proper signature constraint;
observe basic Isabelle/ML coding conventions, concerning parentheses, whitespace, indentation, and max. line length;
Isabelle NEWS -- history user-relevant changes
==============================================
New in this Isabelle version
----------------------------
*** Pure ***
* On instantiation of classes, remaining undefined class parameters are
formally declared. INCOMPATIBILITY.
*** HOL ***
* Class semiring_div requires superclass no_zero_divisors and proof of div_mult_mult1;
theorems div_mult_mult1, div_mult_mult2, div_mult_mult1_if, div_mult_mult1 and
div_mult_mult2 have been generalized to class semiring_div, subsuming former
theorems zdiv_zmult_zmult1, zdiv_zmult_zmult1_if, zdiv_zmult_zmult1 and zdiv_zmult_zmult2.
div_mult_mult1 is now [simp] by default. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Power operations on relations and functions are now one dedicate constant compow with
infix syntax "^^". Power operations on multiplicative monoids retains syntax "^"
and is now defined generic in class power. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* ML antiquotation @{code_datatype} inserts definition of a datatype generated
by the code generator; see Predicate.thy for an example.
New in Isabelle2009 (April 2009)
--------------------------------
*** General ***
* Simplified main Isabelle executables, with less surprises on
case-insensitive file-systems (such as Mac OS).
- The main Isabelle tool wrapper is now called "isabelle" instead of
"isatool."
- The former "isabelle" alias for "isabelle-process" has been
removed (should rarely occur to regular users).
- The former "isabelle-interface" and its alias "Isabelle" have been
removed (interfaces are now regular Isabelle tools).
Within scripts and make files, the Isabelle environment variables
ISABELLE_TOOL and ISABELLE_PROCESS replace old ISATOOL and ISABELLE,
respectively. (The latter are still available as legacy feature.)
The old isabelle-interface wrapper could react in confusing ways if
the interface was uninstalled or changed otherwise. Individual
interface tool configuration is now more explicit, see also the
Isabelle system manual. In particular, Proof General is now available
via "isabelle emacs".
INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt derivative scripts. Users may need to
purge installed copies of Isabelle executables and re-run "isabelle
install -p ...", or use symlinks.
* The default for ISABELLE_HOME_USER is now ~/.isabelle instead of the
old ~/isabelle, which was slightly non-standard and apt to cause
surprises on case-insensitive file-systems (such as Mac OS).
INCOMPATIBILITY, need to move existing ~/isabelle/etc,
~/isabelle/heaps, ~/isabelle/browser_info to the new place. Special
care is required when using older releases of Isabelle. Note that
ISABELLE_HOME_USER can be changed in Isabelle/etc/settings of any
Isabelle distribution, in order to use the new ~/.isabelle uniformly.
* Proofs of fully specified statements are run in parallel on
multi-core systems. A speedup factor of 2.5 to 3.2 can be expected on
a regular 4-core machine, if the initial heap space is made reasonably
large (cf. Poly/ML option -H). (Requires Poly/ML 5.2.1 or later.)
* The main reference manuals ("isar-ref", "implementation", and
"system") have been updated and extended. Formally checked references
as hyperlinks are now available uniformly.
*** Pure ***
* Complete re-implementation of locales. INCOMPATIBILITY in several
respects. The most important changes are listed below. See the
Tutorial on Locales ("locales" manual) for details.
- In locale expressions, instantiation replaces renaming. Parameters
must be declared in a for clause. To aid compatibility with previous
parameter inheritance, in locale declarations, parameters that are not
'touched' (instantiation position "_" or omitted) are implicitly added
with their syntax at the beginning of the for clause.
- Syntax from abbreviations and definitions in locales is available in
locale expressions and context elements. The latter is particularly
useful in locale declarations.
- More flexible mechanisms to qualify names generated by locale
expressions. Qualifiers (prefixes) may be specified in locale
expressions, and can be marked as mandatory (syntax: "name!:") or
optional (syntax "name?:"). The default depends for plain "name:"
depends on the situation where a locale expression is used: in
commands 'locale' and 'sublocale' prefixes are optional, in
'interpretation' and 'interpret' prefixes are mandatory. The old
implicit qualifiers derived from the parameter names of a locale are
no longer generated.
- Command "sublocale l < e" replaces "interpretation l < e". The
instantiation clause in "interpretation" and "interpret" (square
brackets) is no longer available. Use locale expressions.
- When converting proof scripts, mandatory qualifiers in
'interpretation' and 'interpret' should be retained by default, even
if this is an INCOMPATIBILITY compared to former behavior. In the
worst case, use the "name?:" form for non-mandatory ones. Qualifiers
in locale expressions range over a single locale instance only.
- Dropped locale element "includes". This is a major INCOMPATIBILITY.
In existing theorem specifications replace the includes element by the
respective context elements of the included locale, omitting those
that are already present in the theorem specification. Multiple
assume elements of a locale should be replaced by a single one
involving the locale predicate. In the proof body, declarations (most
notably theorems) may be regained by interpreting the respective
locales in the proof context as required (command "interpret").
If using "includes" in replacement of a target solely because the
parameter types in the theorem are not as general as in the target,
consider declaring a new locale with additional type constraints on
the parameters (context element "constrains").
- Discontinued "locale (open)". INCOMPATIBILITY.
- Locale interpretation commands no longer attempt to simplify goal.
INCOMPATIBILITY: in rare situations the generated goal differs. Use
methods intro_locales and unfold_locales to clarify.
- Locale interpretation commands no longer accept interpretation
attributes. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Class declaration: so-called "base sort" must not be given in import
list any longer, but is inferred from the specification. Particularly
in HOL, write
class foo = ...
instead of
class foo = type + ...
* Class target: global versions of theorems stemming do not carry a
parameter prefix any longer. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Class 'instance' command no longer accepts attached definitions.
INCOMPATIBILITY, use proper 'instantiation' target instead.
* Recovered hiding of consts, which was accidentally broken in
Isabelle2007. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY, ``hide const c'' really
makes c inaccessible; consider using ``hide (open) const c'' instead.
* Slightly more coherent Pure syntax, with updated documentation in
isar-ref manual. Removed locales meta_term_syntax and
meta_conjunction_syntax: TERM and &&& (formerly &&) are now permanent,
INCOMPATIBILITY in rare situations. Note that &&& should not be used
directly in regular applications.
* There is a new syntactic category "float_const" for signed decimal
fractions (e.g. 123.45 or -123.45).
* Removed exotic 'token_translation' command. INCOMPATIBILITY, use ML
interface with 'setup' command instead.
* Command 'local_setup' is similar to 'setup', but operates on a local
theory context.
* The 'axiomatization' command now only works within a global theory
context. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Goal-directed proof now enforces strict proof irrelevance wrt. sort
hypotheses. Sorts required in the course of reasoning need to be
covered by the constraints in the initial statement, completed by the
type instance information of the background theory. Non-trivial sort
hypotheses, which rarely occur in practice, may be specified via
vacuous propositions of the form SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::c). For example:
lemma assumes "SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::empty)" shows False ...
The result contains an implicit sort hypotheses as before --
SORT_CONSTRAINT premises are eliminated as part of the canonical rule
normalization.
* Generalized Isar history, with support for linear undo, direct state
addressing etc.
* Changed defaults for unify configuration options:
unify_trace_bound = 50 (formerly 25)
unify_search_bound = 60 (formerly 30)
* Different bookkeeping for code equations (INCOMPATIBILITY):
a) On theory merge, the last set of code equations for a particular
constant is taken (in accordance with the policy applied by other
parts of the code generator framework).
b) Code equations stemming from explicit declarations (e.g. code
attribute) gain priority over default code equations stemming
from definition, primrec, fun etc.
* Keyword 'code_exception' now named 'code_abort'. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Unified theorem tables for both code generators. Thus [code
func] has disappeared and only [code] remains. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Command 'find_consts' searches for constants based on type and name
patterns, e.g.
find_consts "_ => bool"
By default, matching is against subtypes, but it may be restricted to
the whole type. Searching by name is possible. Multiple queries are
conjunctive and queries may be negated by prefixing them with a
hyphen:
find_consts strict: "_ => bool" name: "Int" -"int => int"
* New 'find_theorems' criterion "solves" matches theorems that
directly solve the current goal (modulo higher-order unification).
* Auto solve feature for main theorem statements: whenever a new goal
is stated, "find_theorems solves" is called; any theorems that could
solve the lemma directly are listed as part of the goal state.
Cf. associated options in Proof General Isabelle settings menu,
enabled by default, with reasonable timeout for pathological cases of
higher-order unification.
*** Document preparation ***
* Antiquotation @{lemma} now imitates a regular terminal proof,
demanding keyword 'by' and supporting the full method expression
syntax just like the Isar command 'by'.
*** HOL ***
* Integrated main parts of former image HOL-Complex with HOL. Entry
points Main and Complex_Main remain as before.
* Logic image HOL-Plain provides a minimal HOL with the most important
tools available (inductive, datatype, primrec, ...). This facilitates
experimentation and tool development. Note that user applications
(and library theories) should never refer to anything below theory
Main, as before.
* Logic image HOL-Main stops at theory Main, and thus facilitates
experimentation due to shorter build times.
* Logic image HOL-NSA contains theories of nonstandard analysis which
were previously part of former HOL-Complex. Entry point Hyperreal
remains valid, but theories formerly using Complex_Main should now use
new entry point Hypercomplex.
* Generic ATP manager for Sledgehammer, based on ML threads instead of
Posix processes. Avoids potentially expensive forking of the ML
process. New thread-based implementation also works on non-Unix
platforms (Cygwin). Provers are no longer hardwired, but defined
within the theory via plain ML wrapper functions. Basic Sledgehammer
commands are covered in the isar-ref manual.
* Wrapper scripts for remote SystemOnTPTP service allows to use
sledgehammer without local ATP installation (Vampire etc.). Other
provers may be included via suitable ML wrappers, see also
src/HOL/ATP_Linkup.thy.
* ATP selection (E/Vampire/Spass) is now via Proof General's settings
menu.
* The metis method no longer fails because the theorem is too trivial
(contains the empty clause).
* The metis method now fails in the usual manner, rather than raising
an exception, if it determines that it cannot prove the theorem.
* Method "coherent" implements a prover for coherent logic (see also
src/Tools/coherent.ML).
* Constants "undefined" and "default" replace "arbitrary". Usually
"undefined" is the right choice to replace "arbitrary", though
logically there is no difference. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Command "value" now integrates different evaluation mechanisms. The
result of the first successful evaluation mechanism is printed. In
square brackets a particular named evaluation mechanisms may be
specified (currently, [SML], [code] or [nbe]). See further
src/HOL/ex/Eval_Examples.thy.
* Normalization by evaluation now allows non-leftlinear equations.
Declare with attribute [code nbe].
* Methods "case_tac" and "induct_tac" now refer to the very same rules
as the structured Isar versions "cases" and "induct", cf. the
corresponding "cases" and "induct" attributes. Mutual induction rules
are now presented as a list of individual projections
(e.g. foo_bar.inducts for types foo and bar); the old format with
explicit HOL conjunction is no longer supported. INCOMPATIBILITY, in
rare situations a different rule is selected --- notably nested tuple
elimination instead of former prod.exhaust: use explicit (case_tac t
rule: prod.exhaust) here.
* Attributes "cases", "induct", "coinduct" support "del" option.
* Removed fact "case_split_thm", which duplicates "case_split".
* The option datatype has been moved to a new theory Option. Renamed
option_map to Option.map, and o2s to Option.set, INCOMPATIBILITY.
* New predicate "strict_mono" classifies strict functions on partial
orders. With strict functions on linear orders, reasoning about
(in)equalities is facilitated by theorems "strict_mono_eq",
"strict_mono_less_eq" and "strict_mono_less".
* Some set operations are now proper qualified constants with
authentic syntax. INCOMPATIBILITY:
op Int ~> Set.Int
op Un ~> Set.Un
INTER ~> Set.INTER
UNION ~> Set.UNION
Inter ~> Set.Inter
Union ~> Set.Union
{} ~> Set.empty
UNIV ~> Set.UNIV
* Class complete_lattice with operations Inf, Sup, INFI, SUPR now in
theory Set.
* Auxiliary class "itself" has disappeared -- classes without any
parameter are treated as expected by the 'class' command.
* Leibnitz's Series for Pi and the arcus tangens and logarithm series.
* Common decision procedures (Cooper, MIR, Ferrack, Approximation,
Dense_Linear_Order) are now in directory HOL/Decision_Procs.
* Theory src/HOL/Decision_Procs/Approximation provides the new proof
method "approximation". It proves formulas on real values by using
interval arithmetic. In the formulas are also the transcendental
functions sin, cos, tan, atan, ln, exp and the constant pi are
allowed. For examples see
src/HOL/Descision_Procs/ex/Approximation_Ex.thy.
* Theory "Reflection" now resides in HOL/Library.
* Entry point to Word library now simply named "Word".
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Made source layout more coherent with logical distribution
structure:
src/HOL/Library/RType.thy ~> src/HOL/Typerep.thy
src/HOL/Library/Code_Message.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Library/GCD.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Library/Order_Relation.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Library/Parity.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Library/Univ_Poly.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Real/ContNotDenum.thy ~> src/HOL/Library/
src/HOL/Real/Lubs.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Real/PReal.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Real/Rational.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Real/RComplete.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Real/RealDef.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Real/RealPow.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Real/Real.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Complex/Complex_Main.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Complex/Complex.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Complex/FrechetDeriv.thy ~> src/HOL/Library/
src/HOL/Complex/Fundamental_Theorem_Algebra.thy ~> src/HOL/Library/
src/HOL/Hyperreal/Deriv.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Hyperreal/Fact.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Hyperreal/Integration.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Hyperreal/Lim.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Hyperreal/Ln.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Hyperreal/Log.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Hyperreal/MacLaurin.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Hyperreal/NthRoot.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Hyperreal/Series.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Hyperreal/SEQ.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Hyperreal/Taylor.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Hyperreal/Transcendental.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/Real/Float ~> src/HOL/Library/
src/HOL/Real/HahnBanach ~> src/HOL/HahnBanach
src/HOL/Real/RealVector.thy ~> src/HOL/
src/HOL/arith_data.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
src/HOL/hologic.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
src/HOL/simpdata.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
src/HOL/int_arith1.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools/int_arith.ML
src/HOL/int_factor_simprocs.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
src/HOL/nat_simprocs.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
src/HOL/Real/float_arith.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
src/HOL/Real/float_syntax.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
src/HOL/Real/rat_arith.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
src/HOL/Real/real_arith.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
src/HOL/Library/Array.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
src/HOL/Library/Heap_Monad.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
src/HOL/Library/Heap.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
src/HOL/Library/Imperative_HOL.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
src/HOL/Library/Ref.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
src/HOL/Library/Relational.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
* If methods "eval" and "evaluation" encounter a structured proof
state with !!/==>, only the conclusion is evaluated to True (if
possible), avoiding strange error messages.
* Method "sizechange" automates termination proofs using (a
modification of) the size-change principle. Requires SAT solver. See
src/HOL/ex/Termination.thy for examples.
* Simplifier: simproc for let expressions now unfolds if bound
variable occurs at most once in let expression body. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Method "arith": Linear arithmetic now ignores all inequalities when
fast_arith_neq_limit is exceeded, instead of giving up entirely.
* New attribute "arith" for facts that should always be used
automatically by arithmetic. It is intended to be used locally in
proofs, e.g.
assumes [arith]: "x > 0"
Global usage is discouraged because of possible performance impact.
* New classes "top" and "bot" with corresponding operations "top" and
"bot" in theory Orderings; instantiation of class "complete_lattice"
requires instantiation of classes "top" and "bot". INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Changed definition lemma "less_fun_def" in order to provide an
instance for preorders on functions; use lemma "less_le" instead.
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Theory Orderings: class "wellorder" moved here, with explicit
induction rule "less_induct" as assumption. For instantiation of
"wellorder" by means of predicate "wf", use rule wf_wellorderI.
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Theory Orderings: added class "preorder" as superclass of "order".
INCOMPATIBILITY: Instantiation proofs for order, linorder
etc. slightly changed. Some theorems named order_class.* now named
preorder_class.*.
* Theory Relation: renamed "refl" to "refl_on", "reflexive" to "refl,
"diag" to "Id_on".
* Theory Finite_Set: added a new fold combinator of type
('a => 'b => 'b) => 'b => 'a set => 'b
Occasionally this is more convenient than the old fold combinator
which is now defined in terms of the new one and renamed to
fold_image.
* Theories Ring_and_Field and OrderedGroup: The lemmas "group_simps"
and "ring_simps" have been replaced by "algebra_simps" (which can be
extended with further lemmas!). At the moment both still exist but
the former will disappear at some point.
* Theory Power: Lemma power_Suc is now declared as a simp rule in
class recpower. Type-specific simp rules for various recpower types
have been removed. INCOMPATIBILITY, rename old lemmas as follows:
rat_power_0 -> power_0
rat_power_Suc -> power_Suc
realpow_0 -> power_0
realpow_Suc -> power_Suc
complexpow_0 -> power_0
complexpow_Suc -> power_Suc
power_poly_0 -> power_0
power_poly_Suc -> power_Suc
* Theories Ring_and_Field and Divides: Definition of "op dvd" has been
moved to separate class dvd in Ring_and_Field; a couple of lemmas on
dvd has been generalized to class comm_semiring_1. Likewise a bunch
of lemmas from Divides has been generalized from nat to class
semiring_div. INCOMPATIBILITY. This involves the following theorem
renames resulting from duplicate elimination:
dvd_def_mod ~> dvd_eq_mod_eq_0
zero_dvd_iff ~> dvd_0_left_iff
dvd_0 ~> dvd_0_right
DIVISION_BY_ZERO_DIV ~> div_by_0
DIVISION_BY_ZERO_MOD ~> mod_by_0
mult_div ~> div_mult_self2_is_id
mult_mod ~> mod_mult_self2_is_0
* Theory IntDiv: removed many lemmas that are instances of class-based
generalizations (from Divides and Ring_and_Field). INCOMPATIBILITY,
rename old lemmas as follows:
dvd_diff -> nat_dvd_diff
dvd_zminus_iff -> dvd_minus_iff
mod_add1_eq -> mod_add_eq
mod_mult1_eq -> mod_mult_right_eq
mod_mult1_eq' -> mod_mult_left_eq
mod_mult_distrib_mod -> mod_mult_eq
nat_mod_add_left_eq -> mod_add_left_eq
nat_mod_add_right_eq -> mod_add_right_eq
nat_mod_div_trivial -> mod_div_trivial
nat_mod_mod_trivial -> mod_mod_trivial
zdiv_zadd_self1 -> div_add_self1
zdiv_zadd_self2 -> div_add_self2
zdiv_zmult_self1 -> div_mult_self2_is_id
zdiv_zmult_self2 -> div_mult_self1_is_id
zdvd_triv_left -> dvd_triv_left
zdvd_triv_right -> dvd_triv_right
zdvd_zmult_cancel_disj -> dvd_mult_cancel_left
zmod_eq0_zdvd_iff -> dvd_eq_mod_eq_0[symmetric]
zmod_zadd_left_eq -> mod_add_left_eq
zmod_zadd_right_eq -> mod_add_right_eq
zmod_zadd_self1 -> mod_add_self1
zmod_zadd_self2 -> mod_add_self2
zmod_zadd1_eq -> mod_add_eq
zmod_zdiff1_eq -> mod_diff_eq
zmod_zdvd_zmod -> mod_mod_cancel
zmod_zmod_cancel -> mod_mod_cancel
zmod_zmult_self1 -> mod_mult_self2_is_0
zmod_zmult_self2 -> mod_mult_self1_is_0
zmod_1 -> mod_by_1
zdiv_1 -> div_by_1
zdvd_abs1 -> abs_dvd_iff
zdvd_abs2 -> dvd_abs_iff
zdvd_refl -> dvd_refl
zdvd_trans -> dvd_trans
zdvd_zadd -> dvd_add
zdvd_zdiff -> dvd_diff
zdvd_zminus_iff -> dvd_minus_iff
zdvd_zminus2_iff -> minus_dvd_iff
zdvd_zmultD -> dvd_mult_right
zdvd_zmultD2 -> dvd_mult_left
zdvd_zmult_mono -> mult_dvd_mono
zdvd_0_right -> dvd_0_right
zdvd_0_left -> dvd_0_left_iff
zdvd_1_left -> one_dvd
zminus_dvd_iff -> minus_dvd_iff
* Theory Rational: 'Fract k 0' now equals '0'. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* The real numbers offer decimal input syntax: 12.34 is translated
into 1234/10^2. This translation is not reversed upon output.
* Theory Library/Polynomial defines an abstract type 'a poly of
univariate polynomials with coefficients of type 'a. In addition to
the standard ring operations, it also supports div and mod. Code
generation is also supported, using list-style constructors.
* Theory Library/Inner_Product defines a class of real_inner for real
inner product spaces, with an overloaded operation inner :: 'a => 'a
=> real. Class real_inner is a subclass of real_normed_vector from
theory RealVector.
* Theory Library/Product_Vector provides instances for the product
type 'a * 'b of several classes from RealVector and Inner_Product.
Definitions of addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, norms,
and inner products are included.
* Theory Library/Bit defines the field "bit" of integers modulo 2. In
addition to the field operations, numerals and case syntax are also
supported.
* Theory Library/Diagonalize provides constructive version of Cantor's
first diagonalization argument.
* Theory Library/GCD: Curried operations gcd, lcm (for nat) and zgcd,
zlcm (for int); carried together from various gcd/lcm developements in
the HOL Distribution. Constants zgcd and zlcm replace former igcd and
ilcm; corresponding theorems renamed accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY,
may recover tupled syntax as follows:
hide (open) const gcd
abbreviation gcd where
"gcd == (%(a, b). GCD.gcd a b)"
notation (output)
GCD.gcd ("gcd '(_, _')")
The same works for lcm, zgcd, zlcm.
* Theory Library/Nat_Infinity: added addition, numeral syntax and more
instantiations for algebraic structures. Removed some duplicate
theorems. Changes in simp rules. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* ML antiquotation @{code} takes a constant as argument and generates
corresponding code in background and inserts name of the corresponding
resulting ML value/function/datatype constructor binding in place.
All occurrences of @{code} with a single ML block are generated
simultaneously. Provides a generic and safe interface for
instrumentalizing code generation. See
src/HOL/Decision_Procs/Ferrack.thy for a more ambitious application.
In future you ought to refrain from ad-hoc compiling generated SML
code on the ML toplevel. Note that (for technical reasons) @{code}
cannot refer to constants for which user-defined serializations are
set. Refer to the corresponding ML counterpart directly in that
cases.
* Command 'rep_datatype': instead of theorem names the command now
takes a list of terms denoting the constructors of the type to be
represented as datatype. The characteristic theorems have to be
proven. INCOMPATIBILITY. Also observe that the following theorems
have disappeared in favour of existing ones:
unit_induct ~> unit.induct
prod_induct ~> prod.induct
sum_induct ~> sum.induct
Suc_Suc_eq ~> nat.inject
Suc_not_Zero Zero_not_Suc ~> nat.distinct
*** HOL-Algebra ***
* New locales for orders and lattices where the equivalence relation
is not restricted to equality. INCOMPATIBILITY: all order and lattice
locales use a record structure with field eq for the equivalence.
* New theory of factorial domains.
* Units_l_inv and Units_r_inv are now simp rules by default.
INCOMPATIBILITY. Simplifier proof that require deletion of l_inv
and/or r_inv will now also require deletion of these lemmas.
* Renamed the following theorems, INCOMPATIBILITY:
UpperD ~> Upper_memD
LowerD ~> Lower_memD
least_carrier ~> least_closed
greatest_carrier ~> greatest_closed
greatest_Lower_above ~> greatest_Lower_below
one_zero ~> carrier_one_zero
one_not_zero ~> carrier_one_not_zero (collision with assumption)
*** HOL-Nominal ***
* Nominal datatypes can now contain type-variables.
* Commands 'nominal_inductive' and 'equivariance' work with local
theory targets.
* Nominal primrec can now works with local theory targets and its
specification syntax now conforms to the general format as seen in
'inductive' etc.
* Method "perm_simp" honours the standard simplifier attributes
(no_asm), (no_asm_use) etc.
* The new predicate #* is defined like freshness, except that on the
left hand side can be a set or list of atoms.
* Experimental command 'nominal_inductive2' derives strong induction
principles for inductive definitions. In contrast to
'nominal_inductive', which can only deal with a fixed number of
binders, it can deal with arbitrary expressions standing for sets of
atoms to be avoided. The only inductive definition we have at the
moment that needs this generalisation is the typing rule for Lets in
the algorithm W:
Gamma |- t1 : T1 (x,close Gamma T1)::Gamma |- t2 : T2 x#Gamma
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Gamma |- Let x be t1 in t2 : T2
In this rule one wants to avoid all the binders that are introduced by
"close Gamma T1". We are looking for other examples where this
feature might be useful. Please let us know.
*** HOLCF ***
* Reimplemented the simplification procedure for proving continuity
subgoals. The new simproc is extensible; users can declare additional
continuity introduction rules with the attribute [cont2cont].
* The continuity simproc now uses a different introduction rule for
solving continuity subgoals on terms with lambda abstractions. In
some rare cases the new simproc may fail to solve subgoals that the
old one could solve, and "simp add: cont2cont_LAM" may be necessary.
Potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Command 'fixrec': specification syntax now conforms to the general
format as seen in 'inductive' etc. See src/HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for
examples. INCOMPATIBILITY.
*** ZF ***
* Proof of Zorn's Lemma for partial orders.
*** ML ***
* Multithreading for Poly/ML 5.1/5.2 is no longer supported, only for
Poly/ML 5.2.1 or later. Important note: the TimeLimit facility
depends on multithreading, so timouts will not work before Poly/ML
5.2.1!
* High-level support for concurrent ML programming, see
src/Pure/Cuncurrent. The data-oriented model of "future values" is
particularly convenient to organize independent functional
computations. The concept of "synchronized variables" provides a
higher-order interface for components with shared state, avoiding the
delicate details of mutexes and condition variables. (Requires
Poly/ML 5.2.1 or later.)
* ML bindings produced via Isar commands are stored within the Isar
context (theory or proof). Consequently, commands like 'use' and 'ML'
become thread-safe and work with undo as expected (concerning
top-level bindings, not side-effects on global references).
INCOMPATIBILITY, need to provide proper Isar context when invoking the
compiler at runtime; really global bindings need to be given outside a
theory. (Requires Poly/ML 5.2 or later.)
* Command 'ML_prf' is analogous to 'ML' but works within a proof
context. Top-level ML bindings are stored within the proof context in
a purely sequential fashion, disregarding the nested proof structure.
ML bindings introduced by 'ML_prf' are discarded at the end of the
proof. (Requires Poly/ML 5.2 or later.)
* Simplified ML attribute and method setup, cf. functions Attrib.setup
and Method.setup, as well as Isar commands 'attribute_setup' and
'method_setup'. INCOMPATIBILITY for 'method_setup', need to simplify
existing code accordingly, or use plain 'setup' together with old
Method.add_method.
* Simplified ML oracle interface Thm.add_oracle promotes 'a -> cterm
to 'a -> thm, while results are always tagged with an authentic oracle
name. The Isar command 'oracle' is now polymorphic, no argument type
is specified. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to simplify existing oracle code
accordingly. Note that extra performance may be gained by producing
the cterm carefully, avoiding slow Thm.cterm_of.
* Simplified interface for defining document antiquotations via
ThyOutput.antiquotation, ThyOutput.output, and optionally
ThyOutput.maybe_pretty_source. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to simplify user
antiquotations accordingly, see src/Pure/Thy/thy_output.ML for common
examples.
* More systematic treatment of long names, abstract name bindings, and
name space operations. Basic operations on qualified names have been
move from structure NameSpace to Long_Name, e.g. Long_Name.base_name,
Long_Name.append. Old type bstring has been mostly replaced by
abstract type binding (see structure Binding), which supports precise
qualification by packages and local theory targets, as well as proper
tracking of source positions. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to wrap old
bstring values into Binding.name, or better pass through abstract
bindings everywhere. See further src/Pure/General/long_name.ML,
src/Pure/General/binding.ML and src/Pure/General/name_space.ML
* Result facts (from PureThy.note_thms, ProofContext.note_thms,
LocalTheory.note etc.) now refer to the *full* internal name, not the
bstring as before. INCOMPATIBILITY, not detected by ML type-checking!
* Disposed old type and term read functions (Sign.read_def_typ,
Sign.read_typ, Sign.read_def_terms, Sign.read_term,
Thm.read_def_cterms, Thm.read_cterm etc.). INCOMPATIBILITY, should
use regular Syntax.read_typ, Syntax.read_term, Syntax.read_typ_global,
Syntax.read_term_global etc.; see also OldGoals.read_term as last
resort for legacy applications.
* Disposed old declarations, tactics, tactic combinators that refer to
the simpset or claset of an implicit theory (such as Addsimps,
Simp_tac, SIMPSET). INCOMPATIBILITY, should use @{simpset} etc. in
embedded ML text, or local_simpset_of with a proper context passed as
explicit runtime argument.
* Rules and tactics that read instantiations (read_instantiate,
res_inst_tac, thin_tac, subgoal_tac etc.) now demand a proper proof
context, which is required for parsing and type-checking. Moreover,
the variables are specified as plain indexnames, not string encodings
thereof. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Generic Toplevel.add_hook interface allows to analyze the result of
transactions. E.g. see src/Pure/ProofGeneral/proof_general_pgip.ML
for theorem dependency output of transactions resulting in a new
theory state.
* ML antiquotations: block-structured compilation context indicated by
\<lbrace> ... \<rbrace>; additional antiquotation forms:
@{binding name} - basic name binding
@{let ?pat = term} - term abbreviation (HO matching)
@{note name = fact} - fact abbreviation
@{thm fact} - singleton fact (with attributes)
@{thms fact} - general fact (with attributes)
@{lemma prop by method} - singleton goal
@{lemma prop by meth1 meth2} - singleton goal
@{lemma prop1 ... propN by method} - general goal
@{lemma prop1 ... propN by meth1 meth2} - general goal
@{lemma (open) ...} - open derivation
*** System ***
* The Isabelle "emacs" tool provides a specific interface to invoke
Proof General / Emacs, with more explicit failure if that is not
installed (the old isabelle-interface script silently falls back on
isabelle-process). The PROOFGENERAL_HOME setting determines the
installation location of the Proof General distribution.
* Isabelle/lib/classes/Pure.jar provides basic support to integrate
the Isabelle process into a JVM/Scala application. See
Isabelle/lib/jedit/plugin for a minimal example. (The obsolete Java
process wrapper has been discontinued.)
* Added homegrown Isabelle font with unicode layout, see lib/fonts.
* Various status messages (with exact source position information) are
emitted, if proper markup print mode is enabled. This allows
user-interface components to provide detailed feedback on internal
prover operations.
New in Isabelle2008 (June 2008)
-------------------------------
*** General ***
* The Isabelle/Isar Reference Manual (isar-ref) has been reorganized
and updated, with formally checked references as hyperlinks.
* Theory loader: use_thy (and similar operations) no longer set the
implicit ML context, which was occasionally hard to predict and in
conflict with concurrency. INCOMPATIBILITY, use ML within Isar which
provides a proper context already.
* Theory loader: old-style ML proof scripts being *attached* to a thy
file are no longer supported. INCOMPATIBILITY, regular 'uses' and
'use' within a theory file will do the job.
* Name space merge now observes canonical order, i.e. the second space
is inserted into the first one, while existing entries in the first
space take precedence. INCOMPATIBILITY in rare situations, may try to
swap theory imports.
* Syntax: symbol \<chi> is now considered a letter. Potential
INCOMPATIBILITY in identifier syntax etc.
* Outer syntax: string tokens no longer admit escaped white space,
which was an accidental (undocumented) feature. INCOMPATIBILITY, use
white space without escapes.
* Outer syntax: string tokens may contain arbitrary character codes
specified via 3 decimal digits (as in SML). E.g. "foo\095bar" for
"foo_bar".
*** Pure ***
* Context-dependent token translations. Default setup reverts locally
fixed variables, and adds hilite markup for undeclared frees.
* Unused theorems can be found using the new command 'unused_thms'.
There are three ways of invoking it:
(1) unused_thms
Only finds unused theorems in the current theory.
(2) unused_thms thy_1 ... thy_n -
Finds unused theorems in the current theory and all of its ancestors,
excluding the theories thy_1 ... thy_n and all of their ancestors.
(3) unused_thms thy_1 ... thy_n - thy'_1 ... thy'_m
Finds unused theorems in the theories thy'_1 ... thy'_m and all of
their ancestors, excluding the theories thy_1 ... thy_n and all of
their ancestors.
In order to increase the readability of the list produced by
unused_thms, theorems that have been created by a particular instance
of a theory command such as 'inductive' or 'function' are considered
to belong to the same "group", meaning that if at least one theorem in
this group is used, the other theorems in the same group are no longer
reported as unused. Moreover, if all theorems in the group are
unused, only one theorem in the group is displayed.
Note that proof objects have to be switched on in order for
unused_thms to work properly (i.e. !proofs must be >= 1, which is
usually the case when using Proof General with the default settings).
* Authentic naming of facts disallows ad-hoc overwriting of previous
theorems within the same name space. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to remove
duplicate fact bindings, or even accidental fact duplications. Note
that tools may maintain dynamically scoped facts systematically, using
PureThy.add_thms_dynamic.
* Command 'hide' now allows to hide from "fact" name space as well.
* Eliminated destructive theorem database, simpset, claset, and
clasimpset. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY, really need to observe linear
update of theories within ML code.
* Eliminated theory ProtoPure and CPure, leaving just one Pure theory.
INCOMPATIBILITY, object-logics depending on former Pure require
additional setup PureThy.old_appl_syntax_setup; object-logics
depending on former CPure need to refer to Pure.
* Commands 'use' and 'ML' are now purely functional, operating on
theory/local_theory. Removed former 'ML_setup' (on theory), use 'ML'
instead. Added 'ML_val' as mere diagnostic replacement for 'ML'.
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Command 'setup': discontinued implicit version with ML reference.
* Instantiation target allows for simultaneous specification of class
instance operations together with an instantiation proof.
Type-checking phase allows to refer to class operations uniformly.
See src/HOL/Complex/Complex.thy for an Isar example and
src/HOL/Library/Eval.thy for an ML example.
* Indexing of literal facts: be more serious about including only
facts from the visible specification/proof context, but not the
background context (locale etc.). Affects `prop` notation and method
"fact". INCOMPATIBILITY: need to name facts explicitly in rare
situations.
* Method "cases", "induct", "coinduct": removed obsolete/undocumented
"(open)" option, which used to expose internal bound variables to the
proof text.
* Isar statements: removed obsolete case "rule_context".
INCOMPATIBILITY, better use explicit fixes/assumes.
* Locale proofs: default proof step now includes 'unfold_locales';
hence 'proof' without argument may be used to unfold locale
predicates.
*** Document preparation ***
* Simplified pdfsetup.sty: color/hyperref is used unconditionally for
both pdf and dvi (hyperlinks usually work in xdvi as well); removed
obsolete thumbpdf setup (contemporary PDF viewers do this on the
spot); renamed link color from "darkblue" to "linkcolor" (default
value unchanged, can be redefined via \definecolor); no longer sets
"a4paper" option (unnecessary or even intrusive).
* Antiquotation @{lemma A method} proves proposition A by the given
method (either a method name or a method name plus (optional) method
arguments in parentheses) and prints A just like @{prop A}.
*** HOL ***
* New primrec package. Specification syntax conforms in style to
definition/function/.... No separate induction rule is provided. The
"primrec" command distinguishes old-style and new-style specifications
by syntax. The former primrec package is now named OldPrimrecPackage.
When adjusting theories, beware: constants stemming from new-style
primrec specifications have authentic syntax.
* Metis prover is now an order of magnitude faster, and also works
with multithreading.
* Metis: the maximum number of clauses that can be produced from a
theorem is now given by the attribute max_clauses. Theorems that
exceed this number are ignored, with a warning printed.
* Sledgehammer no longer produces structured proofs by default. To
enable, declare [[sledgehammer_full = true]]. Attributes
reconstruction_modulus, reconstruction_sorts renamed
sledgehammer_modulus, sledgehammer_sorts. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Method "induct_scheme" derives user-specified induction rules
from well-founded induction and completeness of patterns. This factors
out some operations that are done internally by the function package
and makes them available separately. See
src/HOL/ex/Induction_Scheme.thy for examples.
* More flexible generation of measure functions for termination
proofs: Measure functions can be declared by proving a rule of the
form "is_measure f" and giving it the [measure_function] attribute.
The "is_measure" predicate is logically meaningless (always true), and
just guides the heuristic. To find suitable measure functions, the
termination prover sets up the goal "is_measure ?f" of the appropriate
type and generates all solutions by prolog-style backwards proof using
the declared rules.
This setup also deals with rules like
"is_measure f ==> is_measure (list_size f)"
which accommodates nested datatypes that recurse through lists.
Similar rules are predeclared for products and option types.
* Turned the type of sets "'a set" into an abbreviation for "'a => bool"
INCOMPATIBILITIES:
- Definitions of overloaded constants on sets have to be replaced by
definitions on => and bool.
- Some definitions of overloaded operators on sets can now be proved
using the definitions of the operators on => and bool. Therefore,
the following theorems have been renamed:
subset_def -> subset_eq
psubset_def -> psubset_eq
set_diff_def -> set_diff_eq
Compl_def -> Compl_eq
Sup_set_def -> Sup_set_eq
Inf_set_def -> Inf_set_eq
sup_set_def -> sup_set_eq
inf_set_def -> inf_set_eq
- Due to the incompleteness of the HO unification algorithm, some
rules such as subst may require manual instantiation, if some of
the unknowns in the rule is a set.
- Higher order unification and forward proofs:
The proof pattern
have "P (S::'a set)" <...>
then have "EX S. P S" ..
no longer works (due to the incompleteness of the HO unification
algorithm) and must be replaced by the pattern
have "EX S. P S"
proof
show "P S" <...>
qed
- Calculational reasoning with subst (or similar rules):
The proof pattern
have "P (S::'a set)" <...>
also have "S = T" <...>
finally have "P T" .
no longer works (for similar reasons as the previous example) and
must be replaced by something like
have "P (S::'a set)" <...>
moreover have "S = T" <...>
ultimately have "P T" by simp
- Tactics or packages written in ML code:
Code performing pattern matching on types via
Type ("set", [T]) => ...
must be rewritten. Moreover, functions like strip_type or
binder_types no longer return the right value when applied to a
type of the form
T1 => ... => Tn => U => bool
rather than
T1 => ... => Tn => U set
* Merged theories Wellfounded_Recursion, Accessible_Part and
Wellfounded_Relations to theory Wellfounded.
* Explicit class "eq" for executable equality. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Class finite no longer treats UNIV as class parameter. Use class
enum from theory Library/Enum instead to achieve a similar effect.
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Theory List: rule list_induct2 now has explicitly named cases "Nil"
and "Cons". INCOMPATIBILITY.
* HOL (and FOL): renamed variables in rules imp_elim and swap.
Potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Theory Product_Type: duplicated lemmas split_Pair_apply and
injective_fst_snd removed, use split_eta and prod_eqI instead.
Renamed upd_fst to apfst and upd_snd to apsnd. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Theory Nat: removed redundant lemmas that merely duplicate lemmas of
the same name in theory Orderings:
less_trans
less_linear
le_imp_less_or_eq
le_less_trans
less_le_trans
less_not_sym
less_asym
Renamed less_imp_le to less_imp_le_nat, and less_irrefl to
less_irrefl_nat. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY due to more general types
and different variable names.
* Library/Option_ord.thy: Canonical order on option type.
* Library/RBT.thy: Red-black trees, an efficient implementation of
finite maps.
* Library/Countable.thy: Type class for countable types.
* Theory Int: The representation of numerals has changed. The infix
operator BIT and the bit datatype with constructors B0 and B1 have
disappeared. INCOMPATIBILITY, use "Int.Bit0 x" and "Int.Bit1 y" in
place of "x BIT bit.B0" and "y BIT bit.B1", respectively. Theorems
involving BIT, B0, or B1 have been renamed with "Bit0" or "Bit1"
accordingly.
* Theory Nat: definition of <= and < on natural numbers no longer
depend on well-founded relations. INCOMPATIBILITY. Definitions
le_def and less_def have disappeared. Consider lemmas not_less
[symmetric, where ?'a = nat] and less_eq [symmetric] instead.
* Theory Finite_Set: locales ACf, ACe, ACIf, ACIfSL and ACIfSLlin
(whose purpose mainly is for various fold_set functionals) have been
abandoned in favor of the existing algebraic classes
ab_semigroup_mult, comm_monoid_mult, ab_semigroup_idem_mult,
lower_semilattice (resp. upper_semilattice) and linorder.
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Theory Transitive_Closure: induct and cases rules now declare proper
case_names ("base" and "step"). INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Theorem Inductive.lfp_ordinal_induct generalized to complete
lattices. The form set-specific version is available as
Inductive.lfp_ordinal_induct_set.
* Renamed theorems "power.simps" to "power_int.simps".
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Class semiring_div provides basic abstract properties of semirings
with division and modulo operations. Subsumes former class dvd_mod.
* Merged theories IntDef, Numeral and IntArith into unified theory
Int. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Theory Library/Code_Index: type "index" now represents natural
numbers rather than integers. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* New class "uminus" with operation "uminus" (split of from class
"minus" which now only has operation "minus", binary).
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Constants "card", "internal_split", "option_map" now with authentic
syntax. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Definitions subset_def, psubset_def, set_diff_def, Compl_def,
le_bool_def, less_bool_def, le_fun_def, less_fun_def, inf_bool_def,
sup_bool_def, Inf_bool_def, Sup_bool_def, inf_fun_def, sup_fun_def,
Inf_fun_def, Sup_fun_def, inf_set_def, sup_set_def, Inf_set_def,
Sup_set_def, le_def, less_def, option_map_def now with object
equality. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Records. Removed K_record, and replaced it by pure lambda term
%x. c. The simplifier setup is now more robust against eta expansion.
INCOMPATIBILITY: in cases explicitly referring to K_record.
* Library/Multiset: {#a, b, c#} abbreviates {#a#} + {#b#} + {#c#}.
* Library/ListVector: new theory of arithmetic vector operations.
* Library/Order_Relation: new theory of various orderings as sets of
pairs. Defines preorders, partial orders, linear orders and
well-orders on sets and on types.
*** ZF ***
* Renamed some theories to allow to loading both ZF and HOL in the
same session:
Datatype -> Datatype_ZF
Inductive -> Inductive_ZF
Int -> Int_ZF
IntDiv -> IntDiv_ZF
Nat -> Nat_ZF
List -> List_ZF
Main -> Main_ZF
INCOMPATIBILITY: ZF theories that import individual theories below
Main might need to be adapted. Regular theory Main is still
available, as trivial extension of Main_ZF.
*** ML ***
* ML within Isar: antiquotation @{const name} or @{const
name(typargs)} produces statically-checked Const term.
* Functor NamedThmsFun: data is available to the user as dynamic fact
(of the same name). Removed obsolete print command.
* Removed obsolete "use_legacy_bindings" function.
* The ``print mode'' is now a thread-local value derived from a global
template (the former print_mode reference), thus access becomes
non-critical. The global print_mode reference is for session
management only; user-code should use print_mode_value,
print_mode_active, PrintMode.setmp etc. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Functions system/system_out provide a robust way to invoke external
shell commands, with propagation of interrupts (requires Poly/ML
5.2.1). Do not use OS.Process.system etc. from the basis library!
*** System ***
* Default settings: PROOFGENERAL_OPTIONS no longer impose xemacs ---
in accordance with Proof General 3.7, which prefers GNU emacs.
* isatool tty runs Isabelle process with plain tty interaction;
optional line editor may be specified via ISABELLE_LINE_EDITOR
setting, the default settings attempt to locate "ledit" and "rlwrap".
* isatool browser now works with Cygwin as well, using general
"javapath" function defined in Isabelle process environment.
* YXML notation provides a simple and efficient alternative to
standard XML transfer syntax. See src/Pure/General/yxml.ML and
isatool yxml as described in the Isabelle system manual.
* JVM class isabelle.IsabelleProcess (located in Isabelle/lib/classes)
provides general wrapper for managing an Isabelle process in a robust
fashion, with ``cooked'' output from stdin/stderr.
* Rudimentary Isabelle plugin for jEdit (see Isabelle/lib/jedit),
based on Isabelle/JVM process wrapper (see Isabelle/lib/classes).
* Removed obsolete THIS_IS_ISABELLE_BUILD feature. NB: the documented
way of changing the user's settings is via
ISABELLE_HOME_USER/etc/settings, which is a fully featured bash
script.
* Multithreading.max_threads := 0 refers to the number of actual CPU
cores of the underlying machine, which is a good starting point for
optimal performance tuning. The corresponding usedir option -M allows
"max" as an alias for "0". WARNING: does not work on certain versions
of Mac OS (with Poly/ML 5.1).
* isabelle-process: non-ML sessions are run with "nice", to reduce the
adverse effect of Isabelle flooding interactive front-ends (notably
ProofGeneral / XEmacs).
New in Isabelle2007 (November 2007)
-----------------------------------
*** General ***
* More uniform information about legacy features, notably a
warning/error of "Legacy feature: ...", depending on the state of the
tolerate_legacy_features flag (default true). FUTURE INCOMPATIBILITY:
legacy features will disappear eventually.
* Theory syntax: the header format ``theory A = B + C:'' has been
discontinued in favour of ``theory A imports B C begin''. Use isatool
fixheaders to convert existing theory files. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Theory syntax: the old non-Isar theory file format has been
discontinued altogether. Note that ML proof scripts may still be used
with Isar theories; migration is usually quite simple with the ML
function use_legacy_bindings. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Theory syntax: some popular names (e.g. 'class', 'declaration',
'fun', 'help', 'if') are now keywords. INCOMPATIBILITY, use double
quotes.
* Theory loader: be more serious about observing the static theory
header specifications (including optional directories), but not the
accidental file locations of previously successful loads. The strict
update policy of former update_thy is now already performed by
use_thy, so the former has been removed; use_thys updates several
theories simultaneously, just as 'imports' within a theory header
specification, but without merging the results. Potential
INCOMPATIBILITY: may need to refine theory headers and commands
ROOT.ML which depend on load order.
* Theory loader: optional support for content-based file
identification, instead of the traditional scheme of full physical
path plus date stamp; configured by the ISABELLE_FILE_IDENT setting
(cf. the system manual). The new scheme allows to work with
non-finished theories in persistent session images, such that source
files may be moved later on without requiring reloads.
* Theory loader: old-style ML proof scripts being *attached* to a thy
file (with the same base name as the theory) are considered a legacy
feature, which will disappear eventually. Even now, the theory loader
no longer maintains dependencies on such files.
* Syntax: the scope for resolving ambiguities via type-inference is
now limited to individual terms, instead of whole simultaneous
specifications as before. This greatly reduces the complexity of the
syntax module and improves flexibility by separating parsing and
type-checking. INCOMPATIBILITY: additional type-constraints (explicit
'fixes' etc.) are required in rare situations.
* Syntax: constants introduced by new-style packages ('definition',
'abbreviation' etc.) are passed through the syntax module in
``authentic mode''. This means that associated mixfix annotations
really stick to such constants, independently of potential name space
ambiguities introduced later on. INCOMPATIBILITY: constants in parse
trees are represented slightly differently, may need to adapt syntax
translations accordingly. Use CONST marker in 'translations' and
@{const_syntax} antiquotation in 'parse_translation' etc.
* Legacy goal package: reduced interface to the bare minimum required
to keep existing proof scripts running. Most other user-level
functions are now part of the OldGoals structure, which is *not* open
by default (consider isatool expandshort before open OldGoals).
Removed top_sg, prin, printyp, pprint_term/typ altogether, because
these tend to cause confusion about the actual goal (!) context being
used here, which is not necessarily the same as the_context().
* Command 'find_theorems': supports "*" wild-card in "name:"
criterion; "with_dups" option. Certain ProofGeneral versions might
support a specific search form (see ProofGeneral/CHANGES).
* The ``prems limit'' option (cf. ProofContext.prems_limit) is now -1
by default, which means that "prems" (and also "fixed variables") are
suppressed from proof state output. Note that the ProofGeneral
settings mechanism allows to change and save options persistently, but
older versions of Isabelle will fail to start up if a negative prems
limit is imposed.
* Local theory targets may be specified by non-nested blocks of
``context/locale/class ... begin'' followed by ``end''. The body may
contain definitions, theorems etc., including any derived mechanism
that has been implemented on top of these primitives. This concept
generalizes the existing ``theorem (in ...)'' towards more versatility
and scalability.
* Proof General interface: proper undo of final 'end' command;
discontinued Isabelle/classic mode (ML proof scripts).
*** Document preparation ***
* Added antiquotation @{theory name} which prints the given name,
after checking that it refers to a valid ancestor theory in the
current context.
* Added antiquotations @{ML_type text} and @{ML_struct text} which
check the given source text as ML type/structure, printing verbatim.
* Added antiquotation @{abbrev "c args"} which prints the abbreviation
"c args == rhs" given in the current context. (Any number of
arguments may be given on the LHS.)
*** Pure ***
* The 'class' package offers a combination of axclass and locale to
achieve Haskell-like type classes in Isabelle. Definitions and
theorems within a class context produce both relative results (with
implicit parameters according to the locale context), and polymorphic
constants with qualified polymorphism (according to the class
context). Within the body context of a 'class' target, a separate
syntax layer ("user space type system") takes care of converting
between global polymorphic consts and internal locale representation.
See src/HOL/ex/Classpackage.thy for examples (as well as main HOL).
"isatool doc classes" provides a tutorial.
* Generic code generator framework allows to generate executable
code for ML and Haskell (including Isabelle classes). A short usage
sketch:
internal compilation:
export_code <list of constants (term syntax)> in SML
writing SML code to a file:
export_code <list of constants (term syntax)> in SML <filename>
writing OCaml code to a file:
export_code <list of constants (term syntax)> in OCaml <filename>
writing Haskell code to a bunch of files:
export_code <list of constants (term syntax)> in Haskell <filename>
evaluating closed propositions to True/False using code generation:
method ``eval''
Reasonable default setup of framework in HOL.
Theorem attributs for selecting and transforming function equations theorems:
[code fun]: select a theorem as function equation for a specific constant
[code fun del]: deselect a theorem as function equation for a specific constant
[code inline]: select an equation theorem for unfolding (inlining) in place
[code inline del]: deselect an equation theorem for unfolding (inlining) in place
User-defined serializations (target in {SML, OCaml, Haskell}):
code_const <and-list of constants (term syntax)>
{(target) <and-list of const target syntax>}+
code_type <and-list of type constructors>
{(target) <and-list of type target syntax>}+
code_instance <and-list of instances>
{(target)}+
where instance ::= <type constructor> :: <class>
code_class <and_list of classes>
{(target) <and-list of class target syntax>}+
where class target syntax ::= <class name> {where {<classop> == <target syntax>}+}?
code_instance and code_class only are effective to target Haskell.
For example usage see src/HOL/ex/Codegenerator.thy and
src/HOL/ex/Codegenerator_Pretty.thy. A separate tutorial on code
generation from Isabelle/HOL theories is available via "isatool doc
codegen".
* Code generator: consts in 'consts_code' Isar commands are now
referred to by usual term syntax (including optional type
annotations).
* Command 'no_translations' removes translation rules from theory
syntax.
* Overloaded definitions are now actually checked for acyclic
dependencies. The overloading scheme is slightly more general than
that of Haskell98, although Isabelle does not demand an exact
correspondence to type class and instance declarations.
INCOMPATIBILITY, use ``defs (unchecked overloaded)'' to admit more
exotic versions of overloading -- at the discretion of the user!
Polymorphic constants are represented via type arguments, i.e. the
instantiation that matches an instance against the most general
declaration given in the signature. For example, with the declaration
c :: 'a => 'a => 'a, an instance c :: nat => nat => nat is represented
as c(nat). Overloading is essentially simultaneous structural
recursion over such type arguments. Incomplete specification patterns
impose global constraints on all occurrences, e.g. c('a * 'a) on the
LHS means that more general c('a * 'b) will be disallowed on any RHS.
Command 'print_theory' outputs the normalized system of recursive
equations, see section "definitions".
* Configuration options are maintained within the theory or proof
context (with name and type bool/int/string), providing a very simple
interface to a poor-man's version of general context data. Tools may
declare options in ML (e.g. using Attrib.config_int) and then refer to
these values using Config.get etc. Users may change options via an
associated attribute of the same name. This form of context
declaration works particularly well with commands 'declare' or
'using', for example ``declare [[foo = 42]]''. Thus it has become
very easy to avoid global references, which would not observe Isar
toplevel undo/redo and fail to work with multithreading.
Various global ML references of Pure and HOL have been turned into
configuration options:
Unify.search_bound unify_search_bound
Unify.trace_bound unify_trace_bound
Unify.trace_simp unify_trace_simp
Unify.trace_types unify_trace_types
Simplifier.simp_depth_limit simp_depth_limit
Blast.depth_limit blast_depth_limit
DatatypeProp.dtK datatype_distinctness_limit
fast_arith_neq_limit fast_arith_neq_limit
fast_arith_split_limit fast_arith_split_limit
* Named collections of theorems may be easily installed as context
data using the functor NamedThmsFun (see also
src/Pure/Tools/named_thms.ML). The user may add or delete facts via
attributes; there is also a toplevel print command. This facility is
just a common case of general context data, which is the preferred way
for anything more complex than just a list of facts in canonical
order.
* Isar: command 'declaration' augments a local theory by generic
declaration functions written in ML. This enables arbitrary content
being added to the context, depending on a morphism that tells the
difference of the original declaration context wrt. the application
context encountered later on.
* Isar: proper interfaces for simplification procedures. Command
'simproc_setup' declares named simprocs (with match patterns, and body
text in ML). Attribute "simproc" adds/deletes simprocs in the current
context. ML antiquotation @{simproc name} retrieves named simprocs.
* Isar: an extra pair of brackets around attribute declarations
abbreviates a theorem reference involving an internal dummy fact,
which will be ignored later --- only the effect of the attribute on
the background context will persist. This form of in-place
declarations is particularly useful with commands like 'declare' and
'using', for example ``have A using [[simproc a]] by simp''.
* Isar: method "assumption" (and implicit closing of subproofs) now
takes simple non-atomic goal assumptions into account: after applying
an assumption as a rule the resulting subgoals are solved by atomic
assumption steps. This is particularly useful to finish 'obtain'
goals, such as "!!x. (!!x. P x ==> thesis) ==> P x ==> thesis",
without referring to the original premise "!!x. P x ==> thesis" in the
Isar proof context. POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY: method "assumption" is
more permissive.
* Isar: implicit use of prems from the Isar proof context is
considered a legacy feature. Common applications like ``have A .''
may be replaced by ``have A by fact'' or ``note `A`''. In general,
referencing facts explicitly here improves readability and
maintainability of proof texts.
* Isar: improper proof element 'guess' is like 'obtain', but derives
the obtained context from the course of reasoning! For example:
assume "EX x y. A x & B y" -- "any previous fact"
then guess x and y by clarify
This technique is potentially adventurous, depending on the facts and
proof tools being involved here.
* Isar: known facts from the proof context may be specified as literal
propositions, using ASCII back-quote syntax. This works wherever
named facts used to be allowed so far, in proof commands, proof
methods, attributes etc. Literal facts are retrieved from the context
according to unification of type and term parameters. For example,
provided that "A" and "A ==> B" and "!!x. P x ==> Q x" are known
theorems in the current context, then these are valid literal facts:
`A` and `A ==> B` and `!!x. P x ==> Q x" as well as `P a ==> Q a` etc.
There is also a proof method "fact" which does the same composition
for explicit goal states, e.g. the following proof texts coincide with
certain special cases of literal facts:
have "A" by fact == note `A`
have "A ==> B" by fact == note `A ==> B`
have "!!x. P x ==> Q x" by fact == note `!!x. P x ==> Q x`
have "P a ==> Q a" by fact == note `P a ==> Q a`
* Isar: ":" (colon) is no longer a symbolic identifier character in
outer syntax. Thus symbolic identifiers may be used without
additional white space in declarations like this: ``assume *: A''.
* Isar: 'print_facts' prints all local facts of the current context,
both named and unnamed ones.
* Isar: 'def' now admits simultaneous definitions, e.g.:
def x == "t" and y == "u"
* Isar: added command 'unfolding', which is structurally similar to
'using', but affects both the goal state and facts by unfolding given
rewrite rules. Thus many occurrences of the 'unfold' method or
'unfolded' attribute may be replaced by first-class proof text.
* Isar: methods 'unfold' / 'fold', attributes 'unfolded' / 'folded',
and command 'unfolding' now all support object-level equalities
(potentially conditional). The underlying notion of rewrite rule is
analogous to the 'rule_format' attribute, but *not* that of the
Simplifier (which is usually more generous).
* Isar: the new attribute [rotated n] (default n = 1) rotates the
premises of a theorem by n. Useful in conjunction with drule.
* Isar: the goal restriction operator [N] (default N = 1) evaluates a
method expression within a sandbox consisting of the first N
sub-goals, which need to exist. For example, ``simp_all [3]''
simplifies the first three sub-goals, while (rule foo, simp_all)[]
simplifies all new goals that emerge from applying rule foo to the
originally first one.
* Isar: schematic goals are no longer restricted to higher-order
patterns; e.g. ``lemma "?P(?x)" by (rule TrueI)'' now works as
expected.
* Isar: the conclusion of a long theorem statement is now either
'shows' (a simultaneous conjunction, as before), or 'obtains'
(essentially a disjunction of cases with local parameters and
assumptions). The latter allows to express general elimination rules
adequately; in this notation common elimination rules look like this:
lemma exE: -- "EX x. P x ==> (!!x. P x ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
assumes "EX x. P x"
obtains x where "P x"
lemma conjE: -- "A & B ==> (A ==> B ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
assumes "A & B"
obtains A and B
lemma disjE: -- "A | B ==> (A ==> thesis) ==> (B ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
assumes "A | B"
obtains
A
| B
The subsequent classical rules even refer to the formal "thesis"
explicitly:
lemma classical: -- "(~ thesis ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
obtains "~ thesis"
lemma Peirce's_Law: -- "((thesis ==> something) ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
obtains "thesis ==> something"
The actual proof of an 'obtains' statement is analogous to that of the
Isar proof element 'obtain', only that there may be several cases.
Optional case names may be specified in parentheses; these will be
available both in the present proof and as annotations in the
resulting rule, for later use with the 'cases' method (cf. attribute
case_names).
* Isar: the assumptions of a long theorem statement are available as
"assms" fact in the proof context. This is more appropriate than the
(historical) "prems", which refers to all assumptions of the current
context, including those from the target locale, proof body etc.
* Isar: 'print_statement' prints theorems from the current theory or
proof context in long statement form, according to the syntax of a
top-level lemma.
* Isar: 'obtain' takes an optional case name for the local context
introduction rule (default "that").
* Isar: removed obsolete 'concl is' patterns. INCOMPATIBILITY, use
explicit (is "_ ==> ?foo") in the rare cases where this still happens
to occur.
* Pure: syntax "CONST name" produces a fully internalized constant
according to the current context. This is particularly useful for
syntax translations that should refer to internal constant
representations independently of name spaces.
* Pure: syntax constant for foo (binder "FOO ") is called "foo_binder"
instead of "FOO ". This allows multiple binder declarations to coexist
in the same context. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Isar/locales: 'notation' provides a robust interface to the 'syntax'
primitive that also works in a locale context (both for constants and
fixed variables). Type declaration and internal syntactic representation
of given constants retrieved from the context. Likewise, the
'no_notation' command allows to remove given syntax annotations from the
current context.
* Isar/locales: new derived specification elements 'axiomatization',
'definition', 'abbreviation', which support type-inference, admit
object-level specifications (equality, equivalence). See also the
isar-ref manual. Examples:
axiomatization
eq (infix "===" 50) where
eq_refl: "x === x" and eq_subst: "x === y ==> P x ==> P y"
definition "f x y = x + y + 1"
definition g where "g x = f x x"
abbreviation
neq (infix "=!=" 50) where
"x =!= y == ~ (x === y)"
These specifications may be also used in a locale context. Then the
constants being introduced depend on certain fixed parameters, and the
constant name is qualified by the locale base name. An internal
abbreviation takes care for convenient input and output, making the
parameters implicit and using the original short name. See also
src/HOL/ex/Abstract_NAT.thy for an example of deriving polymorphic
entities from a monomorphic theory.
Presently, abbreviations are only available 'in' a target locale, but
not inherited by general import expressions. Also note that
'abbreviation' may be used as a type-safe replacement for 'syntax' +
'translations' in common applications. The "no_abbrevs" print mode
prevents folding of abbreviations in term output.
Concrete syntax is attached to specified constants in internal form,
independently of name spaces. The parse tree representation is
slightly different -- use 'notation' instead of raw 'syntax', and
'translations' with explicit "CONST" markup to accommodate this.
* Pure/Isar: unified syntax for new-style specification mechanisms
(e.g. 'definition', 'abbreviation', or 'inductive' in HOL) admits
full type inference and dummy patterns ("_"). For example:
definition "K x _ = x"
inductive conj for A B
where "A ==> B ==> conj A B"
* Pure: command 'print_abbrevs' prints all constant abbreviations of
the current context. Print mode "no_abbrevs" prevents inversion of
abbreviations on output.
* Isar/locales: improved parameter handling: use of locales "var" and
"struct" no longer necessary; - parameter renamings are no longer
required to be injective. For example, this allows to define
endomorphisms as locale endom = homom mult mult h.
* Isar/locales: changed the way locales with predicates are defined.
Instead of accumulating the specification, the imported expression is
now an interpretation. INCOMPATIBILITY: different normal form of
locale expressions. In particular, in interpretations of locales with
predicates, goals repesenting already interpreted fragments are not
removed automatically. Use methods `intro_locales' and
`unfold_locales'; see below.
* Isar/locales: new methods `intro_locales' and `unfold_locales'
provide backward reasoning on locales predicates. The methods are
aware of interpretations and discharge corresponding goals.
`intro_locales' is less aggressive then `unfold_locales' and does not
unfold predicates to assumptions.
* Isar/locales: the order in which locale fragments are accumulated
has changed. This enables to override declarations from fragments due
to interpretations -- for example, unwanted simp rules.
* Isar/locales: interpretation in theories and proof contexts has been
extended. One may now specify (and prove) equations, which are
unfolded in interpreted theorems. This is useful for replacing
defined concepts (constants depending on locale parameters) by
concepts already existing in the target context. Example:
interpretation partial_order ["op <= :: [int, int] => bool"]
where "partial_order.less (op <=) (x::int) y = (x < y)"
Typically, the constant `partial_order.less' is created by a
definition specification element in the context of locale
partial_order.
* Method "induct": improved internal context management to support
local fixes and defines on-the-fly. Thus explicit meta-level
connectives !! and ==> are rarely required anymore in inductive goals
(using object-logic connectives for this purpose has been long
obsolete anyway). Common proof patterns are explained in
src/HOL/Induct/Common_Patterns.thy, see also
src/HOL/Isar_examples/Puzzle.thy and src/HOL/Lambda for realistic
examples.
* Method "induct": improved handling of simultaneous goals. Instead of
introducing object-level conjunction, the statement is now split into
several conclusions, while the corresponding symbolic cases are nested
accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY, proofs need to be structured explicitly,
see src/HOL/Induct/Common_Patterns.thy, for example.
* Method "induct": mutual induction rules are now specified as a list
of rule sharing the same induction cases. HOL packages usually provide
foo_bar.inducts for mutually defined items foo and bar (e.g. inductive
predicates/sets or datatypes). INCOMPATIBILITY, users need to specify
mutual induction rules differently, i.e. like this:
(induct rule: foo_bar.inducts)
(induct set: foo bar)
(induct pred: foo bar)
(induct type: foo bar)
The ML function ProjectRule.projections turns old-style rules into the
new format.
* Method "coinduct": dual of induction, see
src/HOL/Library/Coinductive_List.thy for various examples.
* Method "cases", "induct", "coinduct": the ``(open)'' option is
considered a legacy feature.
* Attribute "symmetric" produces result with standardized schematic
variables (index 0). Potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Simplifier: by default the simplifier trace only shows top level
rewrites now. That is, trace_simp_depth_limit is set to 1 by
default. Thus there is less danger of being flooded by the trace. The
trace indicates where parts have been suppressed.
* Provers/classical: removed obsolete classical version of elim_format
attribute; classical elim/dest rules are now treated uniformly when
manipulating the claset.
* Provers/classical: stricter checks to ensure that supplied intro,
dest and elim rules are well-formed; dest and elim rules must have at
least one premise.
* Provers/classical: attributes dest/elim/intro take an optional
weight argument for the rule (just as the Pure versions). Weights are
ignored by automated tools, but determine the search order of single
rule steps.
* Syntax: input syntax now supports dummy variable binding "%_. b",
where the body does not mention the bound variable. Note that dummy
patterns implicitly depend on their context of bounds, which makes
"{_. _}" match any set comprehension as expected. Potential
INCOMPATIBILITY -- parse translations need to cope with syntactic
constant "_idtdummy" in the binding position.
* Syntax: removed obsolete syntactic constant "_K" and its associated
parse translation. INCOMPATIBILITY -- use dummy abstraction instead,
for example "A -> B" => "Pi A (%_. B)".
* Pure: 'class_deps' command visualizes the subclass relation, using
the graph browser tool.
* Pure: 'print_theory' now suppresses certain internal declarations by
default; use '!' option for full details.
*** HOL ***
* Method "metis" proves goals by applying the Metis general-purpose
resolution prover (see also http://gilith.com/software/metis/).
Examples are in the directory MetisExamples. WARNING: the
Isabelle/HOL-Metis integration does not yet work properly with
multi-threading.
* Command 'sledgehammer' invokes external automatic theorem provers as
background processes. It generates calls to the "metis" method if
successful. These can be pasted into the proof. Users do not have to
wait for the automatic provers to return. WARNING: does not really
work with multi-threading.
* New "auto_quickcheck" feature tests outermost goal statements for
potential counter-examples. Controlled by ML references
auto_quickcheck (default true) and auto_quickcheck_time_limit (default
5000 milliseconds). Fails silently if statements is outside of
executable fragment, or any other codgenerator problem occurs.
* New constant "undefined" with axiom "undefined x = undefined".
* Added class "HOL.eq", allowing for code generation with polymorphic
equality.
* Some renaming of class constants due to canonical name prefixing in
the new 'class' package:
HOL.abs ~> HOL.abs_class.abs
HOL.divide ~> HOL.divide_class.divide
0 ~> HOL.zero_class.zero
1 ~> HOL.one_class.one
op + ~> HOL.plus_class.plus
op - ~> HOL.minus_class.minus
uminus ~> HOL.minus_class.uminus
op * ~> HOL.times_class.times
op < ~> HOL.ord_class.less
op <= > HOL.ord_class.less_eq
Nat.power ~> Power.power_class.power
Nat.size ~> Nat.size_class.size
Numeral.number_of ~> Numeral.number_class.number_of
FixedPoint.Inf ~> Lattices.complete_lattice_class.Inf
FixedPoint.Sup ~> Lattices.complete_lattice_class.Sup
Orderings.min ~> Orderings.ord_class.min
Orderings.max ~> Orderings.ord_class.max
Divides.op div ~> Divides.div_class.div
Divides.op mod ~> Divides.div_class.mod
Divides.op dvd ~> Divides.div_class.dvd
INCOMPATIBILITY. Adaptions may be required in the following cases:
a) User-defined constants using any of the names "plus", "minus",
"times", "less" or "less_eq". The standard syntax translations for
"+", "-" and "*" may go wrong. INCOMPATIBILITY: use more specific
names.
b) Variables named "plus", "minus", "times", "less", "less_eq"
INCOMPATIBILITY: use more specific names.
c) Permutative equations (e.g. "a + b = b + a")
Since the change of names also changes the order of terms, permutative
rewrite rules may get applied in a different order. Experience shows
that this is rarely the case (only two adaptions in the whole Isabelle
distribution). INCOMPATIBILITY: rewrite proofs
d) ML code directly refering to constant names
This in general only affects hand-written proof tactics, simprocs and
so on. INCOMPATIBILITY: grep your sourcecode and replace names.
Consider using @{const_name} antiquotation.
* New class "default" with associated constant "default".
* Function "sgn" is now overloaded and available on int, real, complex
(and other numeric types), using class "sgn". Two possible defs of
sgn are given as equational assumptions in the classes sgn_if and
sgn_div_norm; ordered_idom now also inherits from sgn_if.
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Locale "partial_order" now unified with class "order" (cf. theory
Orderings), added parameter "less". INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Renamings in classes "order" and "linorder": facts "refl", "trans" and
"cases" to "order_refl", "order_trans" and "linorder_cases", to avoid
clashes with HOL "refl" and "trans". INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Classes "order" and "linorder": potential INCOMPATIBILITY due to
changed order of proof goals in instance proofs.
* The transitivity reasoner for partial and linear orders is set up
for classes "order" and "linorder". Instances of the reasoner are available
in all contexts importing or interpreting the corresponding locales.
Method "order" invokes the reasoner separately; the reasoner
is also integrated with the Simplifier as a solver. Diagnostic
command 'print_orders' shows the available instances of the reasoner
in the current context.
* Localized monotonicity predicate in theory "Orderings"; integrated
lemmas max_of_mono and min_of_mono with this predicate.
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Formulation of theorem "dense" changed slightly due to integration
with new class dense_linear_order.
* Uniform lattice theory development in HOL.
constants "meet" and "join" now named "inf" and "sup"
constant "Meet" now named "Inf"
classes "meet_semilorder" and "join_semilorder" now named
"lower_semilattice" and "upper_semilattice"
class "lorder" now named "lattice"
class "comp_lat" now named "complete_lattice"
Instantiation of lattice classes allows explicit definitions
for "inf" and "sup" operations (or "Inf" and "Sup" for complete lattices).
INCOMPATIBILITY. Theorem renames:
meet_left_le ~> inf_le1
meet_right_le ~> inf_le2
join_left_le ~> sup_ge1
join_right_le ~> sup_ge2
meet_join_le ~> inf_sup_ord
le_meetI ~> le_infI
join_leI ~> le_supI
le_meet ~> le_inf_iff
le_join ~> ge_sup_conv
meet_idempotent ~> inf_idem
join_idempotent ~> sup_idem
meet_comm ~> inf_commute
join_comm ~> sup_commute
meet_leI1 ~> le_infI1
meet_leI2 ~> le_infI2
le_joinI1 ~> le_supI1
le_joinI2 ~> le_supI2
meet_assoc ~> inf_assoc
join_assoc ~> sup_assoc
meet_left_comm ~> inf_left_commute
meet_left_idempotent ~> inf_left_idem
join_left_comm ~> sup_left_commute
join_left_idempotent ~> sup_left_idem
meet_aci ~> inf_aci
join_aci ~> sup_aci
le_def_meet ~> le_iff_inf
le_def_join ~> le_iff_sup
join_absorp2 ~> sup_absorb2
join_absorp1 ~> sup_absorb1
meet_absorp1 ~> inf_absorb1
meet_absorp2 ~> inf_absorb2
meet_join_absorp ~> inf_sup_absorb
join_meet_absorp ~> sup_inf_absorb
distrib_join_le ~> distrib_sup_le
distrib_meet_le ~> distrib_inf_le
add_meet_distrib_left ~> add_inf_distrib_left
add_join_distrib_left ~> add_sup_distrib_left
is_join_neg_meet ~> is_join_neg_inf
is_meet_neg_join ~> is_meet_neg_sup
add_meet_distrib_right ~> add_inf_distrib_right
add_join_distrib_right ~> add_sup_distrib_right
add_meet_join_distribs ~> add_sup_inf_distribs
join_eq_neg_meet ~> sup_eq_neg_inf
meet_eq_neg_join ~> inf_eq_neg_sup
add_eq_meet_join ~> add_eq_inf_sup
meet_0_imp_0 ~> inf_0_imp_0
join_0_imp_0 ~> sup_0_imp_0
meet_0_eq_0 ~> inf_0_eq_0
join_0_eq_0 ~> sup_0_eq_0
neg_meet_eq_join ~> neg_inf_eq_sup
neg_join_eq_meet ~> neg_sup_eq_inf
join_eq_if ~> sup_eq_if
mono_meet ~> mono_inf
mono_join ~> mono_sup
meet_bool_eq ~> inf_bool_eq
join_bool_eq ~> sup_bool_eq
meet_fun_eq ~> inf_fun_eq
join_fun_eq ~> sup_fun_eq
meet_set_eq ~> inf_set_eq
join_set_eq ~> sup_set_eq
meet1_iff ~> inf1_iff
meet2_iff ~> inf2_iff
meet1I ~> inf1I
meet2I ~> inf2I
meet1D1 ~> inf1D1
meet2D1 ~> inf2D1
meet1D2 ~> inf1D2
meet2D2 ~> inf2D2
meet1E ~> inf1E
meet2E ~> inf2E
join1_iff ~> sup1_iff
join2_iff ~> sup2_iff
join1I1 ~> sup1I1
join2I1 ~> sup2I1
join1I1 ~> sup1I1
join2I2 ~> sup1I2
join1CI ~> sup1CI
join2CI ~> sup2CI
join1E ~> sup1E
join2E ~> sup2E
is_meet_Meet ~> is_meet_Inf
Meet_bool_def ~> Inf_bool_def
Meet_fun_def ~> Inf_fun_def
Meet_greatest ~> Inf_greatest
Meet_lower ~> Inf_lower
Meet_set_def ~> Inf_set_def
Sup_def ~> Sup_Inf
Sup_bool_eq ~> Sup_bool_def
Sup_fun_eq ~> Sup_fun_def
Sup_set_eq ~> Sup_set_def
listsp_meetI ~> listsp_infI
listsp_meet_eq ~> listsp_inf_eq
meet_min ~> inf_min
join_max ~> sup_max
* Added syntactic class "size"; overloaded constant "size" now has
type "'a::size ==> bool"
* Internal reorganisation of `size' of datatypes: size theorems
"foo.size" are no longer subsumed by "foo.simps" (but are still
simplification rules by default!); theorems "prod.size" now named
"*.size".
* Class "div" now inherits from class "times" rather than "type".
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* HOL/Finite_Set: "name-space" locales Lattice, Distrib_lattice,
Linorder etc. have disappeared; operations defined in terms of
fold_set now are named Inf_fin, Sup_fin. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* HOL/Nat: neq0_conv no longer declared as iff. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* HOL-Word: New extensive library and type for generic, fixed size
machine words, with arithemtic, bit-wise, shifting and rotating
operations, reflection into int, nat, and bool lists, automation for
linear arithmetic (by automatic reflection into nat or int), including
lemmas on overflow and monotonicity. Instantiated to all appropriate
arithmetic type classes, supporting automatic simplification of
numerals on all operations.
* Library/Boolean_Algebra: locales for abstract boolean algebras.
* Library/Numeral_Type: numbers as types, e.g. TYPE(32).
* Code generator library theories:
- Code_Integer represents HOL integers by big integer literals in target
languages.
- Code_Char represents HOL characters by character literals in target
languages.
- Code_Char_chr like Code_Char, but also offers treatment of character
codes; includes Code_Integer.
- Executable_Set allows to generate code for finite sets using lists.
- Executable_Rat implements rational numbers as triples (sign, enumerator,
denominator).
- Executable_Real implements a subset of real numbers, namly those
representable by rational numbers.
- Efficient_Nat implements natural numbers by integers, which in general will
result in higher efficency; pattern matching with 0/Suc is eliminated;
includes Code_Integer.
- Code_Index provides an additional datatype index which is mapped to
target-language built-in integers.
- Code_Message provides an additional datatype message_string which is isomorphic to
strings; messages are mapped to target-language strings.
* New package for inductive predicates
An n-ary predicate p with m parameters z_1, ..., z_m can now be defined via
inductive
p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool"
for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m
where
rule_1: "... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_1_1 ... t_1_n"
| ...
with full support for type-inference, rather than
consts s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set"
abbreviation p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool"
where "p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n == (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
inductive "s z_1 ... z_m"
intros
rule_1: "... ==> (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
...
For backward compatibility, there is a wrapper allowing inductive
sets to be defined with the new package via
inductive_set
s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set"
for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m
where
rule_1: "... ==> (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
| ...
or
inductive_set
s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set"
and p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool"
for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m
where
"p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n == (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
| rule_1: "... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_1_1 ... t_1_n"
| ...
if the additional syntax "p ..." is required.
Numerous examples can be found in the subdirectories src/HOL/Auth,
src/HOL/Bali, src/HOL/Induct, and src/HOL/MicroJava.
INCOMPATIBILITIES:
- Since declaration and definition of inductive sets or predicates
is no longer separated, abbreviations involving the newly
introduced sets or predicates must be specified together with the
introduction rules after the 'where' keyword (see above), rather
than before the actual inductive definition.
- The variables in induction and elimination rules are now
quantified in the order of their occurrence in the introduction
rules, rather than in alphabetical order. Since this may break
some proofs, these proofs either have to be repaired, e.g. by
reordering the variables a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i} in Isar 'case'
statements of the form
case (rule_i a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i})
or the old order of quantification has to be restored by explicitly adding
meta-level quantifiers in the introduction rules, i.e.
| rule_i: "!!a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i}. ... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_i_1 ... t_i_n"
- The format of the elimination rules is now
p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n ==>
(!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x_1 = t_1_1 ==> ... ==> x_n = t_1_n ==> ... ==> P)
==> ... ==> P
for predicates and
(x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m ==>
(!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x_1 = t_1_1 ==> ... ==> x_n = t_1_n ==> ... ==> P)
==> ... ==> P
for sets rather than
x : s z_1 ... z_m ==>
(!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x = (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) ==> ... ==> P)
==> ... ==> P
This may require terms in goals to be expanded to n-tuples
(e.g. using case_tac or simplification with the split_paired_all
rule) before the above elimination rule is applicable.
- The elimination or case analysis rules for (mutually) inductive
sets or predicates are now called "p_1.cases" ... "p_k.cases". The
list of rules "p_1_..._p_k.elims" is no longer available.
* New package "function"/"fun" for general recursive functions,
supporting mutual and nested recursion, definitions in local contexts,
more general pattern matching and partiality. See HOL/ex/Fundefs.thy
for small examples, and the separate tutorial on the function
package. The old recdef "package" is still available as before, but
users are encouraged to use the new package.
* Method "lexicographic_order" automatically synthesizes termination
relations as lexicographic combinations of size measures.
* Case-expressions allow arbitrary constructor-patterns (including
"_") and take their order into account, like in functional
programming. Internally, this is translated into nested
case-expressions; missing cases are added and mapped to the predefined
constant "undefined". In complicated cases printing may no longer show
the original input but the internal form. Lambda-abstractions allow
the same form of pattern matching: "% pat1 => e1 | ..." is an
abbreviation for "%x. case x of pat1 => e1 | ..." where x is a new
variable.
* IntDef: The constant "int :: nat => int" has been removed; now "int"
is an abbreviation for "of_nat :: nat => int". The simplification
rules for "of_nat" have been changed to work like "int" did
previously. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY:
- "of_nat (Suc m)" simplifies to "1 + of_nat m" instead of "of_nat m + 1"
- of_nat_diff and of_nat_mult are no longer default simp rules
* Method "algebra" solves polynomial equations over (semi)rings using
Groebner bases. The (semi)ring structure is defined by locales and the
tool setup depends on that generic context. Installing the method for
a specific type involves instantiating the locale and possibly adding
declarations for computation on the coefficients. The method is
already instantiated for natural numbers and for the axiomatic class
of idoms with numerals. See also the paper by Chaieb and Wenzel at
CALCULEMUS 2007 for the general principles underlying this
architecture of context-aware proof-tools.
* Method "ferrack" implements quantifier elimination over
special-purpose dense linear orders using locales (analogous to
"algebra"). The method is already installed for class
{ordered_field,recpower,number_ring} which subsumes real, hyperreal,
rat, etc.
* Former constant "List.op @" now named "List.append". Use ML
antiquotations @{const_name List.append} or @{term " ... @ ... "} to
circumvent possible incompatibilities when working on ML level.
* primrec: missing cases mapped to "undefined" instead of "arbitrary".
* New function listsum :: 'a list => 'a for arbitrary monoids.
Special syntax: "SUM x <- xs. f x" (and latex variants)
* New syntax for Haskell-like list comprehension (input only), eg.
[(x,y). x <- xs, y <- ys, x ~= y], see also src/HOL/List.thy.
* The special syntax for function "filter" has changed from [x :
xs. P] to [x <- xs. P] to avoid an ambiguity caused by list
comprehension syntax, and for uniformity. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* [a..b] is now defined for arbitrary linear orders. It used to be
defined on nat only, as an abbreviation for [a..<Suc b]
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Renamed lemma "set_take_whileD" to "set_takeWhileD".
* New functions "sorted" and "sort" in src/HOL/List.thy.
* New lemma collection field_simps (an extension of ring_simps) for
manipulating (in)equations involving division. Multiplies with all
denominators that can be proved to be non-zero (in equations) or
positive/negative (in inequations).
* Lemma collections ring_eq_simps, group_eq_simps and ring_distrib
have been improved and renamed to ring_simps, group_simps and
ring_distribs. Removed lemmas field_xyz in theory Ring_and_Field
because they were subsumed by lemmas xyz. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Theory Library/Commutative_Ring: switched from recdef to function
package; constants add, mul, pow now curried. Infix syntax for
algebraic operations.
* Dropped redundant lemma def_imp_eq in favor of meta_eq_to_obj_eq.
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Dropped redundant lemma if_def2 in favor of if_bool_eq_conj.
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* HOL/records: generalised field-update to take a function on the
field rather than the new value: r(|A := x|) is translated to A_update
(K x) r The K-combinator that is internally used is called K_record.
INCOMPATIBILITY: Usage of the plain update functions has to be
adapted.
* Class "semiring_0" now contains annihilation axioms x * 0 = 0 and 0
* x = 0, which are required for a semiring. Richer structures do not
inherit from semiring_0 anymore, because this property is a theorem
there, not an axiom. INCOMPATIBILITY: In instances of semiring_0,
there is more to prove, but this is mostly trivial.
* Class "recpower" is generalized to arbitrary monoids, not just
commutative semirings. INCOMPATIBILITY: may need to incorporate
commutativity or semiring properties additionally.
* Constant "List.list_all2" in List.thy now uses authentic syntax.
INCOMPATIBILITY: translations containing list_all2 may go wrong,
better use 'abbreviation'.
* Renamed constant "List.op mem" to "List.member". INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Numeral syntax: type 'bin' which was a mere type copy of 'int' has
been abandoned in favour of plain 'int'. INCOMPATIBILITY --
significant changes for setting up numeral syntax for types:
- New constants Numeral.pred and Numeral.succ instead
of former Numeral.bin_pred and Numeral.bin_succ.
- Use integer operations instead of bin_add, bin_mult and so on.
- Numeral simplification theorems named Numeral.numeral_simps instead of Bin_simps.
- ML structure Bin_Simprocs now named Int_Numeral_Base_Simprocs.
See src/HOL/Integ/IntArith.thy for an example setup.
* Command 'normal_form' computes the normal form of a term that may
contain free variables. For example ``normal_form "rev [a, b, c]"''
produces ``[b, c, a]'' (without proof). This command is suitable for
heavy-duty computations because the functions are compiled to ML
first. Correspondingly, a method "normalization" is provided. See
further src/HOL/ex/NormalForm.thy and src/Tools/nbe.ML.
* Alternative iff syntax "A <-> B" for equality on bool (with priority
25 like -->); output depends on the "iff" print_mode, the default is
"A = B" (with priority 50).
* Relations less (<) and less_eq (<=) are also available on type bool.
Modified syntax to disallow nesting without explicit parentheses,
e.g. "(x < y) < z" or "x < (y < z)", but NOT "x < y < z". Potential
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* "LEAST x:A. P" expands to "LEAST x. x:A & P" (input only).
* Relation composition operator "op O" now has precedence 75 and binds
stronger than union and intersection. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* The old set interval syntax "{m..n(}" (and relatives) has been
removed. Use "{m..<n}" (and relatives) instead.
* In the context of the assumption "~(s = t)" the Simplifier rewrites
"t = s" to False (by simproc "neq"). INCOMPATIBILITY, consider using
``declare [[simproc del: neq]]''.
* Simplifier: "m dvd n" where m and n are numbers is evaluated to
True/False.
* Theorem Cons_eq_map_conv no longer declared as "simp".
* Theorem setsum_mult renamed to setsum_right_distrib.
* Prefer ex1I over ex_ex1I in single-step reasoning, e.g. by the
``rule'' method.
* Reimplemented methods "sat" and "satx", with several improvements:
goals no longer need to be stated as "<prems> ==> False", equivalences
(i.e. "=" on type bool) are handled, variable names of the form
"lit_<n>" are no longer reserved, significant speedup.
* Methods "sat" and "satx" can now replay MiniSat proof traces.
zChaff is still supported as well.
* 'inductive' and 'datatype': provide projections of mutual rules,
bundled as foo_bar.inducts;
* Library: moved theories Parity, GCD, Binomial, Infinite_Set to
Library.
* Library: moved theory Accessible_Part to main HOL.
* Library: added theory Coinductive_List of potentially infinite lists
as greatest fixed-point.
* Library: added theory AssocList which implements (finite) maps as
association lists.
* Method "evaluation" solves goals (i.e. a boolean expression)
efficiently by compiling it to ML. The goal is "proved" (via an
oracle) if it evaluates to True.
* Linear arithmetic now splits certain operators (e.g. min, max, abs)
also when invoked by the simplifier. This results in the Simplifier
being more powerful on arithmetic goals. INCOMPATIBILITY.
Configuration option fast_arith_split_limit=0 recovers the old
behavior.
* Support for hex (0x20) and binary (0b1001) numerals.
* New method: reify eqs (t), where eqs are equations for an
interpretation I :: 'a list => 'b => 'c and t::'c is an optional
parameter, computes a term s::'b and a list xs::'a list and proves the
theorem I xs s = t. This is also known as reification or quoting. The
resulting theorem is applied to the subgoal to substitute t with I xs
s. If t is omitted, the subgoal itself is reified.
* New method: reflection corr_thm eqs (t). The parameters eqs and (t)
are as explained above. corr_thm is a theorem for I vs (f t) = I vs t,
where f is supposed to be a computable function (in the sense of code
generattion). The method uses reify to compute s and xs as above then
applies corr_thm and uses normalization by evaluation to "prove" f s =
r and finally gets the theorem t = r, which is again applied to the
subgoal. An Example is available in src/HOL/ex/ReflectionEx.thy.
* Reflection: Automatic reification now handels binding, an example is
available in src/HOL/ex/ReflectionEx.thy
* HOL-Statespace: ``State Spaces: The Locale Way'' introduces a
command 'statespace' that is similar to 'record', but introduces an
abstract specification based on the locale infrastructure instead of
HOL types. This leads to extra flexibility in composing state spaces,
in particular multiple inheritance and renaming of components.
*** HOL-Complex ***
* Hyperreal: Functions root and sqrt are now defined on negative real
inputs so that root n (- x) = - root n x and sqrt (- x) = - sqrt x.
Nonnegativity side conditions have been removed from many lemmas, so
that more subgoals may now be solved by simplification; potential
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Real: new type classes formalize real normed vector spaces and
algebras, using new overloaded constants scaleR :: real => 'a => 'a
and norm :: 'a => real.
* Real: constant of_real :: real => 'a::real_algebra_1 injects from
reals into other types. The overloaded constant Reals :: 'a set is now
defined as range of_real; potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Real: proper support for ML code generation, including 'quickcheck'.
Reals are implemented as arbitrary precision rationals.
* Hyperreal: Several constants that previously worked only for the
reals have been generalized, so they now work over arbitrary vector
spaces. Type annotations may need to be added in some cases; potential
INCOMPATIBILITY.
Infinitesimal :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set
HFinite :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set
HInfinite :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set
approx :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star => bool
monad :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star set
galaxy :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star set
(NS)LIMSEQ :: [nat => 'a::real_normed_vector, 'a] => bool
(NS)convergent :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool
(NS)Bseq :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool
(NS)Cauchy :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool
(NS)LIM :: ['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector, 'a, 'b] => bool
is(NS)Cont :: ['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector, 'a] => bool
deriv :: ['a::real_normed_field => 'a, 'a, 'a] => bool
sgn :: 'a::real_normed_vector => 'a
exp :: 'a::{recpower,real_normed_field,banach} => 'a
* Complex: Some complex-specific constants are now abbreviations for
overloaded ones: complex_of_real = of_real, cmod = norm, hcmod =
hnorm. Other constants have been entirely removed in favor of the
polymorphic versions (INCOMPATIBILITY):
approx <-- capprox
HFinite <-- CFinite
HInfinite <-- CInfinite
Infinitesimal <-- CInfinitesimal
monad <-- cmonad
galaxy <-- cgalaxy
(NS)LIM <-- (NS)CLIM, (NS)CRLIM
is(NS)Cont <-- is(NS)Contc, is(NS)contCR
(ns)deriv <-- (ns)cderiv
*** HOL-Algebra ***
* Formalisation of ideals and the quotient construction over rings.
* Order and lattice theory no longer based on records.
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Renamed lemmas least_carrier -> least_closed and greatest_carrier ->
greatest_closed. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Method algebra is now set up via an attribute. For examples see
Ring.thy. INCOMPATIBILITY: the method is now weaker on combinations
of algebraic structures.
* Renamed theory CRing to Ring.
*** HOL-Nominal ***
* Substantial, yet incomplete support for nominal datatypes (binding
structures) based on HOL-Nominal logic. See src/HOL/Nominal and
src/HOL/Nominal/Examples. Prospective users should consult
http://isabelle.in.tum.de/nominal/
*** ML ***
* ML basics: just one true type int, which coincides with IntInf.int
(even on SML/NJ).
* ML within Isar: antiquotations allow to embed statically-checked
formal entities in the source, referring to the context available at
compile-time. For example:
ML {* @{sort "{zero,one}"} *}
ML {* @{typ "'a => 'b"} *}
ML {* @{term "%x. x"} *}
ML {* @{prop "x == y"} *}
ML {* @{ctyp "'a => 'b"} *}
ML {* @{cterm "%x. x"} *}
ML {* @{cprop "x == y"} *}
ML {* @{thm asm_rl} *}
ML {* @{thms asm_rl} *}
ML {* @{type_name c} *}
ML {* @{type_syntax c} *}
ML {* @{const_name c} *}
ML {* @{const_syntax c} *}
ML {* @{context} *}
ML {* @{theory} *}
ML {* @{theory Pure} *}
ML {* @{theory_ref} *}
ML {* @{theory_ref Pure} *}
ML {* @{simpset} *}
ML {* @{claset} *}
ML {* @{clasimpset} *}
The same works for sources being ``used'' within an Isar context.
* ML in Isar: improved error reporting; extra verbosity with
ML_Context.trace enabled.
* Pure/General/table.ML: the join operations now works via exceptions
DUP/SAME instead of type option. This is simpler in simple cases, and
admits slightly more efficient complex applications.
* Pure: 'advanced' translation functions (parse_translation etc.) now
use Context.generic instead of just theory.
* Pure: datatype Context.generic joins theory/Proof.context and
provides some facilities for code that works in either kind of
context, notably GenericDataFun for uniform theory and proof data.
* Pure: simplified internal attribute type, which is now always
Context.generic * thm -> Context.generic * thm. Global (theory) vs.
local (Proof.context) attributes have been discontinued, while
minimizing code duplication. Thm.rule_attribute and
Thm.declaration_attribute build canonical attributes; see also structure
Context for further operations on Context.generic, notably
GenericDataFun. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt attribute type
declarations and definitions.
* Context data interfaces (Theory/Proof/GenericDataFun): removed
name/print, uninitialized data defaults to ad-hoc copy of empty value,
init only required for impure data. INCOMPATIBILITY: empty really need
to be empty (no dependencies on theory content!)
* Pure/kernel: consts certification ignores sort constraints given in
signature declarations. (This information is not relevant to the
logic, but only for type inference.) SIGNIFICANT INTERNAL CHANGE,
potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Pure: axiomatic type classes are now purely definitional, with
explicit proofs of class axioms and super class relations performed
internally. See Pure/axclass.ML for the main internal interfaces --
notably AxClass.define_class supercedes AxClass.add_axclass, and
AxClass.axiomatize_class/classrel/arity supersede
Sign.add_classes/classrel/arities.
* Pure/Isar: Args/Attrib parsers operate on Context.generic --
global/local versions on theory vs. Proof.context have been
discontinued; Attrib.syntax and Method.syntax have been adapted
accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt parser expressions for
attributes, methods, etc.
* Pure: several functions of signature "... -> theory -> theory * ..."
have been reoriented to "... -> theory -> ... * theory" in order to
allow natural usage in combination with the ||>, ||>>, |-> and
fold_map combinators.
* Pure: official theorem names (closed derivations) and additional
comments (tags) are now strictly separate. Name hints -- which are
maintained as tags -- may be attached any time without affecting the
derivation.
* Pure: primitive rule lift_rule now takes goal cterm instead of an
actual goal state (thm). Use Thm.lift_rule (Thm.cprem_of st i) to
achieve the old behaviour.
* Pure: the "Goal" constant is now called "prop", supporting a
slightly more general idea of ``protecting'' meta-level rule
statements.
* Pure: Logic.(un)varify only works in a global context, which is now
enforced instead of silently assumed. INCOMPATIBILITY, may use
Logic.legacy_(un)varify as temporary workaround.
* Pure: structure Name provides scalable operations for generating
internal variable names, notably Name.variants etc. This replaces
some popular functions from term.ML:
Term.variant -> Name.variant
Term.variantlist -> Name.variant_list
Term.invent_names -> Name.invent_list
Note that low-level renaming rarely occurs in new code -- operations
from structure Variable are used instead (see below).
* Pure: structure Variable provides fundamental operations for proper
treatment of fixed/schematic variables in a context. For example,
Variable.import introduces fixes for schematics of given facts and
Variable.export reverses the effect (up to renaming) -- this replaces
various freeze_thaw operations.
* Pure: structure Goal provides simple interfaces for
init/conclude/finish and tactical prove operations (replacing former
Tactic.prove). Goal.prove is the canonical way to prove results
within a given context; Goal.prove_global is a degraded version for
theory level goals, including a global Drule.standard. Note that
OldGoals.prove_goalw_cterm has long been obsolete, since it is
ill-behaved in a local proof context (e.g. with local fixes/assumes or
in a locale context).
* Pure/Syntax: generic interfaces for parsing (Syntax.parse_term etc.)
and type checking (Syntax.check_term etc.), with common combinations
(Syntax.read_term etc.). These supersede former Sign.read_term etc.
which are considered legacy and await removal.
* Pure/Syntax: generic interfaces for type unchecking
(Syntax.uncheck_terms etc.) and unparsing (Syntax.unparse_term etc.),
with common combinations (Syntax.pretty_term, Syntax.string_of_term
etc.). Former Sign.pretty_term, Sign.string_of_term etc. are still
available for convenience, but refer to the very same operations using
a mere theory instead of a full context.
* Isar: simplified treatment of user-level errors, using exception
ERROR of string uniformly. Function error now merely raises ERROR,
without any side effect on output channels. The Isar toplevel takes
care of proper display of ERROR exceptions. ML code may use plain
handle/can/try; cat_error may be used to concatenate errors like this:
... handle ERROR msg => cat_error msg "..."
Toplevel ML code (run directly or through the Isar toplevel) may be
embedded into the Isar toplevel with exception display/debug like
this:
Isar.toplevel (fn () => ...)
INCOMPATIBILITY, removed special transform_error facilities, removed
obsolete variants of user-level exceptions (ERROR_MESSAGE,
Context.PROOF, ProofContext.CONTEXT, Proof.STATE, ProofHistory.FAIL)
-- use plain ERROR instead.
* Isar: theory setup now has type (theory -> theory), instead of a
list. INCOMPATIBILITY, may use #> to compose setup functions.
* Isar: ML toplevel pretty printer for type Proof.context, subject to
ProofContext.debug/verbose flags.
* Isar: Toplevel.theory_to_proof admits transactions that modify the
theory before entering a proof state. Transactions now always see a
quasi-functional intermediate checkpoint, both in interactive and
batch mode.
* Isar: simplified interfaces for outer syntax. Renamed
OuterSyntax.add_keywords to OuterSyntax.keywords. Removed
OuterSyntax.add_parsers -- this functionality is now included in
OuterSyntax.command etc. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Simplifier: the simpset of a running simplification process now
contains a proof context (cf. Simplifier.the_context), which is the
very context that the initial simpset has been retrieved from (by
simpset_of/local_simpset_of). Consequently, all plug-in components
(solver, looper etc.) may depend on arbitrary proof data.
* Simplifier.inherit_context inherits the proof context (plus the
local bounds) of the current simplification process; any simproc
etc. that calls the Simplifier recursively should do this! Removed
former Simplifier.inherit_bounds, which is already included here --
INCOMPATIBILITY. Tools based on low-level rewriting may even have to
specify an explicit context using Simplifier.context/theory_context.
* Simplifier/Classical Reasoner: more abstract interfaces
change_simpset/claset for modifying the simpset/claset reference of a
theory; raw versions simpset/claset_ref etc. have been discontinued --
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Provers: more generic wrt. syntax of object-logics, avoid hardwired
"Trueprop" etc.
*** System ***
* settings: the default heap location within ISABELLE_HOME_USER now
includes ISABELLE_IDENTIFIER. This simplifies use of multiple
Isabelle installations.
* isabelle-process: option -S (secure mode) disables some critical
operations, notably runtime compilation and evaluation of ML source
code.
* Basic Isabelle mode for jEdit, see Isabelle/lib/jedit/.
* Support for parallel execution, using native multicore support of
Poly/ML 5.1. The theory loader exploits parallelism when processing
independent theories, according to the given theory header
specifications. The maximum number of worker threads is specified via
usedir option -M or the "max-threads" setting in Proof General. A
speedup factor of 1.5--3.5 can be expected on a 4-core machine, and up
to 6 on a 8-core machine. User-code needs to observe certain
guidelines for thread-safe programming, see appendix A in the Isar
Implementation manual.
New in Isabelle2005 (October 2005)
----------------------------------
*** General ***
* Theory headers: the new header syntax for Isar theories is
theory <name>
imports <theory1> ... <theoryN>
uses <file1> ... <fileM>
begin
where the 'uses' part is optional. The previous syntax
theory <name> = <theory1> + ... + <theoryN>:
will disappear in the next release. Use isatool fixheaders to convert
existing theory files. Note that there is no change in ancient
non-Isar theories now, but these will disappear soon.
* Theory loader: parent theories can now also be referred to via
relative and absolute paths.
* Command 'find_theorems' searches for a list of criteria instead of a
list of constants. Known criteria are: intro, elim, dest, name:string,
simp:term, and any term. Criteria can be preceded by '-' to select
theorems that do not match. Intro, elim, dest select theorems that
match the current goal, name:s selects theorems whose fully qualified
name contain s, and simp:term selects all simplification rules whose
lhs match term. Any other term is interpreted as pattern and selects
all theorems matching the pattern. Available in ProofGeneral under
'ProofGeneral -> Find Theorems' or C-c C-f. Example:
C-c C-f (100) "(_::nat) + _ + _" intro -name: "HOL."
prints the last 100 theorems matching the pattern "(_::nat) + _ + _",
matching the current goal as introduction rule and not having "HOL."
in their name (i.e. not being defined in theory HOL).
* Command 'thms_containing' has been discontinued in favour of
'find_theorems'; INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Communication with Proof General is now 8bit clean, which means that
Unicode text in UTF-8 encoding may be used within theory texts (both
formal and informal parts). Cf. option -U of the Isabelle Proof
General interface. Here are some simple examples (cf. src/HOL/ex):
http://isabelle.in.tum.de/library/HOL/ex/Hebrew.html
http://isabelle.in.tum.de/library/HOL/ex/Chinese.html
* Improved efficiency of the Simplifier and, to a lesser degree, the
Classical Reasoner. Typical big applications run around 2 times
faster.
*** Document preparation ***
* Commands 'display_drafts' and 'print_drafts' perform simple output
of raw sources. Only those symbols that do not require additional
LaTeX packages (depending on comments in isabellesym.sty) are
displayed properly, everything else is left verbatim. isatool display
and isatool print are used as front ends (these are subject to the
DVI/PDF_VIEWER and PRINT_COMMAND settings, respectively).
* Command tags control specific markup of certain regions of text,
notably folding and hiding. Predefined tags include "theory" (for
theory begin and end), "proof" for proof commands, and "ML" for
commands involving ML code; the additional tags "visible" and
"invisible" are unused by default. Users may give explicit tag
specifications in the text, e.g. ''by %invisible (auto)''. The
interpretation of tags is determined by the LaTeX job during document
preparation: see option -V of isatool usedir, or options -n and -t of
isatool document, or even the LaTeX macros \isakeeptag, \isafoldtag,
\isadroptag.
Several document versions may be produced at the same time via isatool
usedir (the generated index.html will link all of them). Typical
specifications include ''-V document=theory,proof,ML'' to present
theory/proof/ML parts faithfully, ''-V outline=/proof,/ML'' to fold
proof and ML commands, and ''-V mutilated=-theory,-proof,-ML'' to omit
these parts without any formal replacement text. The Isabelle site
default settings produce ''document'' and ''outline'' versions as
specified above.
* Several new antiquotations:
@{term_type term} prints a term with its type annotated;
@{typeof term} prints the type of a term;
@{const const} is the same as @{term const}, but checks that the
argument is a known logical constant;
@{term_style style term} and @{thm_style style thm} print a term or
theorem applying a "style" to it
@{ML text}
Predefined styles are 'lhs' and 'rhs' printing the lhs/rhs of
definitions, equations, inequations etc., 'concl' printing only the
conclusion of a meta-logical statement theorem, and 'prem1' .. 'prem19'
to print the specified premise. TermStyle.add_style provides an ML
interface for introducing further styles. See also the "LaTeX Sugar"
document practical applications. The ML antiquotation prints
type-checked ML expressions verbatim.
* Markup commands 'chapter', 'section', 'subsection', 'subsubsection',
and 'text' support optional locale specification '(in loc)', which
specifies the default context for interpreting antiquotations. For
example: 'text (in lattice) {* @{thm inf_assoc}*}'.
* Option 'locale=NAME' of antiquotations specifies an alternative
context interpreting the subsequent argument. For example: @{thm
[locale=lattice] inf_assoc}.
* Proper output of proof terms (@{prf ...} and @{full_prf ...}) within
a proof context.
* Proper output of antiquotations for theory commands involving a
proof context (such as 'locale' or 'theorem (in loc) ...').
* Delimiters of outer tokens (string etc.) now produce separate LaTeX
macros (\isachardoublequoteopen, isachardoublequoteclose etc.).
* isatool usedir: new option -C (default true) controls whether option
-D should include a copy of the original document directory; -C false
prevents unwanted effects such as copying of administrative CVS data.
*** Pure ***
* Considerably improved version of 'constdefs' command. Now performs
automatic type-inference of declared constants; additional support for
local structure declarations (cf. locales and HOL records), see also
isar-ref manual. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY: need to observe strictly
sequential dependencies of definitions within a single 'constdefs'
section; moreover, the declared name needs to be an identifier. If
all fails, consider to fall back on 'consts' and 'defs' separately.
* Improved indexed syntax and implicit structures. First of all,
indexed syntax provides a notational device for subscripted
application, using the new syntax \<^bsub>term\<^esub> for arbitrary
expressions. Secondly, in a local context with structure
declarations, number indexes \<^sub>n or the empty index (default
number 1) refer to a certain fixed variable implicitly; option
show_structs controls printing of implicit structures. Typical
applications of these concepts involve record types and locales.
* New command 'no_syntax' removes grammar declarations (and
translations) resulting from the given syntax specification, which is
interpreted in the same manner as for the 'syntax' command.
* 'Advanced' translation functions (parse_translation etc.) may depend
on the signature of the theory context being presently used for
parsing/printing, see also isar-ref manual.
* Improved 'oracle' command provides a type-safe interface to turn an
ML expression of type theory -> T -> term into a primitive rule of
type theory -> T -> thm (i.e. the functionality of Thm.invoke_oracle
is already included here); see also FOL/ex/IffExample.thy;
INCOMPATIBILITY.
* axclass: name space prefix for class "c" is now "c_class" (was "c"
before); "cI" is no longer bound, use "c.intro" instead.
INCOMPATIBILITY. This change avoids clashes of fact bindings for
axclasses vs. locales.
* Improved internal renaming of symbolic identifiers -- attach primes
instead of base 26 numbers.
* New flag show_question_marks controls printing of leading question
marks in schematic variable names.
* In schematic variable names, *any* symbol following \<^isub> or
\<^isup> is now treated as part of the base name. For example, the
following works without printing of awkward ".0" indexes:
lemma "x\<^isub>1 = x\<^isub>2 ==> x\<^isub>2 = x\<^isub>1"
by simp
* Inner syntax includes (*(*nested*) comments*).
* Pretty printer now supports unbreakable blocks, specified in mixfix
annotations as "(00...)".
* Clear separation of logical types and nonterminals, where the latter
may only occur in 'syntax' specifications or type abbreviations.
Before that distinction was only partially implemented via type class
"logic" vs. "{}". Potential INCOMPATIBILITY in rare cases of improper
use of 'types'/'consts' instead of 'nonterminals'/'syntax'. Some very
exotic syntax specifications may require further adaption
(e.g. Cube/Cube.thy).
* Removed obsolete type class "logic", use the top sort {} instead.
Note that non-logical types should be declared as 'nonterminals'
rather than 'types'. INCOMPATIBILITY for new object-logic
specifications.
* Attributes 'induct' and 'cases': type or set names may now be
locally fixed variables as well.
* Simplifier: can now control the depth to which conditional rewriting
is traced via the PG menu Isabelle -> Settings -> Trace Simp Depth
Limit.
* Simplifier: simplification procedures may now take the current
simpset into account (cf. Simplifier.simproc(_i) / mk_simproc
interface), which is very useful for calling the Simplifier
recursively. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY: the 'prems' argument of simprocs
is gone -- use prems_of_ss on the simpset instead. Moreover, the
low-level mk_simproc no longer applies Logic.varify internally, to
allow for use in a context of fixed variables.
* thin_tac now works even if the assumption being deleted contains !!
or ==>. More generally, erule now works even if the major premise of
the elimination rule contains !! or ==>.
* Method 'rules' has been renamed to 'iprover'. INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Reorganized bootstrapping of the Pure theories; CPure is now derived
from Pure, which contains all common declarations already. Both
theories are defined via plain Isabelle/Isar .thy files.
INCOMPATIBILITY: elements of CPure (such as the CPure.intro /
CPure.elim / CPure.dest attributes) now appear in the Pure name space;
use isatool fixcpure to adapt your theory and ML sources.
* New syntax 'name(i-j, i-, i, ...)' for referring to specific
selections of theorems in named facts via index ranges.
* 'print_theorems': in theory mode, really print the difference
wrt. the last state (works for interactive theory development only),
in proof mode print all local facts (cf. 'print_facts');
* 'hide': option '(open)' hides only base names.
* More efficient treatment of intermediate checkpoints in interactive
theory development.
* Code generator is now invoked via code_module (incremental code
generation) and code_library (modular code generation, ML structures
for each theory). INCOMPATIBILITY: new keywords 'file' and 'contains'
must be quoted when used as identifiers.
* New 'value' command for reading, evaluating and printing terms using
the code generator. INCOMPATIBILITY: command keyword 'value' must be
quoted when used as identifier.
*** Locales ***
* New commands for the interpretation of locale expressions in
theories (1), locales (2) and proof contexts (3). These generate
proof obligations from the expression specification. After the
obligations have been discharged, theorems of the expression are added
to the theory, target locale or proof context. The synopsis of the
commands is a follows:
(1) interpretation expr inst
(2) interpretation target < expr
(3) interpret expr inst
Interpretation in theories and proof contexts require a parameter
instantiation of terms from the current context. This is applied to
specifications and theorems of the interpreted expression.
Interpretation in locales only permits parameter renaming through the
locale expression. Interpretation is smart in that interpretations
that are active already do not occur in proof obligations, neither are
instantiated theorems stored in duplicate. Use 'print_interps' to
inspect active interpretations of a particular locale. For details,
see the Isar Reference manual. Examples can be found in
HOL/Finite_Set.thy and HOL/Algebra/UnivPoly.thy.
INCOMPATIBILITY: former 'instantiate' has been withdrawn, use
'interpret' instead.
* New context element 'constrains' for adding type constraints to
parameters.
* Context expressions: renaming of parameters with syntax
redeclaration.
* Locale declaration: 'includes' disallowed.
* Proper static binding of attribute syntax -- i.e. types / terms /
facts mentioned as arguments are always those of the locale definition
context, independently of the context of later invocations. Moreover,
locale operations (renaming and type / term instantiation) are applied
to attribute arguments as expected.
INCOMPATIBILITY of the ML interface: always pass Attrib.src instead of
actual attributes; rare situations may require Attrib.attribute to
embed those attributes into Attrib.src that lack concrete syntax.
Attribute implementations need to cooperate properly with the static
binding mechanism. Basic parsers Args.XXX_typ/term/prop and
Attrib.XXX_thm etc. already do the right thing without further
intervention. Only unusual applications -- such as "where" or "of"
(cf. src/Pure/Isar/attrib.ML), which process arguments depending both
on the context and the facts involved -- may have to assign parsed
values to argument tokens explicitly.
* Changed parameter management in theorem generation for long goal
statements with 'includes'. INCOMPATIBILITY: produces a different
theorem statement in rare situations.
* Locale inspection command 'print_locale' omits notes elements. Use
'print_locale!' to have them included in the output.
*** Provers ***
* Provers/hypsubst.ML: improved version of the subst method, for
single-step rewriting: it now works in bound variable contexts. New is
'subst (asm)', for rewriting an assumption. INCOMPATIBILITY: may
rewrite a different subterm than the original subst method, which is
still available as 'simplesubst'.
* Provers/quasi.ML: new transitivity reasoners for transitivity only
and quasi orders.
* Provers/trancl.ML: new transitivity reasoner for transitive and
reflexive-transitive closure of relations.
* Provers/blast.ML: new reference depth_limit to make blast's depth
limit (previously hard-coded with a value of 20) user-definable.
* Provers/simplifier.ML has been moved to Pure, where Simplifier.setup
is peformed already. Object-logics merely need to finish their
initial simpset configuration as before. INCOMPATIBILITY.
*** HOL ***
* Symbolic syntax of Hilbert Choice Operator is now as follows:
syntax (epsilon)
"_Eps" :: "[pttrn, bool] => 'a" ("(3\<some>_./ _)" [0, 10] 10)
The symbol \<some> is displayed as the alternative epsilon of LaTeX
and x-symbol; use option '-m epsilon' to get it actually printed.
Moreover, the mathematically important symbolic identifier \<epsilon>
becomes available as variable, constant etc. INCOMPATIBILITY,
* "x > y" abbreviates "y < x" and "x >= y" abbreviates "y <= x".
Similarly for all quantifiers: "ALL x > y" etc. The x-symbol for >=
is \<ge>. New transitivity rules have been added to HOL/Orderings.thy to
support corresponding Isar calculations.
* "{x:A. P}" abbreviates "{x. x:A & P}", and similarly for "\<in>"
instead of ":".
* theory SetInterval: changed the syntax for open intervals:
Old New
{..n(} {..<n}
{)n..} {n<..}
{m..n(} {m..<n}
{)m..n} {m<..n}
{)m..n(} {m<..<n}
The old syntax is still supported but will disappear in the next
release. For conversion use the following Emacs search and replace
patterns (these are not perfect but work quite well):
{)\([^\.]*\)\.\. -> {\1<\.\.}
\.\.\([^(}]*\)(} -> \.\.<\1}
* Theory Commutative_Ring (in Library): method comm_ring for proving
equalities in commutative rings; method 'algebra' provides a generic
interface.
* Theory Finite_Set: changed the syntax for 'setsum', summation over
finite sets: "setsum (%x. e) A", which used to be "\<Sum>x:A. e", is
now either "SUM x:A. e" or "\<Sum>x \<in> A. e". The bound variable can
be a tuple pattern.
Some new syntax forms are available:
"\<Sum>x | P. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {x. P}"
"\<Sum>x = a..b. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {a..b}"
"\<Sum>x = a..<b. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {a..<b}"
"\<Sum>x < k. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {..<k}"
The latter form "\<Sum>x < k. e" used to be based on a separate
function "Summation", which has been discontinued.
* theory Finite_Set: in structured induction proofs, the insert case
is now 'case (insert x F)' instead of the old counterintuitive 'case
(insert F x)'.
* The 'refute' command has been extended to support a much larger
fragment of HOL, including axiomatic type classes, constdefs and
typedefs, inductive datatypes and recursion.
* New tactics 'sat' and 'satx' to prove propositional tautologies.
Requires zChaff with proof generation to be installed. See
HOL/ex/SAT_Examples.thy for examples.
* Datatype induction via method 'induct' now preserves the name of the
induction variable. For example, when proving P(xs::'a list) by
induction on xs, the induction step is now P(xs) ==> P(a#xs) rather
than P(list) ==> P(a#list) as previously. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY
in unstructured proof scripts.
* Reworked implementation of records. Improved scalability for
records with many fields, avoiding performance problems for type
inference. Records are no longer composed of nested field types, but
of nested extension types. Therefore the record type only grows linear
in the number of extensions and not in the number of fields. The
top-level (users) view on records is preserved. Potential
INCOMPATIBILITY only in strange cases, where the theory depends on the
old record representation. The type generated for a record is called
<record_name>_ext_type.
Flag record_quick_and_dirty_sensitive can be enabled to skip the
proofs triggered by a record definition or a simproc (if
quick_and_dirty is enabled). Definitions of large records can take
quite long.
New simproc record_upd_simproc for simplification of multiple record
updates enabled by default. Moreover, trivial updates are also
removed: r(|x := x r|) = r. INCOMPATIBILITY: old proofs break
occasionally, since simplification is more powerful by default.
* typedef: proper support for polymorphic sets, which contain extra
type-variables in the term.
* Simplifier: automatically reasons about transitivity chains
involving "trancl" (r^+) and "rtrancl" (r^*) by setting up tactics
provided by Provers/trancl.ML as additional solvers. INCOMPATIBILITY:
old proofs break occasionally as simplification may now solve more
goals than previously.
* Simplifier: converts x <= y into x = y if assumption y <= x is
present. Works for all partial orders (class "order"), in particular
numbers and sets. For linear orders (e.g. numbers) it treats ~ x < y
just like y <= x.
* Simplifier: new simproc for "let x = a in f x". If a is a free or
bound variable or a constant then the let is unfolded. Otherwise
first a is simplified to b, and then f b is simplified to g. If
possible we abstract b from g arriving at "let x = b in h x",
otherwise we unfold the let and arrive at g. The simproc can be
enabled/disabled by the reference use_let_simproc. Potential
INCOMPATIBILITY since simplification is more powerful by default.
* Classical reasoning: the meson method now accepts theorems as arguments.
* Prover support: pre-release of the Isabelle-ATP linkup, which runs background
jobs to provide advice on the provability of subgoals.
* Theory OrderedGroup and Ring_and_Field: various additions and
improvements to faciliate calculations involving equalities and
inequalities.
The following theorems have been eliminated or modified
(INCOMPATIBILITY):
abs_eq now named abs_of_nonneg
abs_of_ge_0 now named abs_of_nonneg
abs_minus_eq now named abs_of_nonpos
imp_abs_id now named abs_of_nonneg
imp_abs_neg_id now named abs_of_nonpos
mult_pos now named mult_pos_pos
mult_pos_le now named mult_nonneg_nonneg
mult_pos_neg_le now named mult_nonneg_nonpos
mult_pos_neg2_le now named mult_nonneg_nonpos2
mult_neg now named mult_neg_neg
mult_neg_le now named mult_nonpos_nonpos
* The following lemmas in Ring_and_Field have been added to the simplifier:
zero_le_square
not_square_less_zero
The following lemmas have been deleted from Real/RealPow:
realpow_zero_zero
realpow_two
realpow_less
zero_le_power
realpow_two_le
abs_realpow_two
realpow_two_abs
* Theory Parity: added rules for simplifying exponents.
* Theory List:
The following theorems have been eliminated or modified
(INCOMPATIBILITY):
list_all_Nil now named list_all.simps(1)
list_all_Cons now named list_all.simps(2)
list_all_conv now named list_all_iff
set_mem_eq now named mem_iff
* Theories SetsAndFunctions and BigO (see HOL/Library) support
asymptotic "big O" calculations. See the notes in BigO.thy.
*** HOL-Complex ***
* Theory RealDef: better support for embedding natural numbers and
integers in the reals.
The following theorems have been eliminated or modified
(INCOMPATIBILITY):
exp_ge_add_one_self now requires no hypotheses
real_of_int_add reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
real_of_int_minus reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
real_of_int_diff reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
real_of_int_mult reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
* Theory RComplete: expanded support for floor and ceiling functions.
* Theory Ln is new, with properties of the natural logarithm
* Hyperreal: There is a new type constructor "star" for making
nonstandard types. The old type names are now type synonyms:
hypreal = real star
hypnat = nat star
hcomplex = complex star
* Hyperreal: Many groups of similarly-defined constants have been
replaced by polymorphic versions (INCOMPATIBILITY):
star_of <-- hypreal_of_real, hypnat_of_nat, hcomplex_of_complex
starset <-- starsetNat, starsetC
*s* <-- *sNat*, *sc*
starset_n <-- starsetNat_n, starsetC_n
*sn* <-- *sNatn*, *scn*
InternalSets <-- InternalNatSets, InternalCSets
starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}
*f* <-- *fNat*, *fNat2*, *fc*, *fRc*, *fcR*
starfun_n <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_n
*fn* <-- *fNatn*, *fNat2n*, *fcn*, *fRcn*, *fcRn*
InternalFuns <-- InternalNatFuns, InternalNatFuns2, Internal{C,RC,CR}Funs
* Hyperreal: Many type-specific theorems have been removed in favor of
theorems specific to various axiomatic type classes (INCOMPATIBILITY):
add_commute <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_commute
add_assoc <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_assocs
OrderedGroup.add_0 <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_zero_left
OrderedGroup.add_0_right <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_add_zero_right
right_minus <-- hypreal_add_minus
left_minus <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_add_minus_left
mult_commute <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_mult_commute
mult_assoc <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_mult_assoc
mult_1_left <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_mult_1, hcomplex_mult_one_left
mult_1_right <-- hcomplex_mult_one_right
mult_zero_left <-- hcomplex_mult_zero_left
left_distrib <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_mult_distrib
right_distrib <-- hypnat_add_mult_distrib2
zero_neq_one <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_zero_not_eq_one
right_inverse <-- hypreal_mult_inverse
left_inverse <-- hypreal_mult_inverse_left, hcomplex_mult_inv_left
order_refl <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_refl
order_trans <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_trans
order_antisym <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_anti_sym
order_less_le <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_less_le
linorder_linear <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_linear
add_left_mono <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_add_left_mono
mult_strict_left_mono <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_mult_less_mono2
add_nonneg_nonneg <-- hypreal_le_add_order
* Hyperreal: Separate theorems having to do with type-specific
versions of constants have been merged into theorems that apply to the
new polymorphic constants (INCOMPATIBILITY):
STAR_UNIV_set <-- {STAR_real,NatStar_real,STARC_complex}_set
STAR_empty_set <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_empty_set
STAR_Un <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Un
STAR_Int <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Int
STAR_Compl <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Compl
STAR_subset <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_subset
STAR_mem <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_mem
STAR_mem_Compl <-- {STAR,STARC}_mem_Compl
STAR_diff <-- {STAR,STARC}_diff
STAR_star_of_image_subset <-- {STAR_hypreal_of_real, NatStar_hypreal_of_real,
STARC_hcomplex_of_complex}_image_subset
starset_n_Un <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Un
starset_n_Int <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Int
starset_n_Compl <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Compl
starset_n_diff <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_diff
InternalSets_Un <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Un
InternalSets_Int <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Int
InternalSets_Compl <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Compl
InternalSets_diff <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_diff
InternalSets_UNIV_diff <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_UNIV_diff
InternalSets_starset_n <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_starset{Nat,C}_n
starset_starset_n_eq <-- starset{Nat,C}_starset{Nat,C}_n_eq
starset_n_starset <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_starset{Nat,C}
starfun_n_starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_n_starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}
starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}
starfun_mult <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_mult
starfun_add <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_add
starfun_minus <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_minus
starfun_diff <-- starfun{C,RC,CR}_diff
starfun_o <-- starfun{NatNat2,Nat2,_stafunNat,C,C_starfunRC,_starfunCR}_o
starfun_o2 <-- starfun{NatNat2,_stafunNat,C,C_starfunRC,_starfunCR}_o2
starfun_const_fun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_const_fun
starfun_inverse <-- starfun{Nat,C,RC,CR}_inverse
starfun_eq <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_eq
starfun_eq_iff <-- starfun{C,RC,CR}_eq_iff
starfun_Id <-- starfunC_Id
starfun_approx <-- starfun{Nat,CR}_approx
starfun_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_capprox
starfun_abs <-- starfunNat_rabs
starfun_lambda_cancel <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_lambda_cancel
starfun_lambda_cancel2 <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_lambda_cancel2
starfun_mult_HFinite_approx <-- starfunCR_mult_HFinite_capprox
starfun_mult_CFinite_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_mult_CFinite_capprox
starfun_add_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_add_capprox
starfun_add_approx <-- starfunCR_add_approx
starfun_inverse_inverse <-- starfunC_inverse_inverse
starfun_divide <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_divide
starfun_n <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n
starfun_n_mult <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_mult
starfun_n_add <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_add
starfun_n_add_minus <-- starfunNat_n_add_minus
starfun_n_const_fun <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_const_fun
starfun_n_minus <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_minus
starfun_n_eq <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_eq
star_n_add <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add
star_n_minus <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_minus
star_n_diff <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_diff
star_n_mult <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_mult
star_n_inverse <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_inverse
star_n_le <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le
star_n_less <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_less
star_n_zero_num <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_zero_num
star_n_one_num <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_one_num
star_n_abs <-- hypreal_hrabs
star_n_divide <-- hcomplex_divide
star_of_add <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_add
star_of_minus <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_minus
star_of_diff <-- hypreal_of_real_diff
star_of_mult <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_mult
star_of_one <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_one
star_of_zero <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_zero
star_of_le <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat}_le_iff
star_of_less <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat}_less_iff
star_of_eq <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_eq_iff
star_of_inverse <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_inverse
star_of_divide <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_divide
star_of_of_nat <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_of_nat
star_of_of_int <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_of_int
star_of_number_of <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_number_of
star_of_number_less <-- number_of_less_hypreal_of_real_iff
star_of_number_le <-- number_of_le_hypreal_of_real_iff
star_of_eq_number <-- hypreal_of_real_eq_number_of_iff
star_of_less_number <-- hypreal_of_real_less_number_of_iff
star_of_le_number <-- hypreal_of_real_le_number_of_iff
star_of_power <-- hypreal_of_real_power
star_of_eq_0 <-- hcomplex_of_complex_zero_iff
* Hyperreal: new method "transfer" that implements the transfer
principle of nonstandard analysis. With a subgoal that mentions
nonstandard types like "'a star", the command "apply transfer"
replaces it with an equivalent one that mentions only standard types.
To be successful, all free variables must have standard types; non-
standard variables must have explicit universal quantifiers.
* Hyperreal: A theory of Taylor series.
*** HOLCF ***
* Discontinued special version of 'constdefs' (which used to support
continuous functions) in favor of the general Pure one with full
type-inference.
* New simplification procedure for solving continuity conditions; it
is much faster on terms with many nested lambda abstractions (cubic
instead of exponential time).
* New syntax for domain package: selector names are now optional.
Parentheses should be omitted unless argument is lazy, for example:
domain 'a stream = cons "'a" (lazy "'a stream")
* New command 'fixrec' for defining recursive functions with pattern
matching; defining multiple functions with mutual recursion is also
supported. Patterns may include the constants cpair, spair, up, sinl,
sinr, or any data constructor defined by the domain package. The given
equations are proven as rewrite rules. See HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for
syntax and examples.
* New commands 'cpodef' and 'pcpodef' for defining predicate subtypes
of cpo and pcpo types. Syntax is exactly like the 'typedef' command,
but the proof obligation additionally includes an admissibility
requirement. The packages generate instances of class cpo or pcpo,
with continuity and strictness theorems for Rep and Abs.
* HOLCF: Many theorems have been renamed according to a more standard naming
scheme (INCOMPATIBILITY):
foo_inject: "foo$x = foo$y ==> x = y"
foo_eq: "(foo$x = foo$y) = (x = y)"
foo_less: "(foo$x << foo$y) = (x << y)"
foo_strict: "foo$UU = UU"
foo_defined: "... ==> foo$x ~= UU"
foo_defined_iff: "(foo$x = UU) = (x = UU)"
*** ZF ***
* ZF/ex: theories Group and Ring provide examples in abstract algebra,
including the First Isomorphism Theorem (on quotienting by the kernel
of a homomorphism).
* ZF/Simplifier: install second copy of type solver that actually
makes use of TC rules declared to Isar proof contexts (or locales);
the old version is still required for ML proof scripts.
*** Cube ***
* Converted to Isar theory format; use locales instead of axiomatic
theories.
*** ML ***
* Pure/library.ML: added ##>, ##>>, #>> -- higher-order counterparts
for ||>, ||>>, |>>,
* Pure/library.ML no longer defines its own option datatype, but uses
that of the SML basis, which has constructors NONE and SOME instead of
None and Some, as well as exception Option.Option instead of OPTION.
The functions the, if_none, is_some, is_none have been adapted
accordingly, while Option.map replaces apsome.
* Pure/library.ML: the exception LIST has been given up in favour of
the standard exceptions Empty and Subscript, as well as
Library.UnequalLengths. Function like Library.hd and Library.tl are
superceded by the standard hd and tl functions etc.
A number of basic list functions are no longer exported to the ML
toplevel, as they are variants of predefined functions. The following
suggests how one can translate existing code:
rev_append xs ys = List.revAppend (xs, ys)
nth_elem (i, xs) = List.nth (xs, i)
last_elem xs = List.last xs
flat xss = List.concat xss
seq fs = List.app fs
partition P xs = List.partition P xs
mapfilter f xs = List.mapPartial f xs
* Pure/library.ML: several combinators for linear functional
transformations, notably reverse application and composition:
x |> f f #> g
(x, y) |-> f f #-> g
* Pure/library.ML: introduced/changed precedence of infix operators:
infix 1 |> |-> ||> ||>> |>> |>>> #> #->;
infix 2 ?;
infix 3 o oo ooo oooo;
infix 4 ~~ upto downto;
Maybe INCOMPATIBILITY when any of those is used in conjunction with other
infix operators.
* Pure/library.ML: natural list combinators fold, fold_rev, and
fold_map support linear functional transformations and nesting. For
example:
fold f [x1, ..., xN] y =
y |> f x1 |> ... |> f xN
(fold o fold) f [xs1, ..., xsN] y =
y |> fold f xs1 |> ... |> fold f xsN
fold f [x1, ..., xN] =
f x1 #> ... #> f xN
(fold o fold) f [xs1, ..., xsN] =
fold f xs1 #> ... #> fold f xsN
* Pure/library.ML: the following selectors on type 'a option are
available:
the: 'a option -> 'a (*partial*)
these: 'a option -> 'a where 'a = 'b list
the_default: 'a -> 'a option -> 'a
the_list: 'a option -> 'a list
* Pure/General: structure AList (cf. Pure/General/alist.ML) provides
basic operations for association lists, following natural argument
order; moreover the explicit equality predicate passed here avoids
potentially expensive polymorphic runtime equality checks.
The old functions may be expressed as follows:
assoc = uncurry (AList.lookup (op =))
assocs = these oo AList.lookup (op =)
overwrite = uncurry (AList.update (op =)) o swap
* Pure/General: structure AList (cf. Pure/General/alist.ML) provides
val make: ('a -> 'b) -> 'a list -> ('a * 'b) list
val find: ('a * 'b -> bool) -> ('c * 'b) list -> 'a -> 'c list
replacing make_keylist and keyfilter (occassionally used)
Naive rewrites:
make_keylist = AList.make
keyfilter = AList.find (op =)
* eq_fst and eq_snd now take explicit equality parameter, thus
avoiding eqtypes. Naive rewrites:
eq_fst = eq_fst (op =)
eq_snd = eq_snd (op =)
* Removed deprecated apl and apr (rarely used).
Naive rewrites:
apl (n, op) =>>= curry op n
apr (op, m) =>>= fn n => op (n, m)
* Pure/General: structure OrdList (cf. Pure/General/ord_list.ML)
provides a reasonably efficient light-weight implementation of sets as
lists.
* Pure/General: generic tables (cf. Pure/General/table.ML) provide a
few new operations; existing lookup and update are now curried to
follow natural argument order (for use with fold etc.);
INCOMPATIBILITY, use (uncurry Symtab.lookup) etc. as last resort.
* Pure/General: output via the Isabelle channels of
writeln/warning/error etc. is now passed through Output.output, with a
hook for arbitrary transformations depending on the print_mode
(cf. Output.add_mode -- the first active mode that provides a output
function wins). Already formatted output may be embedded into further
text via Output.raw; the result of Pretty.string_of/str_of and derived
functions (string_of_term/cterm/thm etc.) is already marked raw to
accommodate easy composition of diagnostic messages etc. Programmers
rarely need to care about Output.output or Output.raw at all, with
some notable exceptions: Output.output is required when bypassing the
standard channels (writeln etc.), or in token translations to produce
properly formatted results; Output.raw is required when capturing
already output material that will eventually be presented to the user
a second time. For the default print mode, both Output.output and
Output.raw have no effect.
* Pure/General: Output.time_accumulator NAME creates an operator ('a
-> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b to measure runtime and count invocations; the
cumulative results are displayed at the end of a batch session.
* Pure/General: File.sysify_path and File.quote_sysify path have been
replaced by File.platform_path and File.shell_path (with appropriate
hooks). This provides a clean interface for unusual systems where the
internal and external process view of file names are different.
* Pure: more efficient orders for basic syntactic entities: added
fast_string_ord, fast_indexname_ord, fast_term_ord; changed sort_ord
and typ_ord to use fast_string_ord and fast_indexname_ord (term_ord is
NOT affected); structures Symtab, Vartab, Typtab, Termtab use the fast
orders now -- potential INCOMPATIBILITY for code that depends on a
particular order for Symtab.keys, Symtab.dest, etc. (consider using
Library.sort_strings on result).
* Pure/term.ML: combinators fold_atyps, fold_aterms, fold_term_types,
fold_types traverse types/terms from left to right, observing natural
argument order. Supercedes previous foldl_XXX versions, add_frees,
add_vars etc. have been adapted as well: INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Pure: name spaces have been refined, with significant changes of the
internal interfaces -- INCOMPATIBILITY. Renamed cond_extern(_table)
to extern(_table). The plain name entry path is superceded by a
general 'naming' context, which also includes the 'policy' to produce
a fully qualified name and external accesses of a fully qualified
name; NameSpace.extend is superceded by context dependent
Sign.declare_name. Several theory and proof context operations modify
the naming context. Especially note Theory.restore_naming and
ProofContext.restore_naming to get back to a sane state; note that
Theory.add_path is no longer sufficient to recover from
Theory.absolute_path in particular.
* Pure: new flags short_names (default false) and unique_names
(default true) for controlling output of qualified names. If
short_names is set, names are printed unqualified. If unique_names is
reset, the name prefix is reduced to the minimum required to achieve
the original result when interning again, even if there is an overlap
with earlier declarations.
* Pure/TheoryDataFun: change of the argument structure; 'prep_ext' is
now 'extend', and 'merge' gets an additional Pretty.pp argument
(useful for printing error messages). INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Pure: major reorganization of the theory context. Type Sign.sg and
Theory.theory are now identified, referring to the universal
Context.theory (see Pure/context.ML). Actual signature and theory
content is managed as theory data. The old code and interfaces were
spread over many files and structures; the new arrangement introduces
considerable INCOMPATIBILITY to gain more clarity:
Context -- theory management operations (name, identity, inclusion,
parents, ancestors, merge, etc.), plus generic theory data;
Sign -- logical signature and syntax operations (declaring consts,
types, etc.), plus certify/read for common entities;
Theory -- logical theory operations (stating axioms, definitions,
oracles), plus a copy of logical signature operations (consts,
types, etc.); also a few basic management operations (Theory.copy,
Theory.merge, etc.)
The most basic sign_of operations (Theory.sign_of, Thm.sign_of_thm
etc.) as well as the sign field in Thm.rep_thm etc. have been retained
for convenience -- they merely return the theory.
* Pure: type Type.tsig is superceded by theory in most interfaces.
* Pure: the Isar proof context type is already defined early in Pure
as Context.proof (note that ProofContext.context and Proof.context are
aliases, where the latter is the preferred name). This enables other
Isabelle components to refer to that type even before Isar is present.
* Pure/sign/theory: discontinued named name spaces (i.e. classK,
typeK, constK, axiomK, oracleK), but provide explicit operations for
any of these kinds. For example, Sign.intern typeK is now
Sign.intern_type, Theory.hide_space Sign.typeK is now
Theory.hide_types. Also note that former
Theory.hide_classes/types/consts are now
Theory.hide_classes_i/types_i/consts_i, while the non '_i' versions
internalize their arguments! INCOMPATIBILITY.
* Pure: get_thm interface (of PureThy and ProofContext) expects
datatype thmref (with constructors Name and NameSelection) instead of
plain string -- INCOMPATIBILITY;
* Pure: cases produced by proof methods specify options, where NONE
means to remove case bindings -- INCOMPATIBILITY in
(RAW_)METHOD_CASES.
* Pure: the following operations retrieve axioms or theorems from a
theory node or theory hierarchy, respectively:
Theory.axioms_of: theory -> (string * term) list
Theory.all_axioms_of: theory -> (string * term) list
PureThy.thms_of: theory -> (string * thm) list
PureThy.all_thms_of: theory -> (string * thm) list
* Pure: print_tac now outputs the goal through the trace channel.
* Isar toplevel: improved diagnostics, mostly for Poly/ML only.
Reference Toplevel.debug (default false) controls detailed printing
and tracing of low-level exceptions; Toplevel.profiling (default 0)
controls execution profiling -- set to 1 for time and 2 for space
(both increase the runtime).
* Isar session: The initial use of ROOT.ML is now always timed,
i.e. the log will show the actual process times, in contrast to the
elapsed wall-clock time that the outer shell wrapper produces.
* Simplifier: improved handling of bound variables (nameless
representation, avoid allocating new strings). Simprocs that invoke
the Simplifier recursively should use Simplifier.inherit_bounds to
avoid local name clashes. Failure to do so produces warnings
"Simplifier: renamed bound variable ..."; set Simplifier.debug_bounds
for further details.
* ML functions legacy_bindings and use_legacy_bindings produce ML fact
bindings for all theorems stored within a given theory; this may help
in porting non-Isar theories to Isar ones, while keeping ML proof
scripts for the time being.
* ML operator HTML.with_charset specifies the charset begin used for
generated HTML files. For example:
HTML.with_charset "utf-8" use_thy "Hebrew";
HTML.with_charset "utf-8" use_thy "Chinese";
*** System ***
* Allow symlinks to all proper Isabelle executables (Isabelle,