src/HOL/Old_Number_Theory/EulerFermat.thy
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(*  Title:      HOL/Old_Number_Theory/EulerFermat.thy
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    Author:     Thomas M. Rasmussen
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    Copyright   2000  University of Cambridge
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*)
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header {* Fermat's Little Theorem extended to Euler's Totient function *}
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theory EulerFermat
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imports BijectionRel IntFact
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begin
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text {*
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  Fermat's Little Theorem extended to Euler's Totient function. More
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  abstract approach than Boyer-Moore (which seems necessary to achieve
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  the extended version).
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*}
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subsection {* Definitions and lemmas *}
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inductive_set RsetR :: "int => int set set" for m :: int
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where
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  empty [simp]: "{} \<in> RsetR m"
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| insert: "A \<in> RsetR m ==> zgcd a m = 1 ==>
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    \<forall>a'. a' \<in> A --> \<not> zcong a a' m ==> insert a A \<in> RsetR m"
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fun BnorRset :: "int \<Rightarrow> int => int set" where
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  "BnorRset a m =
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   (if 0 < a then
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    let na = BnorRset (a - 1) m
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    in (if zgcd a m = 1 then insert a na else na)
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    else {})"
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definition norRRset :: "int => int set"
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  where "norRRset m = BnorRset (m - 1) m"
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definition noXRRset :: "int => int => int set"
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  where "noXRRset m x = (\<lambda>a. a * x) ` norRRset m"
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definition phi :: "int => nat"
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  where "phi m = card (norRRset m)"
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definition is_RRset :: "int set => int => bool"
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  where "is_RRset A m = (A \<in> RsetR m \<and> card A = phi m)"
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definition RRset2norRR :: "int set => int => int => int"
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  where
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    "RRset2norRR A m a =
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       (if 1 < m \<and> is_RRset A m \<and> a \<in> A then
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          SOME b. zcong a b m \<and> b \<in> norRRset m
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        else 0)"
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definition zcongm :: "int => int => int => bool"
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  where "zcongm m = (\<lambda>a b. zcong a b m)"
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lemma abs_eq_1_iff [iff]: "(abs z = (1::int)) = (z = 1 \<or> z = -1)"
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  -- {* LCP: not sure why this lemma is needed now *}
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  by (auto simp add: abs_if)
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text {* \medskip @{text norRRset} *}
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declare BnorRset.simps [simp del]
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lemma BnorRset_induct:
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  assumes "!!a m. P {} a m"
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    and "!!a m :: int. 0 < a ==> P (BnorRset (a - 1) m) (a - 1) m
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      ==> P (BnorRset a m) a m"
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  shows "P (BnorRset u v) u v"
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  apply (rule BnorRset.induct)
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   apply (case_tac "0 < a")
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    apply (rule_tac assms)
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     apply simp_all
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   apply (simp_all add: BnorRset.simps assms)
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  done
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lemma Bnor_mem_zle [rule_format]: "b \<in> BnorRset a m \<longrightarrow> b \<le> a"
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  apply (induct a m rule: BnorRset_induct)
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   apply simp
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  apply (subst BnorRset.simps)
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   apply (unfold Let_def, auto)
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  done
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lemma Bnor_mem_zle_swap: "a < b ==> b \<notin> BnorRset a m"
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  by (auto dest: Bnor_mem_zle)
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lemma Bnor_mem_zg [rule_format]: "b \<in> BnorRset a m --> 0 < b"
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  apply (induct a m rule: BnorRset_induct)
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   prefer 2
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   apply (subst BnorRset.simps)
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   apply (unfold Let_def, auto)
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  done
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lemma Bnor_mem_if [rule_format]:
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    "zgcd b m = 1 --> 0 < b --> b \<le> a --> b \<in> BnorRset a m"
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  apply (induct a m rule: BnorRset.induct, auto)
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   apply (subst BnorRset.simps)
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   defer
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   apply (subst BnorRset.simps)
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   apply (unfold Let_def, auto)
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  done
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lemma Bnor_in_RsetR [rule_format]: "a < m --> BnorRset a m \<in> RsetR m"
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  apply (induct a m rule: BnorRset_induct, simp)
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  apply (subst BnorRset.simps)
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  apply (unfold Let_def, auto)
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  apply (rule RsetR.insert)
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    apply (rule_tac [3] allI)
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    apply (rule_tac [3] impI)
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    apply (rule_tac [3] zcong_not)
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       apply (subgoal_tac [6] "a' \<le> a - 1")
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        apply (rule_tac [7] Bnor_mem_zle)
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        apply (rule_tac [5] Bnor_mem_zg, auto)
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  done
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lemma Bnor_fin: "finite (BnorRset a m)"
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  apply (induct a m rule: BnorRset_induct)
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   prefer 2
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   apply (subst BnorRset.simps)
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   apply (unfold Let_def, auto)
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  done
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lemma norR_mem_unique_aux: "a \<le> b - 1 ==> a < (b::int)"
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  apply auto
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  done
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lemma norR_mem_unique:
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  "1 < m ==>
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    zgcd a m = 1 ==> \<exists>!b. [a = b] (mod m) \<and> b \<in> norRRset m"
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  apply (unfold norRRset_def)
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  apply (cut_tac a = a and m = m in zcong_zless_unique, auto)
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   apply (rule_tac [2] m = m in zcong_zless_imp_eq)
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       apply (auto intro: Bnor_mem_zle Bnor_mem_zg zcong_trans
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         order_less_imp_le norR_mem_unique_aux simp add: zcong_sym)
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  apply (rule_tac x = b in exI, safe)
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  apply (rule Bnor_mem_if)
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    apply (case_tac [2] "b = 0")
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     apply (auto intro: order_less_le [THEN iffD2])
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   prefer 2
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   apply (simp only: zcong_def)
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   apply (subgoal_tac "zgcd a m = m")
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    prefer 2
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    apply (subst zdvd_iff_zgcd [symmetric])
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     apply (rule_tac [4] zgcd_zcong_zgcd)
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       apply (simp_all add: zcong_sym)
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  done
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text {* \medskip @{term noXRRset} *}
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lemma RRset_gcd [rule_format]:
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    "is_RRset A m ==> a \<in> A --> zgcd a m = 1"
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  apply (unfold is_RRset_def)
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  apply (rule RsetR.induct [where P="%A. a \<in> A --> zgcd a m = 1"], auto)
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  done
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lemma RsetR_zmult_mono:
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  "A \<in> RsetR m ==>
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    0 < m ==> zgcd x m = 1 ==> (\<lambda>a. a * x) ` A \<in> RsetR m"
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  apply (erule RsetR.induct, simp_all)
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  apply (rule RsetR.insert, auto)
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   apply (blast intro: zgcd_zgcd_zmult)
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  apply (simp add: zcong_cancel)
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  done
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lemma card_nor_eq_noX:
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  "0 < m ==>
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    zgcd x m = 1 ==> card (noXRRset m x) = card (norRRset m)"
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  apply (unfold norRRset_def noXRRset_def)
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  apply (rule card_image)
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   apply (auto simp add: inj_on_def Bnor_fin)
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  apply (simp add: BnorRset.simps)
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  done
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lemma noX_is_RRset:
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    "0 < m ==> zgcd x m = 1 ==> is_RRset (noXRRset m x) m"
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  apply (unfold is_RRset_def phi_def)
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  apply (auto simp add: card_nor_eq_noX)
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  apply (unfold noXRRset_def norRRset_def)
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  apply (rule RsetR_zmult_mono)
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    apply (rule Bnor_in_RsetR, simp_all)
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  done
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lemma aux_some:
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  "1 < m ==> is_RRset A m ==> a \<in> A
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    ==> zcong a (SOME b. [a = b] (mod m) \<and> b \<in> norRRset m) m \<and>
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      (SOME b. [a = b] (mod m) \<and> b \<in> norRRset m) \<in> norRRset m"
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  apply (rule norR_mem_unique [THEN ex1_implies_ex, THEN someI_ex])
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   apply (rule_tac [2] RRset_gcd, simp_all)
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  done
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lemma RRset2norRR_correct:
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  "1 < m ==> is_RRset A m ==> a \<in> A ==>
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    [a = RRset2norRR A m a] (mod m) \<and> RRset2norRR A m a \<in> norRRset m"
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  apply (unfold RRset2norRR_def, simp)
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  apply (rule aux_some, simp_all)
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  done
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lemmas RRset2norRR_correct1 =
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  RRset2norRR_correct [THEN conjunct1, standard]
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lemmas RRset2norRR_correct2 =
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  RRset2norRR_correct [THEN conjunct2, standard]
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lemma RsetR_fin: "A \<in> RsetR m ==> finite A"
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  by (induct set: RsetR) auto
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   206
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lemma RRset_zcong_eq [rule_format]:
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  "1 < m ==>
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    is_RRset A m ==> [a = b] (mod m) ==> a \<in> A --> b \<in> A --> a = b"
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  apply (unfold is_RRset_def)
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   211
  apply (rule RsetR.induct [where P="%A. a \<in> A --> b \<in> A --> a = b"])
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    apply (auto simp add: zcong_sym)
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   213
  done
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lemma aux:
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  "P (SOME a. P a) ==> Q (SOME a. Q a) ==>
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    (SOME a. P a) = (SOME a. Q a) ==> \<exists>a. P a \<and> Q a"
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  apply auto
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   219
  done
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lemma RRset2norRR_inj:
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    "1 < m ==> is_RRset A m ==> inj_on (RRset2norRR A m) A"
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  apply (unfold RRset2norRR_def inj_on_def, auto)
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  apply (subgoal_tac "\<exists>b. ([x = b] (mod m) \<and> b \<in> norRRset m) \<and>
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      ([y = b] (mod m) \<and> b \<in> norRRset m)")
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   apply (rule_tac [2] aux)
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     apply (rule_tac [3] aux_some)
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       apply (rule_tac [2] aux_some)
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   229
         apply (rule RRset_zcong_eq, auto)
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  apply (rule_tac b = b in zcong_trans)
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   231
   apply (simp_all add: zcong_sym)
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   232
  done
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   233
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   234
lemma RRset2norRR_eq_norR:
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    "1 < m ==> is_RRset A m ==> RRset2norRR A m ` A = norRRset m"
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   236
  apply (rule card_seteq)
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   237
    prefer 3
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   238
    apply (subst card_image)
15402
97204f3b4705 REorganized Finite_Set
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   239
      apply (rule_tac RRset2norRR_inj, auto)
97204f3b4705 REorganized Finite_Set
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   240
     apply (rule_tac [3] RRset2norRR_correct2, auto)
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   241
    apply (unfold is_RRset_def phi_def norRRset_def)
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   242
    apply (auto simp add: Bnor_fin)
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   243
  done
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   245
13524
604d0f3622d6 *** empty log message ***
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   246
lemma Bnor_prod_power_aux: "a \<notin> A ==> inj f ==> f a \<notin> f ` A"
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   247
by (unfold inj_on_def, auto)
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parents:
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   248
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   249
lemma Bnor_prod_power [rule_format]:
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krauss
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   250
  "x \<noteq> 0 ==> a < m --> \<Prod>((\<lambda>a. a * x) ` BnorRset a m) =
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   251
      \<Prod>(BnorRset a m) * x^card (BnorRset a m)"
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   252
  apply (induct a m rule: BnorRset_induct)
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   253
   prefer 2
15481
fc075ae929e4 the new subst tactic, by Lucas Dixon
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   254
   apply (simplesubst BnorRset.simps)  --{*multiple redexes*}
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parents: 13524
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   255
   apply (unfold Let_def, auto)
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   256
  apply (simp add: Bnor_fin Bnor_mem_zle_swap)
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   257
  apply (subst setprod_insert)
13524
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   258
    apply (rule_tac [2] Bnor_prod_power_aux)
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   259
     apply (unfold inj_on_def)
40786
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nipkow
parents: 38159
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   260
     apply (simp_all add: zmult_ac Bnor_fin Bnor_mem_zle_swap)
11049
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   261
  done
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   262
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   263
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   264
subsection {* Fermat *}
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   265
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   266
lemma bijzcong_zcong_prod:
15392
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nipkow
parents: 15197
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   267
    "(A, B) \<in> bijR (zcongm m) ==> [\<Prod>A = \<Prod>B] (mod m)"
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   268
  apply (unfold zcongm_def)
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   269
  apply (erule bijR.induct)
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   270
   apply (subgoal_tac [2] "a \<notin> A \<and> b \<notin> B \<and> finite A \<and> finite B")
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   271
    apply (auto intro: fin_bijRl fin_bijRr zcong_zmult)
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  done
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7eef34adb852 HOL-NumberTheory: converted to new-style format and proper document setup;
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lemma Bnor_prod_zgcd [rule_format]:
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    "a < m --> zgcd (\<Prod>(BnorRset a m)) m = 1"
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   276
  apply (induct a m rule: BnorRset_induct)
7eef34adb852 HOL-NumberTheory: converted to new-style format and proper document setup;
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   277
   prefer 2
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wenzelm
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   278
   apply (subst BnorRset.simps)
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paulson
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   279
   apply (unfold Let_def, auto)
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wenzelm
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   280
  apply (simp add: Bnor_fin Bnor_mem_zle_swap)
7eef34adb852 HOL-NumberTheory: converted to new-style format and proper document setup;
wenzelm
parents: 10834
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   281
  apply (blast intro: zgcd_zgcd_zmult)
7eef34adb852 HOL-NumberTheory: converted to new-style format and proper document setup;
wenzelm
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   282
  done
9508
4d01dbf6ded7 Chinese Remainder Theorem, Wilsons Theorem, etc., by T M Masmussen
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   283
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wenzelm
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theorem Euler_Fermat:
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haftmann
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    "0 < m ==> zgcd x m = 1 ==> [x^(phi m) = 1] (mod m)"
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wenzelm
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   286
  apply (unfold norRRset_def phi_def)
11868
56db9f3a6b3e Numerals now work for the integers: the binary numerals for 0 and 1 rewrite
paulson
parents: 11704
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  apply (case_tac "x = 0")
56db9f3a6b3e Numerals now work for the integers: the binary numerals for 0 and 1 rewrite
paulson
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   288
   apply (case_tac [2] "m = 1")
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wenzelm
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   289
    apply (rule_tac [3] iffD1)
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krauss
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   290
     apply (rule_tac [3] k = "\<Prod>(BnorRset (m - 1) m)"
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wenzelm
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   291
       in zcong_cancel2)
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wenzelm
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   292
      prefer 5
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   293
      apply (subst Bnor_prod_power [symmetric])
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paulson
parents: 13524
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   294
        apply (rule_tac [7] Bnor_prod_zgcd, simp_all)
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wenzelm
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   295
  apply (rule bijzcong_zcong_prod)
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krauss
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   296
  apply (fold norRRset_def, fold noXRRset_def)
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wenzelm
parents: 10834
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   297
  apply (subst RRset2norRR_eq_norR [symmetric])
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paulson
parents: 13524
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   298
    apply (rule_tac [3] inj_func_bijR, auto)
13187
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nipkow
parents: 11868
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   299
     apply (unfold zcongm_def)
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nipkow
parents: 11868
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   300
     apply (rule_tac [2] RRset2norRR_correct1)
e5434b822a96 Modifications due to enhanced linear arithmetic.
nipkow
parents: 11868
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   301
       apply (rule_tac [5] RRset2norRR_inj)
e5434b822a96 Modifications due to enhanced linear arithmetic.
nipkow
parents: 11868
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   302
        apply (auto intro: order_less_le [THEN iffD2]
32960
69916a850301 eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents: 32479
diff changeset
   303
           simp add: noX_is_RRset)
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wenzelm
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   304
  apply (unfold noXRRset_def norRRset_def)
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wenzelm
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   305
  apply (rule finite_imageI)
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wenzelm
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   306
  apply (rule Bnor_fin)
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wenzelm
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   307
  done
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wenzelm
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   308
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nipkow
parents: 16663
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   309
lemma Bnor_prime:
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  "\<lbrakk> zprime p; a < p \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> card (BnorRset a p) = nat a"
11049
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wenzelm
parents: 10834
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   311
  apply (induct a p rule: BnorRset.induct)
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wenzelm
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   312
  apply (subst BnorRset.simps)
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nipkow
parents: 16663
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   313
  apply (unfold Let_def, auto simp add:zless_zprime_imp_zrelprime)
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krauss
parents: 32960
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   314
  apply (subgoal_tac "finite (BnorRset (a - 1) m)")
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krauss
parents: 32960
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   315
   apply (subgoal_tac "a ~: BnorRset (a - 1) m")
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paulson
parents: 13524
diff changeset
   316
    apply (auto simp add: card_insert_disjoint Suc_nat_eq_nat_zadd1)
f8dcb1d9ea68 zprime_def fixes by Jeremy Avigad
paulson
parents: 13524
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   317
   apply (frule Bnor_mem_zle, arith)
f8dcb1d9ea68 zprime_def fixes by Jeremy Avigad
paulson
parents: 13524
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   318
  apply (frule Bnor_fin)
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wenzelm
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   319
  done
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   320
16663
13e9c402308b prime is a predicate now.
nipkow
parents: 16417
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   321
lemma phi_prime: "zprime p ==> phi p = nat (p - 1)"
11049
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wenzelm
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   322
  apply (unfold phi_def norRRset_def)
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paulson
parents: 13524
diff changeset
   323
  apply (rule Bnor_prime, auto)
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wenzelm
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   324
  done
7eef34adb852 HOL-NumberTheory: converted to new-style format and proper document setup;
wenzelm
parents: 10834
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   325
7eef34adb852 HOL-NumberTheory: converted to new-style format and proper document setup;
wenzelm
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   326
theorem Little_Fermat:
16663
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nipkow
parents: 16417
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   327
    "zprime p ==> \<not> p dvd x ==> [x^(nat (p - 1)) = 1] (mod p)"
11049
7eef34adb852 HOL-NumberTheory: converted to new-style format and proper document setup;
wenzelm
parents: 10834
diff changeset
   328
  apply (subst phi_prime [symmetric])
7eef34adb852 HOL-NumberTheory: converted to new-style format and proper document setup;
wenzelm
parents: 10834
diff changeset
   329
   apply (rule_tac [2] Euler_Fermat)
7eef34adb852 HOL-NumberTheory: converted to new-style format and proper document setup;
wenzelm
parents: 10834
diff changeset
   330
    apply (erule_tac [3] zprime_imp_zrelprime)
13833
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paulson
parents: 13524
diff changeset
   331
    apply (unfold zprime_def, auto)
11049
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wenzelm
parents: 10834
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   332
  done
9508
4d01dbf6ded7 Chinese Remainder Theorem, Wilsons Theorem, etc., by T M Masmussen
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   333
4d01dbf6ded7 Chinese Remainder Theorem, Wilsons Theorem, etc., by T M Masmussen
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   334
end