src/HOL/ex/Refute_Examples.thy

Merged in license change from Isabelle2004

(*  Title:      HOL/ex/Refute_Examples.thy
    ID:         $Id$
    Author:     Tjark Weber
    Copyright   2003-2004
*)

(* See 'HOL/Refute.thy' for help. *)

header {* Examples for the 'refute' command *}

theory Refute_Examples = Main:

lemma "P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P \<and> Q"
  apply (rule conjI)
  refute 1  -- {* refutes @{term "P"} *}
  refute 2  -- {* refutes @{term "Q"} *}
  refute    -- {* equivalent to 'refute 1' *}
    -- {* here 'refute 3' would cause an exception, since we only have 2 subgoals *}
  refute [maxsize=5]           -- {* we can override parameters ... *}
  refute [satsolver="dpll"] 2  -- {* ... and specify a subgoal at the same time *}
oops

section {* Examples and Test Cases *}

subsection {* Propositional logic *}

lemma "True"
  refute
  apply auto
done

lemma "False"
  refute
oops

lemma "P"
  refute
oops

lemma "~ P"
  refute
oops

lemma "P & Q"
  refute
oops

lemma "P | Q"
  refute
oops

lemma "P \<longrightarrow> Q"
  refute
oops

lemma "(P::bool) = Q"
  refute
oops

lemma "(P | Q) \<longrightarrow> (P & Q)"
  refute
oops

subsection {* Predicate logic *}

lemma "P x y z"
  refute
oops

lemma "P x y \<longrightarrow> P y x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (f (f x)) \<longrightarrow> P x \<longrightarrow> P (f x)"
  refute
oops

subsection {* Equality *}

lemma "P = True"
  refute
oops

lemma "P = False"
  refute
oops

lemma "x = y"
  refute
oops

lemma "f x = g x"
  refute
oops

lemma "(f::'a\<Rightarrow>'b) = g"
  refute
oops

lemma "(f::('d\<Rightarrow>'d)\<Rightarrow>('c\<Rightarrow>'d)) = g"
  refute
oops

lemma "distinct [a,b]"
  refute
  apply simp
  refute
oops

subsection {* First-Order Logic *}

lemma "\<exists>x. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>x. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "EX! x. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "Ex P"
  refute
oops

lemma "All P"
  refute
oops

lemma "Ex1 P"
  refute
oops

lemma "(\<exists>x. P x) \<longrightarrow> (\<forall>x. P x)"
  refute
oops

lemma "(\<forall>x. \<exists>y. P x y) \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>y. \<forall>x. P x y)"
  refute
oops

lemma "(\<exists>x. P x) \<longrightarrow> (EX! x. P x)"
  refute
oops

text {* A true statement (also testing names of free and bound variables being identical) *}

lemma "(\<forall>x y. P x y \<longrightarrow> P y x) \<longrightarrow> (\<forall>x. P x y) \<longrightarrow> P y x"
  refute [maxsize=6]
  apply fast
done

text {* "A type has at most 4 elements." *}

lemma "a=b | a=c | a=d | a=e | b=c | b=d | b=e | c=d | c=e | d=e"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>a b c d e. a=b | a=c | a=d | a=e | b=c | b=d | b=e | c=d | c=e | d=e"
  refute
oops

text {* "Every reflexive and symmetric relation is transitive." *}

lemma "\<lbrakk> \<forall>x. P x x; \<forall>x y. P x y \<longrightarrow> P y x \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P x y \<longrightarrow> P y z \<longrightarrow> P x z"
  refute
oops

text {* The "Drinker's theorem" ... *}

lemma "\<exists>x. f x = g x \<longrightarrow> f = g"
  refute [maxsize=4]
  apply (auto simp add: ext)
done

text {* ... and an incorrect version of it *}

lemma "(\<exists>x. f x = g x) \<longrightarrow> f = g"
  refute
oops

text {* "Every function has a fixed point." *}

lemma "\<exists>x. f x = x"
  refute
oops

text {* "Function composition is commutative." *}

lemma "f (g x) = g (f x)"
  refute
oops

text {* "Two functions that are equivalent wrt.\ the same predicate 'P' are equal." *}

lemma "((P::('a\<Rightarrow>'b)\<Rightarrow>bool) f = P g) \<longrightarrow> (f x = g x)"
  refute
oops

subsection {* Higher-Order Logic *}

lemma "\<exists>P. P"
  refute
  apply auto
done

lemma "\<forall>P. P"
  refute
oops

lemma "EX! P. P"
  refute
  apply auto
done

lemma "EX! P. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P Q | Q x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P All"
  refute
oops

lemma "P Ex"
  refute
oops

lemma "P Ex1"
  refute
oops

text {* "The transitive closure 'T' of an arbitrary relation 'P' is non-empty." *}

constdefs
  "trans" :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> bool"
  "trans P == (ALL x y z. P x y \<longrightarrow> P y z \<longrightarrow> P x z)"
  "subset" :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> ('a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> bool"
  "subset P Q == (ALL x y. P x y \<longrightarrow> Q x y)"
  "trans_closure" :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> ('a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool) \<Rightarrow> bool"
  "trans_closure P Q == (subset Q P) & (trans P) & (ALL R. subset Q R \<longrightarrow> trans R \<longrightarrow> subset P R)"

lemma "trans_closure T P \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>x y. T x y)"
  refute
oops

text {* "The union of transitive closures is equal to the transitive closure of unions." *}

lemma "(\<forall>x y. (P x y | R x y) \<longrightarrow> T x y) \<longrightarrow> trans T \<longrightarrow> (\<forall>Q. (\<forall>x y. (P x y | R x y) \<longrightarrow> Q x y) \<longrightarrow> trans Q \<longrightarrow> subset T Q)
        \<longrightarrow> trans_closure TP P
        \<longrightarrow> trans_closure TR R
        \<longrightarrow> (T x y = (TP x y | TR x y))"
  refute [satsolver="dpll"]
oops

text {* "Every surjective function is invertible." *}

lemma "(\<forall>y. \<exists>x. y = f x) \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>g. \<forall>x. g (f x) = x)"
  refute
oops

text {* "Every invertible function is surjective." *}

lemma "(\<exists>g. \<forall>x. g (f x) = x) \<longrightarrow> (\<forall>y. \<exists>x. y = f x)"
  refute
oops

text {* Every point is a fixed point of some function. *}

lemma "\<exists>f. f x = x"
  refute [maxsize=4]
  apply (rule_tac x="\<lambda>x. x" in exI)
  apply simp
done

text {* Axiom of Choice: first an incorrect version ... *}

lemma "(\<forall>x. \<exists>y. P x y) \<longrightarrow> (EX!f. \<forall>x. P x (f x))"
  refute
oops

text {* ... and now two correct ones *}

lemma "(\<forall>x. \<exists>y. P x y) \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>f. \<forall>x. P x (f x))"
  refute [maxsize=4]
  apply (simp add: choice)
done

lemma "(\<forall>x. EX!y. P x y) \<longrightarrow> (EX!f. \<forall>x. P x (f x))"
  refute [maxsize=2, satsolver="dpll"]
  apply auto
    apply (simp add: ex1_implies_ex choice)
  apply (fast intro: ext)
done

subsection {* Meta-logic *}

lemma "!!x. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "f x == g x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P \<Longrightarrow> Q"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<lbrakk> P; Q; R \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> S"
  refute
oops

subsection {* Schematic variables *}

lemma "?P"
  refute
  apply auto
done

lemma "x = ?y"
  refute
  apply auto
done

subsection {* Abstractions *}

lemma "(\<lambda>x. x) = (\<lambda>x. y)"
  refute
oops

lemma "(\<lambda>f. f x) = (\<lambda>f. True)"
  refute
oops

lemma "(\<lambda>x. x) = (\<lambda>y. y)"
  refute
  apply simp
done

subsection {* Sets *}

lemma "P (A::'a set)"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (A::'a set set)"
  refute
oops

lemma "{x. P x} = {y. P y}"
  refute
  apply simp
done

lemma "x : {x. P x}"
  refute
oops

lemma "P op:"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (op: x)"
  refute
oops

lemma "P Collect"
  refute
oops

lemma "A Un B = A Int B"
  refute
oops

lemma "(A Int B) Un C = (A Un C) Int B"
  refute
oops

lemma "Ball A P \<longrightarrow> Bex A P"
  refute
oops

subsection {* arbitrary *}

lemma "arbitrary"
  refute
oops

lemma "P arbitrary"
  refute
oops

lemma "arbitrary x"
  refute
oops

lemma "arbitrary arbitrary"
  refute
oops

subsection {* The *}

lemma "The P"
  refute
oops

lemma "P The"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (The P)"
  refute
oops

lemma "(THE x. x=y) = z"
  refute
oops

lemma "Ex P \<longrightarrow> P (The P)"
  refute
oops

subsection {* Eps *}

lemma "Eps P"
  refute
oops

lemma "P Eps"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (Eps P)"
  refute
oops

lemma "(SOME x. x=y) = z"
  refute
oops

lemma "Ex P \<longrightarrow> P (Eps P)"
  refute [maxsize=3]
  apply (auto simp add: someI)
done

subsection {* Subtypes (typedef), typedecl *}

typedef 'a myTdef = "insert (arbitrary::'a) (arbitrary::'a set)"
  -- {* a completely unspecified non-empty subset of @{typ "'a"} *}
  by auto

lemma "(x::'a myTdef) = y"
  refute [satsolver=dpll]
oops

typedecl myTdecl

typedef 'a T_bij = "{(f::'a\<Rightarrow>'a). \<forall>y. \<exists>!x. f x = y}"
  by auto

lemma "P (f::(myTdecl myTdef) T_bij)"
  refute
oops

subsection {* Inductive datatypes *}

subsubsection {* unit *}

lemma "P (x::unit)"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>x::unit. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P ()"
  refute
oops

subsubsection {* option *}

lemma "P (x::'a option)"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>x::'a option. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P None"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (Some x)"
  refute
oops

subsubsection {* * *}

lemma "P (x::'a*'b)"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>x::'a*'b. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (x,y)"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (fst x)"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (snd x)"
  refute
oops

lemma "P Pair"
  refute
oops

subsubsection {* + *}

lemma "P (x::'a+'b)"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>x::'a+'b. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (Inl x)"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (Inr x)"
  refute
oops

lemma "P Inl"
  refute
oops

subsubsection {* Non-recursive datatypes *}

datatype T1 = A | B

lemma "P (x::T1)"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>x::T1. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P A"
  refute
oops

datatype 'a T2 = C T1 | D 'a

lemma "P (x::'a T2)"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>x::'a T2. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P D"
  refute
oops

datatype ('a,'b) T3 = E "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b"

lemma "P (x::('a,'b) T3)"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>x::('a,'b) T3. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P E"
  refute
oops

subsubsection {* Recursive datatypes *}

lemma "P (x::nat)"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>x::nat. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (Suc 0)"
  refute
oops

lemma "P Suc"
  refute  -- {* @{term "Suc"} is a partial function (regardless of the size
                of the model), hence @{term "P Suc"} is undefined, hence no
                model will be found *}
oops

datatype 'a BinTree = Leaf 'a | Node "'a BinTree" "'a BinTree"

lemma "P (x::'a BinTree)"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>x::'a BinTree. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (Node (Leaf x) (Leaf y))"
  refute
oops

subsubsection {* Mutually recursive datatypes *}

datatype 'a aexp = Number 'a | ITE "'a bexp" "'a aexp" "'a aexp"
     and 'a bexp = Equal "'a aexp" "'a aexp"

lemma "P (x::'a aexp)"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>x::'a aexp. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (x::'a bexp)"
  refute
oops

lemma "\<forall>x::'a bexp. P x"
  refute
oops

lemma "P (ITE (Equal (Number x) (Number y)) (Number x) (Number y))"
  refute
oops

subsubsection {* Other datatype examples *}

datatype InfTree = Leaf | Node "nat \<Rightarrow> InfTree"

lemma "P (x::InfTree)"
  refute
oops

datatype 'a lambda = Var 'a | App "'a lambda" "'a lambda" | Lam "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a lambda"

lemma "P (x::'a lambda) | P (App x y)"
  refute
oops

lemma "(xs::'a list) = ys"
  refute
oops

lemma "a # xs = b # xs"
  refute
oops

lemma "P [x, y]"
  refute
oops

end