doc-src/AxClass/Group/Group.thy

merged Transfer.thy and StarType.thy into StarDef.thy; renamed Ifun2_of to starfun2; cleaned up

header {* Basic group theory *}

theory Group imports Main begin

text {*
  \medskip\noindent The meta-level type system of Isabelle supports
  \emph{intersections} and \emph{inclusions} of type classes. These
  directly correspond to intersections and inclusions of type
  predicates in a purely set theoretic sense. This is sufficient as a
  means to describe simple hierarchies of structures.  As an
  illustration, we use the well-known example of semigroups, monoids,
  general groups and Abelian groups.
*}

subsection {* Monoids and Groups *}

text {*
  First we declare some polymorphic constants required later for the
  signature parts of our structures.
*}

consts
  times :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"    (infixl "\<odot>" 70)
  invers :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a"    ("(_\<inv>)" [1000] 999)
  one :: 'a    ("\<one>")

text {*
  \noindent Next we define class @{text monoid} of monoids with
  operations @{text \<odot>} and @{text \<one>}.  Note that multiple class
  axioms are allowed for user convenience --- they simply represent
  the conjunction of their respective universal closures.
*}

axclass monoid \<subseteq> type
  assoc: "(x \<odot> y) \<odot> z = x \<odot> (y \<odot> z)"
  left_unit: "\<one> \<odot> x = x"
  right_unit: "x \<odot> \<one> = x"

text {*
  \noindent So class @{text monoid} contains exactly those types
  @{text \<tau>} where @{text "\<odot> \<Colon> \<tau> \<Rightarrow> \<tau> \<Rightarrow> \<tau>"} and @{text "\<one> \<Colon> \<tau>"}
  are specified appropriately, such that @{text \<odot>} is associative and
  @{text \<one>} is a left and right unit element for the @{text \<odot>}
  operation.
*}

text {*
  \medskip Independently of @{text monoid}, we now define a linear
  hierarchy of semigroups, general groups and Abelian groups.  Note
  that the names of class axioms are automatically qualified with each
  class name, so we may re-use common names such as @{text assoc}.
*}

axclass semigroup \<subseteq> type
  assoc: "(x \<odot> y) \<odot> z = x \<odot> (y \<odot> z)"

axclass group \<subseteq> semigroup
  left_unit: "\<one> \<odot> x = x"
  left_inverse: "x\<inv> \<odot> x = \<one>"

axclass agroup \<subseteq> group
  commute: "x \<odot> y = y \<odot> x"

text {*
  \noindent Class @{text group} inherits associativity of @{text \<odot>}
  from @{text semigroup} and adds two further group axioms. Similarly,
  @{text agroup} is defined as the subset of @{text group} such that
  for all of its elements @{text \<tau>}, the operation @{text "\<odot> \<Colon> \<tau> \<Rightarrow> \<tau> \<Rightarrow>
  \<tau>"} is even commutative.
*}


subsection {* Abstract reasoning *}

text {*
  In a sense, axiomatic type classes may be viewed as \emph{abstract
  theories}.  Above class definitions gives rise to abstract axioms
  @{text assoc}, @{text left_unit}, @{text left_inverse}, @{text
  commute}, where any of these contain a type variable @{text "'a \<Colon>
  c"} that is restricted to types of the corresponding class @{text
  c}.  \emph{Sort constraints} like this express a logical
  precondition for the whole formula.  For example, @{text assoc}
  states that for all @{text \<tau>}, provided that @{text "\<tau> \<Colon>
  semigroup"}, the operation @{text "\<odot> \<Colon> \<tau> \<Rightarrow> \<tau> \<Rightarrow> \<tau>"} is associative.

  \medskip From a technical point of view, abstract axioms are just
  ordinary Isabelle theorems, which may be used in proofs without
  special treatment.  Such ``abstract proofs'' usually yield new
  ``abstract theorems''.  For example, we may now derive the following
  well-known laws of general groups.
*}

theorem group_right_inverse: "x \<odot> x\<inv> = (\<one>\<Colon>'a\<Colon>group)"
proof -
  have "x \<odot> x\<inv> = \<one> \<odot> (x \<odot> x\<inv>)"
    by (simp only: group_class.left_unit)
  also have "... = \<one> \<odot> x \<odot> x\<inv>"
    by (simp only: semigroup_class.assoc)
  also have "... = (x\<inv>)\<inv> \<odot> x\<inv> \<odot> x \<odot> x\<inv>"
    by (simp only: group_class.left_inverse)
  also have "... = (x\<inv>)\<inv> \<odot> (x\<inv> \<odot> x) \<odot> x\<inv>"
    by (simp only: semigroup_class.assoc)
  also have "... = (x\<inv>)\<inv> \<odot> \<one> \<odot> x\<inv>"
    by (simp only: group_class.left_inverse)
  also have "... = (x\<inv>)\<inv> \<odot> (\<one> \<odot> x\<inv>)"
    by (simp only: semigroup_class.assoc)
  also have "... = (x\<inv>)\<inv> \<odot> x\<inv>"
    by (simp only: group_class.left_unit)
  also have "... = \<one>"
    by (simp only: group_class.left_inverse)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

text {*
  \noindent With @{text group_right_inverse} already available, @{text
  group_right_unit}\label{thm:group-right-unit} is now established
  much easier.
*}

theorem group_right_unit: "x \<odot> \<one> = (x\<Colon>'a\<Colon>group)"
proof -
  have "x \<odot> \<one> = x \<odot> (x\<inv> \<odot> x)"
    by (simp only: group_class.left_inverse)
  also have "... = x \<odot> x\<inv> \<odot> x"
    by (simp only: semigroup_class.assoc)
  also have "... = \<one> \<odot> x"
    by (simp only: group_right_inverse)
  also have "... = x"
    by (simp only: group_class.left_unit)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

text {*
  \medskip Abstract theorems may be instantiated to only those types
  @{text \<tau>} where the appropriate class membership @{text "\<tau> \<Colon> c"} is
  known at Isabelle's type signature level.  Since we have @{text
  "agroup \<subseteq> group \<subseteq> semigroup"} by definition, all theorems of @{text
  semigroup} and @{text group} are automatically inherited by @{text
  group} and @{text agroup}.
*}


subsection {* Abstract instantiation *}

text {*
  From the definition, the @{text monoid} and @{text group} classes
  have been independent.  Note that for monoids, @{text right_unit}
  had to be included as an axiom, but for groups both @{text
  right_unit} and @{text right_inverse} are derivable from the other
  axioms.  With @{text group_right_unit} derived as a theorem of group
  theory (see page~\pageref{thm:group-right-unit}), we may now
  instantiate @{text "monoid \<subseteq> semigroup"} and @{text "group \<subseteq>
  monoid"} properly as follows (cf.\ \figref{fig:monoid-group}).

 \begin{figure}[htbp]
   \begin{center}
     \small
     \unitlength 0.6mm
     \begin{picture}(65,90)(0,-10)
       \put(15,10){\line(0,1){10}} \put(15,30){\line(0,1){10}}
       \put(15,50){\line(1,1){10}} \put(35,60){\line(1,-1){10}}
       \put(15,5){\makebox(0,0){@{text agroup}}}
       \put(15,25){\makebox(0,0){@{text group}}}
       \put(15,45){\makebox(0,0){@{text semigroup}}}
       \put(30,65){\makebox(0,0){@{text type}}} \put(50,45){\makebox(0,0){@{text monoid}}}
     \end{picture}
     \hspace{4em}
     \begin{picture}(30,90)(0,0)
       \put(15,10){\line(0,1){10}} \put(15,30){\line(0,1){10}}
       \put(15,50){\line(0,1){10}} \put(15,70){\line(0,1){10}}
       \put(15,5){\makebox(0,0){@{text agroup}}}
       \put(15,25){\makebox(0,0){@{text group}}}
       \put(15,45){\makebox(0,0){@{text monoid}}}
       \put(15,65){\makebox(0,0){@{text semigroup}}}
       \put(15,85){\makebox(0,0){@{text type}}}
     \end{picture}
     \caption{Monoids and groups: according to definition, and by proof}
     \label{fig:monoid-group}
   \end{center}
 \end{figure}
*}

instance monoid \<subseteq> semigroup
proof
  fix x y z :: "'a\<Colon>monoid"
  show "x \<odot> y \<odot> z = x \<odot> (y \<odot> z)"
    by (rule monoid_class.assoc)
qed

instance group \<subseteq> monoid
proof
  fix x y z :: "'a\<Colon>group"
  show "x \<odot> y \<odot> z = x \<odot> (y \<odot> z)"
    by (rule semigroup_class.assoc)
  show "\<one> \<odot> x = x"
    by (rule group_class.left_unit)
  show "x \<odot> \<one> = x"
    by (rule group_right_unit)
qed

text {*
  \medskip The $\INSTANCE$ command sets up an appropriate goal that
  represents the class inclusion (or type arity, see
  \secref{sec:inst-arity}) to be proven (see also
  \cite{isabelle-isar-ref}).  The initial proof step causes
  back-chaining of class membership statements wrt.\ the hierarchy of
  any classes defined in the current theory; the effect is to reduce
  to the initial statement to a number of goals that directly
  correspond to any class axioms encountered on the path upwards
  through the class hierarchy.
*}


subsection {* Concrete instantiation \label{sec:inst-arity} *}

text {*
  So far we have covered the case of the form $\INSTANCE$~@{text
  "c\<^sub>1 \<subseteq> c\<^sub>2"}, namely \emph{abstract instantiation} ---
  $c@1$ is more special than @{text "c\<^sub>1"} and thus an instance
  of @{text "c\<^sub>2"}.  Even more interesting for practical
  applications are \emph{concrete instantiations} of axiomatic type
  classes.  That is, certain simple schemes @{text "(\<alpha>\<^sub>1, \<dots>,
  \<alpha>\<^sub>n) t \<Colon> c"} of class membership may be established at the
  logical level and then transferred to Isabelle's type signature
  level.

  \medskip As a typical example, we show that type @{typ bool} with
  exclusive-or as @{text \<odot>} operation, identity as @{text \<inv>}, and
  @{term False} as @{text \<one>} forms an Abelian group.
*}

defs (overloaded)
  times_bool_def: "x \<odot> y \<equiv> x \<noteq> (y\<Colon>bool)"
  inverse_bool_def: "x\<inv> \<equiv> x\<Colon>bool"
  unit_bool_def: "\<one> \<equiv> False"

text {*
  \medskip It is important to note that above $\DEFS$ are just
  overloaded meta-level constant definitions, where type classes are
  not yet involved at all.  This form of constant definition with
  overloading (and optional recursion over the syntactic structure of
  simple types) are admissible as definitional extensions of plain HOL
  \cite{Wenzel:1997:TPHOL}.  The Haskell-style type system is not
  required for overloading.  Nevertheless, overloaded definitions are
  best applied in the context of type classes.

  \medskip Since we have chosen above $\DEFS$ of the generic group
  operations on type @{typ bool} appropriately, the class membership
  @{text "bool \<Colon> agroup"} may be now derived as follows.
*}

instance bool :: agroup
proof (intro_classes,
    unfold times_bool_def inverse_bool_def unit_bool_def)
  fix x y z
  show "((x \<noteq> y) \<noteq> z) = (x \<noteq> (y \<noteq> z))" by blast
  show "(False \<noteq> x) = x" by blast
  show "(x \<noteq> x) = False" by blast
  show "(x \<noteq> y) = (y \<noteq> x)" by blast
qed

text {*
  The result of an $\INSTANCE$ statement is both expressed as a
  theorem of Isabelle's meta-logic, and as a type arity of the type
  signature.  The latter enables type-inference system to take care of
  this new instance automatically.

  \medskip We could now also instantiate our group theory classes to
  many other concrete types.  For example, @{text "int \<Colon> agroup"}
  (e.g.\ by defining @{text \<odot>} as addition, @{text \<inv>} as negation
  and @{text \<one>} as zero) or @{text "list \<Colon> (type) semigroup"}
  (e.g.\ if @{text \<odot>} is defined as list append).  Thus, the
  characteristic constants @{text \<odot>}, @{text \<inv>}, @{text \<one>}
  really become overloaded, i.e.\ have different meanings on different
  types.
*}


subsection {* Lifting and Functors *}

text {*
  As already mentioned above, overloading in the simply-typed HOL
  systems may include recursion over the syntactic structure of types.
  That is, definitional equations @{text "c\<^sup>\<tau> \<equiv> t"} may also
  contain constants of name @{text c} on the right-hand side --- if
  these have types that are structurally simpler than @{text \<tau>}.

  This feature enables us to \emph{lift operations}, say to Cartesian
  products, direct sums or function spaces.  Subsequently we lift
  @{text \<odot>} component-wise to binary products @{typ "'a \<times> 'b"}.
*}

defs (overloaded)
  times_prod_def: "p \<odot> q \<equiv> (fst p \<odot> fst q, snd p \<odot> snd q)"

text {*
  It is very easy to see that associativity of @{text \<odot>} on @{typ 'a}
  and @{text \<odot>} on @{typ 'b} transfers to @{text \<odot>} on @{typ "'a \<times>
  'b"}.  Hence the binary type constructor @{text \<odot>} maps semigroups
  to semigroups.  This may be established formally as follows.
*}

instance * :: (semigroup, semigroup) semigroup
proof (intro_classes, unfold times_prod_def)
  fix p q r :: "'a\<Colon>semigroup \<times> 'b\<Colon>semigroup"
  show
    "(fst (fst p \<odot> fst q, snd p \<odot> snd q) \<odot> fst r,
      snd (fst p \<odot> fst q, snd p \<odot> snd q) \<odot> snd r) =
       (fst p \<odot> fst (fst q \<odot> fst r, snd q \<odot> snd r),
        snd p \<odot> snd (fst q \<odot> fst r, snd q \<odot> snd r))"
    by (simp add: semigroup_class.assoc)
qed

text {*
  Thus, if we view class instances as ``structures'', then overloaded
  constant definitions with recursion over types indirectly provide
  some kind of ``functors'' --- i.e.\ mappings between abstract
  theories.
*}

end