(* Title: HOL/Algebra/Lattice.thy
Author: Clemens Ballarin, started 7 November 2003
Copyright: Clemens Ballarin
Most congruence rules by Stephan Hohe.
*)
theory Lattice
imports Congruence
begin
section {* Orders and Lattices *}
subsection {* Partial Orders *}
record 'a gorder = "'a eq_object" +
le :: "['a, 'a] => bool" (infixl "\<sqsubseteq>\<index>" 50)
locale weak_partial_order = equivalence L for L (structure) +
assumes le_refl [intro, simp]:
"x \<in> carrier L ==> x \<sqsubseteq> x"
and weak_le_antisym [intro]:
"[| x \<sqsubseteq> y; y \<sqsubseteq> x; x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> x .= y"
and le_trans [trans]:
"[| x \<sqsubseteq> y; y \<sqsubseteq> z; x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L; z \<in> carrier L |] ==> x \<sqsubseteq> z"
and le_cong:
"\<lbrakk> x .= y; z .= w; x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L; z \<in> carrier L; w \<in> carrier L \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
x \<sqsubseteq> z \<longleftrightarrow> y \<sqsubseteq> w"
definition
lless :: "[_, 'a, 'a] => bool" (infixl "\<sqsubset>\<index>" 50)
where "x \<sqsubset>\<^bsub>L\<^esub> y \<longleftrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq>\<^bsub>L\<^esub> y & x .\<noteq>\<^bsub>L\<^esub> y"
subsubsection {* The order relation *}
context weak_partial_order
begin
lemma le_cong_l [intro, trans]:
"\<lbrakk> x .= y; y \<sqsubseteq> z; x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L; z \<in> carrier L \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq> z"
by (auto intro: le_cong [THEN iffD2])
lemma le_cong_r [intro, trans]:
"\<lbrakk> x \<sqsubseteq> y; y .= z; x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L; z \<in> carrier L \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq> z"
by (auto intro: le_cong [THEN iffD1])
lemma weak_refl [intro, simp]: "\<lbrakk> x .= y; x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq> y"
by (simp add: le_cong_l)
end
lemma weak_llessI:
fixes R (structure)
assumes "x \<sqsubseteq> y" and "~(x .= y)"
shows "x \<sqsubset> y"
using assms unfolding lless_def by simp
lemma lless_imp_le:
fixes R (structure)
assumes "x \<sqsubset> y"
shows "x \<sqsubseteq> y"
using assms unfolding lless_def by simp
lemma weak_lless_imp_not_eq:
fixes R (structure)
assumes "x \<sqsubset> y"
shows "\<not> (x .= y)"
using assms unfolding lless_def by simp
lemma weak_llessE:
fixes R (structure)
assumes p: "x \<sqsubset> y" and e: "\<lbrakk>x \<sqsubseteq> y; \<not> (x .= y)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P"
shows "P"
using p by (blast dest: lless_imp_le weak_lless_imp_not_eq e)
lemma (in weak_partial_order) lless_cong_l [trans]:
assumes xx': "x .= x'"
and xy: "x' \<sqsubset> y"
and carr: "x \<in> carrier L" "x' \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L"
shows "x \<sqsubset> y"
using assms unfolding lless_def by (auto intro: trans sym)
lemma (in weak_partial_order) lless_cong_r [trans]:
assumes xy: "x \<sqsubset> y"
and yy': "y .= y'"
and carr: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L" "y' \<in> carrier L"
shows "x \<sqsubset> y'"
using assms unfolding lless_def by (auto intro: trans sym) (*slow*)
lemma (in weak_partial_order) lless_antisym:
assumes "a \<in> carrier L" "b \<in> carrier L"
and "a \<sqsubset> b" "b \<sqsubset> a"
shows "P"
using assms
by (elim weak_llessE) auto
lemma (in weak_partial_order) lless_trans [trans]:
assumes "a \<sqsubset> b" "b \<sqsubset> c"
and carr[simp]: "a \<in> carrier L" "b \<in> carrier L" "c \<in> carrier L"
shows "a \<sqsubset> c"
using assms unfolding lless_def by (blast dest: le_trans intro: sym)
subsubsection {* Upper and lower bounds of a set *}
definition
Upper :: "[_, 'a set] => 'a set"
where "Upper L A = {u. (ALL x. x \<in> A \<inter> carrier L --> x \<sqsubseteq>\<^bsub>L\<^esub> u)} \<inter> carrier L"
definition
Lower :: "[_, 'a set] => 'a set"
where "Lower L A = {l. (ALL x. x \<in> A \<inter> carrier L --> l \<sqsubseteq>\<^bsub>L\<^esub> x)} \<inter> carrier L"
lemma Upper_closed [intro!, simp]:
"Upper L A \<subseteq> carrier L"
by (unfold Upper_def) clarify
lemma Upper_memD [dest]:
fixes L (structure)
shows "[| u \<in> Upper L A; x \<in> A; A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> x \<sqsubseteq> u \<and> u \<in> carrier L"
by (unfold Upper_def) blast
lemma (in weak_partial_order) Upper_elemD [dest]:
"[| u .\<in> Upper L A; u \<in> carrier L; x \<in> A; A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> x \<sqsubseteq> u"
unfolding Upper_def elem_def
by (blast dest: sym)
lemma Upper_memI:
fixes L (structure)
shows "[| !! y. y \<in> A ==> y \<sqsubseteq> x; x \<in> carrier L |] ==> x \<in> Upper L A"
by (unfold Upper_def) blast
lemma (in weak_partial_order) Upper_elemI:
"[| !! y. y \<in> A ==> y \<sqsubseteq> x; x \<in> carrier L |] ==> x .\<in> Upper L A"
unfolding Upper_def by blast
lemma Upper_antimono:
"A \<subseteq> B ==> Upper L B \<subseteq> Upper L A"
by (unfold Upper_def) blast
lemma (in weak_partial_order) Upper_is_closed [simp]:
"A \<subseteq> carrier L ==> is_closed (Upper L A)"
by (rule is_closedI) (blast intro: Upper_memI)+
lemma (in weak_partial_order) Upper_mem_cong:
assumes a'carr: "a' \<in> carrier L" and Acarr: "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
and aa': "a .= a'"
and aelem: "a \<in> Upper L A"
shows "a' \<in> Upper L A"
proof (rule Upper_memI[OF _ a'carr])
fix y
assume yA: "y \<in> A"
hence "y \<sqsubseteq> a" by (intro Upper_memD[OF aelem, THEN conjunct1] Acarr)
also note aa'
finally
show "y \<sqsubseteq> a'"
by (simp add: a'carr subsetD[OF Acarr yA] subsetD[OF Upper_closed aelem])
qed
lemma (in weak_partial_order) Upper_cong:
assumes Acarr: "A \<subseteq> carrier L" and A'carr: "A' \<subseteq> carrier L"
and AA': "A {.=} A'"
shows "Upper L A = Upper L A'"
unfolding Upper_def
apply rule
apply (rule, clarsimp) defer 1
apply (rule, clarsimp) defer 1
proof -
fix x a'
assume carr: "x \<in> carrier L" "a' \<in> carrier L"
and a'A': "a' \<in> A'"
assume aLxCond[rule_format]: "\<forall>a. a \<in> A \<and> a \<in> carrier L \<longrightarrow> a \<sqsubseteq> x"
from AA' and a'A' have "\<exists>a\<in>A. a' .= a" by (rule set_eqD2)
from this obtain a
where aA: "a \<in> A"
and a'a: "a' .= a"
by auto
note [simp] = subsetD[OF Acarr aA] carr
note a'a
also have "a \<sqsubseteq> x" by (simp add: aLxCond aA)
finally show "a' \<sqsubseteq> x" by simp
next
fix x a
assume carr: "x \<in> carrier L" "a \<in> carrier L"
and aA: "a \<in> A"
assume a'LxCond[rule_format]: "\<forall>a'. a' \<in> A' \<and> a' \<in> carrier L \<longrightarrow> a' \<sqsubseteq> x"
from AA' and aA have "\<exists>a'\<in>A'. a .= a'" by (rule set_eqD1)
from this obtain a'
where a'A': "a' \<in> A'"
and aa': "a .= a'"
by auto
note [simp] = subsetD[OF A'carr a'A'] carr
note aa'
also have "a' \<sqsubseteq> x" by (simp add: a'LxCond a'A')
finally show "a \<sqsubseteq> x" by simp
qed
lemma Lower_closed [intro!, simp]:
"Lower L A \<subseteq> carrier L"
by (unfold Lower_def) clarify
lemma Lower_memD [dest]:
fixes L (structure)
shows "[| l \<in> Lower L A; x \<in> A; A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> l \<sqsubseteq> x \<and> l \<in> carrier L"
by (unfold Lower_def) blast
lemma Lower_memI:
fixes L (structure)
shows "[| !! y. y \<in> A ==> x \<sqsubseteq> y; x \<in> carrier L |] ==> x \<in> Lower L A"
by (unfold Lower_def) blast
lemma Lower_antimono:
"A \<subseteq> B ==> Lower L B \<subseteq> Lower L A"
by (unfold Lower_def) blast
lemma (in weak_partial_order) Lower_is_closed [simp]:
"A \<subseteq> carrier L \<Longrightarrow> is_closed (Lower L A)"
by (rule is_closedI) (blast intro: Lower_memI dest: sym)+
lemma (in weak_partial_order) Lower_mem_cong:
assumes a'carr: "a' \<in> carrier L" and Acarr: "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
and aa': "a .= a'"
and aelem: "a \<in> Lower L A"
shows "a' \<in> Lower L A"
using assms Lower_closed[of L A]
by (intro Lower_memI) (blast intro: le_cong_l[OF aa'[symmetric]])
lemma (in weak_partial_order) Lower_cong:
assumes Acarr: "A \<subseteq> carrier L" and A'carr: "A' \<subseteq> carrier L"
and AA': "A {.=} A'"
shows "Lower L A = Lower L A'"
unfolding Lower_def
apply rule
apply clarsimp defer 1
apply clarsimp defer 1
proof -
fix x a'
assume carr: "x \<in> carrier L" "a' \<in> carrier L"
and a'A': "a' \<in> A'"
assume "\<forall>a. a \<in> A \<and> a \<in> carrier L \<longrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq> a"
hence aLxCond: "\<And>a. \<lbrakk>a \<in> A; a \<in> carrier L\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq> a" by fast
from AA' and a'A' have "\<exists>a\<in>A. a' .= a" by (rule set_eqD2)
from this obtain a
where aA: "a \<in> A"
and a'a: "a' .= a"
by auto
from aA and subsetD[OF Acarr aA]
have "x \<sqsubseteq> a" by (rule aLxCond)
also note a'a[symmetric]
finally
show "x \<sqsubseteq> a'" by (simp add: carr subsetD[OF Acarr aA])
next
fix x a
assume carr: "x \<in> carrier L" "a \<in> carrier L"
and aA: "a \<in> A"
assume "\<forall>a'. a' \<in> A' \<and> a' \<in> carrier L \<longrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq> a'"
hence a'LxCond: "\<And>a'. \<lbrakk>a' \<in> A'; a' \<in> carrier L\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq> a'" by fast+
from AA' and aA have "\<exists>a'\<in>A'. a .= a'" by (rule set_eqD1)
from this obtain a'
where a'A': "a' \<in> A'"
and aa': "a .= a'"
by auto
from a'A' and subsetD[OF A'carr a'A']
have "x \<sqsubseteq> a'" by (rule a'LxCond)
also note aa'[symmetric]
finally show "x \<sqsubseteq> a" by (simp add: carr subsetD[OF A'carr a'A'])
qed
subsubsection {* Least and greatest, as predicate *}
definition
least :: "[_, 'a, 'a set] => bool"
where "least L l A \<longleftrightarrow> A \<subseteq> carrier L & l \<in> A & (ALL x : A. l \<sqsubseteq>\<^bsub>L\<^esub> x)"
definition
greatest :: "[_, 'a, 'a set] => bool"
where "greatest L g A \<longleftrightarrow> A \<subseteq> carrier L & g \<in> A & (ALL x : A. x \<sqsubseteq>\<^bsub>L\<^esub> g)"
text (in weak_partial_order) {* Could weaken these to @{term "l \<in> carrier L \<and> l
.\<in> A"} and @{term "g \<in> carrier L \<and> g .\<in> A"}. *}
lemma least_closed [intro, simp]:
"least L l A ==> l \<in> carrier L"
by (unfold least_def) fast
lemma least_mem:
"least L l A ==> l \<in> A"
by (unfold least_def) fast
lemma (in weak_partial_order) weak_least_unique:
"[| least L x A; least L y A |] ==> x .= y"
by (unfold least_def) blast
lemma least_le:
fixes L (structure)
shows "[| least L x A; a \<in> A |] ==> x \<sqsubseteq> a"
by (unfold least_def) fast
lemma (in weak_partial_order) least_cong:
"[| x .= x'; x \<in> carrier L; x' \<in> carrier L; is_closed A |] ==> least L x A = least L x' A"
by (unfold least_def) (auto dest: sym)
text (in weak_partial_order) {* @{const least} is not congruent in the second parameter for
@{term "A {.=} A'"} *}
lemma (in weak_partial_order) least_Upper_cong_l:
assumes "x .= x'"
and "x \<in> carrier L" "x' \<in> carrier L"
and "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
shows "least L x (Upper L A) = least L x' (Upper L A)"
apply (rule least_cong) using assms by auto
lemma (in weak_partial_order) least_Upper_cong_r:
assumes Acarrs: "A \<subseteq> carrier L" "A' \<subseteq> carrier L" (* unneccessary with current Upper? *)
and AA': "A {.=} A'"
shows "least L x (Upper L A) = least L x (Upper L A')"
apply (subgoal_tac "Upper L A = Upper L A'", simp)
by (rule Upper_cong) fact+
lemma least_UpperI:
fixes L (structure)
assumes above: "!! x. x \<in> A ==> x \<sqsubseteq> s"
and below: "!! y. y \<in> Upper L A ==> s \<sqsubseteq> y"
and L: "A \<subseteq> carrier L" "s \<in> carrier L"
shows "least L s (Upper L A)"
proof -
have "Upper L A \<subseteq> carrier L" by simp
moreover from above L have "s \<in> Upper L A" by (simp add: Upper_def)
moreover from below have "ALL x : Upper L A. s \<sqsubseteq> x" by fast
ultimately show ?thesis by (simp add: least_def)
qed
lemma least_Upper_above:
fixes L (structure)
shows "[| least L s (Upper L A); x \<in> A; A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> x \<sqsubseteq> s"
by (unfold least_def) blast
lemma greatest_closed [intro, simp]:
"greatest L l A ==> l \<in> carrier L"
by (unfold greatest_def) fast
lemma greatest_mem:
"greatest L l A ==> l \<in> A"
by (unfold greatest_def) fast
lemma (in weak_partial_order) weak_greatest_unique:
"[| greatest L x A; greatest L y A |] ==> x .= y"
by (unfold greatest_def) blast
lemma greatest_le:
fixes L (structure)
shows "[| greatest L x A; a \<in> A |] ==> a \<sqsubseteq> x"
by (unfold greatest_def) fast
lemma (in weak_partial_order) greatest_cong:
"[| x .= x'; x \<in> carrier L; x' \<in> carrier L; is_closed A |] ==>
greatest L x A = greatest L x' A"
by (unfold greatest_def) (auto dest: sym)
text (in weak_partial_order) {* @{const greatest} is not congruent in the second parameter for
@{term "A {.=} A'"} *}
lemma (in weak_partial_order) greatest_Lower_cong_l:
assumes "x .= x'"
and "x \<in> carrier L" "x' \<in> carrier L"
and "A \<subseteq> carrier L" (* unneccessary with current Lower *)
shows "greatest L x (Lower L A) = greatest L x' (Lower L A)"
apply (rule greatest_cong) using assms by auto
lemma (in weak_partial_order) greatest_Lower_cong_r:
assumes Acarrs: "A \<subseteq> carrier L" "A' \<subseteq> carrier L"
and AA': "A {.=} A'"
shows "greatest L x (Lower L A) = greatest L x (Lower L A')"
apply (subgoal_tac "Lower L A = Lower L A'", simp)
by (rule Lower_cong) fact+
lemma greatest_LowerI:
fixes L (structure)
assumes below: "!! x. x \<in> A ==> i \<sqsubseteq> x"
and above: "!! y. y \<in> Lower L A ==> y \<sqsubseteq> i"
and L: "A \<subseteq> carrier L" "i \<in> carrier L"
shows "greatest L i (Lower L A)"
proof -
have "Lower L A \<subseteq> carrier L" by simp
moreover from below L have "i \<in> Lower L A" by (simp add: Lower_def)
moreover from above have "ALL x : Lower L A. x \<sqsubseteq> i" by fast
ultimately show ?thesis by (simp add: greatest_def)
qed
lemma greatest_Lower_below:
fixes L (structure)
shows "[| greatest L i (Lower L A); x \<in> A; A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> i \<sqsubseteq> x"
by (unfold greatest_def) blast
text {* Supremum and infimum *}
definition
sup :: "[_, 'a set] => 'a" ("\<Squnion>\<index>_" [90] 90)
where "\<Squnion>\<^bsub>L\<^esub>A = (SOME x. least L x (Upper L A))"
definition
inf :: "[_, 'a set] => 'a" ("\<Sqinter>\<index>_" [90] 90)
where "\<Sqinter>\<^bsub>L\<^esub>A = (SOME x. greatest L x (Lower L A))"
definition
join :: "[_, 'a, 'a] => 'a" (infixl "\<squnion>\<index>" 65)
where "x \<squnion>\<^bsub>L\<^esub> y = \<Squnion>\<^bsub>L\<^esub>{x, y}"
definition
meet :: "[_, 'a, 'a] => 'a" (infixl "\<sqinter>\<index>" 70)
where "x \<sqinter>\<^bsub>L\<^esub> y = \<Sqinter>\<^bsub>L\<^esub>{x, y}"
subsection {* Lattices *}
locale weak_upper_semilattice = weak_partial_order +
assumes sup_of_two_exists:
"[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> EX s. least L s (Upper L {x, y})"
locale weak_lower_semilattice = weak_partial_order +
assumes inf_of_two_exists:
"[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> EX s. greatest L s (Lower L {x, y})"
locale weak_lattice = weak_upper_semilattice + weak_lower_semilattice
subsubsection {* Supremum *}
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) joinI:
"[| !!l. least L l (Upper L {x, y}) ==> P l; x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |]
==> P (x \<squnion> y)"
proof (unfold join_def sup_def)
assume L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L"
and P: "!!l. least L l (Upper L {x, y}) ==> P l"
with sup_of_two_exists obtain s where "least L s (Upper L {x, y})" by fast
with L show "P (SOME l. least L l (Upper L {x, y}))"
by (fast intro: someI2 P)
qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) join_closed [simp]:
"[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> x \<squnion> y \<in> carrier L"
by (rule joinI) (rule least_closed)
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) join_cong_l:
assumes carr: "x \<in> carrier L" "x' \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L"
and xx': "x .= x'"
shows "x \<squnion> y .= x' \<squnion> y"
proof (rule joinI, rule joinI)
fix a b
from xx' carr
have seq: "{x, y} {.=} {x', y}" by (rule set_eq_pairI)
assume leasta: "least L a (Upper L {x, y})"
assume "least L b (Upper L {x', y})"
with carr
have leastb: "least L b (Upper L {x, y})"
by (simp add: least_Upper_cong_r[OF _ _ seq])
from leasta leastb
show "a .= b" by (rule weak_least_unique)
qed (rule carr)+
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) join_cong_r:
assumes carr: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L" "y' \<in> carrier L"
and yy': "y .= y'"
shows "x \<squnion> y .= x \<squnion> y'"
proof (rule joinI, rule joinI)
fix a b
have "{x, y} = {y, x}" by fast
also from carr yy'
have "{y, x} {.=} {y', x}" by (intro set_eq_pairI)
also have "{y', x} = {x, y'}" by fast
finally
have seq: "{x, y} {.=} {x, y'}" .
assume leasta: "least L a (Upper L {x, y})"
assume "least L b (Upper L {x, y'})"
with carr
have leastb: "least L b (Upper L {x, y})"
by (simp add: least_Upper_cong_r[OF _ _ seq])
from leasta leastb
show "a .= b" by (rule weak_least_unique)
qed (rule carr)+
lemma (in weak_partial_order) sup_of_singletonI: (* only reflexivity needed ? *)
"x \<in> carrier L ==> least L x (Upper L {x})"
by (rule least_UpperI) auto
lemma (in weak_partial_order) weak_sup_of_singleton [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier L ==> \<Squnion>{x} .= x"
unfolding sup_def
by (rule someI2) (auto intro: weak_least_unique sup_of_singletonI)
lemma (in weak_partial_order) sup_of_singleton_closed [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier L \<Longrightarrow> \<Squnion>{x} \<in> carrier L"
unfolding sup_def
by (rule someI2) (auto intro: sup_of_singletonI)
text {* Condition on @{text A}: supremum exists. *}
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) sup_insertI:
"[| !!s. least L s (Upper L (insert x A)) ==> P s;
least L a (Upper L A); x \<in> carrier L; A \<subseteq> carrier L |]
==> P (\<Squnion>(insert x A))"
proof (unfold sup_def)
assume L: "x \<in> carrier L" "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
and P: "!!l. least L l (Upper L (insert x A)) ==> P l"
and least_a: "least L a (Upper L A)"
from L least_a have La: "a \<in> carrier L" by simp
from L sup_of_two_exists least_a
obtain s where least_s: "least L s (Upper L {a, x})" by blast
show "P (SOME l. least L l (Upper L (insert x A)))"
proof (rule someI2)
show "least L s (Upper L (insert x A))"
proof (rule least_UpperI)
fix z
assume "z \<in> insert x A"
then show "z \<sqsubseteq> s"
proof
assume "z = x" then show ?thesis
by (simp add: least_Upper_above [OF least_s] L La)
next
assume "z \<in> A"
with L least_s least_a show ?thesis
by (rule_tac le_trans [where y = a]) (auto dest: least_Upper_above)
qed
next
fix y
assume y: "y \<in> Upper L (insert x A)"
show "s \<sqsubseteq> y"
proof (rule least_le [OF least_s], rule Upper_memI)
fix z
assume z: "z \<in> {a, x}"
then show "z \<sqsubseteq> y"
proof
have y': "y \<in> Upper L A"
apply (rule subsetD [where A = "Upper L (insert x A)"])
apply (rule Upper_antimono)
apply blast
apply (rule y)
done
assume "z = a"
with y' least_a show ?thesis by (fast dest: least_le)
next
assume "z \<in> {x}" (* FIXME "z = x"; declare specific elim rule for "insert x {}" (!?) *)
with y L show ?thesis by blast
qed
qed (rule Upper_closed [THEN subsetD, OF y])
next
from L show "insert x A \<subseteq> carrier L" by simp
from least_s show "s \<in> carrier L" by simp
qed
qed (rule P)
qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) finite_sup_least:
"[| finite A; A \<subseteq> carrier L; A ~= {} |] ==> least L (\<Squnion>A) (Upper L A)"
proof (induct set: finite)
case empty
then show ?case by simp
next
case (insert x A)
show ?case
proof (cases "A = {}")
case True
with insert show ?thesis
by simp (simp add: least_cong [OF weak_sup_of_singleton] sup_of_singletonI)
(* The above step is hairy; least_cong can make simp loop.
Would want special version of simp to apply least_cong. *)
next
case False
with insert have "least L (\<Squnion>A) (Upper L A)" by simp
with _ show ?thesis
by (rule sup_insertI) (simp_all add: insert [simplified])
qed
qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) finite_sup_insertI:
assumes P: "!!l. least L l (Upper L (insert x A)) ==> P l"
and xA: "finite A" "x \<in> carrier L" "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
shows "P (\<Squnion> (insert x A))"
proof (cases "A = {}")
case True with P and xA show ?thesis
by (simp add: finite_sup_least)
next
case False with P and xA show ?thesis
by (simp add: sup_insertI finite_sup_least)
qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) finite_sup_closed [simp]:
"[| finite A; A \<subseteq> carrier L; A ~= {} |] ==> \<Squnion>A \<in> carrier L"
proof (induct set: finite)
case empty then show ?case by simp
next
case insert then show ?case
by - (rule finite_sup_insertI, simp_all)
qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) join_left:
"[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> x \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> y"
by (rule joinI [folded join_def]) (blast dest: least_mem)
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) join_right:
"[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> y \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> y"
by (rule joinI [folded join_def]) (blast dest: least_mem)
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) sup_of_two_least:
"[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> least L (\<Squnion>{x, y}) (Upper L {x, y})"
proof (unfold sup_def)
assume L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L"
with sup_of_two_exists obtain s where "least L s (Upper L {x, y})" by fast
with L show "least L (SOME z. least L z (Upper L {x, y})) (Upper L {x, y})"
by (fast intro: someI2 weak_least_unique) (* blast fails *)
qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) join_le:
assumes sub: "x \<sqsubseteq> z" "y \<sqsubseteq> z"
and x: "x \<in> carrier L" and y: "y \<in> carrier L" and z: "z \<in> carrier L"
shows "x \<squnion> y \<sqsubseteq> z"
proof (rule joinI [OF _ x y])
fix s
assume "least L s (Upper L {x, y})"
with sub z show "s \<sqsubseteq> z" by (fast elim: least_le intro: Upper_memI)
qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) weak_join_assoc_lemma:
assumes L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L" "z \<in> carrier L"
shows "x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z) .= \<Squnion>{x, y, z}"
proof (rule finite_sup_insertI)
-- {* The textbook argument in Jacobson I, p 457 *}
fix s
assume sup: "least L s (Upper L {x, y, z})"
show "x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z) .= s"
proof (rule weak_le_antisym)
from sup L show "x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z) \<sqsubseteq> s"
by (fastforce intro!: join_le elim: least_Upper_above)
next
from sup L show "s \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z)"
by (erule_tac least_le)
(blast intro!: Upper_memI intro: le_trans join_left join_right join_closed)
qed (simp_all add: L least_closed [OF sup])
qed (simp_all add: L)
text {* Commutativity holds for @{text "="}. *}
lemma join_comm:
fixes L (structure)
shows "x \<squnion> y = y \<squnion> x"
by (unfold join_def) (simp add: insert_commute)
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) weak_join_assoc:
assumes L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L" "z \<in> carrier L"
shows "(x \<squnion> y) \<squnion> z .= x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z)"
proof -
(* FIXME: could be simplified by improved simp: uniform use of .=,
omit [symmetric] in last step. *)
have "(x \<squnion> y) \<squnion> z = z \<squnion> (x \<squnion> y)" by (simp only: join_comm)
also from L have "... .= \<Squnion>{z, x, y}" by (simp add: weak_join_assoc_lemma)
also from L have "... = \<Squnion>{x, y, z}" by (simp add: insert_commute)
also from L have "... .= x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z)" by (simp add: weak_join_assoc_lemma [symmetric])
finally show ?thesis by (simp add: L)
qed
subsubsection {* Infimum *}
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meetI:
"[| !!i. greatest L i (Lower L {x, y}) ==> P i;
x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |]
==> P (x \<sqinter> y)"
proof (unfold meet_def inf_def)
assume L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L"
and P: "!!g. greatest L g (Lower L {x, y}) ==> P g"
with inf_of_two_exists obtain i where "greatest L i (Lower L {x, y})" by fast
with L show "P (SOME g. greatest L g (Lower L {x, y}))"
by (fast intro: someI2 weak_greatest_unique P)
qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meet_closed [simp]:
"[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> x \<sqinter> y \<in> carrier L"
by (rule meetI) (rule greatest_closed)
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meet_cong_l:
assumes carr: "x \<in> carrier L" "x' \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L"
and xx': "x .= x'"
shows "x \<sqinter> y .= x' \<sqinter> y"
proof (rule meetI, rule meetI)
fix a b
from xx' carr
have seq: "{x, y} {.=} {x', y}" by (rule set_eq_pairI)
assume greatesta: "greatest L a (Lower L {x, y})"
assume "greatest L b (Lower L {x', y})"
with carr
have greatestb: "greatest L b (Lower L {x, y})"
by (simp add: greatest_Lower_cong_r[OF _ _ seq])
from greatesta greatestb
show "a .= b" by (rule weak_greatest_unique)
qed (rule carr)+
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meet_cong_r:
assumes carr: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L" "y' \<in> carrier L"
and yy': "y .= y'"
shows "x \<sqinter> y .= x \<sqinter> y'"
proof (rule meetI, rule meetI)
fix a b
have "{x, y} = {y, x}" by fast
also from carr yy'
have "{y, x} {.=} {y', x}" by (intro set_eq_pairI)
also have "{y', x} = {x, y'}" by fast
finally
have seq: "{x, y} {.=} {x, y'}" .
assume greatesta: "greatest L a (Lower L {x, y})"
assume "greatest L b (Lower L {x, y'})"
with carr
have greatestb: "greatest L b (Lower L {x, y})"
by (simp add: greatest_Lower_cong_r[OF _ _ seq])
from greatesta greatestb
show "a .= b" by (rule weak_greatest_unique)
qed (rule carr)+
lemma (in weak_partial_order) inf_of_singletonI: (* only reflexivity needed ? *)
"x \<in> carrier L ==> greatest L x (Lower L {x})"
by (rule greatest_LowerI) auto
lemma (in weak_partial_order) weak_inf_of_singleton [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier L ==> \<Sqinter>{x} .= x"
unfolding inf_def
by (rule someI2) (auto intro: weak_greatest_unique inf_of_singletonI)
lemma (in weak_partial_order) inf_of_singleton_closed:
"x \<in> carrier L ==> \<Sqinter>{x} \<in> carrier L"
unfolding inf_def
by (rule someI2) (auto intro: inf_of_singletonI)
text {* Condition on @{text A}: infimum exists. *}
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) inf_insertI:
"[| !!i. greatest L i (Lower L (insert x A)) ==> P i;
greatest L a (Lower L A); x \<in> carrier L; A \<subseteq> carrier L |]
==> P (\<Sqinter>(insert x A))"
proof (unfold inf_def)
assume L: "x \<in> carrier L" "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
and P: "!!g. greatest L g (Lower L (insert x A)) ==> P g"
and greatest_a: "greatest L a (Lower L A)"
from L greatest_a have La: "a \<in> carrier L" by simp
from L inf_of_two_exists greatest_a
obtain i where greatest_i: "greatest L i (Lower L {a, x})" by blast
show "P (SOME g. greatest L g (Lower L (insert x A)))"
proof (rule someI2)
show "greatest L i (Lower L (insert x A))"
proof (rule greatest_LowerI)
fix z
assume "z \<in> insert x A"
then show "i \<sqsubseteq> z"
proof
assume "z = x" then show ?thesis
by (simp add: greatest_Lower_below [OF greatest_i] L La)
next
assume "z \<in> A"
with L greatest_i greatest_a show ?thesis
by (rule_tac le_trans [where y = a]) (auto dest: greatest_Lower_below)
qed
next
fix y
assume y: "y \<in> Lower L (insert x A)"
show "y \<sqsubseteq> i"
proof (rule greatest_le [OF greatest_i], rule Lower_memI)
fix z
assume z: "z \<in> {a, x}"
then show "y \<sqsubseteq> z"
proof
have y': "y \<in> Lower L A"
apply (rule subsetD [where A = "Lower L (insert x A)"])
apply (rule Lower_antimono)
apply blast
apply (rule y)
done
assume "z = a"
with y' greatest_a show ?thesis by (fast dest: greatest_le)
next
assume "z \<in> {x}"
with y L show ?thesis by blast
qed
qed (rule Lower_closed [THEN subsetD, OF y])
next
from L show "insert x A \<subseteq> carrier L" by simp
from greatest_i show "i \<in> carrier L" by simp
qed
qed (rule P)
qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) finite_inf_greatest:
"[| finite A; A \<subseteq> carrier L; A ~= {} |] ==> greatest L (\<Sqinter>A) (Lower L A)"
proof (induct set: finite)
case empty then show ?case by simp
next
case (insert x A)
show ?case
proof (cases "A = {}")
case True
with insert show ?thesis
by simp (simp add: greatest_cong [OF weak_inf_of_singleton]
inf_of_singleton_closed inf_of_singletonI)
next
case False
from insert show ?thesis
proof (rule_tac inf_insertI)
from False insert show "greatest L (\<Sqinter>A) (Lower L A)" by simp
qed simp_all
qed
qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) finite_inf_insertI:
assumes P: "!!i. greatest L i (Lower L (insert x A)) ==> P i"
and xA: "finite A" "x \<in> carrier L" "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
shows "P (\<Sqinter> (insert x A))"
proof (cases "A = {}")
case True with P and xA show ?thesis
by (simp add: finite_inf_greatest)
next
case False with P and xA show ?thesis
by (simp add: inf_insertI finite_inf_greatest)
qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) finite_inf_closed [simp]:
"[| finite A; A \<subseteq> carrier L; A ~= {} |] ==> \<Sqinter>A \<in> carrier L"
proof (induct set: finite)
case empty then show ?case by simp
next
case insert then show ?case
by (rule_tac finite_inf_insertI) (simp_all)
qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meet_left:
"[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> x \<sqinter> y \<sqsubseteq> x"
by (rule meetI [folded meet_def]) (blast dest: greatest_mem)
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meet_right:
"[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> x \<sqinter> y \<sqsubseteq> y"
by (rule meetI [folded meet_def]) (blast dest: greatest_mem)
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) inf_of_two_greatest:
"[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==>
greatest L (\<Sqinter> {x, y}) (Lower L {x, y})"
proof (unfold inf_def)
assume L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L"
with inf_of_two_exists obtain s where "greatest L s (Lower L {x, y})" by fast
with L
show "greatest L (SOME z. greatest L z (Lower L {x, y})) (Lower L {x, y})"
by (fast intro: someI2 weak_greatest_unique) (* blast fails *)
qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meet_le:
assumes sub: "z \<sqsubseteq> x" "z \<sqsubseteq> y"
and x: "x \<in> carrier L" and y: "y \<in> carrier L" and z: "z \<in> carrier L"
shows "z \<sqsubseteq> x \<sqinter> y"
proof (rule meetI [OF _ x y])
fix i
assume "greatest L i (Lower L {x, y})"
with sub z show "z \<sqsubseteq> i" by (fast elim: greatest_le intro: Lower_memI)
qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) weak_meet_assoc_lemma:
assumes L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L" "z \<in> carrier L"
shows "x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z) .= \<Sqinter>{x, y, z}"
proof (rule finite_inf_insertI)
txt {* The textbook argument in Jacobson I, p 457 *}
fix i
assume inf: "greatest L i (Lower L {x, y, z})"
show "x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z) .= i"
proof (rule weak_le_antisym)
from inf L show "i \<sqsubseteq> x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z)"
by (fastforce intro!: meet_le elim: greatest_Lower_below)
next
from inf L show "x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z) \<sqsubseteq> i"
by (erule_tac greatest_le)
(blast intro!: Lower_memI intro: le_trans meet_left meet_right meet_closed)
qed (simp_all add: L greatest_closed [OF inf])
qed (simp_all add: L)
lemma meet_comm:
fixes L (structure)
shows "x \<sqinter> y = y \<sqinter> x"
by (unfold meet_def) (simp add: insert_commute)
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) weak_meet_assoc:
assumes L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L" "z \<in> carrier L"
shows "(x \<sqinter> y) \<sqinter> z .= x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z)"
proof -
(* FIXME: improved simp, see weak_join_assoc above *)
have "(x \<sqinter> y) \<sqinter> z = z \<sqinter> (x \<sqinter> y)" by (simp only: meet_comm)
also from L have "... .= \<Sqinter> {z, x, y}" by (simp add: weak_meet_assoc_lemma)
also from L have "... = \<Sqinter> {x, y, z}" by (simp add: insert_commute)
also from L have "... .= x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z)" by (simp add: weak_meet_assoc_lemma [symmetric])
finally show ?thesis by (simp add: L)
qed
subsection {* Total Orders *}
locale weak_total_order = weak_partial_order +
assumes total: "[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> x \<sqsubseteq> y | y \<sqsubseteq> x"
text {* Introduction rule: the usual definition of total order *}
lemma (in weak_partial_order) weak_total_orderI:
assumes total: "!!x y. [| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> x \<sqsubseteq> y | y \<sqsubseteq> x"
shows "weak_total_order L"
by default (rule total)
text {* Total orders are lattices. *}
sublocale weak_total_order < weak: weak_lattice
proof
fix x y
assume L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L"
show "EX s. least L s (Upper L {x, y})"
proof -
note total L
moreover
{
assume "x \<sqsubseteq> y"
with L have "least L y (Upper L {x, y})"
by (rule_tac least_UpperI) auto
}
moreover
{
assume "y \<sqsubseteq> x"
with L have "least L x (Upper L {x, y})"
by (rule_tac least_UpperI) auto
}
ultimately show ?thesis by blast
qed
next
fix x y
assume L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L"
show "EX i. greatest L i (Lower L {x, y})"
proof -
note total L
moreover
{
assume "y \<sqsubseteq> x"
with L have "greatest L y (Lower L {x, y})"
by (rule_tac greatest_LowerI) auto
}
moreover
{
assume "x \<sqsubseteq> y"
with L have "greatest L x (Lower L {x, y})"
by (rule_tac greatest_LowerI) auto
}
ultimately show ?thesis by blast
qed
qed
subsection {* Complete Lattices *}
locale weak_complete_lattice = weak_lattice +
assumes sup_exists:
"[| A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> EX s. least L s (Upper L A)"
and inf_exists:
"[| A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> EX i. greatest L i (Lower L A)"
text {* Introduction rule: the usual definition of complete lattice *}
lemma (in weak_partial_order) weak_complete_latticeI:
assumes sup_exists:
"!!A. [| A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> EX s. least L s (Upper L A)"
and inf_exists:
"!!A. [| A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> EX i. greatest L i (Lower L A)"
shows "weak_complete_lattice L"
by default (auto intro: sup_exists inf_exists)
definition
top :: "_ => 'a" ("\<top>\<index>")
where "\<top>\<^bsub>L\<^esub> = sup L (carrier L)"
definition
bottom :: "_ => 'a" ("\<bottom>\<index>")
where "\<bottom>\<^bsub>L\<^esub> = inf L (carrier L)"
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) supI:
"[| !!l. least L l (Upper L A) ==> P l; A \<subseteq> carrier L |]
==> P (\<Squnion>A)"
proof (unfold sup_def)
assume L: "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
and P: "!!l. least L l (Upper L A) ==> P l"
with sup_exists obtain s where "least L s (Upper L A)" by blast
with L show "P (SOME l. least L l (Upper L A))"
by (fast intro: someI2 weak_least_unique P)
qed
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) sup_closed [simp]:
"A \<subseteq> carrier L ==> \<Squnion>A \<in> carrier L"
by (rule supI) simp_all
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) top_closed [simp, intro]:
"\<top> \<in> carrier L"
by (unfold top_def) simp
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) infI:
"[| !!i. greatest L i (Lower L A) ==> P i; A \<subseteq> carrier L |]
==> P (\<Sqinter>A)"
proof (unfold inf_def)
assume L: "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
and P: "!!l. greatest L l (Lower L A) ==> P l"
with inf_exists obtain s where "greatest L s (Lower L A)" by blast
with L show "P (SOME l. greatest L l (Lower L A))"
by (fast intro: someI2 weak_greatest_unique P)
qed
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) inf_closed [simp]:
"A \<subseteq> carrier L ==> \<Sqinter>A \<in> carrier L"
by (rule infI) simp_all
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) bottom_closed [simp, intro]:
"\<bottom> \<in> carrier L"
by (unfold bottom_def) simp
text {* Jacobson: Theorem 8.1 *}
lemma Lower_empty [simp]:
"Lower L {} = carrier L"
by (unfold Lower_def) simp
lemma Upper_empty [simp]:
"Upper L {} = carrier L"
by (unfold Upper_def) simp
theorem (in weak_partial_order) weak_complete_lattice_criterion1:
assumes top_exists: "EX g. greatest L g (carrier L)"
and inf_exists:
"!!A. [| A \<subseteq> carrier L; A ~= {} |] ==> EX i. greatest L i (Lower L A)"
shows "weak_complete_lattice L"
proof (rule weak_complete_latticeI)
from top_exists obtain top where top: "greatest L top (carrier L)" ..
fix A
assume L: "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
let ?B = "Upper L A"
from L top have "top \<in> ?B" by (fast intro!: Upper_memI intro: greatest_le)
then have B_non_empty: "?B ~= {}" by fast
have B_L: "?B \<subseteq> carrier L" by simp
from inf_exists [OF B_L B_non_empty]
obtain b where b_inf_B: "greatest L b (Lower L ?B)" ..
have "least L b (Upper L A)"
apply (rule least_UpperI)
apply (rule greatest_le [where A = "Lower L ?B"])
apply (rule b_inf_B)
apply (rule Lower_memI)
apply (erule Upper_memD [THEN conjunct1])
apply assumption
apply (rule L)
apply (fast intro: L [THEN subsetD])
apply (erule greatest_Lower_below [OF b_inf_B])
apply simp
apply (rule L)
apply (rule greatest_closed [OF b_inf_B])
done
then show "EX s. least L s (Upper L A)" ..
next
fix A
assume L: "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
show "EX i. greatest L i (Lower L A)"
proof (cases "A = {}")
case True then show ?thesis
by (simp add: top_exists)
next
case False with L show ?thesis
by (rule inf_exists)
qed
qed
(* TODO: prove dual version *)
subsection {* Orders and Lattices where @{text eq} is the Equality *}
locale partial_order = weak_partial_order +
assumes eq_is_equal: "op .= = op ="
begin
declare weak_le_antisym [rule del]
lemma le_antisym [intro]:
"[| x \<sqsubseteq> y; y \<sqsubseteq> x; x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> x = y"
using weak_le_antisym unfolding eq_is_equal .
lemma lless_eq:
"x \<sqsubset> y \<longleftrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq> y & x \<noteq> y"
unfolding lless_def by (simp add: eq_is_equal)
lemma lless_asym:
assumes "a \<in> carrier L" "b \<in> carrier L"
and "a \<sqsubset> b" "b \<sqsubset> a"
shows "P"
using assms unfolding lless_eq by auto
end
text {* Least and greatest, as predicate *}
lemma (in partial_order) least_unique:
"[| least L x A; least L y A |] ==> x = y"
using weak_least_unique unfolding eq_is_equal .
lemma (in partial_order) greatest_unique:
"[| greatest L x A; greatest L y A |] ==> x = y"
using weak_greatest_unique unfolding eq_is_equal .
text {* Lattices *}
locale upper_semilattice = partial_order +
assumes sup_of_two_exists:
"[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> EX s. least L s (Upper L {x, y})"
sublocale upper_semilattice < weak: weak_upper_semilattice
by default (rule sup_of_two_exists)
locale lower_semilattice = partial_order +
assumes inf_of_two_exists:
"[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> EX s. greatest L s (Lower L {x, y})"
sublocale lower_semilattice < weak: weak_lower_semilattice
by default (rule inf_of_two_exists)
locale lattice = upper_semilattice + lower_semilattice
text {* Supremum *}
declare (in partial_order) weak_sup_of_singleton [simp del]
lemma (in partial_order) sup_of_singleton [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier L ==> \<Squnion>{x} = x"
using weak_sup_of_singleton unfolding eq_is_equal .
lemma (in upper_semilattice) join_assoc_lemma:
assumes L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L" "z \<in> carrier L"
shows "x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z) = \<Squnion>{x, y, z}"
using weak_join_assoc_lemma L unfolding eq_is_equal .
lemma (in upper_semilattice) join_assoc:
assumes L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L" "z \<in> carrier L"
shows "(x \<squnion> y) \<squnion> z = x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z)"
using weak_join_assoc L unfolding eq_is_equal .
text {* Infimum *}
declare (in partial_order) weak_inf_of_singleton [simp del]
lemma (in partial_order) inf_of_singleton [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier L ==> \<Sqinter>{x} = x"
using weak_inf_of_singleton unfolding eq_is_equal .
text {* Condition on @{text A}: infimum exists. *}
lemma (in lower_semilattice) meet_assoc_lemma:
assumes L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L" "z \<in> carrier L"
shows "x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z) = \<Sqinter>{x, y, z}"
using weak_meet_assoc_lemma L unfolding eq_is_equal .
lemma (in lower_semilattice) meet_assoc:
assumes L: "x \<in> carrier L" "y \<in> carrier L" "z \<in> carrier L"
shows "(x \<sqinter> y) \<sqinter> z = x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z)"
using weak_meet_assoc L unfolding eq_is_equal .
text {* Total Orders *}
locale total_order = partial_order +
assumes total_order_total: "[| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> x \<sqsubseteq> y | y \<sqsubseteq> x"
sublocale total_order < weak: weak_total_order
by default (rule total_order_total)
text {* Introduction rule: the usual definition of total order *}
lemma (in partial_order) total_orderI:
assumes total: "!!x y. [| x \<in> carrier L; y \<in> carrier L |] ==> x \<sqsubseteq> y | y \<sqsubseteq> x"
shows "total_order L"
by default (rule total)
text {* Total orders are lattices. *}
sublocale total_order < weak: lattice
by default (auto intro: sup_of_two_exists inf_of_two_exists)
text {* Complete lattices *}
locale complete_lattice = lattice +
assumes sup_exists:
"[| A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> EX s. least L s (Upper L A)"
and inf_exists:
"[| A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> EX i. greatest L i (Lower L A)"
sublocale complete_lattice < weak: weak_complete_lattice
by default (auto intro: sup_exists inf_exists)
text {* Introduction rule: the usual definition of complete lattice *}
lemma (in partial_order) complete_latticeI:
assumes sup_exists:
"!!A. [| A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> EX s. least L s (Upper L A)"
and inf_exists:
"!!A. [| A \<subseteq> carrier L |] ==> EX i. greatest L i (Lower L A)"
shows "complete_lattice L"
by default (auto intro: sup_exists inf_exists)
theorem (in partial_order) complete_lattice_criterion1:
assumes top_exists: "EX g. greatest L g (carrier L)"
and inf_exists:
"!!A. [| A \<subseteq> carrier L; A ~= {} |] ==> EX i. greatest L i (Lower L A)"
shows "complete_lattice L"
proof (rule complete_latticeI)
from top_exists obtain top where top: "greatest L top (carrier L)" ..
fix A
assume L: "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
let ?B = "Upper L A"
from L top have "top \<in> ?B" by (fast intro!: Upper_memI intro: greatest_le)
then have B_non_empty: "?B ~= {}" by fast
have B_L: "?B \<subseteq> carrier L" by simp
from inf_exists [OF B_L B_non_empty]
obtain b where b_inf_B: "greatest L b (Lower L ?B)" ..
have "least L b (Upper L A)"
apply (rule least_UpperI)
apply (rule greatest_le [where A = "Lower L ?B"])
apply (rule b_inf_B)
apply (rule Lower_memI)
apply (erule Upper_memD [THEN conjunct1])
apply assumption
apply (rule L)
apply (fast intro: L [THEN subsetD])
apply (erule greatest_Lower_below [OF b_inf_B])
apply simp
apply (rule L)
apply (rule greatest_closed [OF b_inf_B])
done
then show "EX s. least L s (Upper L A)" ..
next
fix A
assume L: "A \<subseteq> carrier L"
show "EX i. greatest L i (Lower L A)"
proof (cases "A = {}")
case True then show ?thesis
by (simp add: top_exists)
next
case False with L show ?thesis
by (rule inf_exists)
qed
qed
(* TODO: prove dual version *)
subsection {* Examples *}
subsubsection {* The Powerset of a Set is a Complete Lattice *}
theorem powerset_is_complete_lattice:
"complete_lattice (| carrier = Pow A, eq = op =, le = op \<subseteq> |)"
(is "complete_lattice ?L")
proof (rule partial_order.complete_latticeI)
show "partial_order ?L"
by default auto
next
fix B
assume B: "B \<subseteq> carrier ?L"
show "EX s. least ?L s (Upper ?L B)"
proof
from B show "least ?L (\<Union> B) (Upper ?L B)"
by (fastforce intro!: least_UpperI simp: Upper_def)
qed
next
fix B
assume B: "B \<subseteq> carrier ?L"
show "EX i. greatest ?L i (Lower ?L B)"
proof
from B show "greatest ?L (\<Inter> B \<inter> A) (Lower ?L B)"
txt {* @{term "\<Inter> B"} is not the infimum of @{term B}:
@{term "\<Inter> {} = UNIV"} which is in general bigger than @{term "A"}! *}
by (fastforce intro!: greatest_LowerI simp: Lower_def)
qed
qed
text {* An other example, that of the lattice of subgroups of a group,
can be found in Group theory (Section~\ref{sec:subgroup-lattice}). *}
end