replaced generic 'hide' command by more conventional 'hide_class', 'hide_type', 'hide_const', 'hide_fact' -- frees some popular keywords;
(* Title: HOL/Nat.thy
Author: Tobias Nipkow and Lawrence C Paulson and Markus Wenzel
Type "nat" is a linear order, and a datatype; arithmetic operators + -
and * (for div and mod, see theory Divides).
*)
header {* Natural numbers *}
theory Nat
imports Inductive Typedef Fun Fields
uses
"~~/src/Tools/rat.ML"
"~~/src/Provers/Arith/cancel_sums.ML"
"Tools/arith_data.ML"
("Tools/nat_arith.ML")
"~~/src/Provers/Arith/fast_lin_arith.ML"
("Tools/lin_arith.ML")
begin
subsection {* Type @{text ind} *}
typedecl ind
axiomatization
Zero_Rep :: ind and
Suc_Rep :: "ind => ind"
where
-- {* the axiom of infinity in 2 parts *}
Suc_Rep_inject: "Suc_Rep x = Suc_Rep y ==> x = y" and
Suc_Rep_not_Zero_Rep: "Suc_Rep x \<noteq> Zero_Rep"
subsection {* Type nat *}
text {* Type definition *}
inductive Nat :: "ind \<Rightarrow> bool"
where
Zero_RepI: "Nat Zero_Rep"
| Suc_RepI: "Nat i \<Longrightarrow> Nat (Suc_Rep i)"
global
typedef (open Nat)
nat = Nat
by (rule exI, unfold mem_def, rule Nat.Zero_RepI)
definition Suc :: "nat => nat" where
Suc_def: "Suc == (%n. Abs_Nat (Suc_Rep (Rep_Nat n)))"
local
instantiation nat :: zero
begin
definition Zero_nat_def [code del]:
"0 = Abs_Nat Zero_Rep"
instance ..
end
lemma Suc_not_Zero: "Suc m \<noteq> 0"
by (simp add: Zero_nat_def Suc_def Abs_Nat_inject [unfolded mem_def]
Rep_Nat [unfolded mem_def] Suc_RepI Zero_RepI Suc_Rep_not_Zero_Rep [unfolded mem_def])
lemma Zero_not_Suc: "0 \<noteq> Suc m"
by (rule not_sym, rule Suc_not_Zero not_sym)
lemma Suc_Rep_inject': "Suc_Rep x = Suc_Rep y \<longleftrightarrow> x = y"
by (rule iffI, rule Suc_Rep_inject) simp_all
rep_datatype "0 \<Colon> nat" Suc
apply (unfold Zero_nat_def Suc_def)
apply (rule Rep_Nat_inverse [THEN subst]) -- {* types force good instantiation *}
apply (erule Rep_Nat [unfolded mem_def, THEN Nat.induct])
apply (iprover elim: Abs_Nat_inverse [unfolded mem_def, THEN subst])
apply (simp_all add: Abs_Nat_inject [unfolded mem_def] Rep_Nat [unfolded mem_def]
Suc_RepI Zero_RepI Suc_Rep_not_Zero_Rep [unfolded mem_def]
Suc_Rep_not_Zero_Rep [unfolded mem_def, symmetric]
Suc_Rep_inject' Rep_Nat_inject)
done
lemma nat_induct [case_names 0 Suc, induct type: nat]:
-- {* for backward compatibility -- names of variables differ *}
fixes n
assumes "P 0"
and "\<And>n. P n \<Longrightarrow> P (Suc n)"
shows "P n"
using assms by (rule nat.induct)
declare nat.exhaust [case_names 0 Suc, cases type: nat]
lemmas nat_rec_0 = nat.recs(1)
and nat_rec_Suc = nat.recs(2)
lemmas nat_case_0 = nat.cases(1)
and nat_case_Suc = nat.cases(2)
text {* Injectiveness and distinctness lemmas *}
lemma inj_Suc[simp]: "inj_on Suc N"
by (simp add: inj_on_def)
lemma Suc_neq_Zero: "Suc m = 0 \<Longrightarrow> R"
by (rule notE, rule Suc_not_Zero)
lemma Zero_neq_Suc: "0 = Suc m \<Longrightarrow> R"
by (rule Suc_neq_Zero, erule sym)
lemma Suc_inject: "Suc x = Suc y \<Longrightarrow> x = y"
by (rule inj_Suc [THEN injD])
lemma n_not_Suc_n: "n \<noteq> Suc n"
by (induct n) simp_all
lemma Suc_n_not_n: "Suc n \<noteq> n"
by (rule not_sym, rule n_not_Suc_n)
text {* A special form of induction for reasoning
about @{term "m < n"} and @{term "m - n"} *}
lemma diff_induct: "(!!x. P x 0) ==> (!!y. P 0 (Suc y)) ==>
(!!x y. P x y ==> P (Suc x) (Suc y)) ==> P m n"
apply (rule_tac x = m in spec)
apply (induct n)
prefer 2
apply (rule allI)
apply (induct_tac x, iprover+)
done
subsection {* Arithmetic operators *}
instantiation nat :: "{minus, comm_monoid_add}"
begin
primrec plus_nat
where
add_0: "0 + n = (n\<Colon>nat)"
| add_Suc: "Suc m + n = Suc (m + n)"
lemma add_0_right [simp]: "m + 0 = (m::nat)"
by (induct m) simp_all
lemma add_Suc_right [simp]: "m + Suc n = Suc (m + n)"
by (induct m) simp_all
declare add_0 [code]
lemma add_Suc_shift [code]: "Suc m + n = m + Suc n"
by simp
primrec minus_nat
where
diff_0: "m - 0 = (m\<Colon>nat)"
| diff_Suc: "m - Suc n = (case m - n of 0 => 0 | Suc k => k)"
declare diff_Suc [simp del]
declare diff_0 [code]
lemma diff_0_eq_0 [simp, code]: "0 - n = (0::nat)"
by (induct n) (simp_all add: diff_Suc)
lemma diff_Suc_Suc [simp, code]: "Suc m - Suc n = m - n"
by (induct n) (simp_all add: diff_Suc)
instance proof
fix n m q :: nat
show "(n + m) + q = n + (m + q)" by (induct n) simp_all
show "n + m = m + n" by (induct n) simp_all
show "0 + n = n" by simp
qed
end
hide_fact (open) add_0 add_0_right diff_0
instantiation nat :: comm_semiring_1_cancel
begin
definition
One_nat_def [simp]: "1 = Suc 0"
primrec times_nat
where
mult_0: "0 * n = (0\<Colon>nat)"
| mult_Suc: "Suc m * n = n + (m * n)"
lemma mult_0_right [simp]: "(m::nat) * 0 = 0"
by (induct m) simp_all
lemma mult_Suc_right [simp]: "m * Suc n = m + (m * n)"
by (induct m) (simp_all add: add_left_commute)
lemma add_mult_distrib: "(m + n) * k = (m * k) + ((n * k)::nat)"
by (induct m) (simp_all add: add_assoc)
instance proof
fix n m q :: nat
show "0 \<noteq> (1::nat)" unfolding One_nat_def by simp
show "1 * n = n" unfolding One_nat_def by simp
show "n * m = m * n" by (induct n) simp_all
show "(n * m) * q = n * (m * q)" by (induct n) (simp_all add: add_mult_distrib)
show "(n + m) * q = n * q + m * q" by (rule add_mult_distrib)
assume "n + m = n + q" thus "m = q" by (induct n) simp_all
qed
end
subsubsection {* Addition *}
lemma nat_add_assoc: "(m + n) + k = m + ((n + k)::nat)"
by (rule add_assoc)
lemma nat_add_commute: "m + n = n + (m::nat)"
by (rule add_commute)
lemma nat_add_left_commute: "x + (y + z) = y + ((x + z)::nat)"
by (rule add_left_commute)
lemma nat_add_left_cancel [simp]: "(k + m = k + n) = (m = (n::nat))"
by (rule add_left_cancel)
lemma nat_add_right_cancel [simp]: "(m + k = n + k) = (m=(n::nat))"
by (rule add_right_cancel)
text {* Reasoning about @{text "m + 0 = 0"}, etc. *}
lemma add_is_0 [iff]:
fixes m n :: nat
shows "(m + n = 0) = (m = 0 & n = 0)"
by (cases m) simp_all
lemma add_is_1:
"(m+n= Suc 0) = (m= Suc 0 & n=0 | m=0 & n= Suc 0)"
by (cases m) simp_all
lemma one_is_add:
"(Suc 0 = m + n) = (m = Suc 0 & n = 0 | m = 0 & n = Suc 0)"
by (rule trans, rule eq_commute, rule add_is_1)
lemma add_eq_self_zero:
fixes m n :: nat
shows "m + n = m \<Longrightarrow> n = 0"
by (induct m) simp_all
lemma inj_on_add_nat[simp]: "inj_on (%n::nat. n+k) N"
apply (induct k)
apply simp
apply(drule comp_inj_on[OF _ inj_Suc])
apply (simp add:o_def)
done
subsubsection {* Difference *}
lemma diff_self_eq_0 [simp]: "(m\<Colon>nat) - m = 0"
by (induct m) simp_all
lemma diff_diff_left: "(i::nat) - j - k = i - (j + k)"
by (induct i j rule: diff_induct) simp_all
lemma Suc_diff_diff [simp]: "(Suc m - n) - Suc k = m - n - k"
by (simp add: diff_diff_left)
lemma diff_commute: "(i::nat) - j - k = i - k - j"
by (simp add: diff_diff_left add_commute)
lemma diff_add_inverse: "(n + m) - n = (m::nat)"
by (induct n) simp_all
lemma diff_add_inverse2: "(m + n) - n = (m::nat)"
by (simp add: diff_add_inverse add_commute [of m n])
lemma diff_cancel: "(k + m) - (k + n) = m - (n::nat)"
by (induct k) simp_all
lemma diff_cancel2: "(m + k) - (n + k) = m - (n::nat)"
by (simp add: diff_cancel add_commute)
lemma diff_add_0: "n - (n + m) = (0::nat)"
by (induct n) simp_all
lemma diff_Suc_1 [simp]: "Suc n - 1 = n"
unfolding One_nat_def by simp
text {* Difference distributes over multiplication *}
lemma diff_mult_distrib: "((m::nat) - n) * k = (m * k) - (n * k)"
by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) (simp_all add: diff_cancel)
lemma diff_mult_distrib2: "k * ((m::nat) - n) = (k * m) - (k * n)"
by (simp add: diff_mult_distrib mult_commute [of k])
-- {* NOT added as rewrites, since sometimes they are used from right-to-left *}
subsubsection {* Multiplication *}
lemma nat_mult_assoc: "(m * n) * k = m * ((n * k)::nat)"
by (rule mult_assoc)
lemma nat_mult_commute: "m * n = n * (m::nat)"
by (rule mult_commute)
lemma add_mult_distrib2: "k * (m + n) = (k * m) + ((k * n)::nat)"
by (rule right_distrib)
lemma mult_is_0 [simp]: "((m::nat) * n = 0) = (m=0 | n=0)"
by (induct m) auto
lemmas nat_distrib =
add_mult_distrib add_mult_distrib2 diff_mult_distrib diff_mult_distrib2
lemma mult_eq_1_iff [simp]: "(m * n = Suc 0) = (m = Suc 0 & n = Suc 0)"
apply (induct m)
apply simp
apply (induct n)
apply auto
done
lemma one_eq_mult_iff [simp,no_atp]: "(Suc 0 = m * n) = (m = Suc 0 & n = Suc 0)"
apply (rule trans)
apply (rule_tac [2] mult_eq_1_iff, fastsimp)
done
lemma nat_mult_eq_1_iff [simp]: "m * n = (1::nat) \<longleftrightarrow> m = 1 \<and> n = 1"
unfolding One_nat_def by (rule mult_eq_1_iff)
lemma nat_1_eq_mult_iff [simp]: "(1::nat) = m * n \<longleftrightarrow> m = 1 \<and> n = 1"
unfolding One_nat_def by (rule one_eq_mult_iff)
lemma mult_cancel1 [simp]: "(k * m = k * n) = (m = n | (k = (0::nat)))"
proof -
have "k \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> k * m = k * n \<Longrightarrow> m = n"
proof (induct n arbitrary: m)
case 0 then show "m = 0" by simp
next
case (Suc n) then show "m = Suc n"
by (cases m) (simp_all add: eq_commute [of "0"])
qed
then show ?thesis by auto
qed
lemma mult_cancel2 [simp]: "(m * k = n * k) = (m = n | (k = (0::nat)))"
by (simp add: mult_commute)
lemma Suc_mult_cancel1: "(Suc k * m = Suc k * n) = (m = n)"
by (subst mult_cancel1) simp
subsection {* Orders on @{typ nat} *}
subsubsection {* Operation definition *}
instantiation nat :: linorder
begin
primrec less_eq_nat where
"(0\<Colon>nat) \<le> n \<longleftrightarrow> True"
| "Suc m \<le> n \<longleftrightarrow> (case n of 0 \<Rightarrow> False | Suc n \<Rightarrow> m \<le> n)"
declare less_eq_nat.simps [simp del]
lemma [code]: "(0\<Colon>nat) \<le> n \<longleftrightarrow> True" by (simp add: less_eq_nat.simps)
lemma le0 [iff]: "0 \<le> (n\<Colon>nat)" by (simp add: less_eq_nat.simps)
definition less_nat where
less_eq_Suc_le: "n < m \<longleftrightarrow> Suc n \<le> m"
lemma Suc_le_mono [iff]: "Suc n \<le> Suc m \<longleftrightarrow> n \<le> m"
by (simp add: less_eq_nat.simps(2))
lemma Suc_le_eq [code]: "Suc m \<le> n \<longleftrightarrow> m < n"
unfolding less_eq_Suc_le ..
lemma le_0_eq [iff]: "(n\<Colon>nat) \<le> 0 \<longleftrightarrow> n = 0"
by (induct n) (simp_all add: less_eq_nat.simps(2))
lemma not_less0 [iff]: "\<not> n < (0\<Colon>nat)"
by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le)
lemma less_nat_zero_code [code]: "n < (0\<Colon>nat) \<longleftrightarrow> False"
by simp
lemma Suc_less_eq [iff]: "Suc m < Suc n \<longleftrightarrow> m < n"
by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le)
lemma less_Suc_eq_le [code]: "m < Suc n \<longleftrightarrow> m \<le> n"
by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le)
lemma le_SucI: "m \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> m \<le> Suc n"
by (induct m arbitrary: n)
(simp_all add: less_eq_nat.simps(2) split: nat.splits)
lemma Suc_leD: "Suc m \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> m \<le> n"
by (cases n) (auto intro: le_SucI)
lemma less_SucI: "m < n \<Longrightarrow> m < Suc n"
by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le) (erule Suc_leD)
lemma Suc_lessD: "Suc m < n \<Longrightarrow> m < n"
by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le) (erule Suc_leD)
instance
proof
fix n m :: nat
show "n < m \<longleftrightarrow> n \<le> m \<and> \<not> m \<le> n"
proof (induct n arbitrary: m)
case 0 then show ?case by (cases m) (simp_all add: less_eq_Suc_le)
next
case (Suc n) then show ?case by (cases m) (simp_all add: less_eq_Suc_le)
qed
next
fix n :: nat show "n \<le> n" by (induct n) simp_all
next
fix n m :: nat assume "n \<le> m" and "m \<le> n"
then show "n = m"
by (induct n arbitrary: m)
(simp_all add: less_eq_nat.simps(2) split: nat.splits)
next
fix n m q :: nat assume "n \<le> m" and "m \<le> q"
then show "n \<le> q"
proof (induct n arbitrary: m q)
case 0 show ?case by simp
next
case (Suc n) then show ?case
by (simp_all (no_asm_use) add: less_eq_nat.simps(2) split: nat.splits, clarify,
simp_all (no_asm_use) add: less_eq_nat.simps(2) split: nat.splits, clarify,
simp_all (no_asm_use) add: less_eq_nat.simps(2) split: nat.splits)
qed
next
fix n m :: nat show "n \<le> m \<or> m \<le> n"
by (induct n arbitrary: m)
(simp_all add: less_eq_nat.simps(2) split: nat.splits)
qed
end
instantiation nat :: bot
begin
definition bot_nat :: nat where
"bot_nat = 0"
instance proof
qed (simp add: bot_nat_def)
end
subsubsection {* Introduction properties *}
lemma lessI [iff]: "n < Suc n"
by (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le)
lemma zero_less_Suc [iff]: "0 < Suc n"
by (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le)
subsubsection {* Elimination properties *}
lemma less_not_refl: "~ n < (n::nat)"
by (rule order_less_irrefl)
lemma less_not_refl2: "n < m ==> m \<noteq> (n::nat)"
by (rule not_sym) (rule less_imp_neq)
lemma less_not_refl3: "(s::nat) < t ==> s \<noteq> t"
by (rule less_imp_neq)
lemma less_irrefl_nat: "(n::nat) < n ==> R"
by (rule notE, rule less_not_refl)
lemma less_zeroE: "(n::nat) < 0 ==> R"
by (rule notE) (rule not_less0)
lemma less_Suc_eq: "(m < Suc n) = (m < n | m = n)"
unfolding less_Suc_eq_le le_less ..
lemma less_Suc0 [iff]: "(n < Suc 0) = (n = 0)"
by (simp add: less_Suc_eq)
lemma less_one [iff, no_atp]: "(n < (1::nat)) = (n = 0)"
unfolding One_nat_def by (rule less_Suc0)
lemma Suc_mono: "m < n ==> Suc m < Suc n"
by simp
text {* "Less than" is antisymmetric, sort of *}
lemma less_antisym: "\<lbrakk> \<not> n < m; n < Suc m \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> m = n"
unfolding not_less less_Suc_eq_le by (rule antisym)
lemma nat_neq_iff: "((m::nat) \<noteq> n) = (m < n | n < m)"
by (rule linorder_neq_iff)
lemma nat_less_cases: assumes major: "(m::nat) < n ==> P n m"
and eqCase: "m = n ==> P n m" and lessCase: "n<m ==> P n m"
shows "P n m"
apply (rule less_linear [THEN disjE])
apply (erule_tac [2] disjE)
apply (erule lessCase)
apply (erule sym [THEN eqCase])
apply (erule major)
done
subsubsection {* Inductive (?) properties *}
lemma Suc_lessI: "m < n ==> Suc m \<noteq> n ==> Suc m < n"
unfolding less_eq_Suc_le [of m] le_less by simp
lemma lessE:
assumes major: "i < k"
and p1: "k = Suc i ==> P" and p2: "!!j. i < j ==> k = Suc j ==> P"
shows P
proof -
from major have "\<exists>j. i \<le> j \<and> k = Suc j"
unfolding less_eq_Suc_le by (induct k) simp_all
then have "(\<exists>j. i < j \<and> k = Suc j) \<or> k = Suc i"
by (clarsimp simp add: less_le)
with p1 p2 show P by auto
qed
lemma less_SucE: assumes major: "m < Suc n"
and less: "m < n ==> P" and eq: "m = n ==> P" shows P
apply (rule major [THEN lessE])
apply (rule eq, blast)
apply (rule less, blast)
done
lemma Suc_lessE: assumes major: "Suc i < k"
and minor: "!!j. i < j ==> k = Suc j ==> P" shows P
apply (rule major [THEN lessE])
apply (erule lessI [THEN minor])
apply (erule Suc_lessD [THEN minor], assumption)
done
lemma Suc_less_SucD: "Suc m < Suc n ==> m < n"
by simp
lemma less_trans_Suc:
assumes le: "i < j" shows "j < k ==> Suc i < k"
apply (induct k, simp_all)
apply (insert le)
apply (simp add: less_Suc_eq)
apply (blast dest: Suc_lessD)
done
text {* Can be used with @{text less_Suc_eq} to get @{term "n = m | n < m"} *}
lemma not_less_eq: "\<not> m < n \<longleftrightarrow> n < Suc m"
unfolding not_less less_Suc_eq_le ..
lemma not_less_eq_eq: "\<not> m \<le> n \<longleftrightarrow> Suc n \<le> m"
unfolding not_le Suc_le_eq ..
text {* Properties of "less than or equal" *}
lemma le_imp_less_Suc: "m \<le> n ==> m < Suc n"
unfolding less_Suc_eq_le .
lemma Suc_n_not_le_n: "~ Suc n \<le> n"
unfolding not_le less_Suc_eq_le ..
lemma le_Suc_eq: "(m \<le> Suc n) = (m \<le> n | m = Suc n)"
by (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le [symmetric] less_Suc_eq)
lemma le_SucE: "m \<le> Suc n ==> (m \<le> n ==> R) ==> (m = Suc n ==> R) ==> R"
by (drule le_Suc_eq [THEN iffD1], iprover+)
lemma Suc_leI: "m < n ==> Suc(m) \<le> n"
unfolding Suc_le_eq .
text {* Stronger version of @{text Suc_leD} *}
lemma Suc_le_lessD: "Suc m \<le> n ==> m < n"
unfolding Suc_le_eq .
lemma less_imp_le_nat: "m < n ==> m \<le> (n::nat)"
unfolding less_eq_Suc_le by (rule Suc_leD)
text {* For instance, @{text "(Suc m < Suc n) = (Suc m \<le> n) = (m < n)"} *}
lemmas le_simps = less_imp_le_nat less_Suc_eq_le Suc_le_eq
text {* Equivalence of @{term "m \<le> n"} and @{term "m < n | m = n"} *}
lemma less_or_eq_imp_le: "m < n | m = n ==> m \<le> (n::nat)"
unfolding le_less .
lemma le_eq_less_or_eq: "(m \<le> (n::nat)) = (m < n | m=n)"
by (rule le_less)
text {* Useful with @{text blast}. *}
lemma eq_imp_le: "(m::nat) = n ==> m \<le> n"
by auto
lemma le_refl: "n \<le> (n::nat)"
by simp
lemma le_trans: "[| i \<le> j; j \<le> k |] ==> i \<le> (k::nat)"
by (rule order_trans)
lemma le_antisym: "[| m \<le> n; n \<le> m |] ==> m = (n::nat)"
by (rule antisym)
lemma nat_less_le: "((m::nat) < n) = (m \<le> n & m \<noteq> n)"
by (rule less_le)
lemma le_neq_implies_less: "(m::nat) \<le> n ==> m \<noteq> n ==> m < n"
unfolding less_le ..
lemma nat_le_linear: "(m::nat) \<le> n | n \<le> m"
by (rule linear)
lemmas linorder_neqE_nat = linorder_neqE [where 'a = nat]
lemma le_less_Suc_eq: "m \<le> n ==> (n < Suc m) = (n = m)"
unfolding less_Suc_eq_le by auto
lemma not_less_less_Suc_eq: "~ n < m ==> (n < Suc m) = (n = m)"
unfolding not_less by (rule le_less_Suc_eq)
lemmas not_less_simps = not_less_less_Suc_eq le_less_Suc_eq
text {* These two rules ease the use of primitive recursion.
NOTE USE OF @{text "=="} *}
lemma def_nat_rec_0: "(!!n. f n == nat_rec c h n) ==> f 0 = c"
by simp
lemma def_nat_rec_Suc: "(!!n. f n == nat_rec c h n) ==> f (Suc n) = h n (f n)"
by simp
lemma not0_implies_Suc: "n \<noteq> 0 ==> \<exists>m. n = Suc m"
by (cases n) simp_all
lemma gr0_implies_Suc: "n > 0 ==> \<exists>m. n = Suc m"
by (cases n) simp_all
lemma gr_implies_not0: fixes n :: nat shows "m<n ==> n \<noteq> 0"
by (cases n) simp_all
lemma neq0_conv[iff]: fixes n :: nat shows "(n \<noteq> 0) = (0 < n)"
by (cases n) simp_all
text {* This theorem is useful with @{text blast} *}
lemma gr0I: "((n::nat) = 0 ==> False) ==> 0 < n"
by (rule neq0_conv[THEN iffD1], iprover)
lemma gr0_conv_Suc: "(0 < n) = (\<exists>m. n = Suc m)"
by (fast intro: not0_implies_Suc)
lemma not_gr0 [iff,no_atp]: "!!n::nat. (~ (0 < n)) = (n = 0)"
using neq0_conv by blast
lemma Suc_le_D: "(Suc n \<le> m') ==> (? m. m' = Suc m)"
by (induct m') simp_all
text {* Useful in certain inductive arguments *}
lemma less_Suc_eq_0_disj: "(m < Suc n) = (m = 0 | (\<exists>j. m = Suc j & j < n))"
by (cases m) simp_all
subsubsection {* @{term min} and @{term max} *}
lemma mono_Suc: "mono Suc"
by (rule monoI) simp
lemma min_0L [simp]: "min 0 n = (0::nat)"
by (rule min_leastL) simp
lemma min_0R [simp]: "min n 0 = (0::nat)"
by (rule min_leastR) simp
lemma min_Suc_Suc [simp]: "min (Suc m) (Suc n) = Suc (min m n)"
by (simp add: mono_Suc min_of_mono)
lemma min_Suc1:
"min (Suc n) m = (case m of 0 => 0 | Suc m' => Suc(min n m'))"
by (simp split: nat.split)
lemma min_Suc2:
"min m (Suc n) = (case m of 0 => 0 | Suc m' => Suc(min m' n))"
by (simp split: nat.split)
lemma max_0L [simp]: "max 0 n = (n::nat)"
by (rule max_leastL) simp
lemma max_0R [simp]: "max n 0 = (n::nat)"
by (rule max_leastR) simp
lemma max_Suc_Suc [simp]: "max (Suc m) (Suc n) = Suc(max m n)"
by (simp add: mono_Suc max_of_mono)
lemma max_Suc1:
"max (Suc n) m = (case m of 0 => Suc n | Suc m' => Suc(max n m'))"
by (simp split: nat.split)
lemma max_Suc2:
"max m (Suc n) = (case m of 0 => Suc n | Suc m' => Suc(max m' n))"
by (simp split: nat.split)
subsubsection {* Monotonicity of Addition *}
lemma Suc_pred [simp]: "n>0 ==> Suc (n - Suc 0) = n"
by (simp add: diff_Suc split: nat.split)
lemma Suc_diff_1 [simp]: "0 < n ==> Suc (n - 1) = n"
unfolding One_nat_def by (rule Suc_pred)
lemma nat_add_left_cancel_le [simp]: "(k + m \<le> k + n) = (m\<le>(n::nat))"
by (induct k) simp_all
lemma nat_add_left_cancel_less [simp]: "(k + m < k + n) = (m<(n::nat))"
by (induct k) simp_all
lemma add_gr_0 [iff]: "!!m::nat. (m + n > 0) = (m>0 | n>0)"
by(auto dest:gr0_implies_Suc)
text {* strict, in 1st argument *}
lemma add_less_mono1: "i < j ==> i + k < j + (k::nat)"
by (induct k) simp_all
text {* strict, in both arguments *}
lemma add_less_mono: "[|i < j; k < l|] ==> i + k < j + (l::nat)"
apply (rule add_less_mono1 [THEN less_trans], assumption+)
apply (induct j, simp_all)
done
text {* Deleted @{text less_natE}; use @{text "less_imp_Suc_add RS exE"} *}
lemma less_imp_Suc_add: "m < n ==> (\<exists>k. n = Suc (m + k))"
apply (induct n)
apply (simp_all add: order_le_less)
apply (blast elim!: less_SucE
intro!: Nat.add_0_right [symmetric] add_Suc_right [symmetric])
done
text {* strict, in 1st argument; proof is by induction on @{text "k > 0"} *}
lemma mult_less_mono2: "(i::nat) < j ==> 0<k ==> k * i < k * j"
apply(auto simp: gr0_conv_Suc)
apply (induct_tac m)
apply (simp_all add: add_less_mono)
done
text{*The naturals form an ordered @{text comm_semiring_1_cancel}*}
instance nat :: linordered_semidom
proof
fix i j k :: nat
show "0 < (1::nat)" by simp
show "i \<le> j ==> k + i \<le> k + j" by simp
show "i < j ==> 0 < k ==> k * i < k * j" by (simp add: mult_less_mono2)
qed
instance nat :: no_zero_divisors
proof
fix a::nat and b::nat show "a ~= 0 \<Longrightarrow> b ~= 0 \<Longrightarrow> a * b ~= 0" by auto
qed
lemma nat_mult_1: "(1::nat) * n = n"
by simp
lemma nat_mult_1_right: "n * (1::nat) = n"
by simp
subsubsection {* Additional theorems about @{term "op \<le>"} *}
text {* Complete induction, aka course-of-values induction *}
instance nat :: wellorder proof
fix P and n :: nat
assume step: "\<And>n::nat. (\<And>m. m < n \<Longrightarrow> P m) \<Longrightarrow> P n"
have "\<And>q. q \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> P q"
proof (induct n)
case (0 n)
have "P 0" by (rule step) auto
thus ?case using 0 by auto
next
case (Suc m n)
then have "n \<le> m \<or> n = Suc m" by (simp add: le_Suc_eq)
thus ?case
proof
assume "n \<le> m" thus "P n" by (rule Suc(1))
next
assume n: "n = Suc m"
show "P n"
by (rule step) (rule Suc(1), simp add: n le_simps)
qed
qed
then show "P n" by auto
qed
lemma Least_Suc:
"[| P n; ~ P 0 |] ==> (LEAST n. P n) = Suc (LEAST m. P(Suc m))"
apply (case_tac "n", auto)
apply (frule LeastI)
apply (drule_tac P = "%x. P (Suc x) " in LeastI)
apply (subgoal_tac " (LEAST x. P x) \<le> Suc (LEAST x. P (Suc x))")
apply (erule_tac [2] Least_le)
apply (case_tac "LEAST x. P x", auto)
apply (drule_tac P = "%x. P (Suc x) " in Least_le)
apply (blast intro: order_antisym)
done
lemma Least_Suc2:
"[|P n; Q m; ~P 0; !k. P (Suc k) = Q k|] ==> Least P = Suc (Least Q)"
apply (erule (1) Least_Suc [THEN ssubst])
apply simp
done
lemma ex_least_nat_le: "\<not>P(0) \<Longrightarrow> P(n::nat) \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>k\<le>n. (\<forall>i<k. \<not>P i) & P(k)"
apply (cases n)
apply blast
apply (rule_tac x="LEAST k. P(k)" in exI)
apply (blast intro: Least_le dest: not_less_Least intro: LeastI_ex)
done
lemma ex_least_nat_less: "\<not>P(0) \<Longrightarrow> P(n::nat) \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>k<n. (\<forall>i\<le>k. \<not>P i) & P(k+1)"
unfolding One_nat_def
apply (cases n)
apply blast
apply (frule (1) ex_least_nat_le)
apply (erule exE)
apply (case_tac k)
apply simp
apply (rename_tac k1)
apply (rule_tac x=k1 in exI)
apply (auto simp add: less_eq_Suc_le)
done
lemma nat_less_induct:
assumes "!!n. \<forall>m::nat. m < n --> P m ==> P n" shows "P n"
using assms less_induct by blast
lemma measure_induct_rule [case_names less]:
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> nat"
assumes step: "\<And>x. (\<And>y. f y < f x \<Longrightarrow> P y) \<Longrightarrow> P x"
shows "P a"
by (induct m\<equiv>"f a" arbitrary: a rule: less_induct) (auto intro: step)
text {* old style induction rules: *}
lemma measure_induct:
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> nat"
shows "(\<And>x. \<forall>y. f y < f x \<longrightarrow> P y \<Longrightarrow> P x) \<Longrightarrow> P a"
by (rule measure_induct_rule [of f P a]) iprover
lemma full_nat_induct:
assumes step: "(!!n. (ALL m. Suc m <= n --> P m) ==> P n)"
shows "P n"
by (rule less_induct) (auto intro: step simp:le_simps)
text{*An induction rule for estabilishing binary relations*}
lemma less_Suc_induct:
assumes less: "i < j"
and step: "!!i. P i (Suc i)"
and trans: "!!i j k. i < j ==> j < k ==> P i j ==> P j k ==> P i k"
shows "P i j"
proof -
from less obtain k where j: "j = Suc (i + k)" by (auto dest: less_imp_Suc_add)
have "P i (Suc (i + k))"
proof (induct k)
case 0
show ?case by (simp add: step)
next
case (Suc k)
have "0 + i < Suc k + i" by (rule add_less_mono1) simp
hence "i < Suc (i + k)" by (simp add: add_commute)
from trans[OF this lessI Suc step]
show ?case by simp
qed
thus "P i j" by (simp add: j)
qed
text {* The method of infinite descent, frequently used in number theory.
Provided by Roelof Oosterhuis.
$P(n)$ is true for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$ if
\begin{itemize}
\item case ``0'': given $n=0$ prove $P(n)$,
\item case ``smaller'': given $n>0$ and $\neg P(n)$ prove there exists
a smaller integer $m$ such that $\neg P(m)$.
\end{itemize} *}
text{* A compact version without explicit base case: *}
lemma infinite_descent:
"\<lbrakk> !!n::nat. \<not> P n \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>m<n. \<not> P m \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P n"
by (induct n rule: less_induct, auto)
lemma infinite_descent0[case_names 0 smaller]:
"\<lbrakk> P 0; !!n. n>0 \<Longrightarrow> \<not> P n \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>m::nat. m < n \<and> \<not>P m) \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P n"
by (rule infinite_descent) (case_tac "n>0", auto)
text {*
Infinite descent using a mapping to $\mathbb{N}$:
$P(x)$ is true for all $x\in D$ if there exists a $V: D \to \mathbb{N}$ and
\begin{itemize}
\item case ``0'': given $V(x)=0$ prove $P(x)$,
\item case ``smaller'': given $V(x)>0$ and $\neg P(x)$ prove there exists a $y \in D$ such that $V(y)<V(x)$ and $~\neg P(y)$.
\end{itemize}
NB: the proof also shows how to use the previous lemma. *}
corollary infinite_descent0_measure [case_names 0 smaller]:
assumes A0: "!!x. V x = (0::nat) \<Longrightarrow> P x"
and A1: "!!x. V x > 0 \<Longrightarrow> \<not>P x \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>y. V y < V x \<and> \<not>P y)"
shows "P x"
proof -
obtain n where "n = V x" by auto
moreover have "\<And>x. V x = n \<Longrightarrow> P x"
proof (induct n rule: infinite_descent0)
case 0 -- "i.e. $V(x) = 0$"
with A0 show "P x" by auto
next -- "now $n>0$ and $P(x)$ does not hold for some $x$ with $V(x)=n$"
case (smaller n)
then obtain x where vxn: "V x = n " and "V x > 0 \<and> \<not> P x" by auto
with A1 obtain y where "V y < V x \<and> \<not> P y" by auto
with vxn obtain m where "m = V y \<and> m<n \<and> \<not> P y" by auto
then show ?case by auto
qed
ultimately show "P x" by auto
qed
text{* Again, without explicit base case: *}
lemma infinite_descent_measure:
assumes "!!x. \<not> P x \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>y. (V::'a\<Rightarrow>nat) y < V x \<and> \<not> P y" shows "P x"
proof -
from assms obtain n where "n = V x" by auto
moreover have "!!x. V x = n \<Longrightarrow> P x"
proof (induct n rule: infinite_descent, auto)
fix x assume "\<not> P x"
with assms show "\<exists>m < V x. \<exists>y. V y = m \<and> \<not> P y" by auto
qed
ultimately show "P x" by auto
qed
text {* A [clumsy] way of lifting @{text "<"}
monotonicity to @{text "\<le>"} monotonicity *}
lemma less_mono_imp_le_mono:
"\<lbrakk> !!i j::nat. i < j \<Longrightarrow> f i < f j; i \<le> j \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f i \<le> ((f j)::nat)"
by (simp add: order_le_less) (blast)
text {* non-strict, in 1st argument *}
lemma add_le_mono1: "i \<le> j ==> i + k \<le> j + (k::nat)"
by (rule add_right_mono)
text {* non-strict, in both arguments *}
lemma add_le_mono: "[| i \<le> j; k \<le> l |] ==> i + k \<le> j + (l::nat)"
by (rule add_mono)
lemma le_add2: "n \<le> ((m + n)::nat)"
by (insert add_right_mono [of 0 m n], simp)
lemma le_add1: "n \<le> ((n + m)::nat)"
by (simp add: add_commute, rule le_add2)
lemma less_add_Suc1: "i < Suc (i + m)"
by (rule le_less_trans, rule le_add1, rule lessI)
lemma less_add_Suc2: "i < Suc (m + i)"
by (rule le_less_trans, rule le_add2, rule lessI)
lemma less_iff_Suc_add: "(m < n) = (\<exists>k. n = Suc (m + k))"
by (iprover intro!: less_add_Suc1 less_imp_Suc_add)
lemma trans_le_add1: "(i::nat) \<le> j ==> i \<le> j + m"
by (rule le_trans, assumption, rule le_add1)
lemma trans_le_add2: "(i::nat) \<le> j ==> i \<le> m + j"
by (rule le_trans, assumption, rule le_add2)
lemma trans_less_add1: "(i::nat) < j ==> i < j + m"
by (rule less_le_trans, assumption, rule le_add1)
lemma trans_less_add2: "(i::nat) < j ==> i < m + j"
by (rule less_le_trans, assumption, rule le_add2)
lemma add_lessD1: "i + j < (k::nat) ==> i < k"
apply (rule le_less_trans [of _ "i+j"])
apply (simp_all add: le_add1)
done
lemma not_add_less1 [iff]: "~ (i + j < (i::nat))"
apply (rule notI)
apply (drule add_lessD1)
apply (erule less_irrefl [THEN notE])
done
lemma not_add_less2 [iff]: "~ (j + i < (i::nat))"
by (simp add: add_commute)
lemma add_leD1: "m + k \<le> n ==> m \<le> (n::nat)"
apply (rule order_trans [of _ "m+k"])
apply (simp_all add: le_add1)
done
lemma add_leD2: "m + k \<le> n ==> k \<le> (n::nat)"
apply (simp add: add_commute)
apply (erule add_leD1)
done
lemma add_leE: "(m::nat) + k \<le> n ==> (m \<le> n ==> k \<le> n ==> R) ==> R"
by (blast dest: add_leD1 add_leD2)
text {* needs @{text "!!k"} for @{text add_ac} to work *}
lemma less_add_eq_less: "!!k::nat. k < l ==> m + l = k + n ==> m < n"
by (force simp del: add_Suc_right
simp add: less_iff_Suc_add add_Suc_right [symmetric] add_ac)
subsubsection {* More results about difference *}
text {* Addition is the inverse of subtraction:
if @{term "n \<le> m"} then @{term "n + (m - n) = m"}. *}
lemma add_diff_inverse: "~ m < n ==> n + (m - n) = (m::nat)"
by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) simp_all
lemma le_add_diff_inverse [simp]: "n \<le> m ==> n + (m - n) = (m::nat)"
by (simp add: add_diff_inverse linorder_not_less)
lemma le_add_diff_inverse2 [simp]: "n \<le> m ==> (m - n) + n = (m::nat)"
by (simp add: add_commute)
lemma Suc_diff_le: "n \<le> m ==> Suc m - n = Suc (m - n)"
by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) simp_all
lemma diff_less_Suc: "m - n < Suc m"
apply (induct m n rule: diff_induct)
apply (erule_tac [3] less_SucE)
apply (simp_all add: less_Suc_eq)
done
lemma diff_le_self [simp]: "m - n \<le> (m::nat)"
by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) (simp_all add: le_SucI)
lemma le_iff_add: "(m::nat) \<le> n = (\<exists>k. n = m + k)"
by (auto simp: le_add1 dest!: le_add_diff_inverse sym [of _ n])
lemma less_imp_diff_less: "(j::nat) < k ==> j - n < k"
by (rule le_less_trans, rule diff_le_self)
lemma diff_Suc_less [simp]: "0<n ==> n - Suc i < n"
by (cases n) (auto simp add: le_simps)
lemma diff_add_assoc: "k \<le> (j::nat) ==> (i + j) - k = i + (j - k)"
by (induct j k rule: diff_induct) simp_all
lemma diff_add_assoc2: "k \<le> (j::nat) ==> (j + i) - k = (j - k) + i"
by (simp add: add_commute diff_add_assoc)
lemma le_imp_diff_is_add: "i \<le> (j::nat) ==> (j - i = k) = (j = k + i)"
by (auto simp add: diff_add_inverse2)
lemma diff_is_0_eq [simp]: "((m::nat) - n = 0) = (m \<le> n)"
by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) simp_all
lemma diff_is_0_eq' [simp]: "m \<le> n ==> (m::nat) - n = 0"
by (rule iffD2, rule diff_is_0_eq)
lemma zero_less_diff [simp]: "(0 < n - (m::nat)) = (m < n)"
by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) simp_all
lemma less_imp_add_positive:
assumes "i < j"
shows "\<exists>k::nat. 0 < k & i + k = j"
proof
from assms show "0 < j - i & i + (j - i) = j"
by (simp add: order_less_imp_le)
qed
text {* a nice rewrite for bounded subtraction *}
lemma nat_minus_add_max:
fixes n m :: nat
shows "n - m + m = max n m"
by (simp add: max_def not_le order_less_imp_le)
lemma nat_diff_split:
"P(a - b::nat) = ((a<b --> P 0) & (ALL d. a = b + d --> P d))"
-- {* elimination of @{text -} on @{text nat} *}
by (cases "a < b")
(auto simp add: diff_is_0_eq [THEN iffD2] diff_add_inverse
not_less le_less dest!: sym [of a] sym [of b] add_eq_self_zero)
lemma nat_diff_split_asm:
"P(a - b::nat) = (~ (a < b & ~ P 0 | (EX d. a = b + d & ~ P d)))"
-- {* elimination of @{text -} on @{text nat} in assumptions *}
by (auto split: nat_diff_split)
subsubsection {* Monotonicity of Multiplication *}
lemma mult_le_mono1: "i \<le> (j::nat) ==> i * k \<le> j * k"
by (simp add: mult_right_mono)
lemma mult_le_mono2: "i \<le> (j::nat) ==> k * i \<le> k * j"
by (simp add: mult_left_mono)
text {* @{text "\<le>"} monotonicity, BOTH arguments *}
lemma mult_le_mono: "i \<le> (j::nat) ==> k \<le> l ==> i * k \<le> j * l"
by (simp add: mult_mono)
lemma mult_less_mono1: "(i::nat) < j ==> 0 < k ==> i * k < j * k"
by (simp add: mult_strict_right_mono)
text{*Differs from the standard @{text zero_less_mult_iff} in that
there are no negative numbers.*}
lemma nat_0_less_mult_iff [simp]: "(0 < (m::nat) * n) = (0 < m & 0 < n)"
apply (induct m)
apply simp
apply (case_tac n)
apply simp_all
done
lemma one_le_mult_iff [simp]: "(Suc 0 \<le> m * n) = (Suc 0 \<le> m & Suc 0 \<le> n)"
apply (induct m)
apply simp
apply (case_tac n)
apply simp_all
done
lemma mult_less_cancel2 [simp]: "((m::nat) * k < n * k) = (0 < k & m < n)"
apply (safe intro!: mult_less_mono1)
apply (case_tac k, auto)
apply (simp del: le_0_eq add: linorder_not_le [symmetric])
apply (blast intro: mult_le_mono1)
done
lemma mult_less_cancel1 [simp]: "(k * (m::nat) < k * n) = (0 < k & m < n)"
by (simp add: mult_commute [of k])
lemma mult_le_cancel1 [simp]: "(k * (m::nat) \<le> k * n) = (0 < k --> m \<le> n)"
by (simp add: linorder_not_less [symmetric], auto)
lemma mult_le_cancel2 [simp]: "((m::nat) * k \<le> n * k) = (0 < k --> m \<le> n)"
by (simp add: linorder_not_less [symmetric], auto)
lemma Suc_mult_less_cancel1: "(Suc k * m < Suc k * n) = (m < n)"
by (subst mult_less_cancel1) simp
lemma Suc_mult_le_cancel1: "(Suc k * m \<le> Suc k * n) = (m \<le> n)"
by (subst mult_le_cancel1) simp
lemma le_square: "m \<le> m * (m::nat)"
by (cases m) (auto intro: le_add1)
lemma le_cube: "(m::nat) \<le> m * (m * m)"
by (cases m) (auto intro: le_add1)
text {* Lemma for @{text gcd} *}
lemma mult_eq_self_implies_10: "(m::nat) = m * n ==> n = 1 | m = 0"
apply (drule sym)
apply (rule disjCI)
apply (rule nat_less_cases, erule_tac [2] _)
apply (drule_tac [2] mult_less_mono2)
apply (auto)
done
text {* the lattice order on @{typ nat} *}
instantiation nat :: distrib_lattice
begin
definition
"(inf \<Colon> nat \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> nat) = min"
definition
"(sup \<Colon> nat \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> nat) = max"
instance by intro_classes
(auto simp add: inf_nat_def sup_nat_def max_def not_le min_def
intro: order_less_imp_le antisym elim!: order_trans order_less_trans)
end
subsection {* Natural operation of natural numbers on functions *}
text {*
We use the same logical constant for the power operations on
functions and relations, in order to share the same syntax.
*}
consts compow :: "nat \<Rightarrow> ('a \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> ('a \<Rightarrow> 'b)"
abbreviation compower :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b" (infixr "^^" 80) where
"f ^^ n \<equiv> compow n f"
notation (latex output)
compower ("(_\<^bsup>_\<^esup>)" [1000] 1000)
notation (HTML output)
compower ("(_\<^bsup>_\<^esup>)" [1000] 1000)
text {* @{text "f ^^ n = f o ... o f"}, the n-fold composition of @{text f} *}
overloading
funpow == "compow :: nat \<Rightarrow> ('a \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> ('a \<Rightarrow> 'a)"
begin
primrec funpow :: "nat \<Rightarrow> ('a \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a" where
"funpow 0 f = id"
| "funpow (Suc n) f = f o funpow n f"
end
text {* for code generation *}
definition funpow :: "nat \<Rightarrow> ('a \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a" where
funpow_code_def [code_post]: "funpow = compow"
lemmas [code_unfold] = funpow_code_def [symmetric]
lemma [code]:
"funpow 0 f = id"
"funpow (Suc n) f = f o funpow n f"
unfolding funpow_code_def by simp_all
hide_const (open) funpow
lemma funpow_add:
"f ^^ (m + n) = f ^^ m \<circ> f ^^ n"
by (induct m) simp_all
lemma funpow_swap1:
"f ((f ^^ n) x) = (f ^^ n) (f x)"
proof -
have "f ((f ^^ n) x) = (f ^^ (n + 1)) x" by simp
also have "\<dots> = (f ^^ n o f ^^ 1) x" by (simp only: funpow_add)
also have "\<dots> = (f ^^ n) (f x)" by simp
finally show ?thesis .
qed
subsection {* Embedding of the Naturals into any
@{text semiring_1}: @{term of_nat} *}
context semiring_1
begin
primrec
of_nat :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a"
where
of_nat_0: "of_nat 0 = 0"
| of_nat_Suc: "of_nat (Suc m) = 1 + of_nat m"
lemma of_nat_1 [simp]: "of_nat 1 = 1"
unfolding One_nat_def by simp
lemma of_nat_add [simp]: "of_nat (m + n) = of_nat m + of_nat n"
by (induct m) (simp_all add: add_ac)
lemma of_nat_mult: "of_nat (m * n) = of_nat m * of_nat n"
by (induct m) (simp_all add: add_ac left_distrib)
primrec of_nat_aux :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a" where
"of_nat_aux inc 0 i = i"
| "of_nat_aux inc (Suc n) i = of_nat_aux inc n (inc i)" -- {* tail recursive *}
lemma of_nat_code:
"of_nat n = of_nat_aux (\<lambda>i. i + 1) n 0"
proof (induct n)
case 0 then show ?case by simp
next
case (Suc n)
have "\<And>i. of_nat_aux (\<lambda>i. i + 1) n (i + 1) = of_nat_aux (\<lambda>i. i + 1) n i + 1"
by (induct n) simp_all
from this [of 0] have "of_nat_aux (\<lambda>i. i + 1) n 1 = of_nat_aux (\<lambda>i. i + 1) n 0 + 1"
by simp
with Suc show ?case by (simp add: add_commute)
qed
end
declare of_nat_code [code, code_unfold, code_inline del]
text{*Class for unital semirings with characteristic zero.
Includes non-ordered rings like the complex numbers.*}
class semiring_char_0 = semiring_1 +
assumes of_nat_eq_iff [simp]: "of_nat m = of_nat n \<longleftrightarrow> m = n"
begin
text{*Special cases where either operand is zero*}
lemma of_nat_0_eq_iff [simp, no_atp]: "0 = of_nat n \<longleftrightarrow> 0 = n"
by (rule of_nat_eq_iff [of 0 n, unfolded of_nat_0])
lemma of_nat_eq_0_iff [simp, no_atp]: "of_nat m = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> m = 0"
by (rule of_nat_eq_iff [of m 0, unfolded of_nat_0])
lemma inj_of_nat: "inj of_nat"
by (simp add: inj_on_def)
end
context linordered_semidom
begin
lemma zero_le_imp_of_nat: "0 \<le> of_nat m"
apply (induct m, simp_all)
apply (erule order_trans)
apply (rule ord_le_eq_trans [OF _ add_commute])
apply (rule less_add_one [THEN less_imp_le])
done
lemma less_imp_of_nat_less: "m < n \<Longrightarrow> of_nat m < of_nat n"
apply (induct m n rule: diff_induct, simp_all)
apply (insert add_less_le_mono [OF zero_less_one zero_le_imp_of_nat], force)
done
lemma of_nat_less_imp_less: "of_nat m < of_nat n \<Longrightarrow> m < n"
apply (induct m n rule: diff_induct, simp_all)
apply (insert zero_le_imp_of_nat)
apply (force simp add: not_less [symmetric])
done
lemma of_nat_less_iff [simp]: "of_nat m < of_nat n \<longleftrightarrow> m < n"
by (blast intro: of_nat_less_imp_less less_imp_of_nat_less)
lemma of_nat_le_iff [simp]: "of_nat m \<le> of_nat n \<longleftrightarrow> m \<le> n"
by (simp add: not_less [symmetric] linorder_not_less [symmetric])
text{*Every @{text linordered_semidom} has characteristic zero.*}
subclass semiring_char_0
proof qed (simp add: eq_iff order_eq_iff)
text{*Special cases where either operand is zero*}
lemma of_nat_0_le_iff [simp]: "0 \<le> of_nat n"
by (rule of_nat_le_iff [of 0, simplified])
lemma of_nat_le_0_iff [simp, no_atp]: "of_nat m \<le> 0 \<longleftrightarrow> m = 0"
by (rule of_nat_le_iff [of _ 0, simplified])
lemma of_nat_0_less_iff [simp]: "0 < of_nat n \<longleftrightarrow> 0 < n"
by (rule of_nat_less_iff [of 0, simplified])
lemma of_nat_less_0_iff [simp]: "\<not> of_nat m < 0"
by (rule of_nat_less_iff [of _ 0, simplified])
end
context ring_1
begin
lemma of_nat_diff: "n \<le> m \<Longrightarrow> of_nat (m - n) = of_nat m - of_nat n"
by (simp add: algebra_simps of_nat_add [symmetric])
end
context linordered_idom
begin
lemma abs_of_nat [simp]: "\<bar>of_nat n\<bar> = of_nat n"
unfolding abs_if by auto
end
lemma of_nat_id [simp]: "of_nat n = n"
by (induct n) simp_all
lemma of_nat_eq_id [simp]: "of_nat = id"
by (auto simp add: expand_fun_eq)
subsection {* The Set of Natural Numbers *}
context semiring_1
begin
definition
Nats :: "'a set" where
[code del]: "Nats = range of_nat"
notation (xsymbols)
Nats ("\<nat>")
lemma of_nat_in_Nats [simp]: "of_nat n \<in> \<nat>"
by (simp add: Nats_def)
lemma Nats_0 [simp]: "0 \<in> \<nat>"
apply (simp add: Nats_def)
apply (rule range_eqI)
apply (rule of_nat_0 [symmetric])
done
lemma Nats_1 [simp]: "1 \<in> \<nat>"
apply (simp add: Nats_def)
apply (rule range_eqI)
apply (rule of_nat_1 [symmetric])
done
lemma Nats_add [simp]: "a \<in> \<nat> \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> \<nat> \<Longrightarrow> a + b \<in> \<nat>"
apply (auto simp add: Nats_def)
apply (rule range_eqI)
apply (rule of_nat_add [symmetric])
done
lemma Nats_mult [simp]: "a \<in> \<nat> \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> \<nat> \<Longrightarrow> a * b \<in> \<nat>"
apply (auto simp add: Nats_def)
apply (rule range_eqI)
apply (rule of_nat_mult [symmetric])
done
lemma Nats_cases [cases set: Nats]:
assumes "x \<in> \<nat>"
obtains (of_nat) n where "x = of_nat n"
unfolding Nats_def
proof -
from `x \<in> \<nat>` have "x \<in> range of_nat" unfolding Nats_def .
then obtain n where "x = of_nat n" ..
then show thesis ..
qed
lemma Nats_induct [case_names of_nat, induct set: Nats]:
"x \<in> \<nat> \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>n. P (of_nat n)) \<Longrightarrow> P x"
by (rule Nats_cases) auto
end
subsection {* Further Arithmetic Facts Concerning the Natural Numbers *}
lemma subst_equals:
assumes 1: "t = s" and 2: "u = t"
shows "u = s"
using 2 1 by (rule trans)
setup Arith_Data.setup
use "Tools/nat_arith.ML"
declaration {* K Nat_Arith.setup *}
use "Tools/lin_arith.ML"
setup {* Lin_Arith.global_setup *}
declaration {* K Lin_Arith.setup *}
lemmas [arith_split] = nat_diff_split split_min split_max
context order
begin
lemma lift_Suc_mono_le:
assumes mono: "!!n. f n \<le> f(Suc n)" and "n\<le>n'"
shows "f n \<le> f n'"
proof (cases "n < n'")
case True
thus ?thesis
by (induct n n' rule: less_Suc_induct[consumes 1]) (auto intro: mono)
qed (insert `n \<le> n'`, auto) -- {*trivial for @{prop "n = n'"} *}
lemma lift_Suc_mono_less:
assumes mono: "!!n. f n < f(Suc n)" and "n < n'"
shows "f n < f n'"
using `n < n'`
by (induct n n' rule: less_Suc_induct[consumes 1]) (auto intro: mono)
lemma lift_Suc_mono_less_iff:
"(!!n. f n < f(Suc n)) \<Longrightarrow> f(n) < f(m) \<longleftrightarrow> n<m"
by(blast intro: less_asym' lift_Suc_mono_less[of f]
dest: linorder_not_less[THEN iffD1] le_eq_less_or_eq[THEN iffD1])
end
lemma mono_iff_le_Suc: "mono f = (\<forall>n. f n \<le> f (Suc n))"
unfolding mono_def
by (auto intro:lift_Suc_mono_le[of f])
lemma mono_nat_linear_lb:
"(!!m n::nat. m<n \<Longrightarrow> f m < f n) \<Longrightarrow> f(m)+k \<le> f(m+k)"
apply(induct_tac k)
apply simp
apply(erule_tac x="m+n" in meta_allE)
apply(erule_tac x="Suc(m+n)" in meta_allE)
apply simp
done
text{*Subtraction laws, mostly by Clemens Ballarin*}
lemma diff_less_mono: "[| a < (b::nat); c \<le> a |] ==> a-c < b-c"
by arith
lemma less_diff_conv: "(i < j-k) = (i+k < (j::nat))"
by arith
lemma le_diff_conv: "(j-k \<le> (i::nat)) = (j \<le> i+k)"
by arith
lemma le_diff_conv2: "k \<le> j ==> (i \<le> j-k) = (i+k \<le> (j::nat))"
by arith
lemma diff_diff_cancel [simp]: "i \<le> (n::nat) ==> n - (n - i) = i"
by arith
lemma le_add_diff: "k \<le> (n::nat) ==> m \<le> n + m - k"
by arith
(*Replaces the previous diff_less and le_diff_less, which had the stronger
second premise n\<le>m*)
lemma diff_less[simp]: "!!m::nat. [| 0<n; 0<m |] ==> m - n < m"
by arith
text {* Simplification of relational expressions involving subtraction *}
lemma diff_diff_eq: "[| k \<le> m; k \<le> (n::nat) |] ==> ((m-k) - (n-k)) = (m-n)"
by (simp split add: nat_diff_split)
hide_fact (open) diff_diff_eq
lemma eq_diff_iff: "[| k \<le> m; k \<le> (n::nat) |] ==> (m-k = n-k) = (m=n)"
by (auto split add: nat_diff_split)
lemma less_diff_iff: "[| k \<le> m; k \<le> (n::nat) |] ==> (m-k < n-k) = (m<n)"
by (auto split add: nat_diff_split)
lemma le_diff_iff: "[| k \<le> m; k \<le> (n::nat) |] ==> (m-k \<le> n-k) = (m\<le>n)"
by (auto split add: nat_diff_split)
text{*(Anti)Monotonicity of subtraction -- by Stephan Merz*}
(* Monotonicity of subtraction in first argument *)
lemma diff_le_mono: "m \<le> (n::nat) ==> (m-l) \<le> (n-l)"
by (simp split add: nat_diff_split)
lemma diff_le_mono2: "m \<le> (n::nat) ==> (l-n) \<le> (l-m)"
by (simp split add: nat_diff_split)
lemma diff_less_mono2: "[| m < (n::nat); m<l |] ==> (l-n) < (l-m)"
by (simp split add: nat_diff_split)
lemma diffs0_imp_equal: "!!m::nat. [| m-n = 0; n-m = 0 |] ==> m=n"
by (simp split add: nat_diff_split)
lemma min_diff: "min (m - (i::nat)) (n - i) = min m n - i"
by auto
lemma inj_on_diff_nat:
assumes k_le_n: "\<forall>n \<in> N. k \<le> (n::nat)"
shows "inj_on (\<lambda>n. n - k) N"
proof (rule inj_onI)
fix x y
assume a: "x \<in> N" "y \<in> N" "x - k = y - k"
with k_le_n have "x - k + k = y - k + k" by auto
with a k_le_n show "x = y" by auto
qed
text{*Rewriting to pull differences out*}
lemma diff_diff_right [simp]: "k\<le>j --> i - (j - k) = i + (k::nat) - j"
by arith
lemma diff_Suc_diff_eq1 [simp]: "k \<le> j ==> m - Suc (j - k) = m + k - Suc j"
by arith
lemma diff_Suc_diff_eq2 [simp]: "k \<le> j ==> Suc (j - k) - m = Suc j - (k + m)"
by arith
text{*Lemmas for ex/Factorization*}
lemma one_less_mult: "[| Suc 0 < n; Suc 0 < m |] ==> Suc 0 < m*n"
by (cases m) auto
lemma n_less_m_mult_n: "[| Suc 0 < n; Suc 0 < m |] ==> n<m*n"
by (cases m) auto
lemma n_less_n_mult_m: "[| Suc 0 < n; Suc 0 < m |] ==> n<n*m"
by (cases m) auto
text {* Specialized induction principles that work "backwards": *}
lemma inc_induct[consumes 1, case_names base step]:
assumes less: "i <= j"
assumes base: "P j"
assumes step: "!!i. [| i < j; P (Suc i) |] ==> P i"
shows "P i"
using less
proof (induct d=="j - i" arbitrary: i)
case (0 i)
hence "i = j" by simp
with base show ?case by simp
next
case (Suc d i)
hence "i < j" "P (Suc i)"
by simp_all
thus "P i" by (rule step)
qed
lemma strict_inc_induct[consumes 1, case_names base step]:
assumes less: "i < j"
assumes base: "!!i. j = Suc i ==> P i"
assumes step: "!!i. [| i < j; P (Suc i) |] ==> P i"
shows "P i"
using less
proof (induct d=="j - i - 1" arbitrary: i)
case (0 i)
with `i < j` have "j = Suc i" by simp
with base show ?case by simp
next
case (Suc d i)
hence "i < j" "P (Suc i)"
by simp_all
thus "P i" by (rule step)
qed
lemma zero_induct_lemma: "P k ==> (!!n. P (Suc n) ==> P n) ==> P (k - i)"
using inc_induct[of "k - i" k P, simplified] by blast
lemma zero_induct: "P k ==> (!!n. P (Suc n) ==> P n) ==> P 0"
using inc_induct[of 0 k P] by blast
(*The others are
i - j - k = i - (j + k),
k \<le> j ==> j - k + i = j + i - k,
k \<le> j ==> i + (j - k) = i + j - k *)
lemmas add_diff_assoc = diff_add_assoc [symmetric]
lemmas add_diff_assoc2 = diff_add_assoc2[symmetric]
declare diff_diff_left [simp] add_diff_assoc [simp] add_diff_assoc2[simp]
text{*At present we prove no analogue of @{text not_less_Least} or @{text
Least_Suc}, since there appears to be no need.*}
subsection {* The divides relation on @{typ nat} *}
lemma dvd_1_left [iff]: "Suc 0 dvd k"
unfolding dvd_def by simp
lemma dvd_1_iff_1 [simp]: "(m dvd Suc 0) = (m = Suc 0)"
by (simp add: dvd_def)
lemma nat_dvd_1_iff_1 [simp]: "m dvd (1::nat) \<longleftrightarrow> m = 1"
by (simp add: dvd_def)
lemma dvd_antisym: "[| m dvd n; n dvd m |] ==> m = (n::nat)"
unfolding dvd_def
by (force dest: mult_eq_self_implies_10 simp add: mult_assoc)
text {* @{term "op dvd"} is a partial order *}
interpretation dvd: order "op dvd" "\<lambda>n m \<Colon> nat. n dvd m \<and> \<not> m dvd n"
proof qed (auto intro: dvd_refl dvd_trans dvd_antisym)
lemma dvd_diff_nat[simp]: "[| k dvd m; k dvd n |] ==> k dvd (m-n :: nat)"
unfolding dvd_def
by (blast intro: diff_mult_distrib2 [symmetric])
lemma dvd_diffD: "[| k dvd m-n; k dvd n; n\<le>m |] ==> k dvd (m::nat)"
apply (erule linorder_not_less [THEN iffD2, THEN add_diff_inverse, THEN subst])
apply (blast intro: dvd_add)
done
lemma dvd_diffD1: "[| k dvd m-n; k dvd m; n\<le>m |] ==> k dvd (n::nat)"
by (drule_tac m = m in dvd_diff_nat, auto)
lemma dvd_reduce: "(k dvd n + k) = (k dvd (n::nat))"
apply (rule iffI)
apply (erule_tac [2] dvd_add)
apply (rule_tac [2] dvd_refl)
apply (subgoal_tac "n = (n+k) -k")
prefer 2 apply simp
apply (erule ssubst)
apply (erule dvd_diff_nat)
apply (rule dvd_refl)
done
lemma dvd_mult_cancel: "!!k::nat. [| k*m dvd k*n; 0<k |] ==> m dvd n"
unfolding dvd_def
apply (erule exE)
apply (simp add: mult_ac)
done
lemma dvd_mult_cancel1: "0<m ==> (m*n dvd m) = (n = (1::nat))"
apply auto
apply (subgoal_tac "m*n dvd m*1")
apply (drule dvd_mult_cancel, auto)
done
lemma dvd_mult_cancel2: "0<m ==> (n*m dvd m) = (n = (1::nat))"
apply (subst mult_commute)
apply (erule dvd_mult_cancel1)
done
lemma dvd_imp_le: "[| k dvd n; 0 < n |] ==> k \<le> (n::nat)"
by (auto elim!: dvdE) (auto simp add: gr0_conv_Suc)
lemma nat_dvd_not_less:
fixes m n :: nat
shows "0 < m \<Longrightarrow> m < n \<Longrightarrow> \<not> n dvd m"
by (auto elim!: dvdE) (auto simp add: gr0_conv_Suc)
subsection {* size of a datatype value *}
class size =
fixes size :: "'a \<Rightarrow> nat" -- {* see further theory @{text Wellfounded} *}
subsection {* code module namespace *}
code_modulename SML
Nat Arith
code_modulename OCaml
Nat Arith
code_modulename Haskell
Nat Arith
end