src/HOL/Quotient_Examples/Quotient_Message.thy
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fix Quotient_Examples
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(*  Title:      HOL/Quotient_Examples/Quotient_Message.thy
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    Author:     Christian Urban
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Message datatype, based on an older version by Larry Paulson.
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*)
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theory Quotient_Message
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imports Main "~~/src/HOL/Library/Quotient_Syntax"
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begin
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subsection{*Defining the Free Algebra*}
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datatype
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  freemsg = NONCE  nat
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        | MPAIR  freemsg freemsg
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        | CRYPT  nat freemsg
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        | DECRYPT  nat freemsg
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inductive
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  msgrel::"freemsg \<Rightarrow> freemsg \<Rightarrow> bool" (infixl "\<sim>" 50)
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where
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  CD:    "CRYPT K (DECRYPT K X) \<sim> X"
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| DC:    "DECRYPT K (CRYPT K X) \<sim> X"
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| NONCE: "NONCE N \<sim> NONCE N"
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| MPAIR: "\<lbrakk>X \<sim> X'; Y \<sim> Y'\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> MPAIR X Y \<sim> MPAIR X' Y'"
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| CRYPT: "X \<sim> X' \<Longrightarrow> CRYPT K X \<sim> CRYPT K X'"
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| DECRYPT: "X \<sim> X' \<Longrightarrow> DECRYPT K X \<sim> DECRYPT K X'"
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| SYM:   "X \<sim> Y \<Longrightarrow> Y \<sim> X"
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| TRANS: "\<lbrakk>X \<sim> Y; Y \<sim> Z\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> X \<sim> Z"
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lemmas msgrel.intros[intro]
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text{*Proving that it is an equivalence relation*}
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lemma msgrel_refl: "X \<sim> X"
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by (induct X) (auto intro: msgrel.intros)
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theorem equiv_msgrel: "equivp msgrel"
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proof (rule equivpI)
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  show "reflp msgrel" by (rule reflpI) (simp add: msgrel_refl)
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  show "symp msgrel" by (rule sympI) (blast intro: msgrel.SYM)
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  show "transp msgrel" by (rule transpI) (blast intro: msgrel.TRANS)
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qed
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subsection{*Some Functions on the Free Algebra*}
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subsubsection{*The Set of Nonces*}
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primrec
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  freenonces :: "freemsg \<Rightarrow> nat set"
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where
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  "freenonces (NONCE N) = {N}"
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| "freenonces (MPAIR X Y) = freenonces X \<union> freenonces Y"
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| "freenonces (CRYPT K X) = freenonces X"
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| "freenonces (DECRYPT K X) = freenonces X"
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theorem msgrel_imp_eq_freenonces:
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  assumes a: "U \<sim> V"
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  shows "freenonces U = freenonces V"
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  using a by (induct) (auto)
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subsubsection{*The Left Projection*}
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text{*A function to return the left part of the top pair in a message.  It will
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be lifted to the initial algrebra, to serve as an example of that process.*}
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primrec
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  freeleft :: "freemsg \<Rightarrow> freemsg"
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where
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  "freeleft (NONCE N) = NONCE N"
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| "freeleft (MPAIR X Y) = X"
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| "freeleft (CRYPT K X) = freeleft X"
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| "freeleft (DECRYPT K X) = freeleft X"
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text{*This theorem lets us prove that the left function respects the
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equivalence relation.  It also helps us prove that MPair
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  (the abstract constructor) is injective*}
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lemma msgrel_imp_eqv_freeleft_aux:
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  shows "freeleft U \<sim> freeleft U"
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  by (fact msgrel_refl)
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theorem msgrel_imp_eqv_freeleft:
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  assumes a: "U \<sim> V"
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  shows "freeleft U \<sim> freeleft V"
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  using a
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  by (induct) (auto intro: msgrel_imp_eqv_freeleft_aux)
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subsubsection{*The Right Projection*}
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text{*A function to return the right part of the top pair in a message.*}
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primrec
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  freeright :: "freemsg \<Rightarrow> freemsg"
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where
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  "freeright (NONCE N) = NONCE N"
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| "freeright (MPAIR X Y) = Y"
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| "freeright (CRYPT K X) = freeright X"
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| "freeright (DECRYPT K X) = freeright X"
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text{*This theorem lets us prove that the right function respects the
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equivalence relation.  It also helps us prove that MPair
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  (the abstract constructor) is injective*}
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lemma msgrel_imp_eqv_freeright_aux:
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  shows "freeright U \<sim> freeright U"
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  by (fact msgrel_refl)
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theorem msgrel_imp_eqv_freeright:
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  assumes a: "U \<sim> V"
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  shows "freeright U \<sim> freeright V"
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  using a
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  by (induct) (auto intro: msgrel_imp_eqv_freeright_aux)
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subsubsection{*The Discriminator for Constructors*}
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text{*A function to distinguish nonces, mpairs and encryptions*}
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primrec
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  freediscrim :: "freemsg \<Rightarrow> int"
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where
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   "freediscrim (NONCE N) = 0"
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 | "freediscrim (MPAIR X Y) = 1"
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 | "freediscrim (CRYPT K X) = freediscrim X + 2"
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 | "freediscrim (DECRYPT K X) = freediscrim X - 2"
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text{*This theorem helps us prove @{term "Nonce N \<noteq> MPair X Y"}*}
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theorem msgrel_imp_eq_freediscrim:
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  assumes a: "U \<sim> V"
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  shows "freediscrim U = freediscrim V"
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  using a by (induct) (auto)
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subsection{*The Initial Algebra: A Quotiented Message Type*}
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quotient_type msg = freemsg / msgrel
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  by (rule equiv_msgrel)
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text{*The abstract message constructors*}
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quotient_definition
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  "Nonce :: nat \<Rightarrow> msg"
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is
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  "NONCE"
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done
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quotient_definition
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  "MPair :: msg \<Rightarrow> msg \<Rightarrow> msg"
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is
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  "MPAIR"
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by (rule MPAIR)
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quotient_definition
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  "Crypt :: nat \<Rightarrow> msg \<Rightarrow> msg"
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is
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  "CRYPT"
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by (rule CRYPT)
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quotient_definition
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  "Decrypt :: nat \<Rightarrow> msg \<Rightarrow> msg"
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is
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  "DECRYPT"
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by (rule DECRYPT)
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text{*Establishing these two equations is the point of the whole exercise*}
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theorem CD_eq [simp]:
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  shows "Crypt K (Decrypt K X) = X"
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  by (lifting CD)
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theorem DC_eq [simp]:
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  shows "Decrypt K (Crypt K X) = X"
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  by (lifting DC)
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subsection{*The Abstract Function to Return the Set of Nonces*}
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quotient_definition
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   "nonces:: msg \<Rightarrow> nat set"
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is
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  "freenonces"
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by (rule msgrel_imp_eq_freenonces)
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text{*Now prove the four equations for @{term nonces}*}
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lemma nonces_Nonce [simp]:
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  shows "nonces (Nonce N) = {N}"
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  by (lifting freenonces.simps(1))
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lemma nonces_MPair [simp]:
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  shows "nonces (MPair X Y) = nonces X \<union> nonces Y"
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  by (lifting freenonces.simps(2))
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lemma nonces_Crypt [simp]:
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  shows "nonces (Crypt K X) = nonces X"
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  by (lifting freenonces.simps(3))
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lemma nonces_Decrypt [simp]:
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  shows "nonces (Decrypt K X) = nonces X"
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  by (lifting freenonces.simps(4))
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subsection{*The Abstract Function to Return the Left Part*}
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quotient_definition
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  "left:: msg \<Rightarrow> msg"
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is
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  "freeleft"
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by (rule msgrel_imp_eqv_freeleft)
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lemma left_Nonce [simp]:
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  shows "left (Nonce N) = Nonce N"
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  by (lifting freeleft.simps(1))
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lemma left_MPair [simp]:
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  shows "left (MPair X Y) = X"
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  by (lifting freeleft.simps(2))
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lemma left_Crypt [simp]:
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  shows "left (Crypt K X) = left X"
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  by (lifting freeleft.simps(3))
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lemma left_Decrypt [simp]:
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  shows "left (Decrypt K X) = left X"
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  by (lifting freeleft.simps(4))
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subsection{*The Abstract Function to Return the Right Part*}
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quotient_definition
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  "right:: msg \<Rightarrow> msg"
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is
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  "freeright"
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by (rule msgrel_imp_eqv_freeright)
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text{*Now prove the four equations for @{term right}*}
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lemma right_Nonce [simp]:
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  shows "right (Nonce N) = Nonce N"
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  by (lifting freeright.simps(1))
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lemma right_MPair [simp]:
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  shows "right (MPair X Y) = Y"
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  by (lifting freeright.simps(2))
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lemma right_Crypt [simp]:
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  shows "right (Crypt K X) = right X"
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  by (lifting freeright.simps(3))
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lemma right_Decrypt [simp]:
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  shows "right (Decrypt K X) = right X"
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  by (lifting freeright.simps(4))
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subsection{*Injectivity Properties of Some Constructors*}
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text{*Can also be proved using the function @{term nonces}*}
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lemma Nonce_Nonce_eq [iff]:
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  shows "(Nonce m = Nonce n) = (m = n)"
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proof
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  assume "Nonce m = Nonce n"
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  then show "m = n" 
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    by (descending) (drule msgrel_imp_eq_freenonces, simp)
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next
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  assume "m = n"
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  then show "Nonce m = Nonce n" by simp
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qed
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lemma MPair_imp_eq_left:
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  assumes eq: "MPair X Y = MPair X' Y'"
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  shows "X = X'"
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  using eq 
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  by (descending) (drule msgrel_imp_eqv_freeleft, simp)
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lemma MPair_imp_eq_right:
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  shows "MPair X Y = MPair X' Y' \<Longrightarrow> Y = Y'"
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  by (descending) (drule msgrel_imp_eqv_freeright, simp)
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theorem MPair_MPair_eq [iff]:
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  shows "(MPair X Y = MPair X' Y') = (X=X' & Y=Y')"
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  by (blast dest: MPair_imp_eq_left MPair_imp_eq_right)
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theorem Nonce_neq_MPair [iff]:
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  shows "Nonce N \<noteq> MPair X Y"
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  by (descending) (auto dest: msgrel_imp_eq_freediscrim)
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text{*Example suggested by a referee*}
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theorem Crypt_Nonce_neq_Nonce:
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  shows "Crypt K (Nonce M) \<noteq> Nonce N"
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  by (descending) (auto dest: msgrel_imp_eq_freediscrim) 
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text{*...and many similar results*}
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theorem Crypt2_Nonce_neq_Nonce:
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  shows "Crypt K (Crypt K' (Nonce M)) \<noteq> Nonce N"
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  by (descending) (auto dest: msgrel_imp_eq_freediscrim)
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theorem Crypt_Crypt_eq [iff]:
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  shows "(Crypt K X = Crypt K X') = (X=X')"
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proof
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  assume "Crypt K X = Crypt K X'"
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  hence "Decrypt K (Crypt K X) = Decrypt K (Crypt K X')" by simp
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  thus "X = X'" by simp
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next
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  assume "X = X'"
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  thus "Crypt K X = Crypt K X'" by simp
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qed
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theorem Decrypt_Decrypt_eq [iff]:
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  shows "(Decrypt K X = Decrypt K X') = (X=X')"
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proof
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  assume "Decrypt K X = Decrypt K X'"
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  hence "Crypt K (Decrypt K X) = Crypt K (Decrypt K X')" by simp
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  thus "X = X'" by simp
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next
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  assume "X = X'"
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  thus "Decrypt K X = Decrypt K X'" by simp
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qed
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lemma msg_induct_aux:
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  shows "\<lbrakk>\<And>N. P (Nonce N);
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          \<And>X Y. \<lbrakk>P X; P Y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P (MPair X Y);
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          \<And>K X. P X \<Longrightarrow> P (Crypt K X);
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          \<And>K X. P X \<Longrightarrow> P (Decrypt K X)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P msg"
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  by (lifting freemsg.induct)
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lemma msg_induct [case_names Nonce MPair Crypt Decrypt, cases type: msg]:
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  assumes N: "\<And>N. P (Nonce N)"
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      and M: "\<And>X Y. \<lbrakk>P X; P Y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P (MPair X Y)"
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      and C: "\<And>K X. P X \<Longrightarrow> P (Crypt K X)"
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      and D: "\<And>K X. P X \<Longrightarrow> P (Decrypt K X)"
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  shows "P msg"
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  using N M C D by (rule msg_induct_aux)
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subsection{*The Abstract Discriminator*}
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text{*However, as @{text Crypt_Nonce_neq_Nonce} above illustrates, we don't
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need this function in order to prove discrimination theorems.*}
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quotient_definition
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  "discrim:: msg \<Rightarrow> int"
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is
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  "freediscrim"
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by (rule msgrel_imp_eq_freediscrim)
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text{*Now prove the four equations for @{term discrim}*}
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lemma discrim_Nonce [simp]:
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  shows "discrim (Nonce N) = 0"
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  by (lifting freediscrim.simps(1))
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lemma discrim_MPair [simp]:
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  shows "discrim (MPair X Y) = 1"
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  by (lifting freediscrim.simps(2))
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lemma discrim_Crypt [simp]:
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  shows "discrim (Crypt K X) = discrim X + 2"
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  by (lifting freediscrim.simps(3))
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lemma discrim_Decrypt [simp]:
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  shows "discrim (Decrypt K X) = discrim X - 2"
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  by (lifting freediscrim.simps(4))
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end
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