doc-src/url.sty

Rewrite the Probability theory.

Introduced pinfreal as real numbers with infinity.
Use pinfreal as value for measures.
Introduces Lebesgue Measure based on the integral in Multivariate Analysis.
Proved Radon Nikodym for arbitrary sigma finite measure spaces.

% url.sty  ver 1.1    6-Feb-1996   Donald Arseneau   [e-mail]
%
% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or 
% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually
% be used in the argument to another command.  It is intended for email
% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally 
% have no spaces.  The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, 
% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef.
%
% Usage:    Conditions:
% \url{ }   If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with
%           "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command.  
%           The argument must not contain unbalanced braces.
% \url|  |  ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not 
%           "{".  The same restrictions as above except that the argument
%           may contain unbalanced braces.
% \xyz      for "\xyz" a defined-url;  this can be used anywhere, no matter
%           what characters it contains.
% 
% See further instructions after "\endinput"

\def\url@ttstyle{%
\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}% 
\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]%
 \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=\do@url@hyp}%
\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:}%
\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary)
\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}%
\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually
}
\def\url@rmstyle{%
\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}% 
\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do@url@hyp
  \do\+\do\=}%
\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:}%
\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character
\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\rangle\penalty\relpenalty}\do\_{\_%
 \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\rbrace\penalty\relpenalty}\do
 \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\mathord{{}^{\textstyle\sim}}}\do\ {\ }}%
\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}%
}
\def\url@sfstyle{\url@rmstyle 
\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}% 
}
\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else
  \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}}

\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens

\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{}
\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{}

\def\Url{\relax\ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi 
 \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font 
 \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes
 \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ % except braces 
 \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip
 \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi 
 \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special
 \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin
 \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel
 \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open
 \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active
 \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures 
 \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y}

\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11
  \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa}
\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@use
  \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\, \relax\m@th$\endgroup}
\let\Url@use\@empty

\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@}
\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}}
\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768
   \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}%
   \mathcode`#132768 \fi}

\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup
  \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2}
\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax
  \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup
    \def#1{#2{#3}}}
\else
  \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup
    \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}}
\fi

\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname}

% Sample (and default) configuration:
%
\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url}
%
\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}
%
% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it.
% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url}

% Process LaTeX \package options
%
\urlstyle{tt}
\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{
  \ProvidesPackage{url}[1996/02/06 \space ver 1.1 \space 
       Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names]
  \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens
  \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@use\relax}
  \ProcessOptions
\ifx\Url@use\relax \def\Url@use#1 #2{#1\ifx\relax#2\@empty\else
  \penalty\relpenalty\ #2\expandafter\Url@use\fi}\fi
}

\endinput
%
% url.sty  ver 1.1    6-Feb-1996   Donald Arseneau   [e-mail]
%
% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks,
% and can often be used in the argument to another command.  It can be
% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for 
% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc.  The font may 
% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be 
% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, 
% and a "\path" command is provided this way. 
%
% Usage:    Conditions:
% \url{ }   If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with 
%           "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command.  
%           The argument must not contain unbalanced braces.
% \url|  |  ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not 
%           "{".  The same restrictions as above except that the argument
%           may contain unbalanced braces.
% \xyz      for "\xyz" a defined-url;  this can be used anywhere, no matter
%           what characters it contains.
% 
% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very
% fragile, but a defined-url is robust.
%
% Package Option:  obeyspaces
% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text.  The "[obeyspaces]" 
% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url
% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command.  
% So if you need to obey spaces should say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}",
% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for 
% anything with "\".
%
% Package Option:  hyphens
% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this 
% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?)  
% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen 
% characters.  The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words.
% 
% Defining a defined-url:
% Take for example the email address "[e-mail]" which could
% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the
% percent sign.  This address can be predefined with 
%    \urldef{\myself}\url{[e-mail]}   or
%    \urldef{\myself}\url|[e-mail]|
% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{[e-mail]}"
% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a
% defined-url is robust.
%
% Style: 
% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt"
% can be any defined style.  The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", 
% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- 
% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the
% current text font.  You can define your own styles with different fonts 
% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below.  The "\url" 
% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates.
%
% Alternate commands:
% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each
% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be 
% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like
% commands as follows:
%
%    \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url}
%    \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}
%
% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is 
% "\Url", not "\url".  In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the 
% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package.  If you look 
% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with
%    \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url}
% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected.
%
% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual 
% "\urldef" command as in this example:
%
%    \urldef{\myself}{\email}{[e-mail]}
%
% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{[e-mail]}",
% if the "\email" command is defined as above.  The "\myself" command is
% robust.
%
% Defining styles:
% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to 
% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url".  Although
% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required
% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode.
% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for
% the default behavior of ignoring spaces.  Now on to defining styles.
%
% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you
% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc.
% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' 
% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines 
% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and 
% "\UrlFont".
%
% Changing font:
% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font.  The definition of "\UrlFont"
% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX
% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}".
% In addition to setting "\UrlFont", some characters will probably need 
% to be defined in the "\UrlSpecials" list because most fonts don't have 
% all the standard input characters.  See the definition of "\url@rmstyle", 
% which implements "\urlstyle{rm}".  Or even better, follow the definition
% of "\url@sfstyle", which executes "\url@rmstyle" and then redefines
% just "\UrlFont".  The nominal format for each special character "c" 
% in the "\UrlSpecials" list is: "\do\c{<definition>}", but you can 
% include other definitions too.
%
% Changing linebreaks:
% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" 
% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". 
% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have 
% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' 
% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, 
% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at 
% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break 
% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no 
% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows.  In the case 
% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' --
% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::"
% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why 
% colons are `BigBreaks'.
%
% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following 
% character (I use this for parentheses).  Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". 
%
% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them 
% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s)
% in "\UrlSpecials".  This is used in the rm and sf styles to handle 
% several characters that are not present in fonts.
%
% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is!  But I hope you won't need 
% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for 
% a wide variety of applications.  If you do need to make changes, you can 
% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a".
%
% Yet more flexibility:
% You can also set up url.sty to do multiple things with the verbatim text
% by defining "\Url@use", but the format of the definition is special:
%
%    \def\Url@use#1\,{ ... do things with #1 ... }
%
% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\," then the definition.  For example, 
% to put a hypertext link in the DVI file:
%
%    \def\Url@use#1\,{\special{html:<a href="#1">}#1\special{html:</a>}}
%
% The End
% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996:  
% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed.

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