \<delta>1_gauge \<delta>2_gauge unfolding \<delta>_def gauge_def by auto
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   388
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   389
  moreover {
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   390
    fix D :: "(real \<times> real \<times> real) list"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   391
    assume fine: "fine \<delta> (a,c) D"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   392
    from fine_covers_all[OF this `a < b` `b \<le> c`]
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   393
    obtain N where "N < length D"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   394
      and *: "\<forall> d t e. D ! N = (d, t, e) \<longrightarrow> d < b \<and> b \<le> e"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   395
      by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   396
    obtain d t e where D_eq: "D ! N = (d, t, e)" by (cases "D!N", auto)
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   397
    with * have "d < b" and "b \<le> e" by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   398
    have in_D: "(d, t, e) \<in> set D"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   399
      using D_eq[symmetric] using `N < length D` by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   400
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   401
    from mem_fine[OF fine in_D]
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   402
    have "d < e" and "d \<le> t" and "t \<le> e" by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   403
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   404
    have "t = b"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   405
    proof (rule ccontr)
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   406
      assume "t \<noteq> b"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   407
      with mem_fine3[OF fine in_D] `b \<le> e` `d \<le> t` `t \<le> e` `d < b` \<delta>_def
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   408
      show False by (cases "t < b") auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   409
    qed
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   410
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   411
    let ?D1 = "take N D"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   412
    let ?D2 = "drop N D"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   413
    def D1 \<equiv> "take N D @ [(d, t, b)]"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   414
    def D2 \<equiv> "(if b = e then [] else [(b, t, e)]) @ drop (Suc N) D"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   415
46501
fe51817749d1 simplifying proof
bulwahn
parents: 45605
diff changeset
   416
    from hd_drop_conv_nth[OF `N < length D`]
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   417
    have "fst (hd ?D2) = d" using `D ! N = (d, t, e)` by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   418
    with fine_append_split[OF _ _ append_take_drop_id[symmetric]]
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   419
    have fine1: "fine \<delta> (a,d) ?D1" and fine2: "fine \<delta> (d,c) ?D2"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   420
      using `N < length D` fine by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   421
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   422
    have "fine \<delta>1 (a,b) D1" unfolding D1_def
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   423
    proof (rule fine_append)
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   424
      show "fine \<delta>1 (a, d) ?D1"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   425
      proof (rule fine1[THEN fine_\<delta>_expand])
32960
69916a850301 eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents: 31366
diff changeset
   426
        fix x assume "a \<le> x" "x \<le> d"
69916a850301 eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents: 31366
diff changeset
   427
        hence "x \<le> b" using `d < b` `x \<le> d` by auto
69916a850301 eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents: 31366
diff changeset
   428
        thus "\<delta> x \<le> \<delta>1 x" unfolding \<delta>_def by auto
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   429
      qed
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   430
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   431
      have "b - d < \<delta>1 t"
32960
69916a850301 eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents: 31366
diff changeset
   432
        using mem_fine3[OF fine in_D] \<delta>_def `b \<le> e` `t = b` by auto
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   433
      from `d < b` `d \<le> t` `t = b` this
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   434
      show "fine \<delta>1 (d, b) [(d, t, b)]" using fine_single by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   435
    qed
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   436
    note rsum1 = I1[OF this]
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   437
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   438
    have drop_split: "drop N D = [D ! N] @ drop (Suc N) D"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   439
      using nth_drop'[OF `N < length D`] by simp
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   440
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   441
    have fine2: "fine \<delta>2 (e,c) (drop (Suc N) D)"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   442
    proof (cases "drop (Suc N) D = []")
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   443
      case True
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   444
      note * = fine2[simplified drop_split True D_eq append_Nil2]
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   445
      have "e = c" using fine_single_boundaries[OF * refl] by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   446
      thus ?thesis unfolding True using fine_Nil by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   447
    next
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   448
      case False
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   449
      note * = fine_append_split[OF fine2 False drop_split]
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   450
      from fine_single_boundaries[OF *(1)]
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   451
      have "fst (hd (drop (Suc N) D)) = e" using D_eq by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   452
      with *(2) have "fine \<delta> (e,c) (drop (Suc N) D)" by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   453
      thus ?thesis
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   454
      proof (rule fine_\<delta>_expand)
32960
69916a850301 eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents: 31366
diff changeset
   455
        fix x assume "e \<le> x" and "x \<le> c"
69916a850301 eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents: 31366
diff changeset
   456
        thus "\<delta> x \<le> \<delta>2 x" using `b \<le> e` unfolding \<delta>_def by auto
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   457
      qed
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   458
    qed
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   459
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   460
    have "fine \<delta>2 (b, c) D2"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   461
    proof (cases "e = b")
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   462
      case True thus ?thesis using fine2 by (simp add: D1_def D2_def)
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   463
    next
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   464
      case False
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   465
      have "e - b < \<delta>2 b"
32960
69916a850301 eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents: 31366
diff changeset
   466
        using mem_fine3[OF fine in_D] \<delta>_def `d < b` `t = b` by auto
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   467
      with False `t = b` `b \<le> e`
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   468
      show ?thesis using D2_def
32960
69916a850301 eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents: 31366
diff changeset
   469
        by (auto intro!: fine_append[OF _ fine2] fine_single
69916a850301 eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents: 31366
diff changeset
   470
               simp del: append_Cons)
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   471
    qed
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   472
    note rsum2 = I2[OF this]
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   473
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   474
    have "rsum D f = rsum (take N D) f + rsum [D ! N] f + rsum (drop (Suc N) D) f"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   475
      using rsum_append[symmetric] nth_drop'[OF `N < length D`] by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   476
    also have "\<dots> = rsum D1 f + rsum D2 f"
31366
380188f5e75e use algebra_simps instead of ring_simps
hoelzl
parents: 31364
diff changeset
   477
      by (cases "b = e", auto simp add: D1_def D2_def D_eq rsum_append algebra_simps)
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   478
    finally have "\<bar>rsum D f - (x1 + x2)\<bar> < \<epsilon>"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   479
      using add_strict_mono[OF rsum1 rsum2] by simp
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   480
  }
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   481
  ultimately show "\<exists> \<delta>. gauge {a .. c} \<delta> \<and>
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   482
    (\<forall>D. fine \<delta> (a,c) D \<longrightarrow> \<bar>rsum D f - (x1 + x2)\<bar> < \<epsilon>)"
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   483
    by blast
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   484
next
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   485
  case False
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   486
  hence "a = b \<or> b = c" using `a \<le> b` and `b \<le> c` by auto
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   487
  thus ?thesis
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   488
  proof (rule disjE)
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   489
    assume "a = b" hence "x1 = 0"
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   490
      using `Integral (a, b) f x1` by simp
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   491
    thus ?thesis using `a = b` `Integral (b, c) f x2` by simp
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   492
  next
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   493
    assume "b = c" hence "x2 = 0"
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   494
      using `Integral (b, c) f x2` by simp
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   495
    thus ?thesis using `b = c` `Integral (a, b) f x1` by simp
31364
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   496
  qed
46da73330913 Generalized Integral_add
hoelzl
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   497
qed
31259
c1b981b71dba encode gauge-fine partitions with lists instead of functions; remove lots of unnecessary lemmas
huffman
parents: 31257
diff changeset
   498
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   499
text{*Fundamental theorem of calculus (Part I)*}
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   500
15105
e194d4d265fb fixed tex problem
nipkow
parents: 15094
diff changeset
   501
text{*"Straddle Lemma" : Swartz and Thompson: AMM 95(7) 1988 *}
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   502
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   503
lemma strad1:
31252
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   504
       "\<lbrakk>\<forall>z::real. z \<noteq> x \<and> \<bar>z - x\<bar> < s \<longrightarrow>
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   505
             \<bar>(f z - f x) / (z - x) - f' x\<bar> < e/2;
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   506
        0 < s; 0 < e; a \<le> x; x \<le> b\<rbrakk>
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   507
       \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>z. \<bar>z - x\<bar> < s -->\<bar>f z - f x - f' x * (z - x)\<bar> \<le> e/2 * \<bar>z - x\<bar>"
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   508
apply clarify
31253
d54dc8956d48 use interval sets with gauge predicate
huffman
parents: 31252
diff changeset
   509
apply (case_tac "z = x", simp)
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   510
apply (drule_tac x = z in spec)
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   511
apply (rule_tac z1 = "\<bar>inverse (z - x)\<bar>" 
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   512
       in real_mult_le_cancel_iff2 [THEN iffD1])
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   513
 apply simp
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   514
apply (simp del: abs_inverse add: abs_mult [symmetric]
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   515
          mult_assoc [symmetric])
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   516
apply (subgoal_tac "inverse (z - x) * (f z - f x - f' x * (z - x)) 
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   517
                    = (f z - f x) / (z - x) - f' x")
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   518
 apply (simp add: abs_mult [symmetric] mult_ac diff_minus)
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   519
apply (subst mult_commute)
49962
a8cc904a6820 Renamed {left,right}_distrib to distrib_{right,left}.
webertj
parents: 46501
diff changeset
   520
apply (simp add: distrib_right diff_minus)
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   521
apply (simp add: mult_assoc divide_inverse)
49962
a8cc904a6820 Renamed {left,right}_distrib to distrib_{right,left}.
webertj
parents: 46501
diff changeset
   522
apply (simp add: distrib_right)
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   523
done
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   524
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   525
lemma lemma_straddle:
31252
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   526
  assumes f': "\<forall>x. a \<le> x & x \<le> b --> DERIV f x :> f'(x)" and "0 < e"
31253
d54dc8956d48 use interval sets with gauge predicate
huffman
parents: 31252
diff changeset
   527
  shows "\<exists>g. gauge {a..b} g &
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   528
                (\<forall>x u v. a \<le> u & u \<le> x & x \<le> v & v \<le> b & (v - u) < g(x)
15094
a7d1a3fdc30d conversion of Hyperreal/{Fact,Filter} to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 15093
diff changeset
   529
                  --> \<bar>(f(v) - f(u)) - (f'(x) * (v - u))\<bar> \<le> e * (v - u))"
31252
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   530
proof -
31253
d54dc8956d48 use interval sets with gauge predicate
huffman
parents: 31252
diff changeset
   531
  have "\<forall>x\<in>{a..b}.
15360
300e09825d8b Added "ALL x > y" and relatives.
nipkow
parents: 15251
diff changeset
   532
        (\<exists>d > 0. \<forall>u v. u \<le> x & x \<le> v & (v - u) < d --> 
31252
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   533
                       \<bar>(f(v) - f(u)) - (f'(x) * (v - u))\<bar> \<le> e * (v - u))"
31253
d54dc8956d48 use interval sets with gauge predicate
huffman
parents: 31252
diff changeset
   534
  proof (clarsimp)
31252
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   535
    fix x :: real assume "a \<le> x" and "x \<le> b"
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   536
    with f' have "DERIV f x :> f'(x)" by simp
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   537
    then have "\<forall>r>0. \<exists>s>0. \<forall>z. z \<noteq> x \<and> \<bar>z - x\<bar> < s \<longrightarrow> \<bar>(f z - f x) / (z - x) - f' x\<bar> < r"
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   538
      by (simp add: DERIV_iff2 LIM_eq)
31252
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   539
    with `0 < e` obtain s
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   540
    where "\<forall>z. z \<noteq> x \<and> \<bar>z - x\<bar> < s \<longrightarrow> \<bar>(f z - f x) / (z - x) - f' x\<bar> < e/2" and "0 < s"
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   541
      by (drule_tac x="e/2" in spec, auto)
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   542
    then have strad [rule_format]:
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   543
        "\<forall>z. \<bar>z - x\<bar> < s --> \<bar>f z - f x - f' x * (z - x)\<bar> \<le> e/2 * \<bar>z - x\<bar>"
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   544
      using `0 < e` `a \<le> x` `x \<le> b` by (rule strad1)
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   545
    show "\<exists>d>0. \<forall>u v. u \<le> x \<and> x \<le> v \<and> v - u < d \<longrightarrow> \<bar>f v - f u - f' x * (v - u)\<bar> \<le> e * (v - u)"
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   546
    proof (safe intro!: exI)
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   547
      show "0 < s" by fact
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   548
    next
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   549
      fix u v :: real assume "u \<le> x" and "x \<le> v" and "v - u < s"
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   550
      have "\<bar>f v - f u - f' x * (v - u)\<bar> =
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   551
            \<bar>(f v - f x - f' x * (v - x)) + (f x - f u - f' x * (x - u))\<bar>"
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   552
        by (simp add: right_diff_distrib)
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   553
      also have "\<dots> \<le> \<bar>f v - f x - f' x * (v - x)\<bar> + \<bar>f x - f u - f' x * (x - u)\<bar>"
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   554
        by (rule abs_triangle_ineq)
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   555
      also have "\<dots> = \<bar>f v - f x - f' x * (v - x)\<bar> + \<bar>f u - f x - f' x * (u - x)\<bar>"
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   556
        by (simp add: right_diff_distrib)
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   557
      also have "\<dots> \<le> (e/2) * \<bar>v - x\<bar> + (e/2) * \<bar>u - x\<bar>"
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   558
        using `u \<le> x` `x \<le> v` `v - u < s` by (intro add_mono strad, simp_all)
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   559
      also have "\<dots> \<le> e * (v - u) / 2 + e * (v - u) / 2"
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   560
        using `u \<le> x` `x \<le> v` `0 < e` by (intro add_mono, simp_all)
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   561
      also have "\<dots> = e * (v - u)"
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   562
        by simp
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   563
      finally show "\<bar>f v - f u - f' x * (v - u)\<bar> \<le> e * (v - u)" .
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   564
    qed
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   565
  qed
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   566
  thus ?thesis
31253
d54dc8956d48 use interval sets with gauge predicate
huffman
parents: 31252
diff changeset
   567
    by (simp add: gauge_def) (drule bchoice, auto)
31252
5155117f9d66 clean up some proofs
huffman
parents: 30082
diff changeset
   568
qed
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   569
35328
e8888458dce3 Moved old Integration to examples.
hoelzl
parents: 33640
diff changeset
   570
lemma fundamental_theorem_of_calculus:
35441
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   571
  assumes "a \<le> b"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   572
  assumes f': "\<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> DERIV f x :> f'(x)"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   573
  shows "Integral (a, b) f' (f(b) - f(a))"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   574
proof (cases "a = b")
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   575
  assume "a = b" thus ?thesis by simp
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   576
next
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   577
  assume "a \<noteq> b" with `a \<le> b` have "a < b" by simp
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   578
  show ?thesis
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   579
  proof (simp add: Integral_def2, clarify)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   580
    fix e :: real assume "0 < e"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   581
    with `a < b` have "0 < e / (b - a)" by (simp add: divide_pos_pos)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   582
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   583
    from lemma_straddle [OF f' this]
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   584
    obtain \<delta> where "gauge {a..b} \<delta>"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   585
      and \<delta>: "\<And>x u v. \<lbrakk>a \<le> u; u \<le> x; x \<le> v; v \<le> b; v - u < \<delta> x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   586
           \<bar>f v - f u - f' x * (v - u)\<bar> \<le> e * (v - u) / (b - a)" by auto
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   587
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   588
    have "\<forall>D. fine \<delta> (a, b) D \<longrightarrow> \<bar>rsum D f' - (f b - f a)\<bar> \<le> e"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   589
    proof (clarify)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   590
      fix D assume D: "fine \<delta> (a, b) D"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   591
      hence "(\<Sum>(u, x, v)\<leftarrow>D. f v - f u) = f b - f a"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   592
        by (rule fine_listsum_eq_diff)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   593
      hence "\<bar>rsum D f' - (f b - f a)\<bar> = \<bar>rsum D f' - (\<Sum>(u, x, v)\<leftarrow>D. f v - f u)\<bar>"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   594
        by simp
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   595
      also have "\<dots> = \<bar>(\<Sum>(u, x, v)\<leftarrow>D. f v - f u) - rsum D f'\<bar>"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   596
        by (rule abs_minus_commute)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   597
      also have "\<dots> = \<bar>\<Sum>(u, x, v)\<leftarrow>D. (f v - f u) - f' x * (v - u)\<bar>"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   598
        by (simp only: rsum_def listsum_subtractf split_def)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   599
      also have "\<dots> \<le> (\<Sum>(u, x, v)\<leftarrow>D. \<bar>(f v - f u) - f' x * (v - u)\<bar>)"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   600
        by (rule ord_le_eq_trans [OF listsum_abs], simp add: o_def split_def)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   601
      also have "\<dots> \<le> (\<Sum>(u, x, v)\<leftarrow>D. (e / (b - a)) * (v - u))"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   602
        apply (rule listsum_mono, clarify, rename_tac u x v)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   603
        using D apply (simp add: \<delta> mem_fine mem_fine2 mem_fine3)
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   604
        done
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   605
      also have "\<dots> = e"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   606
        using fine_listsum_eq_diff [OF D, where f="\<lambda>x. x"]
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   607
        unfolding split_def listsum_const_mult
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   608
        using `a < b` by simp
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   609
      finally show "\<bar>rsum D f' - (f b - f a)\<bar> \<le> e" .
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   610
    qed
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   611
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   612
    with `gauge {a..b} \<delta>`
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   613
    show "\<exists>\<delta>. gauge {a..b} \<delta> \<and> (\<forall>D. fine \<delta> (a, b) D \<longrightarrow> \<bar>rsum D f' - (f b - f a)\<bar> \<le> e)"
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   614
      by auto
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   615
  qed
ae742caa0c5b polished and converted some proofs to Isar style
huffman
parents: 35328
diff changeset
   616
qed
13958
c1c67582c9b5 New material on integration, etc. Moving Hyperreal/ex
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   617
15093
49ede01e9ee6 conversion of Integration and NSPrimes to Isar scripts
paulson
parents: 13958
diff changeset
   618
end