updated generated files (cf. 8d51b375e926);
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\def\isabellecontext{Introduction}%
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\ Introduction\isanewline
\isakeyword{imports}\ Setup\isanewline
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\isamarkupsection{Introduction%
}
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
This tutorial introduces the code generator facilities of \isa{Isabelle{\isaliteral{2F}{\isacharslash}}HOL}. It allows to turn (a certain class of) HOL
specifications into corresponding executable code in the programming
languages \isa{SML} \cite{SML}, \isa{OCaml} \cite{OCaml},
\isa{Haskell} \cite{haskell-revised-report} and \isa{Scala}
\cite{scala-overview-tech-report}.
To profit from this tutorial, some familiarity and experience with
\isa{HOL} \cite{isa-tutorial} and its basic theories is assumed.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Code generation principle: shallow embedding \label{sec:principle}%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
The key concept for understanding Isabelle's code generation is
\emph{shallow embedding}: logical entities like constants, types and
classes are identified with corresponding entities in the target
language. In particular, the carrier of a generated program's
semantics are \emph{equational theorems} from the logic. If we view
a generated program as an implementation of a higher-order rewrite
system, then every rewrite step performed by the program can be
simulated in the logic, which guarantees partial correctness
\cite{Haftmann-Nipkow:2010:code}.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkupsubsection{A quick start with the Isabelle/HOL toolbox \label{sec:queue_example}%
}
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
In a HOL theory, the \indexdef{}{command}{datatype}\hypertarget{command.datatype}{\hyperlink{command.datatype}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{datatype}}}}} and \indexdef{}{command}{definition}\hypertarget{command.definition}{\hyperlink{command.definition}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{definition}}}}}/\indexdef{}{command}{primrec}\hypertarget{command.primrec}{\hyperlink{command.primrec}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{primrec}}}}}/\indexdef{}{command}{fun}\hypertarget{command.fun}{\hyperlink{command.fun}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fun}}}}} declarations
form the core of a functional programming language. By default
equational theorems stemming from those are used for generated code,
therefore \qt{naive} code generation can proceed without further
ado.
For example, here a simple \qt{implementation} of amortised queues:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isacommand{datatype}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{definition}\isamarkupfalse%
\ empty\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}empty\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
\ enqueue\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}enqueue\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ xs\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ ys{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{fun}\isamarkupfalse%
\ dequeue\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ option\ {\isaliteral{5C3C74696D65733E}{\isasymtimes}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}None{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ xs\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Some\ y{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ xs\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ xs\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}case\ rev\ xs\ of\ y\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}\ ys\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Some\ y{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ %
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent Then we can generate code e.g.~for \isa{SML} as follows:%
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\isacommand{export{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}code}\isamarkupfalse%
\ empty\ dequeue\ enqueue\ \isakeyword{in}\ SML\isanewline
\ \ \isakeyword{module{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name}\ Example\ \isakeyword{file}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}examples{\isaliteral{2F}{\isacharslash}}example{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}ML{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
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\noindent resulting in the following code:%
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structure\ Example\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ sig\isanewline
\ \ val\ id\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\isanewline
\ \ val\ fold\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}b\isanewline
\ \ val\ rev\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\isanewline
\ \ datatype\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ of\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\isanewline
\ \ val\ empty\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\isanewline
\ \ val\ dequeue\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ option\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\isanewline
\ \ val\ enqueue\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\isanewline
end\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ struct\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ id\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ xa\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ xa{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ x{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ fold\ f\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ id\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ fold\ f\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ fold\ f\ xs\ o\ f\ x{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ rev\ xs\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ fold\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ fn\ b\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ xs\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
datatype\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ of\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list\ {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ list{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
val\ empty\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ queue\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}NONE{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}xs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}SOME\ y{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}xs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}v\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ va{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ let\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \ \ val\ y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ ys\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ rev\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}v\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ va{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ in\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}SOME\ y{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ end{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ enqueue\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}xs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ xs{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
end{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}struct\ Example{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline%
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\noindent The \indexdef{}{command}{export\_code}\hypertarget{command.export-code}{\hyperlink{command.export-code}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{export{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}code}}}}} command takes a
space-separated list of constants for which code shall be generated;
anything else needed for those is added implicitly. Then follows a
target language identifier and a freely chosen module name. A file
name denotes the destination to store the generated code. Note that
the semantics of the destination depends on the target language: for
\isa{SML}, \isa{OCaml} and \isa{Scala} it denotes a \emph{file},
for \isa{Haskell} it denotes a \emph{directory} where a file named as the
module name (with extension \isa{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}hs}) is written:%
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\isacommand{export{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}code}\isamarkupfalse%
\ empty\ dequeue\ enqueue\ \isakeyword{in}\ Haskell\isanewline
\ \ \isakeyword{module{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}name}\ Example\ \isakeyword{file}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}examples{\isaliteral{2F}{\isacharslash}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
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\noindent This is the corresponding code:%
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module\ Example\ where\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}\isanewline
\isanewline
data\ Queue\ a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}a{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}a{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
empty\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ forall\ a{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ Queue\ a{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
empty\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
dequeue\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ forall\ a{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ Queue\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Maybe\ a{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ Queue\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Nothing{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ xs\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Just\ y{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ xs\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
dequeue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}v\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ va{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\isanewline
\ \ let\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ reverse\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}v\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ va{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\ in\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Just\ y{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
enqueue\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ forall\ a{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Queue\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Queue\ a{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
enqueue\ x\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}AQueue\ xs\ ys{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ AQueue\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ xs{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ ys{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\isanewline%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
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\endisatagquotetypewriter
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\isadelimquotetypewriter
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent For more details about \hyperlink{command.export-code}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{export{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}code}}}} see
\secref{sec:further}.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Type classes%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
Code can also be generated from type classes in a Haskell-like
manner. For illustration here an example from abstract algebra:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
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\isadelimquote
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\endisadelimquote
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\isatagquote
\isacommand{class}\isamarkupfalse%
\ semigroup\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\isanewline
\ \ \isakeyword{fixes}\ mult\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isakeyword{infixl}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isadigit{7}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ assoc{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ y{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ z\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}y\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ z{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{class}\isamarkupfalse%
\ monoid\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ semigroup\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\isanewline
\ \ \isakeyword{fixes}\ neutral\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F6E653E}{\isasymone}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\ \ \isakeyword{assumes}\ neutl{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F6E653E}{\isasymone}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \isakeyword{and}\ neutr{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F6E653E}{\isasymone}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{instantiation}\isamarkupfalse%
\ nat\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ monoid\isanewline
\isakeyword{begin}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
\ mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isadigit{0}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{5C3C436F6C6F6E3E}{\isasymColon}}nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}Suc\ m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{definition}\isamarkupfalse%
\ neutral{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F6E653E}{\isasymone}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Suc\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ add{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}distrib{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ \isakeyword{fixes}\ n\ m\ q\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\isanewline
\ \ \isakeyword{shows}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}n\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ q\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ q\ {\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}\ m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ q{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{instance}\isamarkupfalse%
\ \isacommand{proof}\isamarkupfalse%
\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{fix}\isamarkupfalse%
\ m\ n\ q\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ q\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ q{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ add{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}distrib{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F6E653E}{\isasymone}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ neutral{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\ \ \isacommand{show}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F6E653E}{\isasymone}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \isacommand{by}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct\ m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all\ add{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ neutral{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{end}\isamarkupfalse%
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\endisatagquote
{\isafoldquote}%
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\isadelimquote
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\endisadelimquote
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent We define the natural operation of the natural numbers
on monoids:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
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\isadelimquote
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\endisadelimquote
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\isatagquote
\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}\isakeyword{in}\ monoid{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ pow\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}pow\ {\isadigit{0}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F6E653E}{\isasymone}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}pow\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6F74696D65733E}{\isasymotimes}}\ pow\ n\ a{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent This we use to define the discrete exponentiation
function:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
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\isadelimquote
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\endisadelimquote
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\isatagquote
\isacommand{definition}\isamarkupfalse%
\ bexp\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ nat{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}bexp\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ pow\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent The corresponding code in Haskell uses that language's
native classes:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
module\ Example\ where\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}\isanewline
\isanewline
data\ Nat\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Suc\ Nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
plus{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
plus{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ plus{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ m\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
plus{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ n{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
class\ Semigroup\ a\ where\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}\isanewline
\ \ mult\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ a{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
class\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Semigroup\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Monoid\ a\ where\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}\isanewline
\ \ neutral\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ a{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
pow\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ forall\ a{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Monoid\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ a{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
pow\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ neutral{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
pow\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ mult\ a\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}pow\ n\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ plus{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ m\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
neutral{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
neutral{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Suc\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
instance\ Semigroup\ Nat\ where\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}\isanewline
\ \ mult\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
instance\ Monoid\ Nat\ where\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}\isanewline
\ \ neutral\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ neutral{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
bexp\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ Nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
bexp\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ pow\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\isanewline%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent This is a convenient place to show how explicit dictionary
construction manifests in generated code -- the same example in
\isa{SML}:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
structure\ Example\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ sig\isanewline
\ \ datatype\ nat\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Suc\ of\ nat\isanewline
\ \ val\ plus{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ nat\isanewline
\ \ type\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ semigroup\isanewline
\ \ val\ mult\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ semigroup\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\isanewline
\ \ type\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ monoid\isanewline
\ \ val\ semigroup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}monoid\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ monoid\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ semigroup\isanewline
\ \ val\ neutral\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ monoid\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\isanewline
\ \ val\ pow\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ monoid\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\isanewline
\ \ val\ mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ nat\isanewline
\ \ val\ neutral{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\isanewline
\ \ val\ semigroup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\ semigroup\isanewline
\ \ val\ monoid{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\ monoid\isanewline
\ \ val\ bexp\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ nat\isanewline
end\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ struct\isanewline
\isanewline
datatype\ nat\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Suc\ of\ nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ plus{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ plus{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ m\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ plus{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ n{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
type\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ semigroup\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}mult\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
val\ mult\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}mult\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ semigroup\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
type\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ monoid\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}semigroup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}monoid\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ semigroup{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ neutral\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
val\ semigroup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}monoid\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}semigroup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}monoid\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ monoid\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ semigroup{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
val\ neutral\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{23}{\isacharhash}}neutral\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a\ monoid\ {\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}a{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ pow\ A{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ neutral\ A{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ pow\ A{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ mult\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}semigroup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}monoid\ A{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}pow\ A{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ n\ a{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ plus{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ m\ n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
val\ neutral{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Suc\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
val\ semigroup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}mult\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ mult{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\ semigroup{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
val\ monoid{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}semigroup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}monoid\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ semigroup{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ neutral\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ neutral{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ nat\ monoid{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
fun\ bexp\ n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ pow\ monoid{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat\ n\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Suc\ Zero{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}nat{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\isanewline
\isanewline
end{\isaliteral{3B}{\isacharsemicolon}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}struct\ Example{\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent Note the parameters with trailing underscore (\verb|A_|), which are the dictionary parameters.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkupsubsection{How to continue from here%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
What you have seen so far should be already enough in a lot of
cases. If you are content with this, you can quit reading here.
Anyway, to understand situations where problems occur or to increase
the scope of code generation beyond default, it is necessary to gain
some understanding how the code generator actually works:
\begin{itemize}
\item The foundations of the code generator are described in
\secref{sec:foundations}.
\item In particular \secref{sec:utterly_wrong} gives hints how to
debug situations where code generation does not succeed as
expected.
\item The scope and quality of generated code can be increased
dramatically by applying refinement techniques, which are
introduced in \secref{sec:refinement}.
\item Inductive predicates can be turned executable using an
extension of the code generator \secref{sec:inductive}.
\item If you want to utilize code generation to obtain fast
evaluators e.g.~for decision procedures, have a look at
\secref{sec:evaluation}.
\item You may want to skim over the more technical sections
\secref{sec:adaptation} and \secref{sec:further}.
\item The target language Scala \cite{scala-overview-tech-report}
comes with some specialities discussed in \secref{sec:scala}.
\item For exhaustive syntax diagrams etc. you should visit the
Isabelle/Isar Reference Manual \cite{isabelle-isar-ref}.
\end{itemize}
\bigskip
\begin{center}\fbox{\fbox{\begin{minipage}{8cm}
\begin{center}\textit{Happy proving, happy hacking!}\end{center}
\end{minipage}}}\end{center}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
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