src/Pure/defs.ML

tuned;

(*  Title:      Pure/General/defs.ML
    ID:         $Id$
    Author:     Steven Obua, TU Muenchen

    Checks if definitions preserve consistency of logic by enforcing 
    that there are no cyclic definitions. The algorithm is described in 
    "An Algorithm for Determining Definitional Cycles in Higher-Order Logic with Overloading", 
    Steven Obua, technical report, to be written :-)
*)

signature DEFS = sig
    
  type graph
       
  exception DEFS of string
  exception CIRCULAR of (typ * string * string) list
  exception INFINITE_CHAIN of (typ * string * string) list 
  exception FINAL of string * typ
  exception CLASH of string * string * string
                     
  val empty : graph
  val declare : graph -> string * typ -> graph  (* exception DEFS *)
  val define : graph -> string * typ -> string -> (string * typ) list -> graph 
    (* exception DEFS, CIRCULAR, INFINITE_CHAIN, CLASH, FINAL *)   
                                                                     
  val finalize : graph -> string * typ -> graph (* exception DEFS *)

  val finals : graph -> (typ list) Symtab.table

  val merge : graph -> graph -> graph (* exception CIRCULAR, INFINITE_CHAIN, CLASH *)

  (* If set to true then the exceptions CIRCULAR and INFINITE_CHAIN return the full
     chain of definitions that lead to the exception. In the beginning, chain_history 
     is initialized with the Isabelle environment variable DEFS_CHAIN_HISTORY. *)
  val set_chain_history : bool -> unit
  val chain_history : unit -> bool

end

structure Defs :> DEFS = struct

type tyenv = Type.tyenv
type edgelabel = (int * typ * typ * (typ * string * string) list)

datatype forwardstate = Open | Closed | Final

datatype node = Node of
         typ  (* most general type of constant *)
         * defnode Symtab.table
             (* a table of defnodes, each corresponding to 1 definition of the 
                constant for a particular type, indexed by axiom name *)
         * (unit Symtab.table) Symtab.table 
             (* a table of all back referencing defnodes to this node, 
                indexed by node name of the defnodes *)
         * typ list (* a list of all finalized types *)
         * forwardstate
     
     and defnode = Defnode of
         typ  (* type of the constant in this particular definition *)
         * (edgelabel list) Symtab.table (* The edges, grouped by nodes. *)

fun getnode graph noderef = the (Symtab.lookup (graph, noderef))
fun get_nodedefs (Node (_, defs, _, _, _)) = defs
fun get_defnode (Node (_, defs, _, _, _)) defname = Symtab.lookup (defs, defname)
fun get_defnode' graph noderef defname = 
    Symtab.lookup (get_nodedefs (the (Symtab.lookup (graph, noderef))), defname)

fun table_size table = Symtab.foldl (fn (x, _) => x+1) (0, table)
        
datatype graphaction = Declare of string * typ
		     | Define of string * typ * string * (string * typ) list
		     | Finalize of string * typ

type graph = int * (string Symtab.table) * (graphaction list) * (node Symtab.table)
             
val CHAIN_HISTORY = 
    let
      fun f c = if Char.isSpace c then "" else String.str (Char.toUpper c) 
      val env = String.translate f (getenv "DEFS_CHAIN_HISTORY")
    in
      ref (env = "ON" orelse env = "TRUE")
    end

fun set_chain_history b = CHAIN_HISTORY := b
fun chain_history () = !CHAIN_HISTORY

val empty = (0, Symtab.empty, [], Symtab.empty)

exception DEFS of string;
exception CIRCULAR of (typ * string * string) list;
exception INFINITE_CHAIN of (typ * string * string) list;
exception CLASH of string * string * string;
exception FINAL of string * typ;

fun def_err s = raise (DEFS s)

fun no_forwards defs = 
    Symtab.foldl 
    (fn (closed, (_, Defnode (_, edges))) => 
        if not closed then false else Symtab.is_empty edges)
    (true, defs)

exception No_Change;

fun map_nc f list = 
    let 
      val changed = ref false
      fun f' x = 
          let 
            val x' = f x  
            val _ = changed := true
          in
            x'
          end handle No_Change => x
      val list' = map f' list
    in
      if !changed then list' else raise No_Change
    end

fun checkT' (t as (Type (a, Ts))) = (Type (a, map_nc checkT' Ts) handle No_Change => t)
  | checkT' (t as (TVar ((a, 0), []))) = raise No_Change
  | checkT' (t as (TVar ((a, 0), _))) = TVar ((a, 0), [])
  | checkT' (t as (TFree (a, _))) = TVar ((a, 0), [])
  | checkT' _ = def_err "type is not clean"

fun checkT t = Term.compress_type (checkT' t handle No_Change => t)

fun rename ty1 ty2 = incr_tvar ((maxidx_of_typ ty1)+1) ty2;  

fun subst_incr_tvar inc t =
    if (inc > 0) then 
      let
	val tv = typ_tvars t
	val t' = incr_tvar inc t
	fun update_subst (((n,i), _), s) =
	    Vartab.update (((n, i), ([], TVar ((n, i+inc), []))), s)
      in
	(t',List.foldl update_subst Vartab.empty tv)
      end	
    else
      (t, Vartab.empty)
    
fun subst s ty = Envir.norm_type s ty
                 
fun subst_history s history = map (fn (ty, cn, dn) => (subst s ty, cn, dn)) history
                              
fun is_instance instance_ty general_ty =
    Type.typ_instance Type.empty_tsig (instance_ty, general_ty)
    
fun is_instance_r instance_ty general_ty =
    is_instance instance_ty (rename instance_ty general_ty)
    
fun unify ty1 ty2 = 
    SOME (fst (Type.unify Type.empty_tsig (Vartab.empty, 0) (ty1, ty2)))
    handle Type.TUNIFY => NONE
                            
(* 
   Unifies ty1 and ty2, renaming ty1 and ty2 so that they have greater indices than max and 
   so that they are different. All indices in ty1 and ty2 are supposed to be less than or 
   equal to max.
   Returns SOME (max', s1, s2), so that s1(ty1) = s2(ty2) and max' is greater or equal than 
   all indices in s1, s2, ty1, ty2.
*)
fun unify_r max ty1 ty2 = 
    let
      val max = Int.max(max, 0)
      val max1 = max (* >= maxidx_of_typ ty1 *)
      val max2 = max (* >= maxidx_of_typ ty2 *)
      val max = Int.max(max, Int.max (max1, max2))
      val (ty1, s1) = subst_incr_tvar (max + 1) ty1
      val (ty2, s2) = subst_incr_tvar (max + max1 + 2) ty2
      val max = max + max1 + max2 + 2	
      fun merge a b = Vartab.merge (fn _ => false) (a, b)
    in
      case unify ty1 ty2 of
	NONE => NONE
      | SOME s => SOME (max, merge s1 s, merge s2 s)
    end
    
fun can_be_unified_r ty1 ty2 =
    let
      val ty2 = rename ty1 ty2
    in
      case unify ty1 ty2 of
	NONE => false
      | _ => true
    end
    
fun can_be_unified ty1 ty2 =
    case unify ty1 ty2 of
      NONE => false
    | _ => true
           
structure Inttab = TableFun(type key = int val ord = int_ord);

fun normalize_edge_idx (edge as (maxidx, u1, v1, history)) =
    if maxidx <= 1000000 then edge else
    let
      
      fun idxlist idx extract_ty inject_ty (tab, max) ts = 
          foldr 
            (fn (e, ((tab, max), ts)) => 
                let
                  val ((tab, max), ty) = idx (tab, max) (extract_ty e)
                  val e = inject_ty (ty, e)
                in
                  ((tab, max), e::ts)
                end)
            ((tab,max), []) ts
          
      fun idx (tab,max) (TVar ((a,i),_)) = 
          (case Inttab.lookup (tab, i) of 
             SOME j => ((tab, max), TVar ((a,j),[]))
           | NONE => ((Inttab.update ((i, max), tab), max+1), TVar ((a,max),[])))
        | idx (tab,max) (Type (t, ts)) = 
          let 
            val ((tab, max), ts) = idxlist idx I fst (tab, max) ts
          in
            ((tab,max), Type (t, ts))
          end
        | idx (tab, max) ty = ((tab, max), ty)
      
      val ((tab,max), u1) = idx (Inttab.empty, 0) u1
      val ((tab,max), v1) = idx (tab, max) v1
      val ((tab,max), history) = 
          idxlist idx
            (fn (ty,_,_) => ty) 
            (fn (ty, (_, s1, s2)) => (ty, s1, s2)) 
            (tab, max) history
    in
      (max, u1, v1, history)
    end
                        
fun compare_edges (e1 as (maxidx1, u1, v1, history1)) (e2 as (maxidx2, u2, v2, history2)) =
    let
      val t1 = u1 --> v1
      val t2 = incr_tvar (maxidx1+1) (u2 --> v2)
    in
      if (is_instance t1 t2) then
	(if is_instance t2 t1 then
	   SOME (int_ord (length history2, length history1))
	 else
	   SOME LESS)
      else if (is_instance t2 t1) then
	SOME GREATER
      else
	NONE
    end

fun merge_edges_1 (x, []) = [x]
  | merge_edges_1 (x, (y::ys)) = 
    (case compare_edges x y of
       SOME LESS => (y::ys)
     | SOME EQUAL => (y::ys)
     | SOME GREATER => merge_edges_1 (x, ys)
     | NONE => y::(merge_edges_1 (x, ys)))
    
fun merge_edges xs ys = foldl merge_edges_1 xs ys

fun declare' (g as (cost, axmap, actions, graph)) (cty as (name, ty)) =
    (cost, axmap, (Declare cty)::actions, 
     Symtab.update_new ((name, Node (ty, Symtab.empty, Symtab.empty, [], Open)), graph))
    handle Symtab.DUP _ => 
           let
             val (Node (gty, _, _, _, _)) = the (Symtab.lookup(graph, name))
           in
             if is_instance_r ty gty andalso is_instance_r gty ty then
               g
             else
               def_err "constant is already declared with different type"
           end

fun declare g (name, ty) = declare' g (name, checkT ty)

val axcounter = ref (IntInf.fromInt 0)
fun newaxname axmap axname =
    let
      val c = !axcounter
      val _ = axcounter := c+1
      val axname' = axname^"_"^(IntInf.toString c)
    in
      (Symtab.update ((axname', axname), axmap), axname')
    end

fun translate_ex axmap x = 
    let
      fun translate (ty, nodename, axname) = 
          (ty, nodename, the (Symtab.lookup (axmap, axname)))
    in
      case x of
        INFINITE_CHAIN chain => raise (INFINITE_CHAIN (map translate chain))
      | CIRCULAR cycle => raise (CIRCULAR (map translate cycle))
      | _ => raise x
    end

fun define' (cost, axmap, actions, graph) (mainref, ty) axname body =
    let
      val mainnode  = (case Symtab.lookup (graph, mainref) of 
			 NONE => def_err ("constant "^mainref^" is not declared")
		       | SOME n => n)
      val (Node (gty, defs, backs, finals, _)) = mainnode
      val _ = (if is_instance_r ty gty then () 
               else def_err "type of constant does not match declared type")
      fun check_def (s, Defnode (ty', _)) = 
          (if can_be_unified_r ty ty' then 
	     raise (CLASH (mainref, axname, s))
	   else if s = axname then
	     def_err "name of axiom is already used for another definition of this constant"
	   else false)	
      val _ = Symtab.exists check_def defs
      fun check_final finalty = 
	  (if can_be_unified_r finalty ty then
	     raise (FINAL (mainref, finalty))
	   else
	     true)
      val _ = forall check_final finals
	             
      (* now we know that the only thing that can prevent acceptance of the definition 
         is a cyclic dependency *)
              
      fun insert_edges edges (nodename, links) =
          (if links = [] then 
             edges
           else
             let
               val links = map normalize_edge_idx links
             in
               Symtab.update ((nodename, 
	                       case Symtab.lookup (edges, nodename) of
	                         NONE => links
	                       | SOME links' => merge_edges links' links),
                              edges)
             end)
	 
      fun make_edges ((bodyn, bodyty), edges) =
	  let
	    val bnode = 
		(case Symtab.lookup (graph, bodyn) of 
		   NONE => def_err "body of constant definition references undeclared constant"
		 | SOME x => x)
	    val (Node (general_btyp, bdefs, bbacks, bfinals, closed)) = bnode
	  in
            if closed = Final then edges else
	    case unify_r 0 bodyty general_btyp of
	      NONE => edges
	    | SOME (maxidx, sigma1, sigma2) => 
              if exists (is_instance_r bodyty) bfinals then 
                edges
              else
	        let
		  fun insert_trans_edges ((step1, edges), (nodename, links)) =
                      let
                        val (maxidx1, alpha1, beta1, defname) = step1
                        fun connect (maxidx2, alpha2, beta2, history) = 
		            case unify_r (Int.max (maxidx1, maxidx2)) beta1 alpha2 of
		              NONE => NONE
		            | SOME (max, sleft, sright) =>				  
			      SOME (max, subst sleft alpha1, subst sright beta2, 
                                    if !CHAIN_HISTORY then   
			              ((subst sleft beta1, bodyn, defname)::
				       (subst_history sright history))
                                    else [])            
                        val links' = List.mapPartial connect links
                      in
                        (step1, insert_edges edges (nodename, links'))
                      end
                                                                
                  fun make_edges' ((swallowed, edges),
                                   (def_name, Defnode (def_ty, def_edges))) =
		      if swallowed then
		        (swallowed, edges)
		      else 
		        (case unify_r 0 bodyty def_ty of
			   NONE => (swallowed, edges)
		         | SOME (maxidx, sigma1, sigma2) => 
			   (is_instance_r bodyty def_ty,
                            snd (Symtab.foldl insert_trans_edges 
                              (((maxidx, subst sigma1 ty, subst sigma2 def_ty, def_name),
                                edges), def_edges))))
          	  val (swallowed, edges) = Symtab.foldl make_edges' ((false, edges), bdefs)
	        in
		  if swallowed then 
		    edges
		  else 
                    insert_edges edges 
                    (bodyn, [(maxidx, subst sigma1 ty, subst sigma2 general_btyp,[])])
	        end
	  end                    
          
      val edges = foldl make_edges Symtab.empty body
                  				               
      (* We also have to add the backreferences that this new defnode induces. *)  
      fun install_backrefs (graph, (noderef, links)) =
          if links <> [] then
            let
              val (Node (ty, defs, backs, finals, closed)) = getnode graph noderef
              val _ = if closed = Final then 
                        sys_error ("install_backrefs: closed node cannot be updated") 
                      else ()
              val defnames =
                  (case Symtab.lookup (backs, mainref) of
                     NONE => Symtab.empty
                   | SOME s => s)
              val defnames' = Symtab.update_new ((axname, ()), defnames)
              val backs' = Symtab.update ((mainref,defnames'), backs)
            in
              Symtab.update ((noderef, Node (ty, defs, backs', finals, closed)), graph)
            end
          else
            graph
            
      val graph = Symtab.foldl install_backrefs (graph, edges)
                  
      val (Node (_, _, backs, _, closed)) = getnode graph mainref
      val closed = 
          if closed = Final then sys_error "define: closed node" 
          else if closed = Open andalso is_instance_r gty ty then Closed else closed

      val thisDefnode = Defnode (ty, edges)
      val graph = Symtab.update ((mainref, Node (gty, Symtab.update_new 
        ((axname, thisDefnode), defs), backs, finals, closed)), graph)
		                
      (* Now we have to check all backreferences to this node and inform them about 
         the new defnode. In this section we also check for circularity. *)
      fun update_backrefs ((backs, graph), (noderef, defnames)) =
	  let
	    fun update_defs ((defnames, graph),(defname, _)) =
		let
                  val (Node (nodety, nodedefs, nodebacks, nodefinals, closed)) = 
                      getnode graph noderef
                  val _ = if closed = Final then sys_error "update_defs: closed node" else ()
		  val (Defnode (def_ty, defnode_edges)) = 
                      the (Symtab.lookup (nodedefs, defname))
		  val edges = the (Symtab.lookup (defnode_edges, mainref))
                  val refclosed = ref false
 					
	          (* the type of thisDefnode is ty *)
		  fun update (e as (max, alpha, beta, history), (changed, edges)) = 
		      case unify_r max beta ty of
			NONE => (changed, e::edges)
		      | SOME (max', s_beta, s_ty) =>
			let
			  val alpha' = subst s_beta alpha
			  val ty' = subst s_ty ty				      
			  val _ = 
			      if noderef = mainref andalso defname = axname then
				(case unify alpha' ty' of
				   NONE => 
				   if (is_instance_r ty' alpha') then
				     raise (INFINITE_CHAIN (
					    (alpha', mainref, axname)::
					    (subst_history s_beta history)@
					    [(ty', mainref, axname)]))
				   else ()
				 | SOME s => 
                                   raise (CIRCULAR (
					  (subst s alpha', mainref, axname)::
					  (subst_history s (subst_history s_beta history))@
					  [(subst s ty', mainref, axname)])))
			      else ()                             
			in
			  if is_instance_r beta ty then
			    (true, edges)
			  else
			    (changed, e::edges)
			end		    			   			       
                  
                  val (changed, edges') = foldl update (false, []) edges
                  val defnames' = if edges' = [] then 
                                    defnames 
                                  else 
                                    Symtab.update ((defname, ()), defnames)
                in
                  if changed then
                    let
                      val defnode_edges' = 
                          if edges' = [] then
                            Symtab.delete mainref defnode_edges
                          else
                            Symtab.update ((mainref, edges'), defnode_edges)
                      val defnode' = Defnode (def_ty, defnode_edges')
                      val nodedefs' = Symtab.update ((defname, defnode'), nodedefs)
                      val closed = if closed = Closed andalso Symtab.is_empty defnode_edges'
                                      andalso no_forwards nodedefs' 
                                   then Final else closed
                      val graph' = 
                          Symtab.update 
                            ((noderef, 
                              Node (nodety, nodedefs', nodebacks, nodefinals, closed)),graph) 
                    in
                      (defnames', graph')
                    end
                  else
                    (defnames', graph)
                end
		    
	    val (defnames', graph') = Symtab.foldl update_defs 
                                                   ((Symtab.empty, graph), defnames)
	  in
	    if Symtab.is_empty defnames' then 
	      (backs, graph')
	    else
	      let
		val backs' = Symtab.update_new ((noderef, defnames'), backs)
	      in
		(backs', graph')
	      end
	  end
        
      val (backs, graph) = Symtab.foldl update_backrefs ((Symtab.empty, graph), backs)
                                        						 
      (* If a Circular exception is thrown then we never reach this point. *)
      val (Node (gty, defs, _, finals, closed)) = getnode graph mainref
      val closed = if closed = Closed andalso no_forwards defs then Final else closed
      val graph = Symtab.update ((mainref, Node (gty, defs, backs, finals, closed)), graph) 
      val actions' = (Define (mainref, ty, axname, body))::actions
    in	    
      (cost+3, axmap, actions', graph)
    end handle ex => translate_ex axmap ex
    
fun define (g as (cost, axmap, actions, graph)) (mainref, ty) axname body =
    let
      val ty = checkT ty
      fun checkbody (n, t) = 
          let 
            val (Node (_, _, _,_, closed)) = getnode graph n
          in
            case closed of
              Final => NONE
            | _ => SOME (n, checkT t)
          end
      val body = distinct (List.mapPartial checkbody body)
      val (axmap, axname) = newaxname axmap axname
    in
      define' (cost, axmap, actions, graph) (mainref, ty) axname body
    end

fun finalize' (cost, axmap, history, graph) (noderef, ty) = 
    case Symtab.lookup (graph, noderef) of 
      NONE => def_err ("cannot finalize constant "^noderef^"; it is not declared")
    | SOME (Node (nodety, defs, backs, finals, closed)) =>
      let 
	val _ = 
            if (not (is_instance_r ty nodety)) then
	      def_err ("only type instances of the declared constant "^
                       noderef^" can be finalized")
	    else ()
	val _ = Symtab.exists 
                  (fn (def_name, Defnode (def_ty, _)) =>  
		      if can_be_unified_r ty def_ty then 
			def_err ("cannot finalize constant "^noderef^
                                 "; clash with definition "^def_name)
		      else 
			false)
		  defs 
        
        fun update_finals [] = SOME [ty]
          | update_finals (final_ty::finals) = 
            (if is_instance_r ty final_ty then NONE
             else
               case update_finals finals of
                 NONE => NONE
               | (r as SOME finals) =>
                 if (is_instance_r final_ty ty) then
                   r
                 else
                   SOME (final_ty :: finals))                              
      in    
        case update_finals finals of
          NONE => (cost, axmap, history, graph)
        | SOME finals => 
	  let
            val closed = if closed = Open andalso is_instance_r nodety ty then 
                           Closed else 
                         closed
	    val graph = Symtab.update ((noderef, Node(nodety, defs, backs, finals, closed)), 
                                       graph)
	                
	    fun update_backref ((graph, backs), (backrefname, backdefnames)) =
		let
		  fun update_backdef ((graph, defnames), (backdefname, _)) = 
	              let 
			val (backnode as Node (backty, backdefs, backbacks, 
                                               backfinals, backclosed)) = 
                            getnode graph backrefname
			val (Defnode (def_ty, all_edges)) = 
                            the (get_defnode backnode backdefname)

			val (defnames', all_edges') = 
			    case Symtab.lookup (all_edges, noderef) of
			      NONE => sys_error "finalize: corrupt backref"
			    | SOME edges =>
			      let
				val edges' = List.filter (fn (_, _, beta, _) => 
                                                             not (is_instance_r beta ty)) edges
			      in
				if edges' = [] then 
				  (defnames, Symtab.delete noderef all_edges)
				else
				  (Symtab.update ((backdefname, ()), defnames), 
				   Symtab.update ((noderef, edges'), all_edges))
			      end
			val defnode' = Defnode (def_ty, all_edges')
                        val backdefs' = Symtab.update ((backdefname, defnode'), backdefs)
                        val backclosed' = if backclosed = Closed andalso 
                                             Symtab.is_empty all_edges'
                                             andalso no_forwards backdefs'
                                          then Final else backclosed
			val backnode' = 
                            Node (backty, backdefs', backbacks, backfinals, backclosed')
		      in
			(Symtab.update ((backrefname, backnode'), graph), defnames') 
		      end
	              
		  val (graph', defnames') = 
                      Symtab.foldl update_backdef ((graph, Symtab.empty), backdefnames)
		in
		  (graph', if Symtab.is_empty defnames' then backs 
			   else Symtab.update ((backrefname, defnames'), backs))
		end
	    val (graph', backs') = Symtab.foldl update_backref ((graph, Symtab.empty), backs)
	    val Node ( _, defs, _, _, closed) = getnode graph' noderef
            val closed = if closed = Closed andalso no_forwards defs then Final else closed
	    val graph' = Symtab.update ((noderef, Node (nodety, defs, backs', 
                                                        finals, closed)), graph')
            val history' = (Finalize (noderef, ty)) :: history
	  in
	    (cost+1, axmap, history', graph')
	  end
      end
 
fun finalize g (noderef, ty) = finalize' g (noderef, checkT ty) 

fun merge' (Declare cty, g) = declare' g cty
  | merge' (Define (name, ty, axname, body), g as (_,_, _, graph)) = 
    (case Symtab.lookup (graph, name) of
       NONE => define' g (name, ty) axname body
     | SOME (Node (_, defs, _, _, _)) => 
       (case Symtab.lookup (defs, axname) of
	  NONE => define' g (name, ty) axname body
	| SOME _ => g))
  | merge' (Finalize finals, g) = finalize' g finals 
                       
fun merge (g1 as (cost1, _, actions1, _)) (g2 as (cost2, _, actions2, _)) =
    if cost1 < cost2 then
      foldr merge' g2 actions1
    else
      foldr merge' g1 actions2
                           
fun finals (_, _, history, graph) = 
    Symtab.foldl 
      (fn (finals, (name, Node(_, _, _, ftys, _))) => 
          Symtab.update_new ((name, ftys), finals)) 
      (Symtab.empty, graph)

end;
		
(*

fun tvar name = TVar ((name, 0), [])

val bool = Type ("bool", [])
val int = Type ("int", [])
val lam = Type("lam", [])
val alpha = tvar "'a"
val beta = tvar "'b"
val gamma = tvar "'c"
fun pair a b = Type ("pair", [a,b])
fun prm a = Type ("prm", [a])
val name = Type ("name", [])

val _ = print "make empty"
val g = Defs.empty 

val _ = print "declare perm"
val g = Defs.declare g ("perm", prm alpha --> beta --> beta)

val _ = print "declare permF"
val g = Defs.declare g ("permF", prm alpha --> lam --> lam)

val _ = print "define perm (1)"
val g = Defs.define g ("perm", prm alpha --> (beta --> gamma) --> (beta --> gamma)) "perm_fun" 
        [("perm", prm alpha --> gamma --> gamma), ("perm", prm alpha --> beta --> beta)]

val _ = print "define permF (1)"
val g = Defs.define g ("permF", prm alpha --> lam --> lam) "permF_app"
        ([("perm", prm alpha --> lam --> lam),
         ("perm", prm alpha --> lam --> lam),
         ("perm", prm alpha --> lam --> lam),
         ("perm", prm alpha --> name --> name)])

val _ = print "define perm (2)"
val g = Defs.define g ("perm", prm alpha --> lam --> lam) "perm_lam"
        [("permF", (prm alpha --> lam --> lam))]

*)